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ʐʷʴʄʪɁްᏲȾȝȤɞผᄑӦൡᛵጨɁͱᏚ
ᴧᆕɉࣽɉɉɉ៝
פࠜᬎށࠜຫࠜᧅ ɉɉఙ ɉ2001 शʍ 9.11 Οϗϒᬆᶬ۔ᬫϥʆʎ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʱւଟᆔʊ࠳ᑵɶʧɥʇɸʪթɬɫ݇ Ւɸʪ҂ʊɡʪɋɲɥɶɾͼᶬ۔ᬫϥʆʎ˜̃̀ː˶ʱ࠳ᑵɸʪᎫʇɶʅᶬ࠸ឍᆔᎫ ʇឍᆔᎫɼʫɽʫʊͥ࠳ʍ҂ɫלɰʨʫᶬʇʩʮɰাᒓʊɶʅʎᶬᥱၡᑛʇ˜̃ ̀ː˶ၡᑛʇʱࣅԠɸʪᎫʇɶʅ࠷ᜓᜓᒓʍຟᆔթʱʈʍʧɥʊϴᑝʄɰʪɪᶬʇɣ ɥɫີᆾɴʫʪʧɥʊʉʂʅɬʅɣʪɋ ɉಢኢʎᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɸʪ۔ӑຫɩʧʒ۔ᬫຫʊɩɣʅຟᆔթʍᎫɫʈʍʧɥʊϴ ᑝʄɰʨʫʅɬɾʍɪʊʃɣʅᶬʇʩʮɰၡᑛκঃ༠ɶɩʧʒ˜̃̀ː˶ʍຫᆔ࠳ᑵʱʠɯʪ ᠳ៵ʱͼʊ൮ឡɸʪɲʇʊʧʂʅᒑࡗɸʪʡʍʆɡʪɋ ˃̎̅̎˟ᶺ¡۔ᬫຫᶬ˜̃̀ː˶Element of political motive in definition of terrorism
Makoto MINAKAWA
Faculty of Law Nagoya Gakuin University
ᆾɉɉต ƌɉʎɷʠʊ ƍɉ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊɩɰʪᎫ ɉ1ɉၡᑛᜓʇ˜̃ᜓ ɉ2ɉ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊɩɰʪ࠸ឍᆔᎫʇឍᆔᎫ Ǝɉ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɩɰʪɔຟ৷ɕʍϴᑝʄɰʍݳᦥ ɉ1ɉၡᑛκঃ༠Οϗʊɩɰʪɔຟၡᑛɕʍͭሯ࠳৷ ɉ2ɉ˜̃̀ː˶ห᠈ʊɩɰʪ˜̃̀ː˶ɪʨʍɔຟ৷ɕʍԔ Əɉ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɩɰʪɔຟ৷ɕʍϴᑝʄɰʱʠɯʪ᥎शʍթ ɉ1ɉ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɩɰʪຟᆔթᎫʱʠɯʪᠳ៵ ɉ2ɉ˜̃̀ː˶ʇɔຟ৷ɕᎫʇʍከඐᆔᏃ Ɛɉɩʮʩʊ ƌɉʎɷʠʊ ɉɔ˜̃̀ː˶ɕʇʎᶬɔोʝɾʎᮉاۍϹɫᶬዿͪᒓʊਆ৮ၤੳʱʃɮʩԎɸɾʠʊᶬ౭Տʱ ЋᄍɶʝɾʎɼʍߒڴʱᎻᐨᆔ̍ᭂۍᆔʊᜓɣᶬɡʪຟᆾᆔʱᦑીɸʪ์ɕ1ᶩʆɡʪʇɣɥ ͥᕓᆔʉ៥నʊࡩɶʅᶬႻۦʆʎᄴ៵ɫआɶଲʝʫʪɲʇʎʉɣʆɡʬɥɋɶɪɶᶬႻۦʚʛሯ ዒɶʅɣʪͥᕓᆔʉʺ˷̎ˎʊʡɪɪʮʨɹᶬ۔ᬫϥʊɩɣʅʎ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɸʪᏎͥᆔʉ ࠳ᑵʊʃɣʅͥᕓᆔʉੜʎಠɿৃʨʫʅɣʉɣɋ˜̃̀ː˶ʇᔵිʍᜓЋʍɾʠʍΝʇʍ ֙Ԡɩʧʒ۔ࡂ˜̃̀ː˶ʱ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊ؉ʠʪɪ؇ɪᶬʇɣɥʱʠɯʪᠳ៵ʱͼʇ ɶʅ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʱʠɯʪពʎ۔ᬫϥʱΠԔɶ2ᶩᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʎɔ˜̃̀ː˶ʗ ʍࡩড়ʊɩɰʪӁʩף์ᬤʆʍ᭐٨ɕʇᒑɧʨʫʅɬɾ3ᶩɋ ɉɔ˜̃̀ː˶ɕʱຫᆔʇɶʅ࠳ᑵɶʧɥʇɸʪោʞʎ1930 शϐɪʨᄉɷɾʇɴʫᶬႻۦʝ ʆ80 शϒͫʊ༠ʂʅɔ˜̃̀ː˶ɕʇɣɥӉᥱʍຫᆔʱ࠳ᑵɸʪɾʠʍ۔ᬫᆔʉՖՏɫʉ ɴʫʅɬɾ4ᶩɋɶɪɶᶬɲɥɶɾՖՏʎɶʅވʊᎹʮʩᶬʚʇʲʈʍ۔ӑຫʡɔ˜̃̀ː˶ɕ 1ᶩ ۔ᬫຫࠜϥᐁɖ۔ᬫФຫ᤺Ӎɜዿ 2 ၅ɝɗᶨͪᇄܞᶬ2005 शᶩ634 ᮱ᶨɔ˜̃̀ː˶ɕʍ᮴ᶬΥฬআଉঞᶩɋ 2ᶩ ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɸʪၔԠ߆ىϥʊɩɣʅᠳɴʫʅɣʪ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɸʪւଟᆔᖲഛ ʆ ʎᶬ ʇ ʩ ʮ ɰ ɲ ʍ2 ɫ ᠳ ៵ ɴ ʫ ɾɋ ɲ ʍ ʊ ʃ ɣ ʅ ʎᶬA. Gioia, “The UN Conventions on the Prevention and Suppression of International Terrorism,” in G. Nesi (ed.), International Cooperation in Counter-terrorism (2006), pp. 3 Ż 23; M. Hmoud, “Negotiating the Draft Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism: Major Bones of Contention,” Journal of International Criminal Justice , Vol. 4, No. 5 (2006), pp. 1031 Ż 1043; ဍᡅ֨ɔ˜̃̀ː˶ʇʎʉʊɪ Ż ۔ւଟᆔ۔ᬫ˜̃หʊɩɰʪɖ˜ ̃̀ː˶ɗʍϴᑝʄɰ Ż ɕɖంྃ۔ᬫܫށࠜܫ௮֊ࠜᧅɗዿ 13 ׳ᶨ2010 शᶩ63 Ż 70 ᮱ᶻᆕࣽ ៝ɔ۔ᬫʊɩɰʪɖ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵɗሯ࠳ʍ៨ᯌʇ࢘ಙɕɖפࠜᬎށࠜ៵ᭂᶨϥቿࠜጵᶩɗ ዿ54 ऍ 3 ׳ᶨ2018 शᶩ167 Ż 181 ᮱בဆɋ 3ᶩ ͼᡅحআɔ˜̃̀ː˶ʊࡩɸʪ᠈ࡩড়ʇ۔ᬫຫɕࢡף׃̍ͼᡅحআᐁɖᛧɰʪ݄ɉᢳɧʪຫ 2ɉࠪӂв ᬬʇ۔ᬫၡᑛɗᶨδށࠜԎ၅ϥᶬ2005 शᶩ103 ᮱ɋ 4ᶩ 1934 शʊᆌᄉɶɾ˼̎ˊˏ˿˩ʸ۔Ⴁʇ˫˿̉ˏݹᇁʍౣ๎Οϗʱޔʇɶʅᶬ˼̎ˊˏ˿˩ʸोɫ ᆷႾΟϥʊࡩɶʅ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː˶٨ᯌʍ൮ឡʱ៰ɶᶬɼʍᏃೖᶬश12 ಏʊ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɸ
ʗʍលוʱᦪɰᏙɰᶬ۔ᬫϥʆʎᶬɔ˜̃̀ː˶ɕʊᇀଢ଼លוɸʪɲʇʉɮᶬфԠʍၡᑛᯕۿ ɳʇʊʱЀીɸʪɲʇʆ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː˶ʗʍࡩড়ʱۑʂʅɬɾɋ ɉψఄʆᶬ2001 श 9 ಏ 11 ఖʊᆌᄉɶɾʸ˷̀ˁీݼᆌ˜̃Οϗᶨϒͬᶬ9.11 Οϗᶩʱޔʇɶʅᶬ ˜̃ᜓʊࡩɶຫᆔʉຫʱٴɶʅɣɮɲʇɫݼɮʍ۔ʊʧʂʅੜۑɴʫʪʧɥʊʉʩᶬ۔ ۔ӑຫʊɩɣʅւଟᆔʊ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʱ࠳ɸʪթɬɫ݇Ւɸʪ҂ɫʨʫʅɣʪɋ࠷ᬫʊ ˜̃̀ː˶ʱʈʍʧɥʊ࠳ᑵɸʪɪᶬʇɣɥɲʇʊʃɣʅʎݼኚݼපʉၤɫʨʫʪɫ5ᶩᶬ۔ ᬫϥʆʎ˜̃̀ː˶ʱ࠳ᑵɸʪᎫʇɶʅᶬ࠸ឍᆔᎫʇឍᆔᎫɼʫɽʫʊͥ࠳ʍ҂ɫ Ⴛʫʅɣʪʧɥʊ৲ʮʫʪɋʇʩʮɰᶬাᒓʊɶʅʎᶬᥱၡᑛʇ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʇʱࣅԠɸ ʪᎫʇɶʅ࠷ᜓᜓᒓʍɔຟᆔɕթ6ᶩʱʈʍʧɥʊϴᑝʄɰʪɪᶬʇɣɥɫີᆾɴʫʪ ʧɥʊʉʂʅɬʅɣʪɋ ɉ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɩɰʪຟᆔթʊʃɣʅʎᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ۔ᬫ֊ɫʞᶬ˜̃ᜓʍ࠷ᜓᒓɫ ঞ៌ᜓʱ࠷ᜓɶɾ۔ࡂϒݹʆʃɪʪܬɫ݇ɧɾɲʇʊʧʂʅᶬɼʫʨʍᒓɫɔຟၡᑛɕ ʱႾᄒʇɶʅ࠷ᜓۨ۔ʗʇঃɬ༠ɴʫʪɲʇʱᥢʫʧɥʇɸʪᶬɔຟၡͭঃ༠ɶɕʇئʏʫʪ ࠷ᜓʍͼʆ٨ᯌʇɴʫʅɬɾ7ᶩɋɶɪɶᶬ˜̃ᜓʍᦋྟ֊ʇɼʫʊϪɥ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠷՞ᆔʉ ห̍Ԃᑞʊɸʪ۔ᬫᆔʉˉ̉ˑ̉ˋˏʍᱝʝʩʊʧʂʅᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɩɰʪɔຟ৷ɕʍ ᎫʍϴᑝʄɰʎݳᦥɶʅɬʅɣʪɋӚᯃʊቌɶɾʧɥʊᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ɫຟᆔᆾᆔʱᦑીɸʪ ์ʇɶʅͥᕓᆔʊႾពɴʫʅɣʪϒͫᶬႻۦᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊɩɣʅɔຟ৷ɕʍᎫɫ ʈʍʧɥʊϴᑝʄɰʨʫʪɪʱనʨɪʊɸʪɲʇʎᶬ۔ᬫϥʊɩɰʪ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊɸ ʪᠳɫᆷႾΟϥʊɩɣʅ૾ɴʫɾɋɼʍাᶬᠳʊܛʄɬථીɴʫɾࡂ߆ىϥʊʧʂʅᖲ ഛɫЀીɴʫᶬ1937 श 11 ಏʊˎ˻ˣ̎ˬʆѻɴʫɾɔ˜̃̀ː˶ʍหʊɸʪ۔ᬫϥᠳɕʊɩɣ ʅᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍหוʒԂᑞʊɸʪɩʧʒ۔ᬫԚΟԟʍՄឮʊɸʪɫ૾ɴʫɾɋ B. Saul, “The Legal Response of the League of Nations to Terrorism,” Journal of International Criminal Justice , Vol. 4, No. 1 (2006), pp. 79 Ż 82.
5ᶩ B. Saul, “Terrorism as a Legal Concept,” in G. Lennon and C. Walker (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Law and Terrorism (2015), p. 20. 6ᶩ াᥙɸʪʧɥʊᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊʎ࠸ឍᆔᎫɩʧʒឍᆔᎫʍחఄɫʠʨʫʪʇɴʫʪ ɫᶬឍᆔᎫʊʃɣʅᠳ៵ɫʉɴʫʪᬫʊᶬթᶨmotiveᶩʇᆾᆔᶨpurposeᶩʇɫΣ୳ᆔʊᄍɣʨ ʫʪɲʇɫݼɣɋɲʍʊɶᶬɾʇɧʏᶬʮɫ۔ʆʎԚຫͫʍᆾᆔၡʊʃɣʅᶬɼʍɔᆾᆔɕʊʃ ɣʅͥපʍႾពɫɡʪʮɰʆʎʉɮᶬၡᑛᯕۿɳʇʊɼʍӑࡄʎሯ࠳ᆔ៖ᠪʆɡʂɾʩᶬթʆɡʂ ɾʩᶬੜۑʆɡʂɾʩᶬಠᆔ៖ᠪʆɡʂɾʩʇɴʝɵʝʊႾពɴʫʅɣʪᶨϟᙸζɖᆾᆔၡʍለ ኴॆ៥ɗᶨી௮ܞᶬ2017 शᶩ109 Ż 110ᶬ127 ᮱ᶩɋʝɾᶬ˟ʺ˚ԚຫӍʊɩɣʅɔᆾᆔɕʇឰԎɴʫʪ “Absicht” ʎᶬຫʊɩɣʅϺʨ࠳ᑵɴʫʅɩʨɹᶬੜʍͥথॾʇɶʅʍੜۑʱବɸʇీʊᶬᆾᆔ ၡᶨAbsichtsdelikteᶩʊɩɰʪᆾᆔʱʡବɸʡʍʇɴʫʪᶨͫᶬ14 Ż 19 ᮱ᶩɋɲʍ “Absicht” ʇթʍ ФʊʃɣʅʡᶬᒓʱᏃʒʃɰʪពʣᒓʱࣅԠɸʪពʉʈᶬࠜ៥ͫʎɴʝɵʝʉɫʉɴʫ ʅɩʩᶬɼʍႾពʎͥපʆʎʉɣᶨͫᶬ79 Ż 90 ᮱ᶩɋಢኢʆʎᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊɸʪ௮ᓬʆលו ɴʫʪᄍៜʇɶʅɔᆾᆔɕɩʧʒɔթɕʍחఄɫᄍɣʨʫʪܬʊʎᶬܛಢᆔʊʎɲʫʨɫࡋʊࣅ ԠɴʫʪɲʇʉɮΣ୳ᆔʊЋᄍɴʫʅɣʪʡʍʇႾពɶʅɣɮɲʇʇɸʪɋ 7ᶩ Ԟࣽགɔ۔ᬫϥʇ˜̃ԧୡᑝɕԞࣽགᐁɖ˜̃̀ː˶ʍຫᆔԧɗᶨдࢡᶬ2009 शᶩ4 ᮱ɋ
ʪᠳ៵ʍיಹʱۑʪͫʆʉɲʇʆɡʬɥɋ ɉɼɲʆಢኢʆʎᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɸʪ۔ӑຫɩʧʒ۔ᬫຫʊɩɣʅᶬɔຟᆔɕթʍᎫɫ ʈʍʧɥʊϴᑝʄɰʨʫʅɬɾʍɪʊʃɣʅᶬʇʩʮɰၡᑛκঃ༠ɶʱʠɯʪᠳ៵ɩʧʒ˜̃̀ ː˶ʍຫᆔ࠳ᑵʱʠɯʪᠳ៵ʱͼʊ൮ឡɸʪɲʇʊʧʂʅᒑࡗɶʅɣɬɾɣʇ৲ɥɋɼɶʅᶬ ಠɿͥᕓᆔʉੜɫʉɴʫʅɣʉɣ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊʃɣʅᶬρাʍᠳ៵ʍיಹʱۑʪͫʆʍ ខʍ1 ʃʱ୯Йɶɾɣʇ৲ɥɋ ƍɉ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊɩɰʪᎫ ²ɉၡᑛᜓʇ˜̃ᜓ ɉ۔ᬫϥʊʎᶬႻۦʆʡᦊᆔʊלɰӁʫʨʫɾ˜̃̀ː˶ʎࠓۦɶʉɣʡʍʇɴʫʅɣ ʪɫ8ᶩᶬ࠷ᬫʊʎᶬ᠘ࠜͫ˜̃ᜓʎ۔ʍ۔ӑԚຫͫᥱၡᑛʇɶʅ࠳ɴʫʅɣʪᜓʇӉ ᥱɸʪʡʍʊʧʂʅථીɴʫʅɣʪʇʞʉɴʫʅɬɾɋɾʇɧʏˁ˙ˑ̎˒ʎᶬ۔ᬫၡᑛʇɶʅ ʍ˜̃̀ː˶ʍዿ1 ʍᎫʎᜓʊɸʪʇɶʅᶬ˜̃ᜓʎᶬ๎κᶬށᨃ๎ᶬҁᶬ៚ᶬ ူሐᶬ˥ʺˎ˹˙˅ጇᶬɣɪʉʪ۔ӑԚຫʊɩɣʅʡకʊၡᑛ֊ɴʫʅɣʪᜓʊʧʂʅථીɴ ʫʪʇᥙʘʅɣʪ9ᶩɋʝɾᶬ˫̀̎˞˿̉˖̎ʎᶬ๎κᶬ࿏ᶬ៚ᶬҁᶬᓩᥖʇɣʂɾᥱ ၡᑛʇɶʅ૨ʮʫʪᜓʊᇗᆾɸʫʏ˜̃̀ː˶ʍฬሯʉ࠳ᑵʱᜓɥʎʉɣʇɶʅɣʪ10ᶩɋ ɉɶɪɶᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʱʠɯʪᠳ៵ʊɩɣʅʎᶬɲɥɶɾᥱၡᑛʇʍӉᥱ৷ʊʡɪɪʮʨ ɹᶬ˜̃ᜓʎᥱၡᑛʇʎ્ʇ֙Ԡɴʫʪʘɬʆɡʪʇʡɴʫʅɬɾɋɾʇɧʏˁ˙ ˑ̎˒ʎᶬ˜̃ᜓʇᥱၡᑛʇʱ֙Ԡɸʪ˜̃ᜓʍၔᢑʎɼʍɔᆾᆔᶨpurposeᶩɕʆɡʪ ʇɸʪ11ᶩɋ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊʃɣʅݼɮʍ៵ኢʱᗾɶʅɣʪ˓̎́ʡʝɾᶬ۔ʍ۔ӑԚຫͫ ʍᥱၡᑛʊӉᥱʊʨʫʪᜓʊՒɧʅᶬ϶ʗʍߒڴʝɾʎोʗʍওʇɣʂɾɔթ ᶨmotiveᶩɕɫʆɡʪʇɸʪ12ᶩɋ˜̃ᜓʊɶʅʎᶬᜓʍᆾᆔ̍թɫ࠸ឍᆔʉຫᆯ Сϒͫʊᨁខɴʫᶬᆾᆔʊຟ৷ጇɫ៖ʠʨʫʪɲʇʊʧʂʅᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʇɴʫʪ҂ʊɡ ʪ13ᶩɋ˜̃̀ː˶ʍͼʊɡʂɾʍʎຟᆔթʆɡʩᶬɼʍຟ৷ɲɼɫ˜̃̀ː˶ʇ֓ᢃᜓ ʇʱనሯʊ֙Ԡɶʅɣɾʍʆɡʪɋ ɉ֓ᢃᜓʡ˜̃̀ː˶ʡᶬᒓʎʇʡʊϥॆʱ༌ΕɴɺʪʇɣɥӉᥱʱʡʂʅɣʪɫᶬ ֓ᢃᜓʊʇʂʅɼʍ༌Εʎ์ʆɶɪʉɣʍʊࡩɶᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍܬᶬɼʫʎᆾᆔʆɡʪʇ 8ᶩ ͫᶬ6 ᮱ɋ
9ᶩ A. Cassese, P. Gaeta, L. Baig, M. Fan, C. Gosnell and A. Whiting, Cassese’s International Criminal Law (3rd ed., 2013), pp. 149 Ż 150.
