ReformofIndustriesandtheWorkers' ConsciousnessinChinabyComparison
withJapaneseWorkers
TakehikoMatsudo
ReformofIndustriesandtheWorkers'ConsciousnessinChinabyComparisonwithJapaneseWorkers3
1.Thepointofissue
IthasbeenfifteenyearssinceChinesegovernmentbegunthe economicreformactually.Forthattime,notonlyChinabutall thesocialistcountrieshavetriedtocarryouttheeconomicand politicalreformstoputtheirsurvivalonthem.Itwasonlyresult thattheendofsocialistcountriesoccuredwithsomeexceptions, butcomparedwitheastEuropeancountries,Chineseeconomy onlyseemstobesuccessfulinitsactivationwithmaintaining
socialistsystem.Fromthisviewpoint,itisnaturalthatVietnam , Myanmar,andsoonareinterestedinChineseeconomyand
society.TheprocessofthechangeinChinesesocietynowbecome theacutualmodelfordevelopmentinthesecountries.
Forthetimebeing,wedon'ttrytoanalyzethefactorsof success,butaftersevraldaysofstayinginthecitiesoncoastal areainChina,wefindthattheresultsoftheactivationcausethe structuralchangeinChinesesociety.Amongothers,theprosperity andchaosofsomecitiesinsoutherncoastalarea,forexample Shanhai,andGuangzhou,arebeyondoursupposition.
Itisworthwhileexaminingthehypothesisthatthisstructural changecruciallyinfluencestheconsciousnessofthemembersin Chinesesocitey.
Everysocialistsociety,notonlyChina,isbasedonthetacit
consensusthattheinterestofworkers(includingfamers)are
basicallyinaccord,andthedifferenciationofstrataandthe
differencebetweenattitudescausedbythemareenoughlittleto
ignorethem.Thisconfidenceintheunityorsingleslabofrock
solidarityisbasisforsocialintegrationinsocialistsociety.We havenodoubtthatthisconfidenceorientsthewayofgetting everydaysupportofmembersandthewayofmakingorder‑sense.
Whatkindofmeaningdoesthesturucturalchangeinrecent Chinahaveforthistacitunderstanding?Thepurposeofour researchhasthisquestionjointly.Inthesecases,therearetwo subquestionsinit.Firstwhatkindsofoutputsdoesthereform andopenpolicyinChinamakeasthesocialbehaviorandconsciousness?
Secondwhatkindsofsocialinterpretaitonsistakenforitinthe processofeverydaylife.Thereportplacesthestressonthe former.
Therelationbetweenfactorsishypotheticallyfollowing.
theworkers' inindustry
andtheirwork evaluationofreforminlaborsystem consciousnessforlaborrelation consciousnessforwork senseofequality etc.
lifestyle
industry
authoritarianizm culturalviewsofself etc.
socialbackground anddemograficvariables
ReformofIndustriesandtheWorkers'ConsciousnessinChinabyComparisonwithJapaneseWorkers5
1nthesebasicconstruction,wetrytothinksometopicsconcerning
thedifferentiationoftheworker'sattitudesforreforminindustry.
Beforeinvestigation,wemustshowthefeatureofoursurvey.
ThesurveywascarriedoutasthequestionnaireonJune1995
withsupportofChineseacademyofsocialscienceandthecollege
oflabormovement.Weconductitfor7governmentindustriesin
nationallevelinBeijig北 京,Dalien大 連,Wenzhou温 州,and
Shenzhen深 刃ll.
A=petrochemistry11829freq299
B1=petrochemistry,carpetfreq201
B2=petrochemistryBIandB2arecommonindustry,46268
freq303
C=generation1026freq197
D=glass4000freq68
E=electriclight659freq72
F=electricpartssmallsizefreq57
G=construction2500freq39total1236
2.Crossanalysisintheevaluations
forreformbysomeattribute.
Wecantakesomeviewpointsaboutthereforminindustryin
China.Firstwedivideitintotwosubreform,thatisthereform
ofindustrialstructureconcerningtothefinanceandorganization
management,andthereformoflaborsystem.Andwetryto
thinksomeaspectsofworkers'consciousnessforthelatter.
