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Mem. Fae. Educ., Kagawa Univ. D, 54(2004), 37-52

Effects of Color Boards on Personal Space

1

Kiyofumi lcHIKA WA

Abstract

We are concerned with examining the effects of crystal color boards on personal space. Seven color boards were used for examining the "approaching to other'.' and "other's approaching" conditions.

Thirty female and 30 male subjects participated in the experiment. The experimental design was pair (female-female, female-male) X approach condition (2) X color board (no-board and 7 kind of · color). The latter two were repeated measures. It was found that male subjects showed a: broader distance when they began to feel uncomfortable about closeness as females were approaching them than when they themselves approached females. On the other hand, females. responded with a narrower distance for both "approaching other and other's approaching" condition .. The effects of "with or without" color boards, "nervousness for partner's gaze", "restlessness", "getting tense", "becoming anxious" and "feeling ill at ease" were observed significantly more in "without" color boards than

"with" color boards.

Personal space is one of nonverbal behavior that has significant connotations in interpersonal relationships. Sommer (1959) coined the term personal space in order to refer to the invisibly-bounded area by which we separate ourselves from others. Personal space has been generally defined as a physical zone surrounding an individual which, when intruded upon, generates an observable reaction of discomfort or flight (Buchanan, et al. , 1977).

Hall (1966) proposed the concept of "proxemics" in which spacing behavior would affect interpersonal relationships. Hall (1966) defined following four interpersonal distance zones (intimate zone, casual-personal zone, socio-consultive zone, public zone) which vary among sexes, age, social classes, localities, and cultures. Shibuya (1985b) insisted that we could interact with others comfortably, when these zones were distinguished depending on others or situations.

1 I wish to express my gratitude to Ms M. Sadanaga, Ms M. Toki, and Ms R. Fukushima for their help in carrying out the experiments and analyzing the data.

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Kiyofumi lcmKAWA

Horowitz, et al., (1964) showed that when male subjects approached males, stopping distance was greater compared to male subjects' approaching female in all the eight aspects of personal distance. In Japan, since Tanaka (1973) investigated the anisotropy of personal space, interpersonal distance while "subject' s approaching toward other" or "other ap- proaching toward subject'.' situation have been examined. Wada (2000) found that "other's approaching toward subject" showed narrower interpersonal distance than "subject' s ap- proaching to other" condition.

With reference to research methods, Tanaka (1973) and Suzuki (1988) adopted both two approaching conditions described above in the face to face situation. Shibuya (1985a) measured only in the "approaching to other" condition. Another experimental method empl~yed by Aono (1979) was measured by taking photographs after the subject's role-playing. As for projective methods, Shibuya (1976) adopted photographs, "MAPS (Make A Picture Story by Schneideman, E. S.)" was utilized by Shibuya (1989). Shibuya (1985a) and Kodama & Shindo (1995) used coordinate axis in the projective method.

From the viewpoint of sex differences, Suzuki (1988) reported that females showed narrower personal space than males. Shibuya (1985a) examined the "approaching toward other" condition, and indicated that narrower personal space was observed more frequently in same sex pairs than in opposite sex pairs. He reported that male subjects took broader personal space with unknown others bo,th of male or female. On the other hand, female subjects showed narrowest distance for female acquaintances, and broadest distance for unknown males (Shibuya, 1985b).

Some studies examined the effects of personality or individual variables on personal space.

Tanaka (1973) showed that introverted subjects maintained narrower personal space compared to extroverted persons. Even though there was a limit in the use of the projective method, Kodama and Sindo (1955) using "STAI : State-Trait Anxiety" by Spielberger, et. al., (1970) reported that high trait-anxiety groups showed larger personal space in all eight directions.

Wada (2000) utilized "trait-anxiety" and "state anxiety" as one of the personality variables.

She found that the higher the trait anxiety of the students, the narrower personal space that was exhibited~ and high state-anxiety groups took narrower personal space in the situation of

"approaching toward other". . However, they · showed broader distances in •~ other approach- ing toward subject" situation.