10ᶩ R. A. Friedlander, “Terrorism,” in R. Bernhardt (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public International Law , Vol. 4 (2000), p. 846.
11ᶩ Cassese et al., supra note 9, p. 150.
12ᶩ B. Saul, Defining Terrorism in International Law (2006), pp. 60 Ż 61.
ʞʉɴʫʅɬɾɋɶɪɶᶬ˜̃̀ˏ˞ʎీʇɶʅᶬϐᨅʱᆾᆔʇɶɾ៚ʣฮᝀওᆳʉ ʈᶬᄉໍʍɾʠʊɶʏɶʏ֓ᢃʇɷ์ʱᄍɣʪɲʇʡɡʩᶬᒓʍ݄ᄟᏺʎʎʂɬʩʇʎɶ ʉɪʂɾ14ᶩɋɼʍɾʠᶬᥱၡᑛʇ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʱనሯʊԔɶᶬࡋʉ࠳ᑵʱЀʪɲʇʎۏ ᭐ʆɡʩᶬͥᕓᆔʊɔ˜̃̀ː˶ᆔɕʇʞʉɴʫʪʧɥʉᜓʱᯕۿ֊ɸʪఄɫಐੜᑵʇʡ৲ʮ ʫʪɫᶬɼʍܬᶬɡʝʩʊݼɮʍ˜̃ᜓɫ˜̃̀ː˶ʊၔಐʆʎʉɮᶬᤄΟᆔᜓʣၡᑛᜓ ʇᨁɸʪɲʇʇʉʪɋɲɥɶɾɲʇɪʨᶬ˜̃̀ˏ˞ɫੜۑɶɾຟᆔʉթʍఄɫᶬɼʍ ႻᡑᮅʊႻʫʪၔᆔʉᜓʧʩʡີᆾɴʫʪʇɲʬʇʉʪʍʆɡʪ15ᶩɋ ³ɉ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊɩɰʪ࠸ឍᆔᎫʇឍᆔᎫ ɉ۔ᬫຫʊɩɰʪ˜̃̀ː˶ʊࡩɸʪʸ˭̃̎˗ʎᶬͥᕓᆔʉ࠳ᑵʱጐ࠳ɸʪɲʇʱɺɹᶬϐʮ ʩʊфԠᆔʉၡᑛᯕۿɳʇʊʱЀીɶᶬ࠷ᜓᒓʍឱᥟʣঃ༠ɶʱ؉ʠɾࡩড়ʊʃɣʅ࠳ɸ ʪʇɣɥʡʍʆɡʂɾɋψఄʆᶬ۔ӑຫʊɩɣʅʎᶬ˜̃ᜓʊʃɣʅၔ์ʍ࠳ᑵʱɺɹʊͥᕓ ၡᑛʇɶʅ૨ɥ۔ʡɡʫʏᶬԚຫͫ֫ͥʍ˜̃ᜓʊɸʪ࠳ᑵʱ࠳ɶʅ˜̃ᜓʱၡᑛ֊ɸ ʪʇɣɥࡩড়ʱʇʪ۔ʣ16ᶩᶬɡʪɣʎ˜̃ᜓʊࡩɶʅ௦ʍ࠳ᑵʱឮɰʪ۔ʡɡʩ17ᶩᶬ۔ʍΟ ʊড়ɷʅɴʝɵʝʉࡩড়ɫʨʫʅɣʪɋ ɉ9.11 Οϗʍᒁఖᶬ۔ࠪӂвᬬႾΟϥʎ˜̃ᜓʱᮂ᭐ɸʪᠳ 1368 ʱ૾ɶᶬɼʍাᶬ۔ ટዞዿ7 ዞʍͬʆᶬ˜̃ᜓʱɔ۔ᬫʍवحʇࠪӂʊࡩɸʪᓩߒɕʆɡʪʇ࠹លɶʅ˜̃ᢁ ᨅЙͮหʊɸʪͥᕓᆔᑵլʱ࠳ʠʪᠳ1373 ʱ૾ɶɾɋᠳ 1373 ʎᶬᢁᨅЙͮᶬཇѹɩ ʧʒɲʫʨʍᜓʍ࠷ᜓʱ؉ʟ˜̃̀ˏ˞ʍᜓʱ۔ӑຫͫၡᑛ֊ɸʪᑵլʱ۔Ւᆷ۔ʊ ʠʅɣʪɫ18ᶩᶬ۔ʊʧʪᑵլʍ࢝ᜓၤʱᆹខɸʪɾʠʊ˜̃ࡩጐ߆ىϥᶨCounter Terrorism CommitteeᶩʱՄឮɶᶬ۔Ւᆷ۔ʊࡩɶ࢝ᜓၤʱܫؙɸʪʧɥʠʅɣʪɋ˓̎́ʎᶬ2004 श6 ಏ 30 ఖʝʆʊ˜̃ࡩጐ߆ىϥʊࡩɶʅʉɴʫɾ 515 ʍܫؙʱԔɶᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʊࡩɸʪ۔ ӑԚΟຫͫʍࡩড়ʊʎ3 ʃʍʉ˧˕̎̉ɫʨʫʪʇᏃ៵ɶɾɋ˓̎́ʍԔʊʧʫʏᶬ87 ɪ۔ɫ˜̃̀ː˶ʱၔԠʉၡᑛʇɶʅ૨ɥɲʇʉɮᥱၡᑛʇɶʅࡩড়ɶʅɩʩᶬ46 ɪ۔ʎ֫ ͥʍͥᕓᆔ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʱ࠳ɶᶬ48 ɪ۔ʎᆔʉͥᕓᆔ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʱ࠳ɶʅɣʪ
14ᶩ J. -F. Gayraud et D. Sénat, Le terrorisme (2006), p. 23. 15ᶩ ༒ɔԳ៵௮ɕᶨີ 13ᶩ48 ᮱ɋ
16ᶩ ɾʇɧʏᶬʺ˕̀ʸʊɩɰʪࡩড়ɋK. Oellers-Frahm, “Country Report on Italy,” in C. Walter, S. Vöneky, V. Röben and F. Schorkopf (eds.), Terrorism as a Challenge for National and International Law: Security versus Liberty? , Vol. I (2004), p. 427. 17ᶩ ʸ˷̀ˁʆʎᶬᜒ۔ຫӍዿ 22 ᐁዿ 2656f ᶨdᶩ᮴ʍ࠳ᑵɫܛಢᆔʊᄍɣʨʫʅɣʪɫᶬ2001 शʍ 9.11 Οϗᆌᄉϒᬆʊ۔ࡂᮂणΟੳʱ࠹លɸʪށᏎᮾϑዿ13224 ׳ʱᆌϑɶᶬɼʍዿ 3 ጱᶨdᶩʊɩɣʅ˜̃̀ ː˶ʱ࠳ᑵɶɾɋɴʨʊΟϗɪʨ1 ɪಏϽʩাʊʎ 2001 श۔ᒓຫɫԧ࠳ɴʫᶬຫዿ 802 ʎᜒ ۔ຫӍዿ18 ᐁዿ 2331 ʱฬɶʅᶬɔ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː˶ɕʊՒɧʅɔ۔ӑ˜̃̀ː˶ɕʱʡ࠳ᑵɶʅɣʪɋ ᆕࣽ៝ɔɖ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵɗʊɸʪ۔ӑຫɩʧʒ۔ᬫຫʍթɕɖచኜᄑށࠜϥࠪӂጐለኴ ɗዿ9 ׳ᶨ2017 शᶩ116 Ż 118 ᮱ɋ
ʇɣɥ19ᶩɋ ɉ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊʃɣʅ۔ӑຫɩʧʒ۔ᬫຫʍ2 ʃʍѮᮅɪʨɼʍӑࡄʱ൮ឡɶɾ̊ʷ́ ˕̎ʎᶬʇʩʮɰ۔ӑຫʊɩɰʪ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʱ൮ឡɸʪʊɡɾʩᶬ࠳ᑵʍᎫʎ࠸ឍᆔ ৷ഓʱʡʃʡʍʇឍᆔ৷ഓʱʡʃʡʍʇʊϹ᎘֊ɴʫɥʪʇɶɾ20ᶩɋɼɶʅᶬͥᕓᆔʊᶬ˜̃ ̀ː˶ʊʎͥ࠳ාʍၡᑛʍʧɥʉ࠸ឍᆔᎫʇᶬ࠷ᜓᒓʍѮʊɩɰʪၔ࠳ʍթʝɾʎੜۑ ᶨmotivation or intentionᶩʍʧɥʉឍᆔᎫʇɫʠʨʫʪʇ࠳ॾ֊ɶʅɣʪ21ᶩɋ ᶨ²ᶩ࠸ឍᆔᎫ ɉ̊ʷ́˕̎ʎᶬʡᠳ៵ʍϽۨʍʉɣ࠳ᑵʍᎫʎᶬ˜̃ᜓʍ์ʇɶʅκʊࡩɸʪ༈Ԭʉ ౭Տʱᄍɣʪɲʇʆɡʪʇɸʪ22ᶩɋˏ˅˩ˍʽ˫ˏ˃ʡʝɾᶬᥱण੍ᢰɴʫʪ˜̃ᜓʇʎᶬӆ ᜒʍີੜʱঃɮʧɥʉఄຫʆ౭Տʱᄍɣɾʩᶬ౭Տʍᓩߒʱͮɧʪɲʇʆɡʩᶬݼɮʍܬᶬɼ ʫʎκʱ๎ɶɾʩҁʃɰɾʩᶬᔵᄒʱޤʂɾʩᶬɼʍψقϴʱҁʃɰʪכ૨ɣʱɸʪɲʇʆɡʪ ʇᥙʘʅɣʪ23ᶩɋ ɉɶɪɶᶬ˜̃ᜓʊɩɣʅκʊࡩɸʪ౭Տɫɹ4 4ʇʉʪʍɪᶬʇɣɥʊʃɣʅʎͥᕓᆔ ʉͥᔸɫɡʪʮɰʆʎʉɣ24ᶩɋɾʇɧʏᶬʺ˄̀ˏ2000 श˜̃̀ː˶ຫዿ 1 2 ᮴ᶨeᶩʊɩɣʅ ʎɔ᭙ࠍˍˏ˜˶ʍᨁށʉדʎᨁށʉᦠఀʱϜۑɸʪɕɲʇɫᶬʝɾᶬˁˠ˖Ԛຫዿ83.01 1 ᮴ᶨbᶩᶨiᶩᶨDᶩʆʎɔӆಐדʎቼಐʱ٨ʮɹᶬƃƃᨁށʉᡦᄊʱঃɬᢰɲɸɲʇɕᶬᶨEᶩ ʆʎɔƃƃͭดʉˋ̎˩ˏᶬఆឮᖏɶɮʎˍˏ˜˶ʍדʎ༈Ԭʉᦠఀʱঃɬᢰɲɸɕɲʇ ɫ˜̃ᜓʆɡʪʇ࠳ɴʫʅɣʪɋʝɾᶬʮɫ۔ʊɩɣʅʡ˜̃ᢁᨅ୯ЙԂᑞຫᶨӆᜒጇᓩᥖ ᆾᆔʍၡᑛᜓʍɾʠʍᢁᨅጇʍ୯ЙጇʍԂᑞʊɸʪຫঽᶩዿ1 3 ᮴ʊɩɣʅᶬɔӆᜒጇᓩᥖ ᆾᆔʍၡᑛᜓɕʇɶʅᶬɔူᆌၑʱူᆌɴɺᶬ࿏ɶᶬדʎɼʍψตʊɱʪʡʍʊᨁށʉֵ ʱוʛɸఄຫʊʧʩᶬɲʫʱሐݘɶᶬɼʍψɲʫʊᨁށʉҁʱͮɧʪᜓɕʆɡʪʇɶᶬ᭙ᤁᶬ ᦐᣈᶬӆ۞ᶬ᭙̍˂ˏ̍ᦐ̍᭙ᥱдఆឮᶬሃຝጇᄉᄊఆឮጇɫɡɱʨʫʅɣʪɋɲɥɶɾ ҂ʊʃɣʅ̊ʷ́˕̎ʎᶬకࠓʍ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʱᶬ౭Տᆔʆɡʫᮂ౭Տᆔʆɡʫᶬӆᜒఆ ឮʊࡩɸʪሐݘᆔᜓթʝʆʡ؉ʟఄʗʇଞށɸʪʇɣɥᆌ࢘ɫʨʫʪʇԔɶʅɣʪ25ᶩɋ ᶨ³ᶩឍᆔᎫ ɉ̊ʷ́˕̎ʎᶬ˫˿̉ˏᮉاʊɩɰʪ˜̃̀ː˶ʇɣɥᄍៜʍᄒಿʝʆᦙʪɲʇɫʆɬʪ˜̃
19ᶩ Saul, supra note 12, pp. 263 Ż 264.
20ᶩ C. Walter, “Defining Terrorism in National and International Law,” in Walter et al. (eds.), supra note 16, p. 26. 21ᶩ Ibid. , pp. 26 Ż 27.
22ᶩ Ibid. , p. 27.
23ᶩ K. Skubiszewski, “Definition of Terrorism,” Israel Yearbook on Human Rights , Vol. 19 (1989), p. 43. 24ᶩ Walter, supra note 20, p. 27.
25ᶩ Ibid. , pp. 27 Ż 28. ̊ʷ́˕̎ʎɲɥɶɾ҂ʊʃɣʅᶬɼʫϒݹʍຫᆔʉথʆʍऐʍૺᠳᶨɾʇɧʏ౭Տ ᆔʉᜓɬᦋɭɾށා˝˸ᶩɫ˜̃̀ː˶ʇɣɥ̂˙˜́ʱʨʫʪֵᬜ৷ʱϪʂʅɣʪʇળʱቌɶʅɣʪɋ
̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊʃɣʅʍϧᏎᆔʉᎫʎᶬ϶ʝɾʎ϶ʍͥᧅʊਆ৮ʣͭࠪʍʱʃɮʩԎ ɸɲʇʆɡʪʇᥙʘᶬɲʍᎫʎᶬ۔ӑຫʊɩɣʅᄍɣʨʫʅɣʪɩɩʧɼɸʘʅʍ˜̃̀ː˶ ʍ࠳ᑵʊʪɲʇɫʆɬʪʇɶʅɣʪ26ᶩɋɾʇɧʏʺ˄̀ˏ2000 श˜̃̀ː˶ຫዿ 1 ʎᶬ˜̃ ᜓʱᶨκʊࡩɸʪᨁށʉ౭Տʣᡦᄊʊࡩɸʪᨁށʉʱ؉ʟᶩᜓʝɾʎᓩᥖɫोʡɶɮ ʎ۔ᬫʊম᮰ʱͮɧʪɲʇᶬʝɾʎκʡɶɮʎɡʪᬤ࢜ʍκʱᓩᥖɸʪɲʇᶬɩʧ ʒᜓʝɾʎᓩᥖɫຟᆔᶬ࠰ᆔᶬκኚᆔʝɾʎʺ˝ˀ̃˄̎ᆔیʱ࢘ɴɺʪᆾᆔʆᜓʮ ʫʪɲʇʇɶʅɩʩᶬˁˠ˖Ԛຫዿ83.01 1 ᮴ʡᶬ˜̃ᜓʱNjӂϹᆔʊʝɾʎᧅԔᆔʊᶬ ຟᆔᶬ࠰ᆔᶬʺ˝ˀ̃˄̎ᆔᆾᆔʝɾʎႾᄒʱ؉ʟʡʍᶬnjӂϹᆔʡɶɮʎᧅԔᆔʊᶬᏀ༔ᆔ ࠪӂʱ؉ʟ϶ʡɶɮʎ϶ʍͥᧅʍࠪӂʊֵʱՒɧᶬʝɾʎोᶬ۔ӑ̍۔ᬫʡɶɮʎ κʍЀ̍ͭЀʱওɸʪɲʇʱɔੜۑɸʪʡʍɕʇɶʅɣʪ27ᶩɋ ɉɲʫʨʍ࠳ᑵʎᶬ϶ʍʊਆ৮ʱᄉɷɴɺʪੜۑʇᶬोʝɾʎ۔ᬫʊম᮰ʱͮɧʝɾ ʎওɸʪੜۑʱ؉ʠʅɣʪɫᶬ̊ʷ́˕̎ʎᶬɲʍɲʇʎᶬ϶ʱᓩᥖɸʪੜۑɫɡʪܬʊ ʎᶬोʊওɸʪੜۑʎᥟՒᆔʉʇɶʅʎʆʎʉɣɲʇʱੜءɶʅɣʪʇԔɶʅɣ ʪɋ˜̃ᜓʊɩɣʅʎᒓʎࡋଢ଼ʊᏃʒʃɣʅɣʪʡʍʍᶬ϶ʱᓩᥖɸʪɲʇʎोʊও ɸʪ์ʇɶʅዒʃɲʇɫੜۑɴʫʅɣʪɾʠᶬႻϐᆔʉʸ˭̃̎˗ʎᒓʱԔɶʅɣʪʇ ɣɥʍʆɡʪ28ᶩɋ ɉɾʇɧʏᶬʸ˷̀ˁᜒ۔ށᏎᮾϑዿ13224 ׳ዿ 3 ጱʎᶬNjκʱᓩᥖɶᶬʝɾʎߒۥɸʪ ɲʇᶬnjᓩᥖʝɾʎߒۥʊʧʩोʍጐʊম᮰ʱͮɧʪɲʇᶬɩʧʒǍށᨃሐݘᶬౣ๎ᶬ៚ ʝɾʎκᢑʱʇʪᜓʊʧʂʅोʍᜓթʊম᮰ʱͮɧʪɲʇɫɔనʨɪʊੜۑɴʫʪʡʍɕʱ ˜̃ᜓʇɶʅɣʪɋʝɾᶬ˫˿̉ˏԚຫӍዿ421Ż1 ʎᶬ˜̃ᜓʱɔߒڴדʎਆ৮ʊʧʂʅ ӆʍॆʊᨁށʉ༌ΕʱᄉɷɴɺʪɲʇʱᆾᆔʇɸʪфκᆔדʎᭂۍᆔϜۑʇੜۑᆔʊɸ ʪɕᜓʇ࠳ᑵɶʅɣʪɋ϶ʱᓩᥖɸʪੜۑʇोʊওɸʪੜۑʱԔɸʪʸ˭̃̎˗ɫʉ ɻʇʨʫʪʍɪʱ៥నɸʪɾʠʊᶬ̊ʷ́˕̎ʎАʇɶʅʸ˷̀ˁʊɩɰʪၯகᒓʊʧʪகʱ ɡɱᶬɲʫʎనʨɪʊຟᆔʝɾʎɼʍψʍʺ˝ˀ̃˄̎ᆔʉႾᄒʊূɥɲʇʉɮ϶ʍʊͭ ࠪʇਆ৮ʱʃɮʩԎɸɲʇʊીՑɶʅɣʪʇɸʪɋɼɶʅᶬɲɥɶɾຟᆔթʱʇɶʉɣ ᜓʎႻۦʆʎ˜̃̀ː˶ʱථીɸʪʡʍʇᒑɧʨʫʅɣʪɫᶬূಿʍ࠳ᑵʍށᧅԔɫɲɥɶɾ ᜓʱ˜̃̀ː˶ʍጳېɪʨᬐݹɶʅɣʪʇɣɥ٨ᯌɫɡʂɾʇବɶʅɣʪ29ᶩɋ ɉɲʍʊʃɣʅ˟ʺ˚ԚຫӍዿ129a ʎɔ˜̃ۍϹʍᐁીɕʊɸʪᑛʱ࠳ɶʅɣʪɫᶬ ዿ2 ᮴ʊɩɣʅᶬۍϹɫᆾᆔʇɸʪᜓʇɶʅᶬNj᠋๎ᑛᶬ๎ᑛᶬᭂۍ๎ၡᑛᶬκᦐʊ 26ᶩ Ibid. , p. 28. 27ᶩ ˁˠ˖ʆʎ 9.11 Οϗʱלɰʅ 2001 श 12 ಏ 18 ఖʊט˜̃̀ː˶ຫɫɴʫʅԚຫɫฬɴʫᶬɔ˜̃ ᜓɕʍ࠳ᑵɫంɾʊឮɰʨʫʅɣʪɫᶬຟ̍࠰̍ʺ˝ˀ̃˄̎ᆔᆾᆔʍᒑʍψᶬѪ॓ʣӆӉʍ ࠪӂʊࡩɸʪֵᶬఆឮʣˍˏ˜˶ʍጇʱᎫʇɶʅכʩӁʫʅɩʩᶬɲʍɪʨʺ˄̀ˏ2000 श˜̃̀ː˶ຫʊɩɰʪ࠳ᑵɪʨʍম᮰ɫʅכʫʪɋԞࣽɔԳ៵௮ɕᶨີ7ᶩ38 ᮱ɋ
28ᶩ Walter, supra note 20, pp. 28 Ż 29. 29ᶩ Ibid. , pp. 28 Ż 29.