Wetakecrosstabulationfor̀introductionofcontractworker
system契 約 工 制 度 導 入',̀introductionofindependantemployment
system自 主 雇 用 制 度'and̀introductionofcollectivebargaining
集 団 協 商 導 入'bytheage.Thesethreenewsystemsarethefocus
insettingupnewlaborlaw.Allindustrymustintroducethe
contractworkersystembytheendof1995.Fromtab.1to4
showstheresults.
Tablintroductionofcollectivebargaining
don'ttot
alageforagainstk now
〜20s
30s
40s
50s^一
132 27.6 118 31.6 70 30.3 38 42.2
つ﹂∩)4・9 つ﹂194・6 ∩乙∩∠‑⊥・5
浸4 4
4
303 63.4 233 62.3 149 64.5 48 53.3
478
374
231
90
35882733 30.57.062.5 XZ(df=6)=11.94(Pr<0.10)
1173 100.0
Tab2introductionofcontractworkersystem
ageforlittlefor can'tlittle
against
saywhichagainst total
〜20s
30s
40s
50s〜
111 23.0 92 24.4
36 15.3 17 19.1
135 28.0 93 24.7 71 30.2 33 37.1
202 41.8 165 43.8 102 43.4
31 34.8
23 4.8
14 3.7 22 9.4 2 2.2
の∠︻D1⊥・2 0041⊥・3 バコ76ハ076
1⊥ハ0
483
377
235
89
256332500 21.628.042.2
×2(df=12)=29.75(Pr<0.01)
‑⊥9乙6・5 [0∩)つ﹂・3 1184
100.0
ReformofIndustriesandtheWorkers'ConsciousnessinChinabyComparisonwithJapaneseWorkers7
Tab3introduction
age for
ofindependentemploymentsystem littlecan'tlittle
forsaywhichagainstagainst total
^‑20s
30s
40s
50s〜
127 26.3 84 22.3 38 16.2
17 19.5
151 31.3 102 27.1 66 28.1
26 29.9
169 35.0
163 43.2 106 45.1 32 36.8
20 4.1 14 3.7 18 7.7
7 8.0
ρ0つ﹂‑⊥︒3 47σ‑⊥︒3 780只U7σ
つ﹂﹃D
483
37
235
87 十二ニロ
266345470
22.529.239.8 XZ(df=12)=23.24(Pr<0.05)
Qゾ0に﹂・5
9 自 6 4 ・ 3
1182100.0
Tab4 age
purposeofreforminindustry
123 4 5 total
〜20s
30s
40s
50s〜
158 34.4 126 34.5 90 40.0
43 51.2
94 20.5 94 25.8 64 28.4 16 19.0
13 2.8 9 2.5 2 0.9
59 12.9 38 10.4 13 5.8
4 4.8
135 29.4
98
… 56 24.9
21 25.0
459
365
225
84
計41736
.826823.7242.1
×2(df=12)=28.31(Pr<0.01)
*1…considerationforlaborproductivity
タ の コ
2…companysinitiative 3…regurationofemployment 4…guaranteeofmobility 5…therearenoreoform
41⊥‑⊥・‑⊥01 310
27.4
1133 100.0
Wecanfindthedifferenciationoftheageforthesethree variables.Intheformertwo,theyoungworkersaremuchfor them,whileinthecaseofcollectivebargaining,theoldare relativelyforit.Itisthereasonthattheformertwoarethe
systemswhichactuallyassurethefreedomofchoiceinoccupations,
thoughthecollectivebargainingisthesystemofrestrictit.We
cansummupthisresultthattheyoungemployeesrelatively
supportthefreedomofchoiceinoccupation,onthecontrarythe
olderneedakindofstopforthecompetitiveelementwhichthe
freedomofchoiceinoccupationinevitablyhas.
Generallyspeaking,thereformoflaborsystemhastwosides,
onesidetoguaranteethefreedomofchoicetogetjobandto
moveintootherindustry(単 位)fromthepresentindustry,and
theothersidetosecurethecompany'sinitiativeonthelabor
constructionandtheactivationoflaborforceinindustry.Inthe
lattercase,theadjustmentofemploymentnecessarytocapitalizm
societyisalsoincludedinthiscase.Thesetwoaspectarethe
socialfacttocontroltheemployees'behavioralpatterǹasa
matterofcourse'withinthelargeframeinthecapitalizmsociety.