Ikeuchi, et al., (2001) reported that highly "private self-consciousness" students exhib- ited broader personal space than lower ones. A. "Shyness scale" would have a relationship with social anxiety as one of personality scales. Consequently, we attempted to examine the effects of extroversion-introversion, neuroticism, shyness, private or public self-consciousness, and trait-state anxiety as a personality variable on the personal space.

Hayduck, (1983) reviewed 436 papers on personal space. This issue is an age old

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Effects of Color Boards on Personal Space

problem and there still remains a lot of fertile ground for further investigation.

Hayduck ( 1978) postulated a circular cylinder above waist and a frustum of a cone below the waist. Ichikawa (2003) examined the personal space in terms of a vertical point suggested by Hayduck ( 1978) and indicated that the personal space in a sitting position showed narrower space than for the standing one for all four orthogonal directions : forward, backward, left and right. The anisotropic structure of personal space was found in the shape of jutting out forward. As a preliminary experiment (Ichikawa, 2003) , the effects of colors on personal space were examined with the help of see-through colored crystal-clear boards.

Out of the six crystal-color boards, the lemon-colored board occupied a significantly broader personal space compared to the orange, sky-blue, brown and smoky-gray ones. The brown colored crystal-clear board took narrowest personal space among six colored ones. These color effects on the personal space had no relationship with color preference.

In our daily life, others sometimes invade our personal space in a variety of situations.

With respect to "invade or intrusion", Patterson et al., (1971) found that subjects in a university library, with increasing immediacy (i.e. , invading personal space) across glances, leaning, and blocking responses increased linearly. Fisher and Byrne (1975) reported that solitary males in a library were found to erect barriers against adjacent invasions. How can we avoid an unpleasant feeling or reduce awkwardness while another person is invading our space, by the help of adjusting the personal space? Some physically disabled people or people with speech impediment who can communicate with the aid of a communication board, would be sometimes invaded by others in relation to personal space. Little attention and research has focused on the effects of colors on personal space.

The purpose of this study, therefore, is to examine the effects of color boards on the personal space. In this study, the effects of colors on personal space in the experimental design mixed with pair (same-sex, opposite-sex) and condition (approaching other, other's approaching) were examined.

Method

Experimental design :

The experiments were conducted with a 3 factorial design. An analysis of variance mixed with pair (female-female, female-male) X condition (approaching other, other's approaching) X color- board (no-board, clear, lemon, orange, brown, smoky-gray, blue, pale-blue) was adopted. The pair was "between subjects' design" and the condition and color-boards factors were repeated variables. "Approaching other" meant that subject approach toward the other (i.e. confederate) and "other's approaching" was the situation that other (confederate) approached the subject.

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Kiyofumi lcHIKAWA

Subjects and confederates :

Thirty male and 30 female undergraduate students of Kagawa University participated as subjects in the experiment. Five female undergraduate students took the role of confederates in the experiment. The subjects and the confederates assigned into pairs were unknown to each other.

Color board used in approaching condition :

Seven kinds of crystal color boards were selected to be used in the approaching condition . as a results of our preliminary experiments. The actual color boards utilized were as follows : clear, lemon, orange, smoky-gray, sky-blue and pale-blue.

Experimental situation :

(1) The experimental room was roughly 7 m X 7 m. Around the center of the room, a tape measure was pasted to the floor in order to measure the personal space of subjects.

(2) The color-boards of 2 mm thickness used in the experiment were cut into 30 cm X 30 cm squares.

(3) The confederates were trained to control their approaching speed, eye contact, facial expression and so on as much as possible while approaching to their pairs.

( 4) Subjects were asked about their eyesight and participated wearing glasses or contacted lenses in the experiment if necessary.

Procedure

Instruction :

(1) Condition of approaching toward other:

Subjects were instructed to stand at the start point on the measuring tape. The partner of the subject (confederate) was instructed to stand at the terminal.end of the measuring tape at

~ distance of 3. 5 m. The subject and the confederate were requested to stand in a natural upright posture. They faced · each other maintaining as natural facial expressions as was possible. The actual instruction to the subjects was as follows : "Please approach toward the partner (i.e. confederate) slowly along with the measuring tape until you just begin to feel

"uncomfortable or embarrassed about the closeness".