ࡩɸʪၡᑛᶬૌΝၡᑛᶬnjਆپᆔκޤכᑛᶬκᢑᑛᶬǍψκʊࡩɶᶬϹᆔʝɾʎᎃቛᆔʉ ʱͮɧʪɲʇᶬǎ࿏ᶬވ࿏ᶬཌᶬᤃᦐ̍ᕚᕗ̍ᕑίᥱʊࡩɸʪֵᬜᜓᶬӆӉʍᏀډʍ ᶬᕑίᥱɩʧʒໟͫίᥱʊࡩɸʪகጇʍᑛᶬǏ๘ၑʍពʊʧʪᨁށʉֵᬜʱଚɮᑛʍ ܬʊɩɰʪშ݄ʊࡩɸʪᑛᶬǐABC ӊګʣࡩκۨ᭗ʍᝒʍᑛᶬǑ࿏ګʍͭຫʉಐ̍ᝒ ጇʍᑛʉʈʱɡɱʅɣʪɫᶬ˜̃ᎻᐨʇɴʫʪۍϹʊבՒɶɾᒓʡᶬɲʫʨʍၡᑛʍ1 ʃɫตʍ ᜓʊɡʅʎʝʪܬᶬʝɾʎɼʍᜓʊʧʩ۔ࡂʣ۔ᬫɫᗾɶɮɴʫʪܬʎᶬ1 ᮴ʇ පʍԚʊԂɸʇɶʅᶬɔᜒʱᨁށʉఄຫʆᓩᥖɸʪɲʇɋ࠱ुʣ۔ᬫʊࡩɶᶬ౭Տʣ౭ ՏʱϪɥᓩᥖʊʧʂʅওԧʱՒɧʪɲʇɋ۔ࡂדʎ۔ᬫʍຟᆔᶬટຫᆔᶬᏀ༔ᆔדʎϥ ᆔʉܛಢථʱͭࠪ࠳֊ɴɺᶬדʎሐݘɸʪɲʇɕʇ࠳ɶʅɣʪɋɸʉʮʀᶬթ̍ᆾᆔʱ ϗʇʎɶʅɣʉɣʡʍʍᶬ϶ʊࡩɸʪᓩᥖʣ۔ࡂ̍۔ᬫʊࡩɸʪওԧʱϗʇɶʅɩʩᶬɔ˜ ̃ᜓɕʱၔʄɰʅɣʪʡʍʇͥᕓᆔʊႾពɴʫʅɣʪᎫʱԎɸɲʇɫʆɬʪɋ̊ʷ́˕̎ ɫᶬɔ϶ʍʊਆ৮ʣͭࠪʱʃɮʩԎɸɲʇʎ۔ӑຫʊɩɣʅᄍɣʨʫʅɣʪɩɩʧɼɸʘʅ ʍ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊԎɸɲʇɫʆɬʪᎫʆɡʪɕʇើМɶʅɣʪʧɥʊᶬɲʍᎫʎ˜̃ ̀ː˶ʱᥱၡᑛʇ֙Ԡɸʪͫʆʎดɪɺʉɣʡʍʆɡʪʇɣɥɲʇɫʆɬʧɥ30ᶩɋ ɉɼʫʆʎᶬපʊᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʱᥱၡᑛʇ֙Ԡɸʪɾʠʊຟᆔᶬ࠰ᆔɡʪɣʎʺ˝ˀ̃˄̎ ᆔʉթ̍ᆾᆔʎʉᎫʉʍʆɡʬɥɪɋɲʍʊʃɣʅʎᶬϒͬʍˏ˅˩ˍʽ˫ˏ˃ʊʧ ʪବɫבᒑʇʉʬɥɋɸʉʮʀᶬ˜̃̀ˏ˞ʍᆾᆔʎͥᕓᆔֵᬜʱʃɮʩԎɸɲʇʆɡʩᶬՒ ᒓʍɔᆾᆔɕʍҰᢷᶬၔʊɼʍʱགɾɸɾʠʊۥՏʱɪɰʪᆾᆔʆਆ৮ʝɾʎߒۥʱঃɬ ᢰɲɸʡʍʆɡʪʇɬᶬɼʍᜓʎ˜̃ᜓʇɶʅᒑɧʨʫʪʍʆɡʪ31ᶩɋ˜̃ᜓʇʎᔵइʍ ຟᆔʉႾʊַɶɾӆӉʍԢᆯʇฬᑵʱ࠷Ⴛɸʪɲʇʱዿͥᑵᆔʉթ̍ᆾᆔʇɸʪʡʍʆɡʪᶬ ʇɣɥႾពʎᶬ᠘ࠜᆔʊʡͥᕓᆔʉʡʍʆɡʂɾʧɥʊ৲ʮʫʪ32ᶩɋɼɶʅᶬɲʍʧɥʉ˜̃̀ˏ ˞ʍթ̍ᆾᆔʊႻʫʪ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɩɰʪɔຟ৷ɕɫϧᏎᆔʊ٨ᯌʇʉʂʅɬɾʍʎᶬ۔ࡂ ʊɩɰʪၡᑛκঃ༠ɶʍܬᮅʆɡʂɾɋɼɲʆตʊᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɩɰʪɔຟ৷ɕɫ۔ᬫຫ ͫʈʍʧɥʊϴᑝʄɰʨʫʅɬɾʍɪᶬၡᑛκঃ༠ɶʊɸʪຫʍ࢘ɪʨʅɣɮɲʇʇɸʪɋ Ǝɉ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɩɰʪɔຟ৷ɕʍϴᑝʄɰʍݳᦥ ²ɉၡᑛκঃ༠Οϗʊɩɰʪɔຟၡᑛɕʍͭሯ࠳৷ ɉᄊඋᮉاϒᬆᶬκʍኌթɫɪʃʅʉɣʚʈށාʊᜓʮʫʪʧɥʊʉʪʇᶬঞʊၡᑛᒓʍ۔ ᬫᆔʉኌթʡ݇ՒɶᶬɼʍᏃೖᶬ۔ʊӉᥱʍၡᑛᜓʊʃɣʅၡᑛκʱঃɬ༠ɸ৷ɫᱝʝʂ ɾɋɲɥɶɾ৷ɪʨᶬၡᑛκঃ༠ຫɫᆌ࢘ɶʅɣɮɲʇʇʉʂɾ33ᶩɋ 30ᶩ Ibid. , p. 28.
31ᶩ Skubiszewski, supra note 23, p. 42.
32ᶩ ࢡಢᖲΠɖ۔ᬫԚΟຫɗᶨͪᇄܞᶬ1991 शᶩ29 ᮱ɋ
33ᶩ R. Stuart Phillips, “The Political Offence Exception and Terrorism: Its Place in the Current Extradition Scheme and Proposals for Its Future,” Penn State International Law Review , Vol. 15, No. 2 (1997), p. 339.
ɉႻۦɶʏɶʏɔ˜̃̀ː˶ɕʇɶʅ૨ʮʫʪʡʍʊዒʀɪɥႻϐʍຫᆔʉՖՏʎᶬ19 ͳ ʍ˾̎̃˙˧ʊɩɰʪၡᑛκঃ༠ຫɪʨ߂ʝʪʇɴʫʅɣʪ34ᶩɋɴʝɵʝʉ۔ࡂʆఎᑵᒓᶬ ϥᑵᮉاࡂᶬोᑵᒓɡʪɣʎිߒᑵᆔϹԧʊטࡩɸʪຟղՏʊʧʪຟᆔ౭Տɫ ۔ࡂʱᆔʇɶʅᜓʮʫᶬͥᧅʍᜓʎੜۑᆔʊɡʪɣʎआԠʊκʊ᜴ʱͮɧɾɋɼʍ Ւᒓɾʀʎܫʝɾʎ״ຫʍʱᥢʫʪɾʠʊɶʏɶʏ۔݄ʱᢳɧʅᥢέɶᶬ᜴ʱלɰɾ۔ ࡂʊಒɸʪʧɥʠᶬ۔ࡂʍᏲʱঃɬᢰɲɶʅɬɾ35ᶩɋ ɉᥢέၡᑛκʍঃ༠ɶʎᶬͥᕓ۔ᬫຫͫ۔ࡂʍᑵլʆʎʉɮᶬ۔ࡂʎ֫ʊ۔ᬫቍᠵʊʧʂʅɼʍ ᒓʍঃ༠ʊড়ɷʪʉʈʍ״ຫͫʍ֩Տʱᜓɥʊᦋɭʉɣʇɴʫʅɣʪ36ᶩɋɶɪɶ࠷ᬫʊʎᶬ ۔ʎΠ۔ʣݼ௦۔ʱᏃɶᶬ۔ӑຫʱ௨ѹɸʪɲʇʊʧʂʅᥢέၡᑛκʍঃ༠ɶ ʣ۔ӑʊɩɰʪԂᑞʍሯвʊʃɣʅ۔ᬫ֩Տʱᜓʂʅɣʪɋɲʫʨʍʣ۔ӑຫʊɩɣʅʎू ɮ៖ʠʨʫʅɣʪຫׄԯɫɡʩᶬʧɮᇽʨʫʅɣʪʡʍʇɶʅחఄᑞᶨdouble criminalityᶩʍ ׄԯʣၔ࠳৷ᶨspecialtyᶩʍׄԯɫɡɱʨʫʪɫᶬՒɧʅಐՏʊɴʫʅɣʪʍɫຟၡͭঃ ༠ׄԯʆɡʪɋ ɉຟၡͭঃ༠ɫᒂ۔ᬫຫͫʍׄԯɪ؇ɪʊʃɣʅʎΝɣɫɡʪɫᶬຟၡͭঃ༠ׄԯɫᒂ ۔ᬫຫʇɶʅሯዒɶʅɣʪʇɸʪᕿᄑʎᶬ19 ͳಡᶬᦅɮʇʡ 20 ͳԳ֤ʊʎׄԯɫ ᒂ۔ᬫຫʇɶʅીዒɶʅɣʪʇɶɾ37ᶩɋɶɪɶᶬψఄʆɔຟၡᑛɕʍʎɹɶʡሯዒɶʅ ɩʨɹᶬຟၡᑛɪ؇ɪʱ៖࠳ɸʪ۔ʍព᧽ʊʧʪʇɲʬʇʉʂʅɣʪɋɼɶʅᶬɲʍຟၡ ᑛʎᶬטᥤʍϜۑᶬᮉاʣ˅̎˝˕̎ʍឞᄘᶬᮂຫຟᏃʍᏃીጇʱӑࡄʇɶᶬᥱၡᑛʍ Ꭻʱ؉ʝʉɣᎣ፬ຟၡᑛʇᶬຟၡᑛʍᎫʱʡʂʅʎɣʪɫᶬᥱၡᑛʍᎫʱ؉ʟᇁࡩ ᆔຟၡᑛʊԔɰʅᒑɧʨʫʅɩʩᶬঃ༠ɶʊɩɣʅຟၡᑛκɪ؇ɪɫ٨ᯌʇʉʪʍʎᶬݼɮ ʍܬᇁࡩᆔຟၡʊʃɣʅʆɡʪ38ᶩɋ ɉᇁࡩᆔຟၡɪ؇ɪʱ࠳ɸʪనሯʉԟఀܛཇɼʫᔵϹʎሯዒɶʅɣʉɣʇɴʫʅɣʪɋɶɪ ɶᶬ۔ࡂ࠷ᜓʊɩɣʅᶬɔຟᆔϊᬥΟϗᶨpolitical incidenceᶩɕʍܛཇᶬɔҥᢳ৷ᶨpredominant purposeᶩɕʍܛཇጇʍԟఀܛཇɫথીɴʫʅɬɾɋɲʍɥʀᶬຟᆔϊᬥΟϗʍܛཇʎᖓ፥ʍԟ Аʊɩɣʅথીɴʫʅɬɾܛཇʆɡʪʇɴʫʪɫᶬɲʫɫɔຟၡᑛɕʱԟఀɸʪͥᡬɶɾԟఀ ܛཇʆɡʂɾɪɫ٨ᯌʇʉʩɥʪɋ
34ᶩ Saul, supra note 5, p. 20. 35ᶩ Ibid., p. 20.
