Development of International Tourism in Turkey : Its Effect and Problems
著者 YAMAMOTO Kenji
出版者 Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University
journal or
publication title
Journal of International Economic Studies
volume 11
page range 69‑92
year 1997‑03
URL http://doi.org/10.15002/00002134
Cl997Thelnstitutco『ComparativcEconomicStudics,HosciUnivc応ity
DevelopｍｅｎｔｏｆｌｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＴｏｕｒｉｓｍｉｎＴｕrｋｅｙ
－ＩｔｓｅｆＩｃｃｔａｎｄｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ－
KenjiYamamoto FlzcUノリq/ECO"0,恥HOS膠ｊＵ)Zj…ﾉリ
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ
Thepurposeofthispaperistodescribethedevelopmentofinternationa1tourismin Turkeyandtoexplainitbysheddinglightonthebehavioｒｏｆｔｗｏｋｉｎｄｓｏｆａｃｔｏｒｓ,namelythe centralgovemmentandtouroperators・Turkeyhasexperiencedthemostrapidgrowthof internationaltourismamongleadingcountriesinthissphereinthelastdecade，Inthissense，
Turkeyisasuccessfil]country・Thosetwoactorshaveplayeddecisiverolesrespectivelyin Tu｢key，ssuccessinintemationaltourism、Byanalyzingthebehavioroftheseactors，itis possibletoexplaintheTeasonswhyTurkeycouldbesuccessfUlfromaparticularyearinthe
l980s,ａｎｄｈｏｗｉｔｃｏｕｌｄｏｖｅｒｃｏｍｅｔｈｅｃｒｉｓｉｓofimemationaltourisminthel990s・However，
therearealsoseriousproblemscausedbythedevelopmentoftourism、Thispaperpointsout
theproblemsａｓｗｅｌｌ．
1．Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
SomeJapanesescholarshaverecentｌｙａｒｇｕｅｄｔｈａｔｔｏｕｒｉｓｍｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍost
importantactivitiesinthepreｓｅｎｔｌｉｆｂｏｆｈｕｍａｎｂｅｉｎｇｓａｎｄｈａｖｅｂeguntoconduct researchintotourismandtopublishstudiesonit・ＭｏｓｔｏｆｔｈｅｍｕｓｅｔｈｅＪａｐａｎｅｓｅ ｗｏｒｄ‘牝α"ＩＣＯ,，観光asasynonymfbrtourism、Ｗｅｃａｎｆｉｎｄａｔｙｐｉｃａｌｅｘamplein Kitagawa（1996)．Ｂｕｔ``kα"AC,，doesnotmeantourismingeneral,buttravelfbr leisure・Ontheotherhand,ｔｈｅｔｅｒｍ“tourism，,reallyhasamuchbroadersensethan
“たα"ＩＣ０，，．ItimpliesnotonlyholidayactivitｉｅｓｉｎａｎｙｏｔｈｅｒｐｌａｃｅａｗａｙｆｉＰｏｍｏｎｅ，s
normalresidencewithtemporalrestrictions,ｂｕｔａｌｓｏｔｒａｖｅｌｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｃonductedfbrattendingtradefairs,congressesandconventions,andevenfbrvisitinganotherplace withtheaimofbusiness,religion,study,healthcare,ａｎｄｓｏｏｎ（Davidson，1993, ppl-4;vanHarssel,1994,pp3-4)．AccordingtotheWorldTourismOrganizationin Madrid,whichpublishesstatisticalmaterialsoninternationaltourism，“tourismin- cludesalltravelthatinvolvesastayofatleastonenight,butlessthanoneyear,away
fiPomhome，，（Shaw＆Williams,1994,Ｐ５)．
Ｔｈｕｓｔｈｅｔｅｒｍ“internationaltourism',isnotrestrictedonlytoleisureactivities inlbreigncountriesbutincludesalsotravelwhichisconductedfbrattendinginterna‐
tionaltradefairs,congressesandconventions,andvisitingfbreigncountrieswitｈｔｈｅ
6９
DcvelopmcntorInにmationalTourisminTurkey
aimofbusiness,religion,healthcare,ａｎｄｓｏｏｎ・Thestatisticaldataoninternational tourismwhichKitagawa（1996）presentsactuaUyincludetheactivitiesotherthan leisureinfbreigncountries,thoughshedoesnotmentionthecoverageofthestatis‐
tics、Neverthelessitisalsotruethattourismisaconceptinseparablefromleisure activities・ItisnotunusedtoleisureactivitieｓｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｕｒｓｅｏｆｂｕｓｉnesstraveL
Internationaltourismisoneofthemostimportantactivitiesinthesenseof economicdevelopmentbothfbrdevelopingandfbradvancedcountries・Itisatype ofcross-borderUowofpeopleaswellasofmoneyandinfblmationWithoutnumer- oustransactionsmpeople,goods,moneyandinfbrmation,eventhemostdeveloped countrieswouldgraduallylosetheirpositionintheworldeconomyTherefbre，a numberofcountriesandcitiesareeagertopromoteintemationaltourism,especially
fbrbusiness・
Ontheotherhand,fbrdevelopingcountries,internationaltourismmeansinUow offbreignerswhowanttoenjoytheirholidays・Itisimportantfbrthesecountries，
aboveallbecauseitcanbringaboutemploymentopportunitiesandbecauseintema‐
tionaltouristsbringthehostdevelopingcountrieshardcurrency・Therefbre，many
developmgcountriesaretryingtoinviteasmanyintemationaltouristsaspossiblein
ordertopromoteemploymentopportunitiｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｉｒｏｗｎｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓａｎｄｔｏａｃｑｕire fbreigncurrency、Vorlaufer（1990）pointsoutthatacquiringfbreignCurrency，growthofemploymentopportunitiesandincreaseofincomearetargetsofpromoting
internationaltourismfbrThird-Worldcountries、Turkeyisatypicalcase Tab、１World，StoptourismdestinationS
IＨｈｌＵＵ
９２／８８’８１１
RＲｌ３６．７４１１
ｒ１ Ｌ」
fO4IDL
､」８８１lＣ
】9１
ｒ１ Ｌ」
｢1 L｣
ＤＣ３ｎＰｂｄ２
094’0.911
8－８８４１６．ｔ
5-900‘６.OＣ Iｉ５４ｑｊ
Ｐ４
[}６
】４Ｌ 99
Sourcc:ＤＣ「｣TSCA巴ｒＩＰｾﾞﾉ、ﾉｍｑ"αｃｈ’92,FischcrTaschcnbuchVc｢lag,FranklWta.Ｍ・’1991,s､962-963．
DerFYIF巴ﾉierリリｂﾉﾉﾛﾉFPTLJrlpch'96,FischcrTaschcnbuchVcrMg,FrImklnrta.Ｍ・’1995,s･’’15-1116．