After stopping once, the subjects were allowed to make fine adjustments as for the stopping distance between the confederate. That is, they were further instructed to move either backward or forward after their approach until they reached a point where, to move any closer would make them feel a little uneasy.

When using the color boards, the following instructions were prepared for the subjects :

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Effects of Color Boards on Personal Space

"Please stand and move holding a crystal-clear color board set around 10 cm in front of your face while approaching toward the partner (i.e. confederate)." This distance of

10

cm apart from the face was decided by preliminary experiment.

(2) Condition of other's approaching :

In the condition of "other's approaching toward the subject", subject and confederate changed the role of the "approaching person". The subjects were instructed to look at their partners (confederates) and to make a signal with a motion of their hand at the beginning of their embarrassment toward their partner's approaching them. After stopping their partner by hand signal, the subjects were allowed to make a fine tuning of their partner's stopping point distance as described above. When utilizing crystal- clear colored boards, subjects held the color boards in front of their face same as mentioned above.

Questionnaire :

(1) Manipulation check : To ensure subjects and confederates' mutual unknown relationship, three items were prepared in order to discard subjects who were acquainted with their partners (confederates) .

(2) The following questionnaires were prepared in respect of personality variables.

(a) Extroversion-Introversion Inventory : Extracted 24 items from the Maudsley Personality Inventory with a 3 point rating scale (Eysenck Sudy Group, 1964).

(b) Neuroticism : Twenty-four items with a 3 point rating scale were quoted from MPI mentioned above.

(c) Self-consciousness scale : Ten items for "private self-consciousness" and 11 items in regard to "public self-consciousness" were extracted from the results of factor analysis by Sugawara (1984).

(d) Shyness scale : Sixteen items with a 5 point rating scale were cited from Aikawa (1991).

(e) Anxiety scale : "Trait-Anxiety Scale" (20 items) and "State-Anxiety Scale" (20 items) with a 4 point rating scale were extracted from Shimizu and Imae (1981).

(f) Interpersonal attraction scale : Seven items composed of 4 factors with a 7 point rating scale were selected from Miyoshi (1988).

(g) Impression of other in face to face : Ten items with a 7 point rating scale were cited from Wada (2000).

(h) Impression seeing through crystal-color boards : Twenty-three items with a 7 point rating scale were prepared.

(i) Preference for color boards : Six items with a 7 point rating scale were prepared from partially revised Oka et al. , (2002).

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Kiyofumi lcHIKA w A

Results

Thirty male and 30 female subjects participated in the experiment. We analyzed 59 subjects in the end, discarding one female subject because of her incomplete responses for the questionnaire.

Homogeneity of confederates:

In order to examine whether the confederates were effected in the .personal space experiment, an ANOVA for confederates (5 female students) mixed with and without color boards (i.e., no-board and 7 color boards) was computed. Color board was the repeated variable. We obtained no significant differences. Consequently, we confirmed the homoge- neity for

5

confederates in the experiment.

Effects of pairs, conditions, and color boards on personal space :

We accomplished a three way ANOVA for personal space mixed with pair (female-femal~. female-male) X condition (approaching other, other's approaching) X · color board (no-board, clear, lemon, orange, brown, smoky-gray, sky-blue, pale-blue).

Pair was a randomized design. The repeated-measures design was adopted both for the approach condition and the usage of color boards. Table 1 shows the data analyzed.

Table 1

Means and SDs of Personal Space

Pair Female-Female Female-Male

Other's Approaching Other's Approaching

Condition Approaching Other Approaching Other

Color Board M SD M SD M SD M SD

No-board 120.28 60.00 111.83 -56.28 146.10 63.91 129.00 67.82 Clear 109.83 59.68 112.10 59.82 136.40 71.09 121.30 65.92 Lemon 115.45 60.98 114.35 58.31 139.70 64.57 126.33 73.17 Orange 111.83 58.41 120.76 69.81 144.40 73.06 128.67 66.88 Brown 107.93 56.69 111.52 59.09 135.33 57.76 127.60 63.12 Smoky-Gray 110.55 54.37 115.38 62.19 138.90 64.89 133.83 74.49 Sky-Blue 106.14 53.72 112.45 56.71 144.60 67.59 126.50 65.62 Pale-Blue 116.83 60.70 113.14 56.47 147.87 74.27 130.77 74.27

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Effects of Color Boards on Personal Space

Regarding the main effects, pairs of sex showed a weak trend (P

<.