36ᶩ I. A. Shearer, Extradition in International Law (1971), pp. 22 Ż 27; ۔ᬫຫࠜϥᐁɖԳಅɗᶨີ1ᶩ727 ᮱ᶨɔၡ ᑛκঃ༠ɕʍ᮴ᶬᕿᄑѪރᦿଉঞᶩɋ 37ᶩ ᕿᄑѪރᦿɔຟၡᑛκͭঃ༠ׄԯʍሯዒ Ż ำװᆔ̍࠷ាᆔ൮ឡ Ż ɕɖ۔ᬫຫݹίᭉ៕ɗዿ 71 ऍ 4 ׳ᶨ1972 शᶩ76 ᮱ɋʮɫ۔ʍԟАʊɩɣʅʎԟఀɫԔɪʫʅɩʩᶬࢄቻΟϗʊɩɣʅᶬδۨʎ ຟၡͭঃ༠ׄԯʎɔ۔ᬫᒂຫʆɡʪɕʇ៖࠳ɶʅᥠאওԧԂԔʱכʩɶɾɫᶨδۨԟవح44̍ 1̍25 ᜓᭂ 20 ऍ 1 ׳ 28ᶬ63 Ż 67 ᮱ᶩᶬδᱝʇᱝʎᶬຟၡͭঃ༠ׄԯʎɔ۔ᬫᜓʆɡʪɫɣʝ ɿሯዒɶɾͥᕓᆔʉ۔ᬫᒂຫʆɡʪʇʎ៖ʠʨʫʉɣɕʇԟఀɶɾᶨδᱝԟవح47̍4̍19 ឱಏ 18 ऍ930ᶬ931 Ż 932 ᮱ᶻΠࡷԟవح 51̍1̍26 ᭂ 117 ׳ 15 Ż 16 ᮱ᶩɋ 38ᶩ ࢡಢᖲΠɔၡᑛκঃ༠ԧ्ʊɩɰʪຟ৷ʍݳᢑɕɖຫࠜɗዿ 49 ऍ 3 ׳ᶨ1985 शᶩ30 Ż 33 ᮱ɋ
ɉ˴˙˅ˣʸʎᶬঃ༠ၡᑛʍˁ˜ˊ̀̎ɪʨຟᆔ৷ഓʍၡᑛʱᬐݹɸʪ࠷ᜓɫוɶɾʇᥙʘᶬ ˁˏ˜ʹˀ̎ˡΟϗᶬ˶ˡʾΟϗɩʧʒˉ́˗̉ˏ˃̎Οϗʍ3 ʃʍԟʱɡɱʅɣʪ39ᶩɋʝɾᶬ ˎʽˡ̉ˆˏʇ̅˙˚ʡᶬʸʺ́˿̉˟ӉحᤄᶨIRAᶩ౪࠳ʊʧʪᜓʍ৷ഓʄɰʊࡩɸʪʺ ˄̀ˏʇʸ˷̀ˁʍʸ˭̃̎˗ͫʍᇁᦒʊʃɣʅភʫʅɩʩᶬIRA ౪࠳ʍ˷̉˦̎ɫʺ˄̀ˏ ۔ӑຫʍͬʆᑞɺʨʫʪ˜̃ၡᑛʱ࠷ᜓɶɾɫᶬʸ˷̀ˁʍԟʎຟၡᑛʱႾᄒʊ࠷ᜓᜓ ᒓʍঃ༠ɶʱଔ؇ɶɾɲʇɫɡʪʇᥙʘᶬঃ༠ɶʱଔ؇ɶɾԟ3 ϗʇʇʡʊᶬঃ༠ɶʱ៖ʠɾ ԟ1 ϗʱɡɱʅɣʪ40ᶩɋɲʫʨʍԟʱԔɶɾೋᄑʎᶬɔ7 ϗʍ̀̎˝ʹ̉ˆ̍ˇ̎ˏɪʨट ᎡɶʅຟၡᑛʍͥᕓᆔʱଇԎʆɬʪɪʇɣɧʏᶬ؇ʆɡʪɕʇɶᶬɼʍͫʆᶬຟၡͭঃ ༠ׄԯʇɣɥᄍៜʊɩɣʅɔׄԯɕʎጳᆔੜءʱʡɾʉɣʇᏃ៵ɶʅɣʪ41ᶩɋˎʽˡ̉ˆˏʇ ̅˙˚ʡᶬIRA ౪࠳ʍԟʊភʫʃʃᶬɔຟၡᑛɕʊʃɣʅགᢷʍɣɮͥᕓᆔʊੜɴ ʫɾᄍៜʍ࠳ᑵʱ࠳ॾ֊ɶʧɥʇɸʪោʞʎɸʘʅވɶʅɩʩᶬɼʍۏ᭐ʎɡʪᜓʱɔຟ ᆔɕʆɡʪʇԔᯕɸʪɾʠʊʈʍ्ʍຟ֊ɫʉʍɪᶬɡʪɣʎɼʡɼʡʍᜓʱຟᆔ ʉʡʍʇʞʉɸʘɬɪʊʃɣʅᶬͥᕓᆔʉੜɫʉɣɲʇʊɡʪʇᥙʘʅɣʪ42ᶩɋ࠷ᬫʊᶬʺ˄ ̀ˏ۔ӑຫͫʎ˜̃ᜓʇɶʅ૨ʮʫɾIRA ౪࠳ʍᜓʱʠɯʩᶬɲʫʨʍԟʎᖓ፥ʍࡩ ዒʱʡɾʨɸɲʇʇʉʂɾɋ ɉ1972 शʊЀીɴʫɾᖓ፥ၡᑛκঃ༠ʎᶬዿ 5 1 ᮴ᶨcᶩᶨiᶩʊɩɣʅᶬঃ༠៰ɫʉɴʫ ɾၡᑛɫ᜴៰۔ʊʧʩຟᆔ৷ഓʱʡʃʇʞʉɴʫɾܬʊʎঃ༠ɶʎ៖ʠʨʫʉɣʇ࠳ɶ ʅɣɾɋɲʍຟၡᑛАݹᶨpolitical offence exceptionᶩʍ࠳ɫᶬ1970 शϐɪʨ 1980 शϐʊɪɰʅᶬ IRA ౪࠳ʊʧʂʅᇁตɣʆᄍɴʫʪʇɲʬʇʉʂɾʍʆɡʪɋɼɶʅᶬʸ˷̀ˁʊɩɰʪ 3
39ᶩ Lord McNair, International Law Opinions , Vol. II (1956), p. 64. 1890 शʍˁˏ˜ʹˀ̎ˡΟϗʊɩɣʅާႡ ॎԟʎᶬຟᆔᛁᢰʍ࢘ͼʊᒶىʱகʂɾˁˏ˜ʹˀ̎ˡʍᜓʎຟၡᑛʱථીɶᶬʺ˄̀ˏɪʨ ˏʺˏʊʎঃɬ༠ɴʫʉɣʇɶɾᶨ In re Castioni , Queen’s Bench Division, 1891, I, pp. 149 Ż 168ᶩɋԟ ʎ1894 शʍ˶ˡʾΟϗʆʎᶬ2 ϗʍူሐΟϗʎຟၡᑛʱථીɸʪʇʍ˶ˡʾʍʱᥠɰᶬ˶ˡʾʍᜓ ʎຟၡᑛʊ៌ঞɶʉɣʇɶʅᶬ˫˿̉ˏोʊঃɬ༠ɴʫʪʝʆᏘᏙᆔʊଘᑝɸʪʧɥاϑɶɾᶨ In re Meunier , Queen’s Bench Division, 1894, II, pp. 415 Ż 419ᶩɋʝɾᶬ1954 शʍˉ́˗̉ˏ˃̎Οϗʊɩɣʅ ԟʎᶬ˞̃̎́ཪᕚӑʆᆹខ࠱1ʱଘಹɶᶬӆլىʊᤏҁʱᡥʮɺɾাʺ˄̀ˏʊͫᬛɶʅॄᠷʱʠɾ ΎᎻى7 ʊʃɣʅᶬ˳̎˿̉˟ʗʍঃ༠ɶɪʨᬐݹɴʫᶬκвᠷϑၤɫᆌᜓɴʫʪʇԟఀɶɾᶨ Ex parte Kolczynski , Queen’s Bench Division, 1955, I, pp. 540 Ż 553; The All England Law Reports 1955 (I), pp. 31 Ż 36ᶩɋ 40ᶩ ঃ ༠ ɶ ʱ ଔ ؇ ɶ ɾ ԟ ʎᶬ1979 श ʍ ˴ ˅ ˴ ̂ ̉ ʍ ঃ ༠ ɶ ʍ ϗᶨA. E. Evans, “In the Matter of the Extradition of McMullen,” American Journal of International Law , Vol. 74, No. 2 (1980), pp. 434 Ż 435ᶩᶬ 1981 शʍʸ˷̀ˁᜒ۔ࡩ˴˙˃̉Οϗᶨ International Law Reports , Vol. 79 (1986), p. 459ᶩɩʧʒ 1984 शʍ˟˥̎˜ʹʍঃ༠៰ʍϗᶨ International Law Reports , Vol. 79 (1986), p. 475ᶩʍ 3 ϗᶬঃ༠ɶʱ៖ ʠɾԟʎᶬ1986 शʍ˅ʺ̉ࡩ̃˩̉˓̉Οϗᶨ International Law Reports , Vol. 79 (1986), p. 490ᶩʆɡ ʪɋR. Y. Jennings and A. Watts (eds.), Oppenheim’s International Law: Peace, Vol. I, Parts 2 to 4 (9th ed., 1992), pp. 964 Ż 965.
41ᶩ ೋᄑऺބɔຟၡᑛκͭঃ༠ɶׄԯʍ٨ᯌ৷ Ż ̀̎˝ʹ̉ˆ̍ˇ̎ˏʱͼʊ Ż ɕɖ႕֩ຫࠜɗዿ 90 ׳ᶨ2013 शᶩ1 Ż 20 ᮱ɋ
ʃʍԟʎᶬIRA ౪࠳ʍʱלɰӁʫᶬঃ༠ɶʱ៖ʠʉɣʇɣɥԟఀʱͬɶʅɣʪɋɲʫʨ ʍɲʇʱ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʇɣɥខɪʨᒑɧʪʇᶬ˜̃ᜓʱ࠷ᜓɶɾѮɪʨʫʏᶬɔຟ৷ɕ ʍᎫʎᔵʨʍԂᦆʊʃɣʅಐԢʊ҇ɣʅɣɾʇɣɧᶬɲʍీಜʊɩɣʅɔຟ৷ɕʍᎫʎᶬ ঞ៌ᜓʍԂᑞᓧ৷ʱϵ༜ɸʪ՞ೖʱʡɾʨɶʅɣɾʇᒑɧʪɲʇɫʆɬʧɥɋ࠷ᜓɴʫɾ˜ ̃ᜓʇɔຟ৷ɕʇʎওɮᏃʒʃɰʨʫᶬɔຟ৷ɕʎ˜̃̀ˏ˞ʊʇʂʅʎᶬᔵɫɼʍᜓ ʱႾᄒʊԂᑞɴʫʉɣʇɣɥੜءʆከඐᆔʉੜᑵʱᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʱכʩʝʪ۔ࡂʊʇʂʅʎᶬ ۔ݹʊᥢέɶɾ˜̃̀ˏ˞ɫຟၡᑛʱႾᄒʇɶʅঃɬ༠ɴʫɹᶬᎹᆔʉԂᑞʊᏃʒʃɰʪɲ ʇɫʆɬʉɣʇɣɥੜءʆᶬඐᆔʉੜᑵʱʡɾʨɶʅɣɾɋɲʍʧɥʊᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʱ࠷ᜓɸ ʪѮ̍כʩʝʪѮʊʇʂʅɼʫɽʫᄴʉʪ՞ೖʱʡɾʨɶʅɣɾʇʎɣɧᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɩɣ ʅɔຟ৷ɕʍᎫʎށɬʉੜءʱʡʂʅɣɾʇɣɧʪɋ ³ɉ˜̃̀ː˶ห᠈ʊɩɰʪ˜̃̀ː˶ɪʨʍɔຟ৷ɕʍԔ ᶨ²ᶩทࣾ˜̃̀ː˶หʊɩɰʪ˜̃ᜓʍɔᮂຟၡᑛ֊ɕ ɉɶɪɶᶬ۔ʊɩɰʪ˜̃ᜓʍྟ֊ʎᶬຟၡᑛʊࡩɶʅɼʫʝʆʇʎᥤʍЀᄍʱʡɾ ʨɶʅɣɮɲʇʊʉʪɋ1963शʊʎᶬԞʍ˜̃̀ː˶หʆɡʪδᶨᕑ ӑʆᜓʉʮʫɾၡᑛɼʍψɡʪኚʍᜓʊɸʪᶩɫ۔ᬫᕑᶨInternational Civil Aviation Organization: ICAOᶩʊʧʂʅЀીɴʫᶬɼʫʊᏙɣʅ˥ʺˎ˹˙˅ԧʍɾʠʍ˥̎ˆ ᶨᕑʍͭຫʉޤכʍหʊɸʪᶩᶬᕑʊࡩɸʪ˜̃ᜓʱหɸʪɾʠʍ˸̉ ˞̀ˀ̎́ᶨᕑʍࠪӂʊࡩɸʪͭຫʉᜓʍหʊɸʪᶩɫᇁตɣʆЀીɴʫɾɋ ɉɲʍʧɥʉ۔ᬫᆔթʱᓗʇɶʅ1977 शʊЀીɴʫɾʍɫᶬทࣾ˜̃̀ː˶หᶨ˜ ̃̀ː˶ʍหʊɸʪทࣾᶩʆɡʪ43ᶩɋʎᶬၡᑛκঃ༠ɶʊɶʅᶬͥ࠳ʍၡᑛʱ ຟၡᑛᶬຟၡᑛʊɸʪၡᑛʝɾʎຟᆔթʊܛʄɮၡᑛʇʞʉɶʅʎʉʨʉɣʇɶᶨዿ 1 ᶩᶬʝɾᶬͥ࠳ʍᨁށʉၡᑛʱຟၡᑛᶬຟၡᑛʊɸʪၡᑛʝɾʎຟᆔթʊܛʄ ɮၡᑛʇʞʉɴʉɣɲʇɫʆɬʪʇ࠳ɶɾᶨዿ2 ᶩ44ᶩɋɲʍʧɥʊɶʅʎᶬ˜̃ᜓʱ ঃ༠ၡᑛʇɸʪɲʇʊʧʩᶬຟၡᑛАݹʊࡩɸʪɴʨʉʪАݹʱឮɰɾʍʆɡʪ45ᶩɋ 43ᶩ ทࣾ˜̃̀ː˶ห૾ʊᔷʪʝʆʍ˜̃ᜓԧʊɸʪ۔ᬫᆔʉթʊʃɣʅʎᶬ൛ͬয়ɖ۔ ᬫԚຫʍ྇໐ᶨ۔ᬫԚຫለኴɉዿ4 ऍᶩɗᶨી௮ܞᶬ1985 शᶩ165 Ż 167 ᮱בဆɋʝɾᶬʍીዒᏀᐄ ʊʃɣʅʎᶬΥฬআɔ˜̃̀ː˶ʊࡩɸʪEC ᠈۔ʍຫᆔࡩড়ɕ·ᖚ̍ࢡຟΈ̍ᰖᖚᐁᭂϐᜟɖ۔ ᬫຫʍం࢘ɗᶨдܞᶬ1989 शᶩ328 Ż 331 ᮱בဆɋ
44ᶩ ௮ʊʃɣʅʎᶬ International Legal Materials , Vol. 15, No. 6 (1976), pp. 1272 Ż 1276; C. Valleé, “La convention européenne pour la répression du terrorisme,” Annuaire français de droit international , Tome 22 (1976), pp. 782 Ż 786; Revue générale de droit international public , Tome 81, n o 2 (1977), pp. 601 Ż 611 בဆɋ
ʉɩᶬᦶឰʊʃɣʅʎᶬ൛ͬɖԳಅɗᶨີ43ᶩ188 Ż 192 ᮱ʱבဆɶɾɋ
45ᶩ ൛ͬɖԳಅɗᶨີ 43ᶩ169 ᮱ɋɲʍʧɥʊɶʅᶬทࣾ˜̃̀ː˶หʎᶬ˜̃ᜓʱຟၡᑛɪʨ ᬐݹɸʪɲʇʊʃɬዿ1 ʊɩɣʅᑵլᆔʊᶬዿ 2 ʊɩɣʅᨃᆔʊ࠳ɶɾɋC. Van den Wyngaert, “The Political Offence Exception to Extradition: How to Plug the żTerrorist’s Loophole’ without Departing from Fundamental Human Rights,” Revue internationale de droit pénal , Vol. 62, No. 1 Ż 2 (1991), p. 300.