JanvanHarsscl（1994):TbHr曲､．』〃ExPlomrjo",Thirdcdition，Prcnticc-HaⅡInternational，
EnglcwoodCIi眠,ｐ､１１．
OriginalsourccstcmsfromthcWorldTourismOrganizationinMadrid
7０
EuropeandNorthAmericahaveseenthemostdevelopedinternationaltourism TbereweresevenEuropeancountriesamongthetoptenwhichreceivedmorethan
fburteenmillionfbreigntouristsinl992・FrancerankedHrst,fbllowedbySpainand
Italy、FourotherEuropeancountriesandthreeinNorthAmericaalsoreceivedmorethantenmillionfbreigntourists・Turkeyrankedonlyseventeenthｗｉｔｈabout
6,549,OOOfbreigntouristsinl992（Tab､１)．
Ｂｕｔｉｆｗｅｃｏｍｐａｒｅｔｈｅｇｒｏｗｔｈｒａｔｅｏｆｉnternationaltourism,itisTurkeythathas seenthemostrapidgrowthinnumbersoffbreigntourists・OnlyTurkeyrecordeda threefbldincreaseinfbreigntouristsbetweenｌ９８５ａｎｄｌ９９２、Foreignvisitorsin‐
creasedslightlymo１℃ｔｈａｎｔｗｏｔｉｍｅｓｉｎＳｐａｉｎ,Italy,Hungary,HongkongandMalay-
sia・Ｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｔｏｐｔｗentyrecordedlessthantwofbldincreases・Turkeyseemstobethemostsuccessfillcountryinintemationaltourisminthelast
decade,tojudgefromthisstatistics、ＷｈｙａｎｄｈｏｗｃｏｕｌｄＴｕｒｋｅｙｂｅｃｏｍｅｓｕｃｈa
country？ThepurposeofthispaperistodescribethedevelopmentofinternationaltourisminTurkeyasareceivingcountry,toexplainit,payingattentiontothebehav- iorofimportantactorsinthissphere,andHnallytopointoutproblemswhichhave
occurredthroughthedevelopmentoftourism．
2．ＧｒｏｗｔｈｏｆｆｂｒｅｉｇｎｔｏｕｒｉｓｔｓｉｎｔｏＴｕｒｋｅｙ
Hiitteroth（1982,s､438),aGermangeographerspecializedinTurkey，sregional geography,pointedoutatthebeginningofthel980sthattourismhadnotyetdevel‐
ｏｐｅｄｉｎＴｕｒｋｅｙａｎｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆfbreigntouristshadbeenfarfewerinthis
countrythaninSpain,ItalyandYugoslavia、Hefbundthissurprisinginviewofthｅ ａｂundanceofancientculturalmonuments,exoticbazaarsinmanycitiesandinterest‐
inglifeintheruralareas，verybeautifillnaturallandscapeandlastbutnotleast sunshinealongthebeachesinTurkey・Thesetourismresourcesinthiscountryareno
lessattractivethanthoseintheotherMediterraneancountriesmentionedabove (HUtteroth,1982,ｓ446)．ThenumberoffbreignersarrivinginTurkeygraduallyincreasedinthel960s andthistendencycontinueduntill973,ｂｕｔｓｔａｇｍａｔｅｄａｆｔｅｒｔｈｉｓｙｅａｒｏｆｔｈｅfirstoil crisisuntill982（Nakabayashi,1996,ｐ29;Fig.１)．Accordingtotheotherstatistical material,thereseemstohavebeensomestagnationinthemidl980saswell,although morefbreigne応arrivedinTurkeyinthisperiodthaｎｕｎｔｉｌｔｈｅｂｅｇｉｎｎｍｇｏｆｔｈｅ ｌ９８０ｓＩ)．Atanyrate,touristshavealmostalwaysaccounｔｅｄｆｂｒｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎ８０ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ ｏｆｔｈｅｔｏtalnumberoffbreignersarrivingiｎｔｈｉｓｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｓｉｎｃｅｌ９６８ａｎｄｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎ
９０ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔｓｍｃｅｌ９８８・
ForeigntouristsinTurkeyreallybegantoincreaserapidlyinl983andespecially
betweenl988andl992・Ｂｕｔｗｅｓｈｏｕｌｄｐａｙａttentiontosomefluctuation・Numbers
suddenlydecreasedinl993,stagnatedinl994,ａｎｄｒｏｓｅａｇａｉｎｉｎｌ９９５・Ｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒ ｉｎｌ９９６ｗｉｌｌｐｒｏｂａｂｌｙｂｅｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎｉｎｌ９９５,ｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｈａｌｆｙｅａｒｏｆｌ９９６ｒｅｃorded morethaninthefirsthalfyearinl995（Fig.２)．AdirectoroftheMinistryofTour- isminTurkeyassuredmeHrmlythattherewillbemorefbreigntouristsinl996than inthepreviousyear,whenIvisitedhisofYiceandinterviewedhiminAugust，1996．
TherapidgrowthofinternationaltourismhascontributedtooiYSettingthetrade deficit、Turkey，ｈowever，sawanegativebalancebetweentourismreceiptsand
7１
DcvelopmcntofIntcTnationalTourisminTurkcy
expendituresinthel960s,althoughthenumberoffbreigntouristsintoTurkeysur‐
passedthenumberofTurkishtouristsabroadz)．Ｉｔｗａｓｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｖｅｒｙｌｏｗａｖｅｒａｇｅ ｅｘｐenditureoffbreigntouristsinTurkey・Thisamounteｄｔｏｌｅｓｓｔｈａｎ４０ＵＳｄｏｌｌａｒｓ
Ｆｉ９．１Foreigne厩arrivinginTurkeybypurposeofmwe１，ｆｉＰｏｍｌ９５３ｔｏｌｌ９５
8,000,000
7,000,000 LｌＩＴｃ
6.000 000
5.000.000 旨。
：4.000
日
000
3.000.000
，,,,,,|||’
2,000,000 1,000,000
０ ｍｍａ［ 寸い⑦『 いい⑰一 Ｃ、の［ トいひ［ 』、孚戸 ①、⑦『 ｃｃ。［ 一ｃ○一 【＠。『 【①⑦［ ずＣ②「 、＠。｛ ①①。［ ト＠。【 西Ｃ①【 ①＠⑦【 Ｃト⑤［ ［ト⑦『 ペト○一 、ト。ニ 寸ト。【 、ト⑦【 しト①｛ トト。［ 函ト⑦［ かト⑦［ 。ｍ⑦［ ［西○一 Ｎ西。『 両面。「 寸琿。｛ 、函か「 ｃｍ。『 ト函○一 ■函○一 ○画○一 。。。｛ 一。①［ Ｎか①［ ｍひ。［ 寸①⑦一 いかか【
Ycar
Source:MinistryofForcignA｢Inirs,TurkishRepublicthroughintemct:http://inに｢・mlXLgov・tr/GRUPE／
statistihtm（bctweeuuI953andl990)．
InlbrmationsabteilungdcsTiirkischcnGcneralkonsulaIsinFrankInrta.Ｍ・OriginaIsoumcstcms「rom GcncraIDirectoratco｢Security,Turkcy（betwccnI991andl995)．
Fig.２SeasonalfluctmationofarrivalsoffDreig1ersintoTurkeybymonths,firomll84tol996
1９８４
』」←←←トー←←浴」』琴
1,200,000 '９８５
１９８６ １９８７ １９８８ １９８９ １９９０ １９９１ 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1,000,000