164). This trend was in accordance with Shibuya (1985a) who showed that pairs of the opposite sex indicated broader personal space comparing to the same sex pairs. The main effect of approaching condition attained the statistical trend, F (1, 57)

=

2. 96, P

<.

090. This meant that

"other's approaching toward the subjects" condition took wider personal space than

"approaching to other" condition. The result was understandable considering that 66. 1 % (39 /59) of the subjects reported by self-reflection after the experiment, that they felt more embarrassed while the other was approaching toward them than they themselves were approaching toward the other.

The main effect of color boards on the personal space indicated a weak trend (P

<.

167).

A strong trend was observed in the interaction of condition with color boards, F ( 7, 399)

=

1. 75, P

<.

095 (see Figure 1).

The interaction of pairs with condition attained significance, F (1, 57) = 4. 72, P

<

. 033. Thereupon, we checked up the simple main effect using the Ryan method. A simple main effect of the pairs in "other's approaching" condition had a trend, F (1, 114)

=

3. 44, P

<.

066, that pairs of opposite sex (i.e. , female-male) showed wider personal space than same sex pairs (i.e. , female- female). Furthermore, significant main effect of condition was obtained, F (1, 57)

=

7. 58, P

<.

007. This meant that "other's approaching"

condition indicated maintaining broader personal space compared to "approaching toward other" condition. On the one hand, the simple effect of condition in same sex pairs (i.e., female-female) exhibited no significance. Viewed in this light, female pairs showed no difference in the personal space between "approaching other" and "other's approaching", and also could be regarded as holding narrower personal space in both "approaching other"

(cm) 135 133 131 129 127 125 123 121 119

117 115 ,__ _ _ ..._ _ _ ..._ _ _ __._ _ _ ___,...._ _ _ _.__ _ _ ....,__ _ _ __,_ _ _ ___.

~g~d

Clear Lemon Orange Brown Smoky Sky Pale Gray Blue Blue

Figure 1. Interaction of Condition with Color Boads (P< .095)

Other's

• Approaching Approaching O Other

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(cm)

145

140 135 130 125 120 ' 115 110 105 100

Female-Female

Kiyofumi lcHIKA w A

0

Female-Male

Figure 2. Interaction of Pairs with Condition (P< .033)

Other's Approaching Approaching

·Other

and "other's approaching" condition than 'female-male' pairs (see Figure 2).

Effects of personality on personal space :

With the heip of "Mean

+ 0. 5

SD", we classified each personality measure (Extro- version-Introversion ; Neuroticism ; Private· self-consciousness ; Public self-consciousness Shyness ; Trait-anxiety ; State-anxiety) into three categories (i.e. , high, middle and low) ..

For each personality measure mentioned above, a three way of analysis of variance was accomplished as follows : personality (high, middle, low) X condition (approaching other, other's approaching) X color board (no-board, clear, lemon, orange, brown, smoky-gray, sky-blue, pale-blue) in order to examine the mixed effects of each personality, condition, and color boards on personal space.

Among the main effects of personality, Neuroticism (high : n

=

15 ; middle : n

=

25

; low: n

=

19), F (2, 56)

=

4.97, P <.010, Shyness (high: n

=

20; middle: n

=

15 ; low : n

=

24), F (2, 56)

=

4. 01, P

<.

023, and State-Anxiety (high : n

=

15 ; middle : n

=

25 ; low : n

=

19), F (2, 56)

=

5. 43, P

<.

007, showed the signifi- cance. Multiple comparisons by the Ryan•~ method indicated that the high group showed broader personal space than the low group for these three personality variables mentioned above.