ɉทࣾ˜̃̀ː˶หʊɩɣʅၡᑛʇɴʫʪ˜̃ᜓʎᶬตʍʇɩʩᶬʝɹዿ1 ᶨaᶩɪʨᶨfᶩ ʊԝɴʫɾɋ ᶨaᶩᕑʍͭຫʉޤכʍหʊɸʪ˥̎ˆʍᦞᄍጳېʊ؉ʝʫʪၡᑛ ᶨbᶩ ᕑʍࠪӂʊࡩɸʪͭຫʉᜓʍหʊɸʪ˸̉˞̀ˀ̎́ʍᦞᄍጳېʊ؉ ʝʫʪၡᑛ ᶨcᶩ ݹί࠱ʱ؉ʠʅ۔ᬫᆔвᠷʱלɰʪᒓʍᄉاᶬϹדʎᔵᄒʊࡩɸʪகʱ؉ʟᨁށʉ ၡᑛ ᶨdᶩ៚ᶬκᢑדʎᨁށʉͭຫᆹቦʱ؉ʟၡᑛ ᶨeᶩ ɼʍЋᄍɫκʊֵᬜʱᄉɹʪܬʊɩɰʪူখᶬɱখᶬ̃ˇ˙˞ᶬᔵթ࿏ګדʎ ᎧူখᖏɶɮʎࡷւူখʍЋᄍʱ؉ʟၡᑛ ᶨfᶩͫឧၡᑛʍಠᦄדʎͫឧၡᑛʍకᦄᖏɶɮʎಠᦄʗʍӉၡʇɶʅʍͮ ɉɼɶʅᶬዿ2 ʎᶬዿ 1 ʊɱʪϒݹʍͥ࠳ʍᨁށʉ˜̃ᜓʱຟၡᑛʇʞʉɴʉɣɲʇ ɫʆɬʪʇ࠳ɶɾɫᶬɲɲʊɣɥᨁށʉၡᑛᶨacte graveᶩʇʎᶬNjκʍᄉاᶬϹʝɾʎᔵ ᄒʊࡩɸʪၡᑛʆɡʂʅᶬዿ1 ʊɱʨʫʅɣʉɣᨁށʉ౭Տᜓᶨacte grave de violenceᶩ ɩʧʒnjᡦᄊʊࡩɸʪᜓʱ؉ʟᨁށʉၡᑛʆɡʂʅᶬዿ1 ʊɱʪϒݹʍʡʍʆᶬκʊࡩɸ ʪᭂᆔֵᬜᶨdanger collectifᶩʱᄉɷɴɺɾʡʍʇɴʫʅɣʪɋ൛ͬʎᶬ˫˿̉ˏʍԟАʊɩ ɣʅ1978 शϒᬆᶬຟၡᑛʍᐗࡷʱۑʪܛཇʇɶʅϥၡᑛᶨdélit socialᶩɩʧʒᨁށၡᑛ ᶨcrime graveᶩʍɫʨʫʪʇɶᶬাᒓʍӍۿɫ˜̃ᜓʆɡʪʇϴᑝʄɰɾͫʆᶬీϐʍ ୟኌʊʃʫʅɔᨁށၡᑛɕʊ؉ʝʫʪၡᑛᯕۿɫ݇ɧɾʍʎᶬ࿏ګ̍ူᆌၑጇʊʧʪށᨃ๎ҁᶬ ᕑʍͭຫޤכጇʍంɶɣၡᑛথੳɫᆍܬɶɾɲʇᶬआԠகʊʧʩݼ௦ʍ᜴ᒓɫԎʪʧ ɥʊʉʂɾɲʇɫیʇᒑɧʨʫᶬɲɥɶɾ˜̃ᜓʎᶬɼʍɔᜓʍᨁށ৷ʍʥɧʊᶬၡᑛʍ ຟᆔ৷ഓɫޤʮʫʪɕʇᏃ៵ɶʅɣʪ46ᶩɋঃ༠ɶʍ᜴៰۔ɫঃ༠៰ଔ؇ʍഒଝʇɶʅၡᑛ ʍຟᆔ৷ഓʱᄍɸʪᓧ৷ʱᬐʝɾʎԧᬈɸʪɲʇʊʧʂʅᶬ˜̃ᜓʍ࠷ᜓᒓɫঃɬ༠ ɴʫɹᶬʝɾԂᑞɴʫɹʊᎹʮʪɲʇʍʉɣʧɥʊɸʪʇɣɥʍᆾᆔʎనሯʆɡʩᶬɲɲʊ ɩɣʅᶬ˜̃ᜓɪʨɔຟ৷ɕʍᎫʎঃɬԻɫɴʫʪɲʇʇʉʂɾʇɣɧʧɥ47ᶩɋ ɉทࣾ˜̃̀ː˶หʊɩɰʪ˜̃ᜓʍɔᮂຟၡᑛ֊ɕʱన௮࠳ɸʪఄॾʎᶬIRA౪࠳ ʍঃ༠ɶʱʠɯʂʅ٨ᯌʱଂɧʅɣɾᖓ፥Фʊʡম᮰ʱͮɧɾɋ1984शᶬᖓ፥ोʎᖓ፥ ၡᑛκঃ༠ʊ؉ʝʫʪຟၡᑛκͭঃ༠࠳ʱԧᬈɸʪɾʠʍί༕ʱ߂ɶᶬ1985शᶬ 46ᶩ ൛ͬয়ɖၡᑛκঃ༠ຫʍႾ៵ᶨ۔ᬫԚຫለኴɉዿ 6 ऍᶩɗᶨી௮ܞᶬ1993 शᶩ110 Ż 115 ᮱ɋ 47ᶩ ψఄʆᶬทࣾ˜̃̀ː˶หʎዿ13 ʊɩɣʅᶬɣɹʫʍ۔ʡᶬຟၡᑛᶬຟၡᑛʊɸʪၡᑛ ʝɾʎຟᆔթʊܛʄɮၡᑛʇ៖ʠʪʡʍʊʃɣʅʎᶬၡᑛʍ৷ഓʱើМɸʪʊɡɾʂʅၡᑛʍၔʊᨁށ ʉ৷ഓʱᒑɸʪɲʇʱϗʇɶʅᶬၡᑛκঃ༠ɶʱଔ؇ɸʪිԢʱᄤвɸʪఙ࠹លʆɬʪʡʍʇɶʅɣʪɋ ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʊʃɣʅឱᥟʍ࠷՞৷ʱଞҰɸʪɾʠʊʎᶬɼʍטᮅʆၡᑛʊӑۦɸʪຟ৷ʍើМʱʠɯ ʩ۔ʍᨃʱᄤвɺɵʪʱৃʉɣʇɣɥˎ̂̉˴ʎɴʫʅɣɾʇɣɧʧɥɋࢡಢɔԳ៵௮ɕᶨີ38ᶩ6᮱ɋ
ᖓ፥ၡᑛκঃ༠ᝆࠬɫᑟɴʫɾɋʎዿ1ʊɩɣʅᶬͥ࠳ጳېʍၡᑛʱຟၡᑛʇʞ ʉɴʉɣɲʇʱ࠳ɶɾɋʝɹᶨaᶩʊɩɣʅᶬ4ʃʍ۔ᬫᶨNj˥̎ˆᶬnj˸̉˞̀ˀ̎́ ᶬǍ۔ࡂϐᜟጇၡᑛหᶬǎκᢑᜓቦหᶩɫ࠳ɸʪၡᑛʱຟᆔ৷ഓʱʡʃၡ ᑛʇʎʞʉɴʉɣఙʱ࠳ɶᶬตʊᶬᶨbᶩɪʨᶨeᶩʊɩɣʅᶬ᠋๎ᶬ๎ᶬՒᨁ౭ᜓᶬ៚ᶬκ ᢑᜓᶬူᆌၑʝɾʎᩃ࿏ګʱЋᄍɶɾၡᑛʆɡʩᶬɼʫʨʍకᦄ̍ಠᦄ̍Ӊၡʱຟၡᑛʇʞ ʉɴʉɣɲʇʱ࠳ɶɾɋʍ࠳ʕʩʎᶬʺ˄̀ˏɫঞΟ۔ʇʉʂʅɣʪทࣾ˜̃̀ː˶ หʍఄॾʱᇀଢ଼ᆔʊᣐᝳɸʪʡʍʆɡʂɾ48ᶩɋɲɥɶɾ҂ʎᶬຟၡᑛκͭঃ༠ʱฬঞ֊ɸ ʪɔຟၡᑛɕʍᐗࡷʇϴᑝʄɰʨʫʅɣʪɫ49ᶩᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʇɣɥɫɣɪʉʪʡʍɪᶬ ʇɣɥឍɪʨʪʇᶬ˜̃ᜓɪʨʍɔຟ৷ɕᎫʍԔʇើМɸʪɲʇɫʆɬʧɥ50ᶩɋ ᶨ³ᶩ˜̃̀ː˶หͥᕓʊɩɰʪ˜̃̀ː˶ɪʨʍɔຟ৷ɕʍԔ ɉψఄʆᶬͥᕓ۔ᬫʊɶʅʎᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊɸʪͥᕓᆔʉੜথીɫৃʨʫʉɣ ɲʇɪʨᶬ˜̃ᜓʇɴʫʪфԠᯕۿɳʇʊɼʫʨʱࡩᡑʇɸʪʱЀીɸʪຫɫʇʨʫʅ ɬɾ51ᶩɋɼʫʨʍɥʀᶬူখ˜̃หᶬ˜̃ᢁᨅЙͮหɩʧʒ˜̃หʍ3 48ᶩ ࠽ࣽીᭀɔ˜̃ၡᑛʇˤ̉̍́˫̎́˴̉ׄԯ Ż IRA ˜̃Οϗʇᖓ፥ၡᑛκঃ༠ᥟՒʱͼʊ Ż ɕɖຫࠜɗዿ44 ऍ 3 ׳ᶨ1992 शᶩ64 ᮱ɋঞీʎψʊ˜̃ᜓʱᮂຟၡᑛ֊ɶɾʇɶʅᶬ ᥢέၡᑛκʍঃ༠ɶʊɸʪʸ˿ˬᆷ֩࠳ɫɡʂɾɋɲʍʊʃɬᶬפᡅиͥɔ˜̃ᜓʍᮂຟၡ ᑛ֊ʊɸʪᒑࡗɕɖచኜᄑށࠜށࠜᬎຫለ៵ᭂɗዿ41 ׳ᶨ1987 शᶩ281 ᮱בဆɋ 49ᶩ ൛ͬɖԳಅɗᶨີ 46ᶩ115 ᮱ɋˮ̉˃̉ʎᶬᖓ፥ၡᑛκঃ༠ᝆࠬʊʃɣʅᶬɔຟᆔɕʇᒑɧʨʫ ʪၡᑛʍˁ˜ˊ̀̎ʱᩞɮԧᬈɸʪʡʍʇើМɶɾɋL. Henkin, International Law: Politics and Values (1995), p. 343. 50ᶩ ࢡಢʎᶬ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː˶ʇఎពΝʎϧᏎᆔʉၡᑛκঃ༠ԧ्ʊɩɰʪɔຟ৷ʍឯࡄᬈᄟɕʱᢲ ɧᶬɼʍԳ୯ᔵϹʱΝɥیʱʡʂʅɣʪʇɶɾͫʆᶬ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː˶ʊ៌ঞɸʪၡᑛʱᇍฬʍɔ۔ᬫ ຫᦒטʍၡᑛɕʇɶʅɧᶬຟၡᑛʝɾʎຟᆔᥖʍᦞᄍᬐݹʇɸʪɲʇʎᶬঞ៌ၡᑛʊӑۦɸʪ ɔຟ৷ʍݳᢑɕʱቌɸʡʍʆɡʩᶬၡᑛʍɔຟ৷ɕɫᶬɔ۔ʍឍᆔʉԟఀɪʨᓴɶ۔ᬫຫͫʍ ឯࡄᬈᄟʊʝʆతᗟɴʫɕɾʇᜟႻɶɾɋࢡಢɔԳ៵௮ɕᶨີ38ᶩ37 ᮱ɋ 51ᶩ ϐᜟᆔʉʡʍʇɶʅʎᶬตʍʡʍɫɡɱʨʫʪɋNjᕑӑʆᜓʉʮʫɾၡᑛɼʍψɡʪኚʍᜓʊɸʪ ᶨδᶬ1963 शᶩᶬnjᕑʍͭຫʉޤכʍหʊɸʪᶨ˥̎ˆᶬ1970 शᶩᶬǍᕑ ʍࠪӂʊࡩɸʪͭຫʉᜓʍหʊɸʪᶨ˸̉˞̀ˀ̎́ᶬ1971शᶩᶬǎ۔ᬫᆔʊвᠷɴʫʪᒓ ᶨݹί࠱ʱ؉ʟɋᶩʊࡩɸʪၡᑛʍหוʒԂᑞʊɸʪᶨ۔ࡂϐᜟጇၡᑛหᶬ1973 शᶩᶬǏκᢑ ʱʇʪᜓʊɸʪ۔ᬫᶨκᢑᜓቦหᶬ1979 शᶩᶬǐၑᢑʍᠷʊɸʪᶨၑᢑᠷᶬ 1980 शᶩᶬǑ1971 श 9 ಏ23ఖʊ˸̉˞̀ˀ̎́ʆЀીɴʫɾᕑʍࠪӂʊࡩɸʪͭຫʉᜓʍหʊ ɸʪʱᝆᢷɸʪ۔ᬫᕑʊЋᄍɴʫʪ༫ʊɩɰʪͭຫʉ౭Տᜓʍหʊɸʪᠳ࠳ಅᶨ༫ͭ ຫᜓหᠳ࠳ಅᶬ1988 शᶩᶬǒໟຼᕑᜓʍࠪӂʊࡩɸʪͭຫʉᜓʍหʊɸʪᶨໟຼᕑᜓͭຫᜓ หᶬ1988 शᶩᶬǓށᬛൕʊۦɸʪۓ࠳˭˿˙˞˫ʿ̎˶ʍࠪӂʊࡩɸʪͭຫʉᜓʍหʊɸʪ ᠳ࠳ಅᶨށᬛൕ˭˿˙˞˫ʿ̎˶ͭຫᜓหᠳ࠳ಅᶬ1988 शᶩᶬǔܴ৷ူᙪʍᇽʍɾʠʍᠪԠୡᑝʊ ɸʪᶨ˭˿ˏ˗˙˅ူখᇽᶬ1991शᶩᶬǕ˜̃̀ˏ˞ʊʧʪူখЋᄍʍหʊɸʪ۔ᬫᶨူ খ˜̃หᶬ1997 शᶩᶬǖ˜̃̀ː˶ʊࡩɸʪᢁᨅЙͮʍหʊɸʪ۔ᬫᶨ˜̃ᢁᨅЙͮห
ʃʱᬐɬᶬʚʇʲʈʍɫɔ˜̃̀ː˶ɕɼʍʡʍʊʎលוɶʅɣʉɣɋɸʉʮʀᶬɲʫʨʍ ʎຟᆔթ̍ᆾᆔʊលוɸʪɲʇʉɮᶬͥ࠳ʍᜓʱቦหɶʅɣʪʍʆɡʪɋɼʍᏃೖᶬ Ⴛ࠷ᆔʊ˜̃ᜓʇᒑɧʨʫʪᜓʍށᧅԔʎɲʫʨʍʊʧʂʅቦหɴʫʪɲʇʇʉʂɾɋ ɲʍʧɥʉႻ࠷ᆔʉʸ˭̃̎˗ʎᶬఎពΝʊʧʪ౭Տʍฬঞ৷ʊʃɣʅ۔ɫੜʆɬʉ ɪʂɾᓴ൧ۨ֊ీϐʊᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊʃɣʅૻʩɣɫʃɪʉɣʇɣɥ٨ᯌʱۋᦪɸʪ ͥఄʆᶬݼɮʍ˜̃̀ː˶ʱหɸʪɲʇʱᓧʊɶɾɋЀીʊʃɣʅʍΟাࡩড়ᆔɪʃʸ ˟̍˱˙˅ʉ৷ᢑʊʧʩɾʇɧԧͫʍ˄˹˙˭ɫʂʅɣɾʇɶʅʡᶬᓧᆔʉ۔݄ʱᢳɧɾ ֩Տɫᓧʇʉʂɾʍʆɡʪ52ᶩɋ ɉɲʍʧɥʊᶬႻࠓɸʪ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɸʪͥᕓ۔ᬫʎᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɸʪͥᕓᆔʉ࠳ᑵ ʇɣɥ٨ᯌʱۋᦪɸʪɲʇʊʧʂʅᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍɫʡʃɔຟ৷ɕʍᎫʱԕʩɼɥʇ ោʞʅɬɾɋɶɪɶᶬɲʫʨʍͥᕓʍʚʇʲʈʎᶬࡄᅃᒓۦ۔ʍԟጫᤪි࠳ʱԳ୯ʇ ɶʅᶬࡄᅃᒓۦ۔ʊࡩɶᶬࡄᅃᒓʱঃɬ༠ɴʉɣܬʊʎᶬឱᥟʍɾʠᔵ۔ʍිᬈʍɡʪঞࢋ ʊΟϗʱϊឦɸʪᑵլʱ៨ɶʅɩʩᶨɔঃɬ༠ɸɪឱᥟɸʪɪᶨaut dedere aut judicareᶩɕʍׄԯᶩᶬ
ၡᑛκঃ༠ɶʍᬫʊຟၡᑛАݹɫᄍɴʫʪᓧ৷ɫɡʪʇɣɥੜءʆʎɔຟ৷ɕʍᎫʇ Фʆɡʂɾʮɰʆʎʉɣɋ࠷ᬫʊᶬ˥̎ˆʍᢰᖲᦋʊɩɣʅʎᶬԟጫᤪිʊɸʪ ᠳ៵ʍͼʆᶬࡄᅃᒓʍຟᆔթɫঃ༠ଔ؇ʍΟᄒʇʉʂʅʎʉʨʉɣʇɸʪੜʎᶬຫঽࡷ߆ ىϥʆʎʟɶʬࡸ௦ʆɡʩᶬওԧᆔঃ༠ɶʱᥱɷɾᕑᆍ᩻۔ʊʧʪឱᥟʍͥҮ֊ʱۑʪʘ ɬʇʍʸ˷̀ˁʊʧʪ୯ഛʎלɰӁʫʨʫʉɪʂɾ53ᶩɋࡄᅃᒓۦ۔ʊࡩɶᶬࡄᅃᒓʱঃɬ༠ɴ ʉɣܬʊʎᔵ۔ʍිᬈʍɡʪঞࢋʊΟϗʱϊឦɸʪɲʇʱᑵլʄɰʪɲʇʱ࠳ɶɾຫঽ߆ى ϥʊʧʪዿ7 ࠳ᖲഛʊɔၡᑛᜓʍթʊɪɪʮʨɹɕʇɣɥ௮លʱᥟՒɸʪʺ˕̀ʸጇʊ ʧʪ୯ഛʊࡩɶʅʡᶬຟၡͭঃ༠ׄԯʱᯃʊʸ˫̀ˁʣʸ˿ˬ᠈۔ʱͼʇɶʅᄴᠳɫٞɧ ʨʫᶬɔɣɪʉʪАݹʡʉɶʊɕʇɣɥ௮លʊआɶಌɧʨʫʅɣʪ54ᶩɋ ᶬ1999 शᶩᶬǗʊʧʪ˜̃̀ː˶ʍᜓʍหʊɸʪ۔ᬫᶨ˜̃หᶬ2005 शᶩᶬǘၑᢑ ʍᠷʊɸʪʍฬᶨၑᢑᠷฬᶬ2005 शᶩᶬǙໟຼᕑᜓʍࠪӂʊࡩɸʪͭຫʉᜓʍห ʊɸʪʍฬᠳ࠳ಅᶨໟຼᕑᜓͭຫᜓหฬᠳ࠳ಅᶬ2005 शᶩᶬǚށᬛൕʊۦɸʪۓ࠳˭ ˿˙˞˫ʿ̎˶ʍࠪӂʊࡩɸʪͭຫʉᜓʍหʊɸʪᠳ࠳ಅʍฬᠳ࠳ಅᶨށᬛൕ˭˿˙˞˫ʿ̎˶ͭຫ ᜓหᠳ࠳ಅฬᠳ࠳ಅᶬ2005 शᶩᶬǛ۔ᬫᕑʊʃɣʅʍͭຫʉᜓʍหʊɸʪᶨδ ᶬ2010 शᶩᶬǜᕑʍͭຫʉޤכʍหʊɸʪʍᥟՒᠳ࠳ಅᶨδᠳ࠳ಅᶬ2010 शᶩᶬǝᕑ ӑʆᜓʉʮʫɾၡᑛɼʍψɡʪኚʍᜓʊɸʪʱฬɸʪᠳ࠳ಅᶨδฬᠳ࠳ಅᶬ2014 शᶩɋ 52ᶩ Saul, supra note 5, p. 24.