800,000
訓Ｚ－※
訓Ｚ－※
Ｕ、
5600,〔XX）二⑪
臼 >←Ｉ
400,000
200,000
0
JanuaryFcbTuaryMmrchAPTilMnyJuneJuIyAuguslSeplcmbcTOcloberNovembcrDcccmber
Month
SouT℃e：InlbrmationsabteilungdcsTiirkischcnGcncralkonsulatsinFrankImTta.Ｍ､Originalsourcestcms「rom
GencralDirectoratco「Security,Turkcy．
7２
until1968,whileTurkstravelingabroadatthattimespentbetweenl30andabout200 USdollars（MinistryofTourism,1995b,ｐ89)．TurkeysufYeredfiPomtradedeHcits whichwerethusworsenedfUrtherthroughtourismdeHcits・Therefbre，ｉｎｌ９６３，the TurkishgovernmentsetupaprogｒａｍｉｎｔｈｅＦｉｒｓｔＦｉｖｅＹｅａｒＰｌａｎｔｏｅｌｉminatetour‐
ismdeficitsbyl965（MinistryofTourism,1995b,ｐ､92-93)．Iteventuallyachieved
thisaiminl970．
Turkeyhasbeenabletoenjoyasurplusinitstourismbalancesincel970,with
theexceptionoftheperiodbetｗｅｅｎｌ９７５ａｎｄｌ９７７,ａｎｄthesurplushasgrownstead- ily、Ｏｎｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｈａｎｄ，thiscountryhasalwaysseentradedeficitsAlthoughthe
amountoftradedeficitshasbeenverylarge,Turkeyhasbeenabletooffもetmorethan 20percentoftradedeficitswiththetourismbalancesince１９８５．１，１９８８，when internationaltourismtoTurkeyleapedup,theproportionofthetourismbalanceto tradedeHcitsreachedmorethaｎ７０ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ・Becauseofthehugetradedeficits betweenl990andl993，thatproportiondecreasedtolesstｈａｎ４０ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ・This，however,ｒｏｓｅｕｐａｇａｉｎｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎ７０ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔｉｎ1994,whentradedeficitsdeclined slightly（Fig.３)．
Weshouldalsorefertoworkers，remittances,whenweexaminethebalanceof paymentindevelopingcountries・Turkeyhasbeenoneofthemostwell-ｋｎｏｗｎｅｍｉ‐
grantcountriessincethebeginninｇｏｆｔｈｅｌ９６０ｓ・AlargenumberofTurkishlaborers workinWestEuropeancountriesandsendtheireammgstotheirfamiliesorrelatives
Iivinginthehomecountry・Afterthefirstoilcrisis,theTurkishEmploymentService
Fi9.3BalanceoftourismreceiptsandexpendituresandtradedefIcits,ｆｒｏｍｌ９６３ｔｏｌ９９４
4,000.0 80.00 ％
21000.0
70.00 0.0
60.00 -2,000.0
50,00
０ ０ ０ ｍ 叩卿０ ４ ６ ８
臣○一一一一三吟⑫。
4０００
3０００ -10,000.0
20.00 -12,000.0
10.00 -14,000.0
-16,000.0 Ｎ①⑦『 、①①［ 寸②②『 0.00
一⑦ｓ－Ｃひか『①“⑦【函函《［ト鹿⑦一℃』。－ｍｍ⑦［ 守堕⑦［、⑫⑦ヨ伺西②一【西の【Ｃ西の［かトか一軍トか｝トト○一℃ト○一ｍト①胄寸ト。『、トａ［Ｎトａ一戸ト⑦｛◎ト②『②ｃか『』ｃ⑦｜トＣ③『ｃｃ②【い①。［ずＣ①［［。⑦一
Ycar
Source：MimistryofTourism，GencralDi庇cloralco「Invcstmcnts・DcpartmemofResearchaT】dEvaluation
（1995):BullcLinofTOurismSmtistics,ｐ､1０１．
7３
DevelopmentoflnternationaITourisminTurkcy
Fig.４Tourismreceipts,Workers，remittancesandmerchandiseexports,ｆｒｏｍｌ９６７ｔｏｌ９１５
％ 100.0
□Exports 国Tourismrcccipts 圏Workcms，rcmittanccs
I■－－％oftOuTiSmtocxports
◆－－％ofremittanccstocxports 25,000
90.0
80.0 20,000
70.0
60.0
815,000
■￣
＝ □戸
冨
ｅ冒 [のD1oDooo
lili
50.0 4００,iiMMllMi
30.0 20.05,000
10.0
０ トＣｏｏ、●ヨベ両寸ＵｎｈＣトＣｂ。、。戸Ｎ、奇１，，･ト。。●、●～Ｎ、寸咋、
｡SＣ１Ｃトトトト１－トトトトト００oＯＯＯＱＣＣＣｃｃ。｡ｃｏｃｏ｡。②｡、●、●、。、。、
Ｏ、｡Ｉ｡、｡、ＣＮＣ、｡、。、。、･、。、｡、□、。、ＣＲＣ、。、。、●、。、●、。、●１．，．、｡、Ｃ、●、。、
閂百戸一～－－～～弓戸一曰戸一～￣～￣～￣￣～ヨ弓一一戸弓
YeaT
Source：ThcCentTa］BankoftheRcpublico｢Turkcy:BalanceofPaymentsStatisticsofTurkcy，1996．
Martin,ＰｈＬ（1991):ｍｈｅＵｊ１/mMedSroHyFnz狄MLqbomMjgmrio〃'ｏ『FbsternE冴唖＆ILO,ｐ､34．
begantosenditscountrymentosomeArabcountrieswithpetroleumresourcesas well（Martin,1991,ｐｐユ1-33)．MigrantworkersintobothWestEuropeandArab countrieshavecontributedtooffもettingtradedeHcitswithremittances，Inthel970s，
Workers，remittanceswereveryimportantfbracquisitionoffbreigncurrencyand theirproportiontothetotalmerchandiseexportsamountedtoevenmoｒｅｔｈａｎ９０ｐｅｒ centinl974andl975・Thedegreeofcontributionhas,however,relativelydecreased smcethebegiｌｍｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｌ９８０ｓａｎｄｔｈｅｒａｔｉｏｏｆWorkers,remittancestoexportsis nowsmallerthan20percent（Fig.４)．
Tourismreceiptsexceededworkers,ｒｅｍｉｔｔａｎｃｅｓｆｂｒｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｔｉｍｅｉｎｌ９88, thoughtheywerealmostequalbetweｅｎｌ９８８ａｎｄｌ９９ＬＨｏｗｅｖｅｒ,sincethenintema‐
tionaltourismhasbecomemuchmoreimportantfbrthecurrentaccountoｆｔｈｅＲｅ‐
publicofTurkeythanworkers,remittances・Nosmglemanufacturingsector，with theexceptionofthetextileindustry,couldeammorefbreigncurrencythanthetour-
ismsectorinl9913)．
Ａ１ｔｈｏｕｇｈｉｔｉｓｎｏｔｃｌｅａｒｈｏｗｍｕｃｈｅｍｐloymenthasbeengeneratedthroughthe developmentofmternationaltourism，ｔｈｅｒｅｉｓｎｏｄｏｕｂｔｔｈａｔｍａｎｙｐｅｏｐｌｅａｒｅｅｍ‐
ployeddirectlyinthetourismindustrysuchastravelagents,hotels,restaurants,sou- venirshops，transportationspecializedintourismandｓｏｏｎ，Accordingto Sij““ZscheZeim"９（17.Jan､1996),onlyonepercentofemployedpersonsare engagedintourisminTurkey・ItismuchlessthanmGreece（tenpercent)，Spain
(mnepercent)andothercountrieswithdevelopedmternationaltourism、Butifwe
includesomeotherindustrieswhicharerelatedtothetourismindustrysuchas
7４
、⑦③『日望ロ甸函
～＜「、･･