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Effects of Color Boards on Personal Space

(cm) 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100

90 80 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ..._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ..._ _ _ _

No Board

Clear Lemon Orange Brown Smoky Sky-

Gray Blue Pale Blue·

Figure 3. Interaction of State Anxiety with Color Board in Other's Approaching Condition (P< .089)

... High

+

Middle

+

Low

With regard to interactions, interaction of neuroticism, F (14, 392)

=

1. 52, P

<.

099, and anxiety, F (14, 392)

=

1. 55, P

<.

089, with color boards had trends. In neuro- ticism, the differences among high, middle and low decreased while using brown, smoky- gray, and sky-blue color boards (see Figure 3) .

Effects of interpersonal attraction on personal space :

We examined the effects of interpersonal attraction mixed with the approaching condition and kinds of color boards on the personal space .. Before analysis, factor scores for interpersonal attraction were computed for each factor (factor 1 named as ~'friendly"; factor 2 : "respect"; factor 3 : "faith"; factor 4 : "familiarity"). These factor scores were classified into each 3 groups (high, middle, low) according to the formula of Mean

+

0. 5 SD. A three way ANOV A for three groups mixed with approaching condition and color board was computed for each factor score.

The significant main effect of interpersonal attraction was obtained for the "friendly"

factor (high, n

=

20 ; middle, n

=

23 ; low, n

=

16), F (2, 56)

=

5. 44, ·p

<.

006.

Multiple comparison using the Ryan's method showed that the subjects with high attraction to the partner indicated narrower personal space than the low group, t (56)

=

3. 07, P

<.

003, and middle group, t (56)

=

2. 42, P

<.

018. This result corresponded with Wada (2000).

Effects of impression of other in face to face on personal space :

In order to make clear the effects of "impression for the partner (confederate)" on the

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Kiy'ofumi ICHIKAWA

personal space, each of the 10 items was differentiated into any one of the high, middle or low groups, utilizing Mean

+

0. 5 SD formula. The groups (high, middle, low) in each item derived from impression of the other, , mixed with approaching condition (2) and color board (8) were analyzed by a three way of analysis of variance. · The latter two were repeated variables.

In a series of ANOVAs, the following significant main effects were obtained

"shyness" [high (17) ; middle (24), low (18)], F (2, 56)

=

3. 75, P

<.

029

\

"irritation" [high (22) ; middle (23), low (14)], F (2, 56)

=

8. 80, P

<.

0005

"nervousness for partner's gaze" [high (18), middle (23), low (18)], F (2, 56)

=

6. 84, P

<.

002 ; "feeling ill at ease" [high (17), middle (20), low (22)], F (2, 56) 5. 43, P

<.

007 ; "getting tense" [high (17), middle (25), low (17)], F (2, 56) 3. 65, P

<.

032 ; "becoming anxious" [high (14), middle (29), low (16)], F (2, 56) 5. 96, P

<.

004 ; "unpleasantness" [high (11), middle (33), low (15)], F (2, 56) 7. 53, P

< .

00 l. In

aH

of these impression items, subjects falling into high group maintained wider personal space than low group.

(cm) 160 150 140 130 120 110 100

90

~---___,;;a--~

High Middle Low

Figure

4.

Relationship of Personal Space with Nervousness for Eye Contact (P<.002)

The interaction of "unsettled (3)" with color boards (8) was significant, F (2, 56) 1. 78, P

<.

043. Significant interaction was also observed in the "becoming anxious"

item with the approaching condition (2),. F (2, 56)

=

6. 87, P

<.

002. According to the analysis using the Ryan's method, the low group (n

=

16) maintained broader personal space in "other's approaching" than "approaching other" condition, F (l, 56)

=

8. 52,

P

<.

005. On the other hand, the high group (n

=

14) showed opposite results indicating

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Effects of Color Boards on Personal Space

wider personal space in "other's approaching" condition than "approaching other" condition.

This meant that while looking through by the medium of color boards in face to face with their partner (i.e. , confederate), subjects felt "becoming anxious" did not approach toward other nearer than the subjects felt "at ease" .

Effects of color-impression on personal space :

In order to analyze for the impression when looking through color-boards, a factor analysis was accomplished for the 23 items of color impression with a 7 point rating scale.