53ᶩ ICAO Doc. 8838 Ż LC/157, Subcommittee of the Legal Committee on the Subject of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, Reports and Documentation , Montreal Canada, 1969, p. 21, para. 14. ɲʍʊʃɣʅʎᶬࠪᙸᡴ ͳɖ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː˶ʊࡩɸʪຫᆔԧʍථ Ż ˜̃̀ː˶ห᠈ʊɩɰʪԟጫᤪිʍ൮ឡ Ż ɗᶨ۔ᬫಅᬎᶬ2020 शᶩ131 ᮱בဆɋ
54ᶩ ICAO Doc. 8979 Ż LC/165 Ż 1, pp. 130, 131, paras. 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 52, p. 136, para. 26; ICAO Doc. 8979 Ż LC/165 Ż 2, p. 131, SA Doc. No. 72, Proposal to replace the Text of Article 7 of the Draft Convention, and to Withdraw Certain Pending Proposals . ࠪᙸɖԳಅɗᶨີ 53ᶩ146 Ż 147 ᮱בဆɋ
ɉɶɪɶᶬɼʍাʍͥᕓʆʎᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ɪʨʍɔຟ৷ɕᎫʍԔɫనሯʊោʞʨʫʪ ʧɥʊʉʪɋ1997 शʊ૾ɴʫɾူখ˜̃หʎᶬዿ 11 ʊɩɣʅᶬዿ 2 ʊ࠳ɸʪၡ ᑛʱຟၡᑛʇʞʉɶʅʎʉʨʉɣɲʇʱనሯʊ࠳ɶɾɋʝɾᶬዿ11 ʎᶬຟၡᑛʆɡʪ ɲʇʍʞʱႾᄒʇɶʅᶬၡᑛκঃ༠ɶʍ៰ʱଔ؇ɸʪɲʇʎʆɬʉɣʇɶʅɣʪɋɼɶʅዿ5 ʎᶬʍᦞᄍࡩᡑʇʉʪၡᑛᜓᶬၔʊͥᕓށᜒʝɾʎκʡɶɮʎၔ࠳ʍκʍᭂۍʊਆ৮ʍ ၤੳʱঃɬᢰɲɸɲʇʱੜۑɶʝɾʎឞᄘɶʅᜓʮʫʪၡᑛᜓɫᶬຟᆔᶬّࠜᆔᶬ৲੍ᆔᶬ κኚᆔᶬఎᆔᶬ࠰ᆔʝɾʎψʍපʍᒑʊʧʩɣɪʉʪܬʊʡฬঞ֊ɴʫɹᶬɼʍᨁށ ৷ʊᦞɸʪԚᑞɫቿɴʫʪɾʠʊʉୡᑝʱʇʪᑵլʱ۔ʊ៨ɶʅɣʪɋɲʫʨʍɲʇ ɪʨᶬʆʎຟᆔႾᄒʊʧʪԂᑞۋᦪɫనሯʊ؇࠳ɴʫʅɣʪʍʆɡʪ55ᶩɋʝɾᶬ1999 श ʊ૾ɴʫɾ˜̃ᢁᨅЙͮหʡዿ14 ʊɩɣʅᶬɴʨʊᶬ˜̃หዿ 15 ᶬၑ ᢑᠷዿ11 ʍ Aᶬໟຼᕑᜓͭຫᜓหฬᠳ࠳ಅዿ 10 ᶨዿ 11 ʍ 2ᶨ11bisᶩᶩᶬ δᠳ࠳ಅዿXII ᶨዿ 8 ʍ 2ᶨ8bisᶩᶩᶬδዿ 13 ɫᶬူখ˜̃หዿ 11 ʇපʊᶬ ͫ࠳ɸʪၡᑛʎᶬၡᑛκঃ༠ɶʝɾʎຫঽͫʍᇁΣՕʊɶʅʎᶬຟၡᑛᶬຟၡᑛ ʊɸʪၡᑛʝɾʎຟᆔʉթʊʧʪၡᑛʇʞʉɶʅʎʉʨʉɣʇ࠳ɶʅɣʪɋ ɉɲʍʧɥʊͥ࠳ʍၡᑛᜓʱঃ༠ɶʊɶʅຟၡᑛʇʞʉɴʉɣʇɸʪɔᮂຟ֊ɕ ᶨdepoliticizationᶩఄॾʎᶬ1856 शʍɣʮʥʪ˯́˄̎Ւ᮴ɫየʇɴʫᶬ1948 शʍˎʽˤ ˋʺ˟ቦหᶨᭂۍ๎ၡᑛʍหוʒԂᑞʊɸʪᶩዿ7 ʣ 1973 शʍʸ˧́˞ˮʺ˞ ቦหᶨʸ˧́˞ˮʺ˞ᑛʍหוʒԂᑞʊɸʪᶩዿ11 ʊʡᄍɴʫʅɣʪʡʍʆ ɡʪɋɲʫʨʎᶬಢಿʎϺʨɪʍຟᆔᆾᆔʆᜓʮʫʪၔ࠳ʍᜓʍຟ৷ʱ؇࠳ɸʪɲʇʊʧʂ ʅ࠷ᜓᜓᒓʍԂᑞʱሯвɶʧɥʇɸʪʡʍʆɡʂɾ56ᶩɋ ɉɲɥɶɾͥᕓʊɩɰʪ҂ʇපʊᶬทࣾើᠳϥʡᶬ2001 शʍ 9.11 Οϗʱלɰᶬͫᥙʍ ทࣾ˜̃̀ː˶หʱฬɶᶬዿ1 ʊɩɣʅɔᮂຟ֊ɕɴʫɾၡᑛᜓ̀ˏ˞ʱ ށनʊଞҰɶᶬ۔ጇʊʧʪࡩ˜̃᠈ʊ࠳ʠʨʫɾɸʘʅʍၡᑛʱ؉ʠɾɋɴʨʊᶬ2005 शʊʎ˜̃̀ː˶ʍหʊɸʪทࣾើᠳϥʱ૾ɶᶬዿ20 1 ᮴ʊɩɣʅᶬ˜̃ᜓʱ ࠷ᜓɸʪɲʇʍށᜒʗʍթᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʗʍն៚ɩʧʒ˜̃̀ː˶ʍឤᐆጇʊɶʅᶬຟၡ ᑛᶬຟၡᑛʊɸʪၡᑛʝɾʎຟᆔʉթʊʧʪၡᑛʇʞʉɶʅʎʉʨʉɣɲʇʱ࠳ɶ ɾ57ᶩɋทࣾʡᶬ1996 शʊทࣾՒᆷ۔ʍၡᑛκঃ༠ʱ૾ɶᶬዿ 5 ʊɩɣʅຟ ၡͭঃ༠ׄԯɪʨ˜̃ᜓʱᬐݹɶʅɣʪ58ᶩɋʝɾᶬทࣾႾΟϥʡᶬ2002 शʊทࣾୀၤ Ꮋ࠳ʱ૾ɶᶬ۔ʆ՞ՏʱಐɶʅɣɾຟၡᑛʍАݹʱ៖ʠʪϧᏎᆔၡᑛκঃ༠ˍˏ˜ ˶ʱॗหɶᶬ״ຫঞࢋʆঃɬ༠ɸˍˏ˜˶ʊᑝɬ୳ɧʪɲʇʆᶬݹ۔κၡᑛκঃ༠Ꮩʊӑۦ 55ᶩ ϟᙸّಘɔ˜̃̀ː˶ԧʊɩɰʪ۔ᬫຫɕɖ̂˫ʷ̂̉ˏɗዿ 617 ׳ᶨ2002 शᶩ16 ᮱ɋ 56ᶩ ΥɔԳ៵௮ɕᶨີ 43ᶩ324 Ż 325 ᮱ᶻפᡅɔԳ៵௮ɕᶨີ 48ᶩ279 Ż 280 ᮱ɋ 57ᶩ ทࣾើᠳϥʊʧʪ˜̃̀ː˶ห᠈ʱɣʮʥʪɔκි᮴ɕʍឍɪʨ൮ឡɶɾʡʍʇɶʅᶬ ᄉͥીɔทࣾើᠳϥʍ˜̃ห᠈ʊɩɰʪɖκි᮴ɗʍੜᑵɕɖͥຫࠜɗዿ15 ऍ 2 ׳ᶨ2016 शᶩ419 ᮱ϒͬבဆɋ 58ᶩ ൛ͬয়ɖၡᑛκঃ༠ຫʍለኴᶨ۔ᬫԚຫለኴɉዿ 8 ऍᶩɗᶨી௮ܞᶬ2004 शᶩ68 ᮱בဆɋ
ɸʪᭉɪʃྂۦᆔʉᦅʫʱכʩᬐɮɲʇʱᓧʇɶɾ59ᶩɋ ɉ1970 शϐʝʆʎᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʣɼʍׄیᶬࡩড়ఄຫʊʃɣʅ۔ʍੜʍࡩዒʎྟɶɮᶬ ੜʊᔷʪɲʇʎʆɬʉɪʂɾɋɶɪɶᶬͫឧʊቌɸʧɥʊ1990 शϐϒᬆʎᶬ˜̃ᜓʍɔᮂ ຟ֊ɕʊʧʂʅ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʍͭԂᑞʱʉɮɶʅɣɮఄ৷ʊʃɣʅ۔ᬫϥʍˉ̉ˑ̉ˋ ˏɫথીɴʫʅɣʂɾʇᒑɧʨʫʪɋɾʇɧʏ۔Ᏼϥʎ1994 शᶬ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː˶ࡩጐ࠹លʱ ᆌɶᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʱตʍʧɥʊᮂ᭐ɶɾ60ᶩɋ ɔຟᆔᆾᆔʍɾʠʊͥᕓށᜒᶬκᖏɶɮʎၔ࠳ʍκʍᭂۍʊਆ৮ʍၤੳʱঃɬᢰɲɸɲʇ ʱੜۑɶדʎឞᄘɶʅᜓʮʫʪၡᑛᜓʎᶬɼʫʱฬঞ֊ɸʪɾʠʊᄍɴʫʪຟᆔᶬّ ࠜᆔᶬʺ˝ˀ̃˄̎ᆔᶬκኚᆔᶬఎᆔᶬ࠰ᆔדʎɼʍψʍ৷ᢑʍᒑʍɣɪʲʱ٨ʮɹᶬ ɣɪʉʪၤʊɩɣʅʡฬঞ֊ɴʫʉɣɋɕ ɉɲʍɔ࠳ᑵɕʎᶬϒা۔Ᏼϥʊɩɣʅᐴʩ᥏ɶᄍɣʨʫɾ61ᶩɋݼɮʍ۔ɫᔵිʍᜓЋʊϪ ɥ౭Տᜓʇ˜̃̀ː˶ʱ֙ԠɶᏙɰɾʡʍʍᶬɼʍাʍᠳʆʎɲʍߑղɫ࠳ಜᆔʊሯ៖ɴʫᶬ ຫᆔʉ࠳ᑵʍ৷ʱɸʪݩʎ݇Ւɶʅɣɮɲʇʇʉʂɾ62ᶩɋ˜̃̀ː˶ʍྟ֊ʊʧʩᶬ۔ ᬫϥʆʎ˜̃̀ː˶ʱᮂ᭐ɸʘɬᨁށʉၡᑛᜓʇϴᑝʄɰᶬ࠷ᜓᜓᒓʍԂᑞʱሯвɸʪɲ ʇʊʃɣʅʍˉ̉ˑ̉ˋˏɫথીɴʫʅɣʂɾɋɲɥɶɾթɬʎͥᕓ۔ᬫʊɩɰʪ˜̃̀ː ˶ʍɔᮂຟ֊ɕʊʃʉɫʩᶬ۔ʎ˜̃̀ː˶ɪʨɔຟ৷ɕʍᎫʱԔɸʪɲʇʊʧʂʅᶬ ˜̃̀ː˶ʗʍ࠷՞ᆔʉࡩড়ʍሯвʱᆾବɶʅɣɮʧɥʊʉʂɾʍʆɡʪɋ ɉɼʫʆʎᶬɲʍʧɥʊ۔ᬫϥʊɩɣʅ˜̃̀ː˶ʍɪʨɔຟ৷ɕʍᎫɫԔɴʫʅ ɣɮ҂ʊɡʪͼʆᶬႻۦʊɩɣʅρ्ͥɔ˜̃̀ː˶ʇʎϺɪɕʇɣɥɲʇʱᒑɧɾʇɬᶬɔ ຟ৷ɕʍᎫʎʝʂɾɮᒑɴʫʪɲʇɫʉɣʍɿʬɥɪɋɲʍʊʃɣʅʎᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ ᑵʊɩɰʪຟᆔɔթɕʍϴᑝʄɰʱʠɯʪᠳ៵ʍ࢘ɫʨʫʪʧɥʊʉʂʅɣʪɋకʊ ɾʧɥʊᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʱ࠳ᑵɶʅɣʪ۔۔ӑຫʍͼʊʎຟᆔᶬ࠰ᆔʝɾʎʺ˝ˀ̃˄̎ᆔ ʉթ̍ᆾᆔʱϗʇɶʅɣʪʡʍʡלɰʨʫʪɋႻۦᶬɲɥɶɾթ̍ᆾᆔϗʱ˜̃ᜓ ʍ࠳ᑵʊɩɣʅከඐᆔʊϴᑝʄɰʧɥʇɣɥɫʨʫʪʍʆɡʪɋ 59ᶩ ทࣾୀၤᎻ࠳ʊʃɣʅʎᶬಳຸͪɔ˾̎̃˙˧᠈۔ʊɩɰʪၡᑛκঃ༠ຫԧʍႻϐᆔݳࡄᶨ2ᶩ Ż ՞႟৷ʇκිׄԯʇʍح̍ዒʱᆾବɶʅ Ż ɕɖͼއ̃̎̍ˎ˹̎ˠ́ɗዿ 10 ऍ 1 ׳ᶨ2013 शᶩ 75 ᮱ϒͬבဆɋ
60ᶩ UN Doc. A/RES/49/60, 9 December 1994, Annex, Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism , para. 3.
61ᶩ UN Doc. A/RES/51/210, 16 January 1997; UN Doc. A/RES/53/108, 26 January 1999; UN Doc. A/ RES/55/158, 30 January 2001. ူখ˜̃หዿ 5 ʊɩɣʅʡʚʛපʍ௮លɫᄍɣʨʫʅɣʪɋ 62ᶩ Saul, supra note 5, p. 25.
Əɉ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɩɰʪɔຟ৷ɕʍϴᑝʄɰʱʠɯʪ᥎शʍթ ²ɉ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɩɰʪຟᆔթᎫʱʠɯʪᠳ៵ ɉ2005 श 2 ಏʊ˯ʺ́̎˞ʆᆌᄉɶɾ̂˦ˤ̉ʍ˿˫ʹ̎˅̍˥̀̀ᰓᇁψ 22 ʍౣ๎ʊʮʂ ɾࡄᅃᒓʱɮɾʠʊឮዒɴʫɾ̂˦ˤ̉ၔԠຫ९ʎᶬ2011 शʊͼԟʱលɣ༠ɶᶬɼʍͼ ʆᒂ۔ᬫຫͫʍ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʱ៖࠳ɶɾ63ᶩɋԟʎᶬݼɮʍᶬ۔ᠳᶬ۔ࡂʍዒ ຫͫɩʧʒ״ຫͫʍᜓʎᶬ۔ᬫӉϹʊɩɰʪͥᕓᆔʉຫᆔдʍথીʱቌɶʅɩʩᶬɼʫʎᶬ ɼʍʧɥʉдʇͥᔸɸʪᜓʱϪɣࡸʉɮʇʡवీʊɩɣʅʎᶬ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʊɸʪ ۔ᬫຫʍᒂᆔԯɫ࠷ᬫʊᄉɷʅɣʪʇɣɥᢵఙʆɡʪʇɶɾ64ᶩɋɼɶʅᶬɲʍᒂᆔԯʎ ตʍ3 ʃʍʇʉʪᎫʱʇɸʪʇɶʅᶬNjၡᑛᜓᶨ๎κᶬ៚ᶬκᢑᜓᶬ࿏ʉʈᶩ ʍ࠷ᜓʝɾʎɼʍߒڴᶬnj϶ʍʊਆ৮ʱूʠʪɲʇᶨɼʫʎͥᕓᆔʊӆӉʍֵᬜʱʃɮʩԎ ɸɲʇʱϪɥᶩᶬʝɾʎ۔ӑʡɶɮʎ۔ᬫᆔʉঞࢋʊࡩɶᇀଢ଼ʡɶɮʎଢ଼ᆔʊϺʨɪʍᜓʱ ᜓɥɲʇʡɶɮʎᜓʮʉɣɲʇʱওԧɸʪੜۑᶬɩʧʒǍᜓɫ۔݄ʱᢳɧʪᎫʱϪɥʇɬᶬ ʱɡɱʅɣʪ65ᶩɋ ɉԟʎᶬ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʊɸʪᒂ۔ᬫຫʍࠓۦʱഒଝʄɰʪʡʍʇɶʅᶬ۔ ᠳᶬ۔ʍ۔ӑຫɩʧʒ۔ӑԟʍԟʊʃɣʅ൮ឡɸʪͼʆᶬݼɮʍˉ˸̉̃̎᠈۔ɩʧ ʒށᬛຫ᎘᠈۔ʍዒຫᶬ۔ʍ˜̃̀ː˶ɩʧʒւଟᆔᖲഛʊɩɣʅᶬຟᆔᶬ࠰ ᆔᶬκኚᆔʝɾʎʺ˝ˀ̃˄̎ᆔᆾᆔɫϗʇɴʫʅɣʪɲʇʊີᆾɶʅɣʪɋɶɪɶᶬɼʫ ʨ᠈۔ɫ۔ʇʉʂʅɣʪ۔ᬫᆔ̍ݼ௦۔ʍ௮ಅʊʧʂʅও֊ɴʫɾ۔ࡂʍੜʍۥшᆔʉ ᨁʞʆɡʂʅʡᶬɼɥɶɾᆾᆔʍᎫʎ؉ʲʆɣʉɣʇɶᶬᆾᆔϗʎථીϗʊʎ؉ʝʫʉɣ ʇԟఀɶɾ66ᶩɋԟʎᶬ۔ʇ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɸʪጐЀඋᧅϥɫ2002 शʊʝʇʠɾܫؙಅʊ ភʫ67ᶩᶬᆾᆔϗʱనቌɸʪɲʇʎᶬ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʇɶʅᮂ᭐ɴʫɥʪᜓʍጳېʱనሯ ʊɶᶬɼʍᦋ्ʉଞށᦞᄍʱหɸʪɲʇʊʧʂʅᑛԚຫ࠳ᑵʊᢁɸʪʇɣɥᥟՒᆔʉԢᆯɫ ɡʪʇើМɶʅɣʪɋɶɪɶᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʊɩɰʪᆾᆔϗʎᒂຫʍཇʊᦑɸʪʚʈू
63ᶩ Interlocutory Decision on the Applicable Law: Terrorism, Conspiracy, Homicide, Perpetration, Cumulative Charging, Case No. STL Ż 11 Ż 01/I, 16 February 2011 (hereinafter referred as “Interlocutory Decision”). ಢ ԟʊʃɣʅʎᶬͼᨂΓɔ۔ᬫຫʊɩɰʪ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ Ż ̂˦ˤ̉ၔԠຫ९ͫឱԟᧅͼԟ ʱʠɯʂʅ Ż ɕɖϥʍࠪӂʇ̀ˏ˅ʗʍࡩড়ᶨށࠜຫࠜለኴለኴעಅዿ 45 Ӕᶩɗᶨ2012 शᶩ 31 Ż 66 ᮱בဆɋ
64ᶩ Interlocutory Decision, supra note 63, p. 49, para. 85. 65ᶩ Ibid. , pp. 49 Ż 50, para. 85. 66ᶩ Ibid. , p. 63, para. 98. 67ᶩ ۔ʇ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɸʪጐЀඋᧅϥܫؙಅʎᶬ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʊʃɣʅϒͬʍʧɥʊᥙʘʅɣ ʪɋɔʚʇʲʈʍܬʊɩɣʅᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʎಢᢑᆔʊຟᆔᜓʆɡʪɋ˜̃̀ː˶ʎͥᕓᆔʊᶬຟ ᆔʝɾʎʺ˝ˀ̃˄̎ᆔᶨͳЮᆔʆɡʪɪ࠰ᆔʆɡʪɪʱ٨ʮɹᶩᆾᆔʆᶬऐʊࡩɶՈᆔɪʃᔸا ᆔʉҁʱͮɧʪɲʇᶬɩʧʒਆ৮ʍၤʱʃɮʩԎɸɲʇʱੜۑɶʅɣʪɋ˜̃̀ː˶ʎၡᑛᜓʆ ɡʪɫᶬ֫ʉʪၡᑛϒͫʍʡʍʆɡʪɋɕUN Doc. A/57/273 Ż S/2002/875, 6 August 2002, Annex, para. 13.