￣￣ ＮＣ ＣｎｏＣＣｑＯ、
￣
、【［同 ｏＣＵ－ｆＦＵＦＵＯｎ〔、０
～戸［ﾍﾘ～
トー①｛ 「一寸［い◎【
］『、‐ｃｍｃ’｛｜｛ｃ崗’寸⑦①【 □【同’。⑤同一ｃｃ ＆［】『０， 巴【Ｃ‐寸邑ｕつ［丘 ）函函’迫田ト・ト面再ｃ０Ｃトｃ’＠｜亜［ｃ０ＣＣｂｃｌｃのつ．Ｃトつ
〕。’ｍｅ
ｇ【］Ｐ’『ｏ［ ｊ【企 □【⑦’ｍＣｍｌ亜寸トー（｝ご［｜亜炳弱。が守コエ【’エの エ［ｃ’【【｜の ）ｍｍ０ｃトｌｓｃｍｑ②ト｜ｃ弓Ｃ・ずの 匹ｃ戌邑 ．甸三冒○－８二８ＮＵ己：国富－８釦ヨシ田［自己』Ｃ⑫』Ｃ弱⑪８易⑭二一口○一旨⑪【昌一８３Ｃで８』弓。⑬①二傍ご旨ｚ・計⑪望昌い、倉』二８ｍ」Ｃｕ苗』・己⑪Ｈ｛Ｑ一日⑪５ｏ目Ｃ畠⑫臼。』⑬８』二○課一句巨一凹恒○・旨．⑤←』昌菅■』」巨一娩旨一コ旨○望［日⑭ｇｏ【『①ニロ⑫二』垣ＰＢ己四目一℃］＠房■◎冒巨』＆巨弓８』。・画Ｐｃ０ト引言一函の『亜寸 唾い・Ｃト弓一［［亜ｑ亜Ｃｍｌｍが頭。亜【五
。、‐ｍｃ戸一うＣＬ ニト’工同｜王
ＪＣヨト’＠ｍｍ‐ｃｃ 言ｃか ザ『Ⅱ【 〕ｃ’Ｃ閣声一同亜「Ｃ戸同一【つ弱り寸〔 二［ｃ【『’声一寸す①’トＣ［声一（）戸ら四Ｃ’③ｍｌＣＮ『［Ｃｌ弱
）’ｃ寸一Ｎの 、巴
ｊ宮戸一ｃ【ひく。【【一関ａ エト｜の、【’Ｃつ一Ｃか円寸白 ひ三Ｎｃ’ト配一配すＮ（
罰①。‐罠）虎一両（）Ｃ‐（ず 』【【亜亜声ト＆
ｊＣが ⑨０配〔
百｛冨目垣冒』Ｃ声』】冒８苣忌雪』二白星四臣渭』局圏①風『閏＆］ｃ冒管凰目Ｃｇｍ・ニロ閂 ｊ 一寸Ｌ
斗一聖霊
亜ｃ『己 里つ、田）ｃ’寸己 『ａ
エざ ｜ト②画一トー、（、⑦ト寸午函【①。、寸同寸苛、＄。ｃっぺｎＮｍｍ囚トヘ、。、［［【ヘト［【、守Ｃ＆Ｃ『⑦＠国『、トー一ｍＰＣ函ママ⑦●寸内、Ｃト（［、函「。←トＣ－ｃＣＣご苛寸『、』い［。、『ＳＣＮｍｍＣいい［、。①←ずｃ一四．◎ぃ寸函一ｍｍトＳｍ寸○ｍｍ（【ずひす、『ずＣ－ト○二【。｛、［西へ○○ベベト函（ひ一一○ト。ヘト「『◎＠Ｎい、いく函｛⑦（函［｜⑦。＠二ｍｍ「Ｃ咽ぶ二。トベ⑭西いづトト
一⑦○一｜◎⑦①［ ト、［（同ト閂
｜雨》》》》や同
蕊蕊蕊頚薑
戸寸ト〔【トベ寸両＄＠ｍ一［＠ｍ（ｃか［函の寸『ｍｍＣ『トいべ『｛⑦○四のＣ［、【いずい、咽べ。◎ト（トＮＮｍＣト（い【、［、函而Ｃ同寸［⑦い、ト。 】Ｃ亜’【⑦｜寸胄ひ’、勇一［［ 一ｍ「＠ｍずい廿図○ｍい【ｍｍｍトのい【弓①ト（ＣｃＮｃｍいぺ、、、【（、「【すつい一一函、①『寸エワ’じび顛一明ｃひ’トｃト｜、トの ］、’寸ＣＮ言つ寸’、の 四つ守
四（）寸同｜宛、五
団亜⑦［函館（ 四℃、『｜⑰、【’亜［弓一トか函
エ守寸‐［示 ト【トへ【ト『寸函ＣＣＰ、【すト『［Ｎ、⑦、⑰両寸ト言い（◎、ト。。■Ｃ「⑨①弓（四℃トＣ面ぺエ②ｃ’②｜ひつの
マエト’◎ずＮｌＣＣｍ０詞の こ『ト’亜寸一ｍつい（
孚崗ｃ言暉｜、閂か’かご
』的４ｍ①｜【［⑰’トの ■【】曰、【】一Ｊ「『の ］【’か【｜［＠ｓ エＮ’寸寸一ｃの函
『す’【、｜亜寸ト’白
巴両寸一頭［西 四寸一。◎の’ｃの Ｃ寸口いい西ト①。『［す＠『ト｛【いつのトＮ④す⑦一国「、西い（、一言Ｃ因ら＠寸［【（〔【刃いつ‐の ）⑦【（
一
[､0
刷寸丙ＣＯトー一戸ｑｎｃｑｑｎ･弓’の寸Ｃｏｏ、●－０，，Ｎ＜ｒｏｃト｡、一･･
｡、￣･･･トＣｃｍＣＮｍＱｎ－～トミ「寸ｏｃｑｎｍＱｎ弓、ト｡、ｔｏ寸・ト→
－､ＣｍｍｃＣｏ、－Ｎ、〔･弓冒、、Ｃｏｏ、●、●ト寸ト｡、ＣｌｎＤｏＩ－Ｃ１ｒｎ●･ト＄いつ●､へ‐い●､い●､－…いいいい●､□､いいへいい－－凸←●、いい
::ＲＥ＝ｇ等ご菌ＳＢＣ､⑦、べ゛＠ｍ。､。､。ヨト゛。､ｍ･寸v~)。､ＣｍｈＣｍ■寸一「１F､、［､ｌ「ｑ－－弓ヨー-
〔ず）〔千）〔､０戸～戸
ｍ函。ご⑦、｛『｜寸【⑦▲ず｛しか
＠⑫⑦一 ｜トトｐ▲ず［二一ｃｍト（、、
’○ｍ⑦一○寸一
｜［、トら、、、ｍ【くい、一Ｎ、ト守一ｃＣｍ－ＣＮ一℃。－①Ｃいい。⑦［ 一一ｍ←Ｃｌト【、←＠西、⑦二○一ｍし①（西、。①一ｍ一→、トか咀○トトいす｛［トム『［【、。（「、、⑭。』一ｍｍ『Ｃベト一同へ一両Ｎトベの①〔｛すＣいい【○ｃｍへ。【トｂＣか○す①亜すいト［。［、ぃ図画一寸ＣＰｍ町ｍｍｃ（ひ［、○国ニマトｍＣトら◎ト、函。｛ 、’す。○ぃト［「ペ
、Ｕ~Ｄｑｎ司寸。、、ＣＯ、～Ｃ●、
￣寸・ｏｏｍＵ~）＜「･ＱｎＩｎ･戸 ト、１－（へＵ寸丙～ト戸ｏｃＣｏｍ
ＣＤＣ（ｍ［ ⑦囚司らＣＮｍＣいつ【函引函（ト［［べへ○ｍｍトぬい⑦、べ⑦（Ｃ【○ｍへ、［の【『のＣ［Ｃ図両へ。『ト◎トゴＮ函。。⑨トバ、》『函司Ｎ【すへ【、い【【か寸両［亜ひかぬ、◎ト◎の寸寸『。、
＜「 ｊ配一［ｐＣｐｕｐｐｕ『ロ、 ［量○一臣一瞥①皀四『⑪】○田●
皀呵○回Ｒ訂彦８広巨⑪己⑭』』⑰着呵日５口国巨⑤ＥＣ餡国雪甸シ○一⑰○二８国。｜⑪面田切閂（・の．『。）函、、ロロロ昌昌隅巨一口口吻日三国で由召目｛』①二』①ｚご巨呵宮①Ｎ揖逹〉、巨甸已拐。［口蜀昌曰呵二日くち。易【局四ロゴ国
巳、丑・白 】巨氏一Ｃ、
Ｚ ～〔へ０ｍすＩ、、●ト｡◎｡、●￣Ｓｌｒｎ計ｌ｢）￣ト０．．，･「、ＵＱｎｒｎＣ、トーＣＤｌＣ･寸 弓￣￣￣￣￣￣～￣戸〔､ＩＳＯＣ、Ｕ「ｑＣＯＳＵｒ刊（＜Ｉｒｑ〔〒）でⅦ
7５
Dcvclopmcnto『lnIcrn組tionnlTouTisminTuTkcy
agriculture,constructionandsoon,theeconomiceffbctofintemationaltourismmust beenormousinTurkey・
Whatkindoffactorshavebeenimportantfbrthedevelopmentofinternational tourismmTurkey？Itisofcoursenotbusiness,butleisure,thatisimportantfbrthe developmentofintemationaltourismintothiscountryinthelastdecade・Many touristscomefromWestEuropeancountriesaswellashPomneighboringonesinclud- ingYugoslavia・Ｔａｂ２ｓｈｏｗｓｃｈａｎｇｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｆbreignersarrivinginTurkey bynationalitybetweenl984andl995・ThediHbrencebetweenthenumberofarrivals fromGermanyandthatfi｢ｏｍｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｓｕｃｈａｓｔｈｅＵＳＡ,Yugoslavia,Greece andlranwasnotgreatinl984,whenmoreandmoretouristshadjustbeguntocome toTurkey、Ｔｈｏｓｅｗｈｏｃａｍｅｆｉ･omneighboringcountries,includingYugoslavia,seem tohavevisitedTurkeynotbecauseofleisureactivitiesbutfbrotherpurposessuchas shoppingH6hfeld（1995,s､182）writesthattouristsfiFomneighboringcountriesvisit Turkeymainlyfbrthesakeofshopping,ｂｅcausethereareplentyofkindsofgoods andpricesarecheaperinTurkey,andthelengthoftheirstayinthecountryisusually short・AconsiderablenumberoftouristsalｓｏｃａｍｅｆｉＰｏｍｆｂｒｍｅｒEuropeansocialist countries,especiallyfromPoland,HungaryandfbrmerCzech-Slovakia,intheperiod betweentheendofthel980sandthebeginningofthel990s・Itisnotclearifthey weretouristsfbrleisureorfbrshopping・Atanyrate,itisvisitorBfiPomGermanythat increasedmostrapidlyinthesecondhalfofthel980s・UnitedKingdomandFrance fbllowedGermany・
TurkeyalsowitnessedarapidincreaseintouristsfromtheotherfbrmerEuro‐
peansocialistcountriesthanthosementionedaboveintheearlyl990s・Theinfluxof Bulgariansinl991andl992wascausedbythearrivalofrefngeesofTurkishethnic- ity・ＡＩａｒｇｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆＲｕｓｓｉａｎｓｂｅｇａｎｔｏｃｏｍｅｔｏＴｕｒｋｅｙｉｎｔｈｅｌ９９０ｓ・Russian touristsmaybedividedintothreegroups;first,WealthyRussianswhocanaffbrdto elﾘoyvacationsinTurkey;second,thosewhohavetheobjectiveofshoppmgasbusi- ness;andthird,thosewhoworkinTurkey．IsraelitouristsincreasedrapidlyfiFom
1993．TheyalsoenJoyvacations,especiallyinAntalya,thecapitalcityoftheprovince witｈｔｈｅｓａｍｅｎａｍｅｏｎｔｈｅＭｅｄｉｔｅｒｒａｎｅａｎSeaandaregionalcenterofintemational tourisminTurkey・AccordingtointerviewswithinfbrmedpersonsinTurkey，Is- raeliscometothecountrytoenjoygamesincasinosattachedtoluxuryhotels、Casi‐