Four factors were extracted by oblique solution. The following 4 factors were named respectively : Factor 1 was named as "brightness"; factor 2 called "unnatural"; factor 3 was

"active"; factor 4 was named as "expanding" (see Table 2).

Table 2

Factor Loading in Impression Seeing through Color Boards ( Oblique Solution) Item Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4

Bright - Dull .871 -.083 -.038 .034

Clear - Darkling .867 .041 .117 -.040

Luminous - Dark .674 -.164 ,-.352 .223

Unremarkable - Outstanding -.668 -.111 .223 .205

Light - Heavy .654 -.356 -.095 .276

Quiet - Gaudy -.648 -.074 .328 .187

Bright as day - Nightly darkness .580 -.210 -.352 .020

Dislike - Like -.024 .807 .001 .105

Comfortable - Unearthly .109 -.803 -.031 -.049

Unconversable - Conversable -.001 .762 .143 .118

Unnatural -Natural -.217 .757 -.252 .370

U nfeared - feel fear -.047 -.717 -.132 .223

Dangerous - Safe -.057 .648 -.008 -.121

Active - Speculative .258 .123 -.751 -.007

Passive -Active -.177 -.022 .746 .101

Cold-Warm .064 .304 .717 .094

Repressive - Open minded -.246 .294 .602 -.095

Mournful - Cheerful -.394 .266 .559 -.000

Contracted looking - Expanded looking .. 049 .206 .195 .656

Weak- Strong -.304 -.303 .005 .641

Unhealthy - Healthy -.367 .340 .348 .168

Rejective - Receptive .004 .560 .508 -.021

Eigen Value 9.957 3.582 1.518 .919

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Kiyofumi lcHIKAWA

For the purpose of analyzing the effects of color-impression on personal space, factor scores were calculated for each factor. Then each factor score was classified into three categories by the formula of Mean

+

O'. 5 SD. A three-way ANOVA was accomplished for each factor group (3) X approaching condition (2) X color-board (8). As a result, the main effect of "unnatural" factor group indicated significance, F (2, 56)

=

7. 55, P

<.

001.

The interaction of the "unnatural" group with approaching condition attained ~ significant difference, F (2, 56)

=

3. 52, P

<.

036. With the help of the Ryan's multiple compari- sons, both "approaching other" and "other's approaching" revealed significant! y broader personal spaces in the high group (n

=

21) than the middle (n

=

18) and low (n

=

20).

Especially, the difference was great in the "other's approaching" condition .and "approaching other" had wider personal space only in the low group, F (1, 56)

=

7. 90, P

<.

006.

The results meant that subjects felt "natural" when looking through the crystal color boards, and showed a narrow personal space at the point of "becoming to embarrassed" for the

"other's approaching" condition.

Discussion

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of pairs (female-female, female-male), approaching condition (approaching other, other's _approaching) and crystal- color boards (7 kinds of color) on personal space. As to sex differences of the pairs and approaching conditions, we obtained the following results : Male subjects showed a further distance when becoming "embarrassed" while females were approaching toward them, compared to while they were approaching to female pairs. On the other hand, female subjects had no differences of personal space for becoming "embarrassed" between approach- ing toward female pairs and when other females (i.e. , partners) approaching them. This was in accordance with Shibuya (1985a) and Suzuki (1988). Shibuya (1985a) showed that heterogeneous pairs indicated a broader personal space than homogeneous pairs. Suzuki (1988) reported that in the condition of · same sex pairs, female-female pairs showed narrower personal space than male-male pairs both in "approaching toward other" and "other ap- proaching to them". Furthermore, he reported th_at male subjects indicated broader personal space while females were approaching them than female subjects when being approached by males.

In order to obtain multivariate relationships with personal space, multiple regression analyses. were computed. The criterion variable was distance in "approaching toward other".

Items of "extroversion", "attractiveness" (extracted from factor 1 "friendliness" of the interpersonal attraction scale), "unfearing" (from "impression when looking through crystal boards") , "shyness" (from "impression of other in face to face situations") were selected as

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Effects of Color Boards on Personal Space

explanatory variables (i.e. , independent variables). These explanatory variables were selected on the grounds of their low correlation coefficients with each other.