Theemployees'socialpersonalityinoursociety,thatisfreedom
andanxiety,isalsomadefromit,thereforethisas‑a‑matter‑of‑co
urse‑phenomenainoursocietyareabouttooccurinfullscaleas
lawsystemincontinentalChina.Andthisresultsuggeststhat
thesekindsofproblemwillappearasthesocialproblemwhichis
likelytodevelopwithgenarationsplitlikeoursociety.Can
Chineselaborunionreplytheexpectationoftheoldandmiddle
ageworkers'thattheylookthecollectivebargainingasthestop
forcompany'sinitiativeinthecollectivizm?Indeedthedevelopment
ofmarketeconomywasinprinciplesupported,especiallyinthe
young,thereforethesupportoftheoldworkers'forcollective bargainingstillmeansthatthereformprogressedtobringinto
ReformofIndustriesandtheWorkers'ConsciousnessinChinabyComparisonwithJapaneseWorkersg existanceofmakingconsciousnessfornegativesideofmarket
economy.Thisisnotthesocialproblemwhichisabletobe
resolvedonlybythecontradictoryword"socializmmarketeconomy".
Thisoccursintheresponceforthequestionwhichaskedthe purposeofreforminindustry.Inprinciple,"theconsiderationfor laborproductivity"isthemajor,especiallystrongsupportbythe over50yearoldgroupmeansadaptabilityinindustry,orintimacy forit.Weinterprettherelativelyhighsupportofthe40sfor
" company'sinitiative"asthereflectionoftheirviewpointsfrom whichtheymusttakecareofwholeactivityintheirindustry.On theotherhand,theyounggroupshowstherelativelyhigh supportfor"thefreedomtobesecuredbyreform",andtheslow paceofthereformmeansinsufficiencyfromtheviewpointsof them.
Wetrieditfromthepointof"politicalstand"further,thatis
"membersofthep
arty","associationforyoungcommunist",or
"i ndependent".(Tab5‑8)
Tab5introductionofcollectivebargaining politicalforagainstdon'ttotal
standknow
young comasso party member
other party independent
113
・ … 122 40.4
95 24.1
34 8.7 18 6.0 1 33.3
25 6.3
245 62.5 162 53.6 2 66.7
275 69.6
392
302
3
395
33078684 30.27.162.6 Xz(df=6)28.59(Pr<0.01)
1092 100.0
Tab6 political
stand
introductionofcontractworkersystem
forlittlecan'tlittleagainstforsaywhichagainst total young
comasso party member
other party independent
95 23.8 75 24.4 2 50.0
79 20.0
112 28.1
105 34.1
82 i
164 41.1 102 33.1
202 51.1
19 4.8 18 5.8 1 25.0
20 5.1
92861020
●2 ●2 ・‑⊥・﹁0つ﹂2
399 308 4
395
Tab7 political
stand
251299468 22.727.042.3
×2(df12)=42.28(Pr<0.01)
QO9白﹁D・5 07σQ.)・2
introductionofindependentemploymentsystem forlittlecan'tlittleagainstforsaywhichagainst
1106 100.0
total young
comasso party member other party independent
98 24.6
74 24.2
2 50.0 85 21.4
135 33.9 97 31.7 1 25.0
90 22.6
135 33.9 101 33.0
198 49.7
18 4.5 21 6.9
﹁D81⊥・3 20321005‑⊥・‑⊥・つ﹂4 ・‑⊥・只.)∩乙2
398 306 4
398
Tab8 political
stand
259323434 23.429.239.2
×2(df=12)=41.80(Pr<0.01)
purposeofreforminindustry 123
404だ﹂・4
4
ハ0り0り0・3
5
1106 100.0
total young
comasso party member
other party independent
9128 33.9 125 42.2
1 25.0
129 34.3
89 23.5
76 25.7
1 25.0
89 23.7
りQ4441⊥・・り01⊥
8 1 ←
2
46 12.2 20 6.8
38 10.1
102 27.0 71 24.0
2 50.0
112
…
378 296 4
376
38325525 36.324.22.4 1.considerationforlaborproductivity
ウ
2.company"sinitiative 3.regurationofemployment 4.guaranteeofemployment
5.therearenoreform
40﹂∩)・‑⊥Qゾ 287
27.2
1054 100.0
ReformofIndustriesandtheWorkers'ConsciousnessinChinabyComparisonwithJapaneseWorkersIl Onthewhole,"independent"prefers"DK‑answer"compared
withothergroups.If"independent"representstheopinionsofthe peoleingeneral,thisresponseteachesustheirbewildermentand
anxietyforthenewlaborsystem.Therefore,weareafraidthat thecoersiveintroductionofthesenewsystemscannotalways
gainlargeconsensus.Asfor"contractworkersystem",forsome yearsithasbeentriedinmanyarea.Sotheseresultsshowthe
socialdifficultyofintroductionofnewsystem.(thoughwethink Chinesewayissuccessfultosomeextent.)Or,withotherunders
tanding,whenthenewsystemsareabouttoappearinanyfields, therehappenstheconcreterecognitiontothenegativesideofit intheirsociety.Anyway,itiscertainthattheseanxietyand bewildermentpersistininfluenceforthesocialchangeinChina.