nosarefbrbiddeninlsrael，ａｎｄＡｎｔａｌｙａｉｓｎｏｔｆｎｒけomIsraeLTheincreasein RussianandlsmelitouristsisreHectedinsignboardswrittenintheirlanguagesevery‐
ｗｈｅｒｅｉｎｔｈｅａｍｕｓｅｍｅｎｔｑｕａｒｔｅｒｓｏｆＡntalya・
Ａｔａｎｙｒａｔｅ,ｉｔiｓGermanyandUnitedKingdomthathavesentmosttouristsfbr leisuretoTurkeyandtheirnumbershavegrownveryrapidlysincethemidl980s・
TheseasonalHuctuationinthenumberorarrivalsoffbreigneTsalsoprovesthatmany ofthemcometoTurkeyfbrsummervacations、TheHuctuationisverystrongas sｈｏｗｎｉｎＦｉｇ､２．Ｗｅｃａｎｓａｙｏｎｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｏｆｔｈｅｅｖｉｄｅｎｃementionedhithertothat intemationaltourisminTurkeyreachedthesｔａｇｅｏｆｍａｓｓｔｏｕｒｉｓｍｉｎｔｈｅｍｉｄｌ９８０ｓ・
ThereisnodoubtthatintemationaltourisminTurkeyrestsonthedevelopmentof masstourisminWestEuropeancountries,aboveallinGermany．
ThemereexistenceoftheexcellenttourismresourceswhichHUtteroth（1982）
mentionsisnotsufTYcientfbrthedevelopmentofmasstourism・Intemationalmass tourismisnotapurelynaturalphenomcnonltis，rather，intentionallycreatedby businessactivities,ｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｈｌｃｔｔｈａｔｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｉｎｓendingcountriescanaffbrd
7６
tospendtheirmoneyonholidayactivitiesabroadOfcourse,itisalsoimportantfbr thedevelopmentofinternationalmasstourismthattravelbecomescommonpractice orawayoflifbinsendingcountries・Weshouldtakesuchf1actorsinsendingcoun‐
triesintoconsiderationinOrdertoexplainthedevelopmentofinternationalmass tourism・Thepresentauthor,however,isconcernedherewithfbrceswhichpromote thetourismpotentialfiPomtheTurkishside・Governmentpolicyhasbeenoneofthe mostimportantfactors4)．TheMinistryofTourismitselfwritesthatinsufHcient promotionalactivitieswasthereasonwhyinternationaltourismwasslackuntilthe midl980s（MinistryofTourism,l995a,ｐ､82)．
3．ＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｐｏｌｉｃｙｏｆｔｈｅＴｕｒｋｉｓｈｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｆｂr
promotinginternationaltourismInTurkey，thereisaministrywhichisengagedwithpromotionoftourism・
AccordingtotheGeneralDirectorateoflnfbrmationoftheMinistryofTourism,ｔｈｅ fbrerunneroftheMinistryofTourismoftodaywastheMinistryofPress，Infbrma- tionandTourismwhichwaslbundedl95ZThemainobjectofthisfbrerunnerwas toacquirefbreigncurrencythroughpromotinginternationaltourism、Italsohada secondaryaim，topromotedomestictourismfbrTurkishpeopleThisministry，
however,ｓｅｅｍｓｎｏｔｔｏｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎａｃｔｉｖｅｉｎｐｒｏｍotinginternationaltourism，because asemiofHcialreportmentionsnothingaboutthisministry（MinistryofTourism，
1995a,pp82-83)．Thereisnodoubtthatitwastooearlytospeakofintemational
masstourisminthel950s、Aseniorofficialwhomthepresentauthorinterviewedin Augustl996alsodidnotexplaintheactivitiesoftheministryinthel950sindetaiLTheministrywasreorganizedinl963andtheMinistryofTourismandlnfbrma-
tionwasfbundedlnthatyear,theTurkishgovemmentadoptedafive-yearplanfbr
thedevelopmentoftheTurkisheconomyanditsrelatedinfi｢astructure、Tourism developmentpolicywassituatedintheframeworkofthefirstFive-YearPlan（MiL istryofTourism,1995Ｃ,ｐ６)．TheMinistryofTourismandlnfblmationwas,how‐ever,notactiveinpromotingintemationａｌｔｏｕｒｉｓｍｉｎｔｈｅｌ９６０ｓａｎｙｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎits
fbrerunnenMasstourisminWestEuropeancountriesbegantodevelopjustinthose days5)．ＩｔｗａｓｓｔｉｌｌｔｏｏｅａｒｌｙｆｂｒＴｕｒｋｅｙｔｏａttractalargenumberoffbreigntourists
fi｢omWestEuropeancountries・
AccordingtotheMinistryofTouris、（1995a),itwasatlastinthel970sthat
theTurkishgovernmenttookafaidyseriousinterestintourism・Thisreportdoes
not,however,explainitinanydetaiLThepresentauthorinterviewedafbrmerofH- cialoftheMinistryofTourismandlnfbrmationinsummerl996・Thisinfbrmedman hadworkedattheDepartmentofPlanningintheministrybetweｅｎｌ９７１ａｎｄｌ９８１ Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｈｉｍ,responsibilityfbrplanningthepromotionofinternationaltourism washeldnotbythatministry，butbytheStatePlanningOrganizationuntill972・ThisorganizationentrustedaDanishconsultantcompanywithdevelopmentplanning oftourismcenterswithfacilitiesfbraccommodation,etc.,atanumberofplacesalong theAegeanandMediterraneancoasts・Asaresult,aseriesofreportswereissuedand StatePlanningOrganization（1971）wasoneexampleTheTurkishgovernment，
however,ｄｉｄｎｏｔａｄｏｐｔｔｈｅｐｌａｎｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄｂｙｔｈeDanishconsultantcompany、Ac- cordingtotheex-offIcial，ｔｈｅｒｅａｓｏｎｗａｓｔｈｅｂａｄｑｕａｌｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅplanning・Ｔｈｅ
7７
DcvclopmcntoflntcrnationalTourismillTurkey
consultantcompanypresentedplanstoconstructhigh-risehotelsineverytourist center、TheTurkishgovernmentdidnotwelcｏｍｅｓｕｃｈａｐｌａｎ，Ｗｅｍａｙｗｅｌｌ,ｈｏｗ‐