ጳɪʃͥᡬɶʅ៥నɴʫᶬלɰӁʫʨʫʅɬɾʮɰʆʎʉɣʇɶɾ68ᶩɋ ɉɲʍᆾᆔϗʊɶʅԟʊੜಅʱ୯Ԏɶɾʸ̉˲ˏʎᶬԚຫʊɩɣʅʎׄԯʇɶʅੜ ᶨintentᶩʇթᶨmotiveᶩʱ֙ԠɶʉɰʫʏʉʨɹᶬթʎᨃԚ์ᬤʊɩɣʅʍʞᤏ༜ʝɾʎՒ ᨁیʇɶʅɸʪʊᦋɭʉɣʇବɶ69ᶩᶬԟɫᆾᆔϗʱථીϗʊʎ؉ʠʉɪʂɾʡ ʍʍᓏ࠳ᆔʊើМɶɾɲʇʊʃɣʅᶬԟʎᶬɲɥɶɾԚຫʊɩɰʪੜʇթʍᇁᦒʱខ ɶʅɣʪʇ૪ԟɶʅɣʪ70ᶩɋɾɿɶᶬАݹᆔʊዒຫᒓʎᶬၔ࠳ʍթʱၡᑛʍၡᑛੜ৲ʍͥᧅʇɶᶬ ၔʊၔԠʉੜʇɸʪɲʇɫʆɬʪɫ71ᶩᶬɼʫʆʡᶬNj13 ʍ˜̃̀ː˶ʍɣɹʫʊʡ ຟᆔʝɾʎʺ˝ˀ̃˄̎ᆔթʝɾʎ៚یʍϗʎ؉ʝʫʅɣʉɣɲʇᶬnjူখ˜̃หᶬ ˜̃ᢁᨅЙͮหɩʧʒ˜̃หʊɩɣʅʎᶬၡᑛκঃ༠ɶʝɾʎຫঽͫʍᇁΣՕ ʊɶʅɣɹʫʍၡᑛʡຟၡᑛʇʎʞʉɴʉɣʇ࠳ɴʫʅɣʪɲʇᶬǍ۔ࠪӂвᬬႾΟϥ ʍͥʍᠳɩʧʒ۔Ᏼϥᠳʊɩɣʅᶬɣɪʉʪ˜̃ᜓʡᶬɼʍթʊɪɪʮʨɹၡᑛʆ ɡʩᶬฬঞ֊ʆɬʉɣఙɫሯ៖ɴʫʅɣʪɲʇʉʈʱႾᄒʇɶʅᶬ۔ᬫຫʎ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʇթ ʇʍ৷ʱࠬӂʊ؇࠳ɶʅɣʪʇᏃ៵ɸʪ72ᶩɋ ɉకʊᥙʘɾʧɥʊᶬ˜̃̀ː˶หʊɸʪͥᕓ۔ᬫʎᶬթʱ؉ʟ˜̃̀ː˶ʍͥᕓᆔ ʉ࠳ᑵʱۋᦪɶʅɬɾɋ᠈ʎᶬ˥ʺˎ˹˙˅ᶬκᢑʱʇʪᜓᶬူখʍЋᄍጇʍၔ࠳ʍၑႾ ᆔ̍࠸ឍᆔʉᜓʱᶬঞ៌ᜓɫቼᆔᆾᆔʆɡʪɪຟᆔᆾᆔʆɡʪɪʱ٨ʮɹᶬ۔ӑຫʆၡᑛ ֊ɶԂᑞɸʪɲʇʱ۔ʊʠʅɣʪɋሯɪʊɼɲʆʎᶬᜓʍᓗাʊɡʪթʎၡᑛʍථી Ꭻʇɶʅʎɴʫʅɣʉɣɋ˜̃ᢁᨅЙͮหዿ2 ɫᶬɔ϶ʱߒڴɶדʎϺʨɪʍᜓ ʱᜓɥɲʇᖏɶɮʎᜓʮʉɣɲʇʱोᖏɶɮʎ۔ᬫʊࡩɶʅওɸʪɲʇɕʱᆾᆔʇɸ ʪᜓʗʍᢁᨅЙͮʱቦหɶʅɩʩᶬၔԠʉੜۑʱϗʇɶʅ؉ʠʪɲʇʊʧʂʅၡᑛᜓʱ࠳ ᑵɶʅɣʪɫᶬຟᆔթʣɼʍψʍթɼʍʡʍʱɸʪʡʍʆʎʉɣɋ ɉɲɥɶɾకࠓʍ˜̃̀ː˶หʊɸʪͥᕓ۔ᬫʍႻၤʊʃɣʅᶬ˓̎́ʎᶬթʍᎫ ʱ؉ʲʆɣʉɣɲʫʨʍʎᶬӆᆔʉթʊʧʪ౭Տʡቼᆔʉթʊʧʪ౭Տʡጇɶɮၡᑛ֊ ɴʫʪɾʠᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʊʃɣʅӉᥱʊႾពɴʫʅɣʪɲʇʱʎʪɪʊᢲɧʅɩʩᶬɲʫʆʎᶬ ˜̃̀ː˶ʊʃɣʅనʨɪʊͭຫʆɡʪɲʇʱ୴ɸʪɲʇɫʆɬʉɣʇ૪ԟᆔʊើМɶʅɣ ʪ73ᶩɋɼɶʅᶬɲɥɶɾ҂ʎᶬၡᑛʍјႾᆔ̍ຟᆔʉՏʱވʮɺᶬᮂ౭Տᆔʉຟʣϥᄉ
68ᶩ Interlocutory Decision, supra note 63, pp. 68 Ż 69, para. 106.
69ᶩ K. Ambos, Amicus Curiae Brief on the question of the applicable terrorism offence in the proceedings before the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, with a particular focus on a “special” special intent and/or a special motive as additional subjective requirements, STL Ż 11 Ż 01/I/AC/R176bis, 11 February 2011, para. 4. 70ᶩ K. Ambos, “Judicial Creativity at the Special Tribunal for Lebanon: Is There a Crime of Terrorism under
International Law?,” Leiden Journal of International Law , Vol. 24, No. 3 (2011), pp. 674 Ż 675. 71ᶩ Ambos, supra note 69, para. 5.
72ᶩ Ibid. , paras. 20 Ż 25.
73ᶩ B. Saul, “The Curious Element of Motive in Definitions of Terrorism: Essential Ingredient or Criminalising Thought?,” in A. Lynch, E. MacDonald and G. Williams (eds.), Law and Liberty in the War on Terror (2007), p. 29.
ໍʊࡩɸʪၡᑛʇɶʅʍ˜̃̀ː˶ʍၔԠʉ৷ഓʱऔᙙ֊ɴɺʅɶʝɥʇᠯʱ᳠ʨɸ74ᶩɋ ɉ˓̎́ʎᶬ۔ᬫᆔʝɾʎ۔ӑᆔʉ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʍ࠳ᑵʊթʍᎫʱ؉ʠʪɲʇʍ៥ৃՏʍ ɡʪႾᄒʎᶬɼɥɸʪɲʇɫᶬϺɫ˜̃̀ː˶ʱථીɸʪʍɪʊʃɣʅʍͥᕓᆔʉ۔ᆔႾពʊ ূɣʃʃᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʱᶬਆ৮ʱঃɬᢰɲɸᓧ৷ʍɡʪψʍኚᯕʍᨁށʉ౭Տᶨͥᕓᆔʉ౭ᜓᶬ ฮᝀওᆳᶬওߋʝɾʎ๎κᶩʇ֙Ԡɸʪɲʇʊዒʃɪʨʆɡʪʇ៥ɮɋɼʍʇʉʪԳ୯ʎᶬ ຟᆔ౭ՏʝɾʎɼʍψʍӆᆔʉႾᄒᶨ࠰ᆔᶬʺ˝ˀ̃˄̎ᆔʝɾʎκኚ̍ఎᆔႾᄒᶩʍɾ ʠʊʉɴʫʪ౭ՏʎᶬቼᆔᆾᆔᶨԢᆯᶬᡫธᶬ߳ᶬ௩ੜᶬઑᶬᠿᶬфκʝɾʎࡂఎʍΝ ɣʉʈᶩʍɾʠʊʉɴʫʪ౭Տʇʎᆔʊʡᦐᑵᆔʊʡᄴʉʪʇɣɥɲʇʉʍʆɡʪ75ᶩɋ ɉɼɶʅᶬɲɥɶɾᒑɧʎ۔ᬫᆔʊʡோପɴʫʅɬʅɣʪʇɸʪɋɾʇɧʏᶬͫឧʍ۔Ᏼ ϥʊʧʪ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː˶ࡩጐ࠹លʎᶬɔຟᆔᆾᆔʍɾʠʊͥᕓށᜒᶬκᖏɶɮʎၔ࠳ʍκʍᭂۍ ʊਆ৮ʍၤੳʱঃɬᢰɲɸɲʇʱੜۑɶדʎឞᄘɶʅᜓʮʫʪၡᑛᜓɕʇɣɥթʍᎫʱ؉ ʠʪɲʇʊʧʂʅ˜̃̀ː˶ʱψʍ౭Տᜓʇ֙Ԡɶʅɩʩ76ᶩᶬʝɾᶬทࣾႾΟϥʊʧʪ˜̃ ̀ː˶ʇʍૌɣʊɸʪᎻ࠳ᶨ2002शᶩʊɩɣʅʎᶬ࠳ʱ୯ഛɸʪทࣾӉϹ߆ىϥʊʧ ʪព៥ʍͼʆᶬɔʚʇʲʈʍ˜̃ᜓʎᶬܛಢᆔʊʎᥱၡᑛʆɡʪɫᶬ࠷ᜓᒓʍթᶨmotivationsᶩ ʊʧʩ˜̃ၡᑛʇʉʪɋɼʍթɫܛಢᆔʉׄԯʣ۔ࡂʍோʊᨁށʉݳಂʱʡɾʨɸɲʇʝɾ ʎሐݘɸʪɲʇʆɡʪܬʊʎᶬɼʫʎ˜̃ၡᑛʆɡʪɕʇ៥నɴʫʅɣʪ77ᶩɋʝɾᶬʺ˄̀ˏᶬ ˁˠ˖ᶬˀ̎ˏ˞˿̀ʸᶬˡ˻̎ˎ̎˿̉˟ɩʧʒ֪ʸ˫̀ˁʊʧʪ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʡᶬ˜̃ ̀ˏ˞ʍթɫψʍၡᑛᒓʇʎͥᏺʱᄘɶʅɣʪʇɣɥᑵϥʊʧʪຟᆔԟఀʱטరɶ ʅɣʪ78ᶩɋ ɉɶɪɶᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊթʍᎫʱ؉ʠʪʘɬʇɸʪ˓̎́ʍʊࡩɶᶬטࡩʍ៵ᬏ ʱʪʍɫ̃̎˗ʆɡʪɋ̃̎˗ʎᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊթʍᎫʱ؉ʠʪɲʇʎᶬκʊ ࡩɸʪ๎ʣᡥҁʇɣɥ˜̃̀ː˶ʊಢᢑᆔʉᎫϒͫʍʡʍʱ؉ʠʪɲʇʇʉʩᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ ʊࡩড়ɸʪɾʠʍᠯࡗʍිᬈʣୂᜓʱଞށɸʪɾʠʍܛᆺʱވʮɺʪɲʇʊʉʪʇᠯؙɶᶬ ʝɾᶬ˜̃̀ˏ˞ʊࡩɶʅຟᆔʝɾʎ࠰ᆔթʍɾʠʊᜓթɶɾʇɣɥាଝʱɸʪɲʇ ʊʉʩᶬթʎͥᕓᆔʊၡᑛʍಢᢑᆔʉᎫʆʎʉɣʇɣɥϧᏎᆔʉԚຫʍׄԯʇʡᇁࡄʫʉɣ ʇ૪ԟɶʅɣʪ79ᶩɋʝɾᶬNjࡸʉɮʇʡʡᨁށʉၡᑛʊʃɣʅʎᶬ᜴ؙκɫቦหɴʫɾᜓʊ ɶʅੜۑɶʅɣʪɪʝɾʎᇽʂʅɣɾɪʇɣɥϗʱ؉ʠᶬᦋވʍាనʊʃɣʅʍԚຫʊɩɰ 74ᶩ Ibid. , p. 30. 75ᶩ Ibid., p. 29.
76ᶩ UN Doc. A/RES/49/60, 9 December 1994, Annex, Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism , para. 3.
77ᶩ Proposal for a Council Framework Decision on Combating Terrorism, EC, COM (2001) 521 Final, 2001/0217 (CNS), p. 6.
78ᶩ Saul, supra note 73, p. 30.
79ᶩ K. Roach, “The Case for Defining Terrorism with Restraint and without Reference to Political or Religious Motive,” in Lynch et al. (eds.), supra note 73, pp. 40 Ż 41.
ʪͥᕓᆔʉϗʱ؉ʠʪɲʇᶬɩʧʒnjϺʨɪʍੜۑᆔʉᜓʱϗʇɸʪɲʇʎᶬ࠷ʍᒓɫ ᔵʨʍۍϹᶬۨϴʝɾʎ৲੍ʊܛʄɣʅԂᑞɴʫʉɣɲʇʱвាɸʪɾʠʊʎͭดʆɡʩᶬၔ ࠳ʍၡᑛᜓɩʧʒၔ࠳ʍੜ৲ʍាଝʱϗʇɸʪɲʇɫԚຫʊɩɰʪфκᡭϙʍഒಢׄԯʆɡ ʪɋɼɶʅᶬɲʫʨʎకࠓʍԚຫʍᫎʆɡʩᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʱᮂ᭐ɶԂᑞɸʪͫʆᶬɼʍᆌ՞ ೖʱށ֊ɸʪɾʠʊʎᶬϧᏎᆔʉԚຫʱᓧʉᬈʩᏢପɸʪɲʇɫᨁʆɡʪʇɸʪ80ᶩɋ ɉ̃̎˗ʎɴʨʊᶬˁˠ˖ʍ˥̅ˎ˹Οϗԟʊɩɰʪ˿ˌ˫ʿ̎˟ԟ࠱ʍϒͬʍលʱঃᄍɸ ʪ81ᶩɋ ɔຟᆔᶬ࠰ᆔʝɾʎʺ˝ˀ̃˄̎ᆔթʍಢᢑᆔʉᎫʊʱঞʅʪɲʇʎᶬល៵ᶬ ࠰ᶬ৲੍ᶬдᶬᜟႻɩʧʒᏃᶬʑɣʅʎᆔᄉໍʱвᠷɸʪᔵᄒʱᗮᐗɴɺʪɋʝɾᶬ ᆔʇɴʫɾຟᆔ̍࠰ᆔᭂۍʊࡩɸʪਆ৮ʣᅃʱՕᫎɶᶬोঞࢋʊʧʪɴʝɵʝʉ ̂˯́ʆʍκኚᆔ̍ఎᆔʉ˭̃˫ʷʺ̀̉ˆʱଚɮɲʇʊʉʪɋɕ ɉ̃̎˗ʎᶬԟɫᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʊɸʪຟᆔʝɾʎ࠰ᆔթʍាଝʍʎᶬᜟႻᶬ ࠰ɩʧʒᏃʍᔵᄒʍͭঞʉСʱථીɸʪʇବɶɾɲʇʱঃᄍɶᶬຟᆔʝɾʎ࠰ᆔ ϗʎᶬୂɫ࠰ᆔ̍ຟᆔдʊܛʄɮכʘʣୂʱ݇ʣɸఄʗʇ҂ɮ˭̃ˑˏʊࡉ ͮɸʪᓧ৷ɫɡʪʇળʱቌɶʅɣʪɋɼɶʅᶬຟᆔʝɾʎ࠰ᆔթʍϗʱᬐɸʪɲ ʇʎᶬ˜̃ၡᑛʆᢰឱɴʫɾκɍʊԢᆯʱͮɧᶬ˜̃ԟʊɩɣʅ០ԟʍ̀ˏ˅ʱᤏ༜ɸʪɲʇ ʊʡʉʩɥʪʇɸʪ82ᶩɋ ɉɲɥɶɾពʊࡩɶʅ˓̎́ʎᶬɾʇɧʏթϗɫϧᏎᆔʉԚຫͫʍׄԯʇʎᇁࡄʫʉɣʇɣɥ ʊʃɣʅᶬɣɮʃɪʍԟʆʎᶬκኚᆔʉઑʝɾʎթɫᶬ֫ʊԟʱͬɸᬫʊᑛʱᨁɮɸʪ Ꭻʆɡʪɿɰʆʉɮᶬκኚᆔ౭Տʎфκᆔʊթʄɰʨʫɾᥱၡᑛʇʎᆔʊʡᦐᑵᆔʊʡ ᄴʉʪʇɣɥຟᆔɡʪɣʎϥᆔʉ៖ᠪʱӌϹ֊ɸʪనሯʉၡᑛʊʃɣʅʍ࠳ᑵʍᎫʆɡʪᶬ κኚᆔ౭Տʊʃɣʅʍၡᑛʱ࠳ɶʅɬɾʇɶᶬթʍᎫɫԚຫʊɩɣʅʎ๚ᤑᆔʝʫʆɡʪɲ ʇʎᶬɼɥɸʪɲʇʊওɣӆӉʍԢᆯɫɡʪܬʊʎᶬɼɥɶɾᎫʱ؉ʠʉɣႾᄒʊʎʉʨʉɣʇ ט៵ɸʪ83ᶩɋ˓̎́ʊʧʫʏᶬᐆɴʫɾԚΟ״ຫԧ्ʊɩɣʅᶬթʍᎫʎᶬၔ࠳ʍ˕ʺ˭ʍ ϥᆔʊࡄ៖ʆɬʉɣᜓթʊࡩɸʪʧʩɬʠᎲɪʉຫᆔࡩড়ʱХɸʪɲʇɫʆɬʪʍʆɡʩᶬϥɫ ɡʪኚʍϥᆔᶬјႾᆔʝɾʎຟᆔМђʱвᠷɸʪʊђɸʪʇԟఀɸʪܬʊʎᶬթʱϗʇ 80ᶩ Ibid. , pp. 42 Ż 43. ʮɫ۔ʍԚຫࠜ៥ͫʡᶬᜓʍթɼʍʡʍʎၡᑛʍી؇ʊম᮰ʱוʛɶৃʉɣɫᶬථ ીϗʊФʄɰʨʫɾੜۑ̍ᆾᆔʇᏃʒʃɰʨʫʅʎɷʠʅၡᑛ៵ͫᒑɴʫɥʪʡʍʇɴʫʪɋᨅ ྙᇍႾɔᜓʍթʇၡᑛʍᆾᆔ Ż ߵɫʨɺʍԚຫᆔԧʇɼʍᬈᄟ Ż ɕɖຫ៵Νɗዿ 41̍42 Ї׳ᶨ2008 शᶩ45 ᮱ɋ
81ᶩ R. v. Khawaja , [2006] O. J. No. 4245, 214 C. C. C. (3d) 399 (Ont. S. C. J.), para. 73. 82ᶩ Roach, supra note 79, pp. 46 Ż 47.