Asto"collectivebargaining",and"purposeofreform",the youngcommunistassociationandindependenthavelotsincommon, comparedwithpartymembers.Ontheotherside,asfor"contract workersystem",and"independentemploysystem","young communist"and"partymembers"behavecommonly,compared withindependent.Therefore,therearedifferentfeaturesabout thecommonalityoftheiropinionbetweensocialstandsperproblem.
Itshowsnotonlythedifficultyofuniformapprovaloruniform
opposition,butthatthesplitoffororagainstcannotalways
existsonthesameplace,sothereisthepossibilitytoplacethese
splitsonthedifferentpointbythedegreeofsocialrecognition,
socialconsensus,andnewlynessfortheirproblem.Sothedifficulty
ofthedealingbytheofficialshasincreased.
3.somecomparisonaboutthesocialmeaning
incompanybetweenJapanandChina.
Inthisparagraph,wetrytocomparetheconsciousnessof
belonging‑companybetweenJapanandChina.
Generallyspeaking,itiscommonlyacceptedthatJapanese
workershavemuchattachmentfortheircompany.inthiscase,
wewillanalyzethenatureandwayofthisattachmentcompared
withJapaneseworkersandChinese.
Therearethreequestions.Thefirstisabout"theirrelationship
totheirowncompany",thesecondisabout"theirattitudefor
productionplanetc.",thethirdisabout"theircareerdevelopment
design.
Theresultarefollowings.(see,Tabgto14)Asfor"their
relationshiptotheirowncompany",therearenotlargedifference
betweenJandC,exept"rriuchinterestandtrytopossitive
expresion".Genarallyspeaking,wecanfindChineseworkersare
interestintheircompany'sachievement,comparedwithJapanese,
butwehavedifferentfeelingsfrom2ndquestion.Japaneseworkers
aredividedintotwoclasses,thatis"cooporative"and"independent",
onthecontrary,Chineseworkersaredividedintotwoclasses, cc≫cc≫cc≫th
atiscooporativeandoppositeorresignedChinese
workerstendtodependontheirowncompany,comparedwith
Japanese.ItlooksthatJapaneseworkersmoreexpressedtheir employee'sstandthanChinese.Ontheotherhand,Chineseare
inclinedtobeagainst.
Wewanttoattributethisdifferencetothepresentstateof
industrialrelations.Thereformofindustry,especiallylabor
ReformofIndustriesandtheWorkers'ConsciousnessinChinabyComparisonwithJapaneseWorkers13
system,aimstochangetheattitudeoftheseworkers',and
throughthatprocess,aimstoincreasetheirproductivity.Therefore, itistheproblemoftheofficialsandChinesesocietyhowthey bringthese"opposite"and"resigned"totheframeofindustrial relation,butinthesocializmsystem,itwillbedifficulttorecoganize thedifferenceofstandsincomany.
4.Conclution
Wehavetriedtoconsiderfirstbutimportantissue.Inconsequence, wethinkthatthereformandopenpolicy,ortheeconomicand
industrialreformasitscorollarymakedifferenciationtosome extentamongtheemployeesofthegovernmentbackedindustry.