ever,guessthattherealreasonfbrtherejectionmighthavebeenafmancialproblem BefbreinfrastructuresuchａｓａｒｏａｄｏｆｈｉｇｈｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｂｅｔweenAntalyathrough KemertoKaswasprovided,aholidayvillagewasalreadyopenedatthebeginningof thel970sinKemer・Ｋｅｍｅｒｉｓｌｏｃａｔｅｄａｂｏｕｔ４０ｋｍｓｏｕｔｈｏｆthecityofAntalyaand iscentrallysituatedmSouthAntalyaTheholidayvillagewasconstructedjointlyby anItaliancompanyandaTurkishba､ｋltwasmanagedjointlybytheltaliancom-
panyandClubM6diterranee,aFrenchenterprise（Rauh,1979,s､50)．Afterthis
holidayviUagewasopened,theTurkishgovemmentstartedtodeveloptheinfiFastruc- turefbrSouthAntalya・Itbegantoplanitsdevelopmentinl974andobtainedfinan‐cialsupportof26millionUSdoUarsけomtheWorldBankinl976・Theconstruction oftheroadwasHniｓｈｅｄｉｎｌ９７８,ｂｕｔｏｎｌｙａｓｆｈｒａｓＫｅｍｅｒ・Internationaltourismin Antalyaprovincedidnotｂｅｃｏｍｅｍａｓｓｔｏｕｒｉｓｍｙｅｔｉｎｔｈｅｌ９７０ｓ・Accordingtoa personwhowaspresidentoftheregionalexecutivecommiｔｔｅｅｉｎＡｎｔａｌｙａｏｆ ＴＵＲＳＡＢ６)ｉｎ1995,anumberoffbreigntouristsbegantovisittheAntalyaprovince inthefbｒｍｏｆｓｔｕｄｙｔｏｕｒｓｆｂｒｔheancientheritageinl974TheHrststudytour travelinginthisprovincewasorganizedbyaGermantouroperator,Studiosus・This typeoftravelcannotbe,however,calledmasstourism,becausethenumberofpartici‐
pantsinthestudytourwasrestrictedanditwasratherexpensive7)．
Inspiteofunftworableeconomicandpoliticalconditions,theMinistryofTour‐
ismandInfbrmationmadeeveryeffbrtinthel970stopromoteinternationaltourism toTurkey・ThedevelopmentofinfiPastructurementionedabovewasoneexample・
RobinsonClub,asubsidiaryofTUI8),wasopenedafterthecompletionoftheinfiPa‐
structureinSouthAntalya（accordingtothemterviewwiththeex-ofHcial)．Ｔｈｉｓ ｍｉｇｈｔｗｅｌｌｂｅａｆｒｕｉｔｏｆｔｈｅｐｏｌｉｃｙ・Localgovernmentwasalsoeagertopromote internationaltourismbythｅｅｎｄｏｆｔｈｅｌ９７０ｓ、ThemayorofAntalya，fbrexample，
visitedCologne,ＷｅｓｔGermany,inl978andthroughatelevisionbroadcastappealed tohiscountrymenworkingtheretocomebacktoTurkeyandtoinvestinthetourism sectorwiththeirsavings・Hepromisedeverysupport，iftheyinvestedinAntalya・
Respondingtothemayor，sappeal,ａＴｕｒｋｉｓｈｇｕｅｓｔｗｏｒｋｅｒｗｈｏｈａｄｃｏｍｅｆromcen‐
tralAnatoliaandbeenemployedbyacompanyinthesuburbsofDUsseldorf;came backtoAntalyainordertomanagｅａｐe"sjO"、However,ｔｈｅｒｅｗｅｒｅｏｎｌｙａｆｅｗｃａｓｅｓ ａｓｓｕｃｈｉｎAntalya,ａｓｆａｒａｓｔｈｅｒｅｔｕｒｎｅｅｋｎｏｗｓ・Ｈｅｗａｓｎｏｔａｇｕｅｓｔｗｏｒｋｅｒａｎｙ ｍｏｒｅ,justbefbrehecamebacktoAntalya・Hehadresignedhiscompanyinl976and
managedapubinthesuburbsofDiisseldorf（Interviewwiththereturneelivingin
Antalya)．AsshowninFig・Lbetweenl973andl982,therewasnoremarkableprogressof internationaltourismintoTurkey，becauseoftheHrstoilcrisis，outbreakofthe Cyprusproblem,andtherestrictedbudgetoftheministry・Ｉｔｗａｓｎｏｔｔｉｌｌｔｈｅｌ９８０ｓ ｔｈａｔｔｈｅＴｕｒkishgovemmentlaunchedaseriousdevelopmentpolicyfbrintemational tourism（MinistryofTourism,1995a,ｐ82)．Amilitarycoz‘ｐｄ過ｍ【ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄｉｎＳｅｐ－
ｔｅｍｂｅｒｌ９８０ａｎｄａgovernmentnominatedbythemilitarycontrolledthecountryuntil Decemberl983（Cevik,1993,ｐ､39,ｐｐ」19-120)．Underthisregime，),Turkeystarted promotingintemationaltourisminearnest、TheMinistryofTourismandInfbrma‐
tionwasreorganizedandtheMinistｒｙｏｆＣｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄＴｏｕｒｉｓｍｗａｓｂｏｒｎｉｎ1980．
Culturalheritageandmuseumsareattractionsfbrinternationaltourists・Ｔｈｅ
7８
Fig.５MainresortcitiesandareasinTurkey
１
Georgia ー･〆、－－－．．タヘ げ
、）ＡｒｍｅｎＩａ
Ｉ
－．－･ヘ ロ－０、｡ハ､
（、
、
、
、Ｉｒａｎ
ｒ
～.』
１
．ノレ,'－－－〆~７′ヘｂゾ９，
．－－－ヴ
ノＩｒａｑ ３１￣可Ｃ
八
、傘】バラ
…哨濤i;臘J鞠mii=蓋讓
T11eMedite｢rane2nSea
governmentrealizedthisfactandamalgamatedthesectionfbrtourismpromotion andtheMinistryofCultureintothenewministry（interviewwiththeDirectorateof lnfbrmation,MinistryofTourism,inAugustl996)．
Aquestionofvitalimportancefbrreceivingcountriesofinternationaltourismis whetherthereareenoughaccommodationfncilitiesoftheintemationalstandardto welcomefbreigntouristaThebedcapacityinTurkeywasonlyabout45,OOOinl976，
includingalsomotels，holidayvillages,ｐｅ"SJC"sbcampingplaces，aparthotels，ｉｎnｓ
(obeﾜ)andsoon(StatistischesBundesamt,1989,s95)．Therewereonlyafewcities
whichhadmorethanLOOObedsinthemidl970s,namelylstanbul,Ankara,IzmirandKuSadasLAccommodationcapacitywasratherlargerinAntalya，A1anyaand
MarmaristhanintheotherplacesalongtheAegeanandMediterraneancoasts，but therewereonlybetween500andl,OOObedsinthesethreecities（Ritter,1977,ｓ38)．ＨUtterothwritesthatonlyKuSadasl,Cesme,MarmarisandBodrumattractedalotof fbreigntouristsamongtheAegeanandMediterraneancoastalregionｓｉｎｔｈｅｌ９７０ｓ・
Ｉｔｗａｓｎｏｔｔｉｌｌａｂｏｕｔｌ９８０ｔｈａｔｔｗｏｃｉtiesalongtheMediterraneanSea，Antalyaand Alanya,joinedthosesmallcitiesalongtheAegeanSeａａｓｒｅｓｏｒｔｓ（Hiitteroth，1982,
s､446)．AccordingtotheTurkmentionedabovewhoreturnedtoAntalyawiththe
aimofparticipationinthetourismindustry，ｔｈｅｒｅｗｅｒｅｏｎｌｙｔｗｏｈｏｔｅｌｓａｎｄｆＷｅ ｐｅ"sわ"swhichcouldofTerfbreigntouristsaccommodationofEuropeanstandaｒｄｉｎｔｈｅｃｉｔｙｏｆＡｎｔａｌｙａａｔｔｈｅｂｅｇｉｎningofthel980s・