The multiple regression analyses suggested that personal space would be explained differently for male and female subjects. Male subjects could be explained that "attraction"

(P

<.

08) and "shy feeling" (P

<.

04) to the female pairs induced rather broader distances, [Male approaching to female =. - . 158 (Extroversion)

+.

298 (Attraction)

+.

364 (Shyness) - . 225 (Unfearing)], F (4, 29)

=

3. 77, P

<.

015 ; R2

= .

377. On the other hand, in female-female pairs, female subjects maintained broader distances only while

"feeling fear" (P

<.

02) and for three other explanatory variables did not connected with

· females' personal space, [Female approaching to female

= +.

012 (Extroversion) - . 085 (Attraction)

+

.107 (shyness) - . 544 (Unfearing) ] , F (4, 24)

=

3. 15, P

<.

033.

These results suggested gender differences regarding explanatory variables. Aono (2003) reviewed personal space focussing on gender concern in this regard. We dealt only with the pairs of "female-female" as homogeneous pairs and "female-male" as heterogeneous ones, due to the difficulty of gathering male subjects and confederates. However, gender difference is still one of non- negligible variables affecting personal space.

In relation to color-board effects on the personal space, color differences obtained a trend showing that brown colored boards took a relatively narrower personal space among the seven colored clear boards. The interaction of "approaching" condition with color boards attained a trend (P

<.

095) as indicated in Figure 1. Consequentially, to make clear the effects of using color-boards, an one-way ANOVA for "with or without boards" was calculated. The measure of "with board" was used for the mean personal space for 7 boards including the clear board. Consequently, we confirmed that some kind of crystal boards resulted in maintaining narrow personal distance more than without using such boards, F (l, 58)

=

4. 60, P

<.

036. The color effects on the personal space were independent of the preference to colors (see Figure 5) .

In this study, we use the criterion of "becoming embarrassed" for the stopping distance of personal space in order to measure while the "approaching toward other" and "other's approaching" situation. Taking into consideration the situation utilizing communication boards, the interaction or communication with other would be in a very narrow spacing between the dyads. This narrow interpersonal distance might be an "invasion" of the other's personal space. When we have an interview or interact with someone in a face to face situation using color-boards, how people feel about the situation of having personal space invaded by others? We were very interested in how we would obtain impressions in such an

"invaded" situation. Fisher and Byrne (1975), and Buchanan et al., (1977) reported the responses of the subjects in the invaded situation of subject's personal space. How do we feel when someone invades our personal space when we cannot remove ourselves from the

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. Dislike

4.2

t 4

3.8 3.6 3.4

! 3.2

Like

3

Lemon Orange

Kiyofumi lcHIKAWA

Brown Smoky-

Gray Sky-

Blue

Figure 5. Preference for Color Boards (P< .007)

Pale Blue

situation for any reason? We imagine that some people requiring nursing care or physically disabled persons with a linguistic impediment would sometimes fall into this area.

Accordingly, we examined whether interpersonal impressions of others (i.e. , partners) would produce any differences between use with or without, crystal boards in face to face situations. Impressions of others in face to face situations without any kind of crystal-boards showed more significant differences than those with any kind of crystal-boards as follows : feel "feeling shy" attained significance, F (1, 58)

=

52. 89, P <. 0001 ; "nervous because of partner's gaze", F (1, 58)

=

93. 59, P <. 0001 ; "feeling ill at ease", F (1, 58)

=

42.57, P <.0001 ; "getting tense", F (1, 58)

=

100.35, P <.0001 ;

"restlessness", F (1, 58) = 100. 86, P <. 0001 ; "caution", F (1, 58) = 10. 30, P

<. 002. These results suggested that some kind of crystal-boards had the effect of reducing the sense of "feeling shy" or "getting anxiety" and caused narrower distances between dyads.

As for what kinds of color boards would be most suitable for the specific face to face situation, it would be worthwhile- in the future to conduct actual and practical studies using male pairs and heterogeneous pairs, physically disabled persons with a linguistic impediment, aged people and so forth.

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Effects of Color Boards on Personal Space

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