Itdoesnotalwaysmeantheconflicttotheprincipleofsocialist country,butweareafraidoftheoccuranceofnewsocialproblems.
Andtheywillneedothermethodstosolvethem.Sothepreparatory phasetosolvethemwillbenecessary.
In1995,itisdesidedthatmanykindsofnewsystemandlaw, whicharetriedcurrentlyinmanyarea,arecarriedoutentirely, buttheresultsofthisresearchindicatethatitisnecessaryto dealwiththemcarefully.
(Major:Sociology.Professor)
Tab9
Q42
Relationship China
Frequency
totheirownconpany
Percent Cumulative Frequency
Cumulative Percent
‑⊥9自つ﹂4﹁D
1.withdiscontent forlivelyhood
2.relationshiptothecompanyisonlyearning,exeptitno interest
3.becasueofdependanceonconpany,desireforcompanyto developstablly
4.veryinterestedincompany,wanttopossitiveproposal.
5.wanttoresigncompany.
958.2958.2 998.519416.7 52545.271961.9 42937.0114898.9
131.11161100.O FrequencyMissing=75
butthereisnowayexceptworkinghere
Tab10
Q43
sensetomanagement China
Frequency Percent
policyorproductionplan
Cumulative Frequency
Cumulative Percent
‑⊥0乙り0バ憧﹁D
1149.9 62554.3
14612.7 252.2 24120.9 FrequencyMissing=85
114 739 885 910 1151
9.9 64.2 76.9 79.1 100.0
1.becauseoftheworkformanager,shouldnothaveaword 2.fromthecooporativestand,shouldparticipatepossitively 3.fromtheemployee'sstand
todeside
4.cooporationisharmful.
5.adviseisnouse.
shouldcritisizeandkeepright
ReformofIndustriesandtheWorkers'ConsciousnessinChinabyComparisonwithJapaneseWorkers15
Tab11
Q70
Careerdevelopmentdesign China
Frequency Percent Cumulative Frequency
Cumulative Percent
12345678 12345678
11610.3 433.8 14512.8 63155.9 1109.7
322.8 393.5 131.2 FrequencyMissing=107 wanttobetopmanagement
atleast,middlelevelmanagement engineerorspecialist onlytofinishmyownjobeveryday letthingstaketheircourse wanttobeindependent wanttoresign other
116 159 304 935 1045 1077 1116 1129
10.3 14.1 26.9
・ …
92.6 95.4 98.8 100.0
Tab12
V92
Relationship Japan Frequency
totheirownconpany
Percent Cumulative Frequency
Cumulative Percent
‑←∩∠つ﹂4﹁0
87.5 1312.3 5047.2 3028.3 54.7 FrequencyMissing=5
8 21 71 101 106
7.5
… 67.0 95.3 100.0
1.withdiscontent,butthereisnowayexceptworkinghere forlivelyhood
2.relationshiptothecompanyisonlyearning,exeptitno interest
3.becasueofdependanceonconpany,desireforcompanyto developstablly
4.veryinterestedincompany,wanttopossitiveproposal.
5.wanttoresigncompany.
Tab13
V93
sensetomanagementpolicyorproductionplan Japan
FrequencyPercent
o
CumulativeCumulative FrequencyPercent
‑⊥9自∩﹂4﹁0
98.6 4240.0 4139.0 76.7 65.7 FrequencyMissing=6
9 51 92 99 105
8.6 48.6 87.6 94.3 100.0
1.becauseoftheworkformanager,shouldnothaveaword 2.fromthecooporativestand,shouldparticipatepossitively 3.fromtheemployee'sstand
todeside
4.cooporationisharmful.
5.adviseisnouse.
shouldcritisizeandkeepright
Tab14
V101
Careerdevelopmentdesign Japan
Frequency Percent Cumulative Frequency
Cumulative Percent
●●12345678 ‑⊥∩∠り04rD68
1312.5 1918.3 1615.4 2927.9 76.7 109.6 109.6 FrequencyMissing=7 wanttobetopmanagement atleast,middlelevelmanagement engineerorspecialist onlytofinishmyownjobeveryday letthingstaketheircourse wanttobeindependent wanttoresign other
13 32 48 77 84 94 104
12.5 i 46.2 74.0 80.8 90.4 100.0