ɸʪɲʇʎᶬɼɥɶɾМђʊࡩɸʪᮂ᭐ɸʘɬСʱʧʩฬሯʊᆔʇɸʪɲʇɫʆɬʪʍʆɡʪ84ᶩɋ ɉʝɾᶬ˥̅ˎ˹Οϗʊɩɣʅቌɴʫɾળʊࡩɶʅʎᶬκኚᆔ̍࠰ᆔʉ˭̃˫ʷʺ̀̉ˆʎ ՞ೖᆔʉୂʣܫԔʊʎዒɾɹᶬຫܙᜓʍ̀˓̎ˏɫͭᢷɶʅɣʪɲʇʊ᪽ʞʫʏᶬʝɹ ʎ౭Տᜓʝɾʎɼʍߒڴʊঞʊɫঞʅʨʫʪʍʆɡʂʅᶬᶨకʊၡᑛʆɡʪᶩ౭Տʍࠓ ۦɫሯዒɴʫɾাʊթʊɫঞʅʨʫʪʍʎΠตᆔʉʡʍʊɸɭʉɣʍʆɡʩᶬɼʍੜء ʆʎᶬୂᦋʍা֤ʆթɫనʨɪʊʉʪɿɰʆᶬᥱणʍຫܙᜓʇʚʇʲʈݳʮʨʉɣʇɣ ɥ85ᶩɋɼɶʅᶬκኚᆔʝɾʎ࠰ᆔʉ˭̃˫ʷʺ̀̉ˆʊɸʪળʊࡩɸʪពጐʎᶬጳᆔ ʊᨁʉթʍᎫʱൈɸʪɲʇʆʎʉɮᶬຟࠪᏢପ̍ʺ̉˜̀ˎʽ̉ˏʊʃɣʅʍٴɴʫ ɾឤᐆ̍ᆹᇝᶬୂ˭̃ˑˏʱᥱɷɾʧʩʧɣвᠷୡᑝʱᥱɷɾʡʍʱ؉ʠʅᶬຫʍ࠷ఆɩʧʒ ܙᜓɫᦞԕʊᜓʮʫʪɲʇʱሯвɸʪɲʇʆɡʪʇᥙʘʪ86ᶩɋɼʍͫʆᶬթʍᎫʱ؉ʠʪɲ ʇʎᶬܛಢᆔκිʱঐʠʪʍʆʎʉɮᶬʟɶʬᎹᆔʊʎвᠷɸʪɲʇʊዒʃʇᏃ៵ɶʅɣ ʪ87ᶩɋ ³ɉ˜̃̀ː˶ʇɔຟ৷ɕᎫʇʍከඐᆔᏃ ɉɲɥɶɾ˓̎́ʍពɪʨʎᶬ1990 शϐɪʨʨʫʅɬɾ˜̃̀ː˶ʍɔᮂຟ֊ɕʊʧʪ ˜̃̀ː˶ɪʨʍɔຟ৷ɕᎫʍԔɪʨᤉ୳ɶᶬʟɶʬɔຟ৷ɕᎫʱ˜̃ၡᑛʊከඐᆔ ʊᏃʒʃɰʪɲʇɫ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠷՞ᆔʉᦌʊʃʉɫʪʇɣɥੜۑɫ៦ʞכʫʪɋ˜̃̀ː˶ ɪʨʍɔຟ৷ᎫʍԔɕ҂ϒԳʎᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʱכʩʝʪ۔ࡂʊʇʂʅʎᶬ˜̃̀ˏ˞ ʍͭԂᑞʊಐԢʊ҇ɮʇɣɥੜءʆᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʇɔຟ৷ɕʍᎫʇʍᏃʒʃɬʎඐᆔʊႾ ពɴʫʅɣɾɋɶɪɶᶬႻۦʎᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠷՞ᆔʉห̍Ԃᑞʇɣɥ௮ᓬʊɩɣʅɔຟ৷ɕ Ꭻʎʟɶʬ˜̃̀ː˶ʇከඐᆔʊᏃʒʃɰʨʫʧɥʇɶʅɣʪʇɣɧʧɥɋ ɉʺ˄̀ˏʍ2000 श˜̃̀ː˶ຫʎঞԞʧʩᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʍͼʊຟᆔᶬ࠰ᆔʝɾʎ ʺ˝ˀ̃˄̎ᆔթʍᎫʱ؉ʠʅɣʪɫᶬɼʍʺ˄̀ˏʊɩɣʅ˜̃̀ː˶ຫʊʃɣʅʍၵዒ ࠱ʱլʠɾˁ̎˿ʺֽ́ʎᶬɖ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵɗʊɸʪܫؙಅʍͼʆᶬɼʫʝʆʍ2000 श˜̃̀ː˶ຫዿ1 1 ᮴ᶨcᶩʍ௮លʊɔκኚᆔᶬఎᆔɕᆾᆔʡ؉ʠʪʧɥ࠳ᑵʱଞށɸʪʘ ɬʆɡʪʇʍ୯លʱᜓʂɾ88ᶩɋɼɶʅᶬʺ˄̀ˏ2000 श˜̃̀ː˶ຫዿ 1 1 ᮴ᶨcᶩʎᶬ2008 श ʍࡩ˜̃̀ː˶ຫʊʧʂʅฬɴʫᶬɔᜓדʎᓩᥖɫຟᆔᶬ࠰ᆔᶬκኚᆔ4 4 4דʎʺ˝ˀ̃˄̎ ᆔیʱ࢘ɴɺʪᆾᆔʆᜓʮʫʪɲʇᶨѵᶽጅᒓᶩɕʇ࠳ɴʫʪɲʇʇʉʂɾɋͥᕓऐ 84ᶩ Ibid. , p. 31. 85ᶩ Ibid. , p. 34. 86ᶩ ˓̎́ʎᶬ˭̃˫ʷʺ̀̉ˆᶬѤʝɾʎᜟႻʍᗮᐗʍ̀ˏ˅ʊɸʪݼɮʍળʎᶬᏀᆔʊាనɴ ʫɾɡʪɣʎ࠳ᨃ֊ᓧʉႻᡑʆʎʉɮᶬฬሯʊʎ̀ˏ˅ើМʆɡʪʇɶᶬ˥̅ˎ˹Οϗʆၔ࠳ɴʫɾ ̀ˏ˅ʎᶬɼʫʨʍ̀ˏ˅ɫ࠷ᬫʊ࠷ႻɸʪɲʇʱቌٖɸʪᏀᆔាଝʊʧʂʅʎᝁʄɰʨʫʅɣʉɣ ୟ༨ᆔʝɾʎΜ༨ᆔʉʍʧɥʊɧʪʇ૪ԟɶʅɣʪɋ Ibid. , p. 34. 87ᶩ Ibid. , p. 34.
ʱᓩᥖɶɾʩᶬोʊওɶɾʩɸʪʧɥʉκኚᆔթʊܛʄɮ౭Տʎᨁށʉ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʇ ɶʅᢰឱɴʫʪᓧ৷ɫɡʩᶬɲʍɲʇʎκኚᆔઑʣఎ໑֊ʱूʠʪκɍʊࡩɶʅওɣห ʍ˷˙ˑ̎ˎʱᥡʪɲʇʊʉʪʍʆɡʪ89ᶩɋ ɉɲɲʆρ्ͥᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊຟᆔթʍᎫʱ؉ʠʪɲʇʊטࡩɸʪ̃̎˗ʍʱ ʅʞʧɥɋ̃̎˗ʊʧʫʏᶬ᜴ؙκʍ࠰ʣຟʊʱঞʅʪɲʇʎԟʱᫎঃɪɺᶬ༌Ε ɴɺʪᓧ৷ɫɡʩᶬ᜴ؙκɫຟᆔʝɾʎ࠰ᆔдʍɾʠʊᢰឱɴʫʅɣʪʇɣɥಐʆᮂ ᄉᄊᆔʉִᡑʱͮɧʪᓧ৷ʡɡʪɋɴʨʊթʍϗʎᶬɶʏɶʏ౷ళʉ࠰ᆔ̍ຟᆔд ʍᇍʍੜءʊʃɣʅʍूጳʉាଝʱ୯Ԏɸʪɲʇʊʧʂʅᶬ᜴ؙκʊԟᏙʱຟᆔʊԢᄍɸ ʪɾʠʍ˭˿˙˞˫ʿ̎˶ʱ୯Йɸʪᓧ৷ʡɡʪɋκʱᆔʇɶɾူሐʣ๎ʎᶬɼʍթ ɫϺɪʮɪʨʉɣܬʣᶬɼʍթɫຟᆔᶬ࠰ᆔʝɾʎʺ˝ˀ̃˄̎ᆔʆɡʪʇፍ֫ʊʎ ɣɧʉɣܬʊʎᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ̂˙˜́ɪʨᬐݹɸʘɬʆʎʉɮᶬט˜̃ໍթɫʺˏ˿˶ʣ ψʍ࠰ʊɰʨʫʅɣʪʇɣɥִᡑʱͮɧʉɣɾʠʊʎᶬ࠷ᜓᒓʍթʆʎʉɮᶬੜۑᆔʉၡ ᜓɪʈɥɪʊʱঞʅʪʍɫٴʆɡʪɋɸʉʮʀᶬթʊʱঞʅʪɲʇʎᶬຟᆔʝɾ ʎ࠰ᆔ̀ˏ˅ʱၔ࠳ɸʪܫʍʍ֙Ԡɫᶬɼʍʧɥʉᜓʱឞᄘʝɾʎཇѹɸʪɾʠʊၔ࠳ ɴʫɾфκʊʧʪಐᑛʇʉʩɥʪᜓʊɸʪាଝʊʧʂʅ౷ళʊɴʫʪֵᬜʉ˭̃ˑˏʊࡉͮ ɸʪᓧ৷ɫɡʪʍʆɡʪ90ᶩɋ ɉ̃̎˗ʍɲɥɶɾɪʨ៦ʞכʫʪɲʇʎᶬຟᆔթʍᎫɫ˜̃̀ː˶ʇᏃʒʃɮɲʇ ʊʧʂʅᶬᏃೖᆔʊ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠷՞ᆔʉห̍Ԃᑞɫʉɴʫʉɮʉʂʅɶʝɥʇɣɥળʆɡ ʬɥɋ̃̎˗ʎɔ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵɫᶬͳᄟͼʆלɰӁʫʨʫʅɣʪ๎κʣੜʊʧʪҁʊࡩ ɸʪຫঽʍܛಢʊ᥎ɰʫʏ᥎ɣʚʈᶬט˜̃ຫʊࡩɸʪᄴ៵ʎࡸʉɮʉʩᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ۔ᬫᆔ ʉ࠳ᑵʊɸʪˉ̉ˑ̉ˋˏʡৃʨʫʪʎɹʆɡʪɕʇᥙʘʅɩʩ91ᶩᶬɲʫʎᶬຟ৷ʍᎫʱ ˜̃̀ː˶ɪʨԔɸʪɲʇʊʧʂʅ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠷՞ᆔʉห̍Ԃᑞʱሯвɶʧɥʇɶɾࡩড় ʊɩɰʪ٨ᯌੜᠪʇපʍʡʍʆɡʪʇ৲ʮʫʪɋɶɪɶႻϐʆʎᶬ˜̃̀ˏ˞ʍຟᆔʎ ˷˝ʹʸɡʪɣʎʺ̉˕̎ˣ˙˞ʱᥱɷʅᶬຫ९ʊɩɰʪলʨʍॶనʊɪɪʮʨɹᥱणʎᯑᗾʊ ʉʪʆɡʬɥɫᶬຫ९ʊɩɰʪຟᆔթʍពనʎᶬɼʫʇీʊᶬ˜̃̀ˏ˞ɫɸʪɼɥ ɶɾᒑɧఄɫᶬᏙɣʅຜɬᢰɲʪӆʍᠳ៵ʊɩɣʅט៵ɴʫᶬɴʫʪɲʇʊʡʃʉɫʩɥʪ ʍʆɡʪ92ᶩɋ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠷՞ᆔʉห̍ԂᑞʍሯвʇɣɥᆾᆔʊɩɣʅͥʍМђឍʱಐɸʪ ʍʆɡʫʏᶬຟᆔʝɾʎ࠰ᆔ౭Տʊࡩɸʪಐᑛԟʎᶬɡʪኚʍ౭Տʎݼපʉᶬ࠰ʇʎ Фʍᑵϥʊɩɣʅʎឯࡄʆɬʉɣʇɣɥᡑᆔʉ˷˙ˑ̎ˎʱᥡʪɲʇʊʉʪ93ᶩɋ˜ ̃̀ː˶ɫᦋྟ֊̍ݼප֊ɶᶬɼʍຫᆔࡩড়ʡͥ࢜ۏ᭐ʱɬʮʠʅɣʪႻϐʊɩɣʅʎᶬɲɥɶ ɾᒑɧɫ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠷՞ᆔʉห̍ԂᑞʊʃʉɫʪʇɣɥʊʡᶬͥᒑʍМђʎɡʬɥɋ
89ᶩ Saul, supra note 73, p. 35. 90ᶩ Roach, supra note 79, pp. 43 Ż 44. 91ᶩ Ibid. , p. 48.
92ᶩ Saul, supra note 73, p. 35. 93ᶩ Ibid., p. 35.
Ɛɉɩʮʩʊ ɉ˜̃ᜓʎᥱၡᑛʇݼɮʍӉᥱ৷ʱʡʃʊʡɪɪʮʨɹᶬᥱၡᑛʇʎ֙Ԡɴʫʪʡʍʇɴ ʫᶬ˜̃ᜓʇᥱၡᑛʇʱ֙Ԡɸʪ˜̃ᜓʍၔᢑʎɼʍຟᆔթ̍ᆾᆔʊɡʪʇᒑɧʨʫ ʅɬɾɋɶɪɶᶬɲʍ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɩɰʪɔຟ৷ɕʍᎫʎၡᑛκঃ༠ɶʍܬᮅʆʎᶬ˜̃ᜓ ʍ࠷ᜓᒓʊʧʩঞ៌ᜓʍຟ৷ɫওɴʫʪɲʇʊʧʂʅຟၡͭঃ༠ׄԯʇওɮᏃʒʃɰ ʨʫᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠷՞ᆔʉห̍ԂᑞʍឍɪʨʎͭԢʊ҇ɮʡʍʇɶʅ៖ᠪɴʫʪʧɥʊ ʉʂʅɣʂɾɋ۔ᬫϥʊɩɣʅʎᶬɲʍʧɥʉ˜̃̀ː˶ʇຟၡͭঃ༠ׄԯʇʍᏃʒʃɬʊ ʧʪ˜̃ᜓʍͭԂᑞʊՒɧʅᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʇᔵිʍᜓЋʍɾʠʍΝʇʍ֙Ԡɩʧʒ۔ࡂ˜ ̃̀ː˶ʱ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊ؉ʠʪɪ؇ɪʱʠɯʪ۔ࡂʍពʍࡩዒʊʧʩᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ ࠳ᑵʊʃɣʅͥᕓᆔʉੜʊᔷʪɲʇɫʆɬɹᶬ˜̃ᜓʇɴʫʪфԠᯕۿɳʇʊɼʫʨʱࡩᡑ ʇɸʪʱЀીɸʪຫʱʇʂʅ˜̃̀ː˶ʍ࠷՞ᆔʉห̍Ԃᑞʱۑʂʅɬɾ94ᶩɋీʊᶬ ۔ʊɩɰʪ˜̃̀ː˶ʍᦋྟ֊ʎᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʱᮂ᭐ɸʘɬᨁށʉၡᑛᜓʇϴᑝʄɰʪ៖ᠪ ʱ᧷ીɸʪɲʇʇʉʩᶬͼʊᶬঃ༠ɶʍᬫʊ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʱຟၡᑛʇʎʞʉɴʉɣʇɸ ʪԯʱឮɰʪɲʇʊʧʂʅᶬ˜̃ᜓʍ࠷ᜓᒓʍԂᑞʱሯвɶʧɥʇɸʪթɬɫʨʫʪʧɥ ʊʉʂʅɣɮɋ۔ᬫϥʎᶬɲʍʧɥʉ˜̃̀ː˶ʍɔᮂຟ֊ɕʱᥱɷʅ˜̃̀ː˶ɪʨɔ ຟ৷ɕʍᎫʱɔԔɕɸʪɲʇʊʧʂʅᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʗʍ࠷՞ᆔʉࡩড়ʱሯвɶʧɥʇɶʅɬɾɋ ɉɶɪɶᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʗʍࡩড়ʊɸʪੜᠪɫʝɸʝɸᱝʝʂʅɣʪఴρʊɩɣʅʎᶬ˜̃̀ː ˶ʊɩɰʪຟᆔթ̍ᆾᆔʍᎫʱʟɶʬওɶᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʇɔຟ৷ɕʍᎫʱከඐᆔʊ Ꮓʒʃɰʪɲʇʊʧʂʅ˜̃̀ː˶ʗʍ࠷՞ᆔʉࡩড়ᓧ৷ɫᱝʝʪʇʍ៖ᠪɫʨʫʪʧɥʊ ʉʂʅɬʅɣʪɋຟᆔթ̍ᆾᆔʊܛʄɣʅ࠷ᜓɴʫʪ˜̃ᜓʎᥱၡᑛʇʎ֙Ԡɴʫʪᨁ ށʉၡᑛᜓʆɡʪʇɣɥওɣ˷˙ˑ̎ˎʱϥʊឱɧʪɫɡʪʍʆɡʪ95ᶩɋಢኢʆ൮ឡɶ ɾʧɥʊɲɥɶɾពʊʎᠳ៵ɫɡʪʡʍʍᶬಠɿͥᕓᆔʉੜɫৃʨʫʅɣʉɣ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː ˶ʍ࠳ᑵʊɸʪᠳ៵ʱיಹɴɺʅɣɮɲʇʱᒑɧʅɣɮʊɡɾʂʅʎᶬ˜̃̀ː˶ʱၔʄɰ ʅɣʪʇᒑɧʨʫʅɬɾɔຟ৷ɕʍᎫʱ˜̃̀ː˶ʊɩɣʅɣɪʊϴᑝʄɰʪʘɬɪᶬ ɲʍʱʠɯʪᠳ៵ʍթʊʧʩີᆾɶʅɣɮɫɡʪɿʬɥɋ 94ᶩ ᆕࣽɔԳ៵௮ɕᶨີ 2ᶩ181 ᮱ɋ 95ᶩ ɪʃʅࢡಢʎᶬɔ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː˶ʎᶬɼʍʊɩɣʅʎӑ۔Ԛຫͫʍၡᑛʊ៌ঞɸʪᜓʆɡʪɫᶬɼ ʫʱᢲɧʪၔಐʍیʇੳපʱӌɧʅɣʪɕʇବɶᶬ˜̃ᜓʍၔʇɶʅᶬɔ˜̃ᜓʎᶬຫঽᆔᦐ ᑵᆔʊʎԧʍᶬᎣ፬ʊᆾᆔɿɰʱବɶɾ์ʱᦦ࠳ɶʅᜓʉʮʫʪʍʆᶬूʉΟ࠷ᜓɫɲʫʊ ៌ঞɸʪɋɶɾɫʂʅ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː˶ʱకࠓʍຫʍཇᄍʊʧʩԧɸʪɲʇʎᶬʚʇʲʈͭᓧʆɡʪɕ ɲʇᶬʝɾᶬɔ˜̃ᜓʎᶬຟᆔᶬ࠰ᆔᶬϥᆔʝɾʎᤄΟᆔʉթᶨʺ˝ˀ̃˄̎৷ᶩʊʧʩ۔ࡂ ʝɾʎ۔ࡂФʍഒಢᆔʉݳᮉʱʠɵɶʅɩʩᶬᢲຫᆔʉᆾᆔʱʡʂʅɣʪɕɲʇʉʈʱɡɱʅɣɾɋ ɼʍͫʆᶬɔᶨ˜̃ʍᶩ࠷՞৷ʱሯвɸʪʊʎᶬʠʅ۔ᬫ˜̃̀ː˶ɫɼʍӌϹᆔʉ์̍ੳප̍ ᜓʊɩɣʅᮂκᦐᆔʆ۔ᬫϥʍܛಢԢᆯʱСɸʪᨁށၡᑛʆɡʪɲʇʱሯ៖ɶʅᶬຟၡᑛʇຟ έاʍᦞᄍᬐݹʇʉʪɲʇʱሯ࠳ɸʪɫɡʪᶨଟঌӑᶽጅᒓᶩɕʇᥙʘʅɣɾɋ˜̃̀ː˶ၡᑛʍ৷ ഓʱనሯ֊ɸʘɬʇʍ٨ᯌੜᠪɫቌɴʫɾʡʍʇɶʅᶬቌٖᆔʆɡʪɋࢡಢɔԳ៵௮ɕᶨີ38ᶩ34 ᮱ɋ