TheTurkishgovernmentenactedtheTourismEncouragemｅｎｔＬａｗＮｏ・Ｚ６３４ｉｎ
ｌ９８２ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｐｒｏｍｏｔｅinternationaltourism・Underthislaw,touristregions,arEas andcentersweredesignatedandinvestmentintourismfacilitieswasencouraged (Cevik,1986,pp281-287),whilethestateitselfwastobeinchargeofinvestmentin infi｢astructure、ThedesignatedtourismregionsextendsalongtheAegeanandMedi-
terraneancoastlinefiPomCanakkaletoMersinwithawidthofthreekm,includingCappadociaonthebasisofthe“TourismDevelopmentStudyofWestemTurkey”ａ､ｄ
"PhysicalStudyfbrTourisminTurkey，，（Cevik,1986,pp272)．Inspiteofthese
governmentmeasures,thenumberofbedsincreasedonlyslightlyfiPomjustover50,OＯＯｉｎｌ９７９（Cevik，1982,ｐ422）ｔｏ64,ＯＯＯｉｎｌ９８３ｉｎｔｈｅｗｈｏｌｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ (StatistischesBundesamt,1989,ｓ９５)．BecausetheTurkishgovernmenthadalready
7９
ＤcvcIopmentofIntermltionaITou｢isminTurkcy
plannedconstructionofabout600,OOObedsTab､３Plannedbedcapacityinthe capacityinthosedesignatedregions(Tab３）areasdesignatedfOrtourism andwantedtoaccomplishthetargetas Tourismarea
quicklyaspossible，itamendedpoliciesfbr
internatioｎａｌｔｏｕｒｉｓｍｉｎｌ９８３ａｎｄｂｅｃａｍｅＥｄｒｅｍit-Burbaniye
moreeagertoencourageinvestmentnotonly Ayvallk-KU9ijkk6y-Altmova
Plannedbed capacity
的叩、卯叩伽犯犯、⑭、卯切刃皿、伽叩６０４０８７０２１０３５２３１１９０ ９７９９９９７７９９９７Ｐ９りりザ９４６８６６０１２３９７０００５５２５ ４１３６７５３１１１１８２２５１１
価｡mdomesti…pitalbutaIsoけ｡mib伽：:騨冊:MilWl
sources（Cevik，1986,pp268)．Theex- CeSme-Karaburun
olYiciaｌｏｆｔｈｅＭｉｎｉｓｔｒｙｏｆＴｏｕｒｉｓｍａｎｄｌｎ‐Selle｢ihisar-Dilek fbrmationsaidthattherealpromotionoftheYenihisar-OijI1ijk-AkbUk tourismindustrybeganunderthegovem‐Bodrum-Karatoprak
mentfbrmedbyOzalafterthedemocraticG6kova-K6rmezi
Dat9a
generalelectionin1983． Marmaris-Bozbumn
Sincethen,theTurkishgovernmenthasK6ycegiz
oHbredfbreignanddomesticcompaniessev‐Fethiye-Dalaman
eralkindsofincentivesfbrinvestmentintheKas-Finike-Kumluca
constructionandmanagementoftouristfa‐SouthAmalya
Serik-Manavgat
cilities,providedthattheinvestorsfillfnlcer-
tainc・nditionoinⅡel帥iontothelizeof3鯛::｡.'i，i､…
investment・Theinvestorscanenjoythe
Total
benefitsofthefbllowingincentives： ’594,400
●allocationofpubliclandfbrthecon-sourcc:Cevik（1986,ｐ､276）
structionoftouristfacilitiesonlong-termlease，
●long-termloanswithlowerinterestfromtheTourismBankIo),ｕｐｔｏ６０ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ ｏｆｔｈｅｔｏｔａｌｉｎｖｅｓｔｍentcost，
●low-interestandlong-tennloanshromtheTourismDevelopmentFund(ｕｐｔｏｌ５ ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｔｏｔａｌｉｎｖｅｓｔｍentcostfbrcapacitiesover300beds，
●exporterrights，
●permissiontoemployfbreignpersonnelandartists，
●discounttarifTratesonwater,electricityandgasprices，
●priorityinaUocationoftelephone,ftlxandtelexlines，
●customstaxexemption:ｍｅchanicalorelectronicequipments，andotherneces‐
saryequipmentsormaterialsnotproducedlocally,aresubjecttocustomsduties exemptio､，
●mvestmentallowancefromtheStatePlanningOrganization，
●propertytaxexemptionfbrfWeyears，
●transfbrabilityoftheproHtfbrfbreigninvestors，
●fbreignexchangeretentionquotas:apercentageoffbreignexchangeearnedby touristestablishmentsmayberetainedbytheinvestorsandusedfbressential importsrequirEdfbroperation，
●corporationincometaxexemption：ｍａｘｉｍｕｍ２０ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｆｂｒｅｉｇｍｅx- changeearningsoftouristestablishmentisdeductedfromthetotalgrossprofit subjecttotaxation，
●cashrebatewhichisprovidedbytheＣｅｎｔｒａｌＢａｎｋｏｆＴｕｒｋｅｙｕｐｔｏ２０ｐｅｒｃｅnt offixedinvestmentcostincashaｓｍｅａｎｓｏｆｆｍａncialsupport．（Cevik,1986, pp278-279）
Foreigninvestorsmayhaveanequitｙｓｈａｒｅｕｐｔｏ４９ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｔｏｔａｌｉnvestment
8０
lmcreaseinbedcapacityamdestablishmentsfOraccommodationinTurkey,fToml976tol994
Fig.６
300,000 1,800
ｐＮｕｍｂｃｒｏ
1,600 250,000
1,400
2000000 1,200
1,000 150,000
800
100,000 600
霞鰯 lii
蕊
400 50,000ZOO
０ 0
’９７６１９８０１９８３１９８４１９８５１９８６１９８７１９８８１９８９１９９０１９９１１９９Ｚ１９９３１９９４
Ｙｃａｒ
Ｓｏｕｒｃｃ：Ministryｏ「Tourism，ＧencmlDircctoralcoflnvcstmcnts．、cpartmcntofRcsearchamdEvnluation
（1995):Ｂ邸ﾉﾉbrinqルｄｃｍｍｍｏＺｍｍｎＳｍｌＭ“ノリpf
StalistischcsBundcsamt（1989）し□"｡"be｢たﾊﾉﾌWrAeiノリ８９MclzlerPocscbeLStuttgart,S95
fbraccommodationftlcilities,ifthesehavebedcapacitybetweenlＯＯａｎｄ２００、Ifthe
bedcapacityismorethan200，fbreigninvestorscanhaveanequityshareuptolOO
percentofthetotalinvestment（Cevik,1986,pP278)．Accommodationfacilitieshavebeenconstructedoneafteranotherfbrｔｈｅｐｒｏ‐
motionofinternationaltourismsiｎｃｅｔｈｅｍｉｄｌ９８０ｓ、Theex-ofTicialmentioned
above,fbrexample,resignedfiPomtheministryinl981ａｎｄｃａｍｅｔｏＡｎｔａｌｙａｉｎｌ９８４ ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔoestablishanautocampwithvariousfncilitiessuchasarestaurant,ａｓｗｉｍ‐
ｍｉｎｇｐｏｏｌａｎｄｓｏｏｎＨｅｏｐｅｎｅｄｈｉｓａｕｔｏｃａｍｐｉｎｌ９８６ｉｎＢｅｌｄｉｂｉ，asmallhamlet locatedbetweenthecityofAntalyaandKemer、
Ａｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｔｈｅ“encouragementpolicy,，oftheTurkishgovernment,thecapac- ityofaccommodationhasmcreasedveryrapidlysincel986（Fig.６)．Itincreased mostinAntalya,fbllowedbyMu2la,amongalltheprovincesinTurkey・The Antalyaprovincehasnowalmosttwiceasmanybedsintouristfthcilitieslicensedby theMinistryofTourismasdoesIstanbuLMoreovertheaveragesizeofhotelsis largerinAntalyathaninanyotherprovince・WithinAntalyaprovince,Kemerand
Alanyaareheadandshoulｄｅｒｓａｂｏｖｅｔｈｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｂeds・Ｏｎｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｈａｎｄ，thesizeofhotels，ｈｏｌｉｄａｙｖｉｌｌａｇｃｓａｎｄｓｏｏｎｉｓｍｕｃｈｌａTgerinSerik，Sideand
ManavgatthaninKemerandAlanya（Tab､４)．Ｉｔｉｓｎｏｔｃｌｅａｒｗｈｅｔｈｅｒｔｈｅｍａｉｎｓｏｕ1℃eofinvestmentintourismfacilitieswas eitherfbreigncompaniesordomesticonesltis,however,certainthattheUSAand
Germanypreponderateoveranyotherfbreignsources・Andamongdomesticcapital，
theownersoflarge-sizedtextileandconstructioncompanieshaveinvestedeagerlyin theinternationaltourismsector,especiallyinAntalyaprovince・Anumberofluxury hotelsinthisprovincewereinhandofsuchpeople（accordingtointerviewswith
８１
DcvclopmentofInternationalTourisminTurkcy
Tab,４Bedcapacityandestablishmentsinmaintourismdistricts，１９９４
NameordistrictlNameofprovinceNumbcrorbcdsl･SMI;職跳
estab1ishment DeosPer CaluakkaIeMerkez 1,060 1１ 96.4
CanakkaletotaI BaIIkesir
１，５３１ 2,455
1７ 90.1
AyvaI1k 1５ 163.7
146.0 107.7 102.1 1219 Burhaniye
Ed頤ｍｉｔ Ｅｒｄｅｋ
Ｕ
1２ １０ ５６ 1,292
1,021 6,829
二
Ballkesirtotal lzmir
Konak CeSme Fo9a Menderes Sefとrihisar SelGuk
5,983 4,025 １，１０９ 1,060 １，，１２ 884 16,423
４４５０９２》３３２１１》ｌ》Ｉ
176.0 167.7 221.8 106.0 212.4 73.7 145.3 lzmirtotal
Aydln 15,757
1,330 18,726 Kusadasl
Didim
７５ １ １０６
210.1 147.8 176.7
Aydlntotal
MuEla 10,962
1,598 6979 653 14,982 963 36,649 7,523 21,507
恥７刀６％５－麺一“皿 127.5
228.3 258.5 108.8 156.1 192.６ １５７．３ Bodrum
Dat9a Fethiye K6ycegiz Marmaris Milas
Mu21atotal
Antalya 1１５．７
１９５．５ 59.3 264.7 393.3 642.2 468.4 228.8 Merkez
Alanya KaS Kemer Manavgat
「１Ｌ」
1,9（
8６５
141.8 122.３ 181.7 190.5 2,096 11
187.6
5.629 3０
Nevsehirtotal
蛎一皿一画
38,486 2６１ 9,353 251,230 lstanbul
Ankara
Turkeysurveyed
6７ 1,614
Soul℃e：MinistryofTourism,GencralDirectoratco｢Investmcnts、DcpaTtmento｢Rcsear℃handEvalualiOm
（1995):β"比"〃q/d“0mmoumljDPjSmtjMたぷノ'９９．
8２
variousexperts)．Itisnoticeablethatthetextileindustrycapitalisakeyfbrthe acquisitionoffbreigncurrencyinthetourismsectoraswellasinthemanuftlcturing
sector、
MasstourismbeganinAntalyainl985．TheHrstpackagetourtoAntalyafbr thegeneralpublicwasorganizedbyaGermantouroperator，Necke1man、
(ＮＵＲ)'１》・SincethenmoreandmorefbreigntouristshavecometoTurkey,espe‐
ciallytoAntalyaprovince・Thiswaspossiblepartlybecausefbreignanddomestic companiesinvestedheavilyinthisprovince・Butinvestmentbyprivatecompaniesis notasufY1cientconditionfbrthedevelopmentofinternationaltourism、Notonly accommodationsbutalsomaｎｐｏｗｅｒｈａｄｔｏｂｅｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄｆｂｒｔｈｅｔｏｕrismsector・The Turkishgovernmentplaysanimportantroleinthissphereaswell,andhassupported manpowertrainingltis,fbrexample,animportantpolicytotraintravelguideswho canexplainTurkishcultureandheritageaccuratelyinfbreignlanguagesaswellas othermanpowerfbrthetourismindustrysuchascooksandhotelstafY：
ＡｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅＴｕｒｋｗｈｏｂｅｇａｎｔｏｍａnageape"sio〃inAntalyainl980，the MinistryofTourismandCultureｏｆ化redatrainingcoursefbrtravelguidesfbrthe HrsttimefbrAntalyaprovinceinl980・Z8personspauticipatedinthecourseafterthe successfillentranceexamination,and24passedthegraduationexaminationMostof
themwereEnglish-languagetravelguides・Therewerealsotwotrave1guidesfbr
Gennanamongthe24persons・BothwerereturneeshomGermanyandoneofthem wastheownerofthepe"sjo"・Ａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅ２４,manytravelguideswereteachersatノパeorseniorhighschools、AccordingtotheDirectorateoflnfbrmationoftheMinistry ofTourism，thetrainingcourseisnotalwaysavailable、Therearenowplentyof
travelguidesinsomeEuropeanlanguages，Ｂｕtasmanytouristshavevisitedfirom Russiaandlsrael,thereisashortageoftravelguidesfbrRussianandHebrewThere-fbr,theministryrecentlyopenedtrainingcoursesfbrtravelguidesintheselanguages、
ItisverydifY1culttoenterthetrainingcoursq・Candidatesfbrtravelguidesshoulｄ
ｈａｖeconversationalabilityinafbreignlanguageandknowledgetothelevelofuni- versitystudents・AccordingtotheRepresentativeoftheAssociationofTravelGuidesinAntalya,ａｂｏｕｔ４８０ｐｅｒｓｏｎｓａｒｅｎｏｗｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｏｆthisorganizationThere
are266travelguidesfbrtheGermanlanguage，l57fbrEnglisｈａｎｄ４１ｆｂｒＦｒｅｎｃｈＴｈｅｔｒａｉｍｎｇｃｏｕｒｓｅｓｆｂｒｃｏｏｋｓａｎｄｈｏｔｅｌｓｔａｆｆａｒｅａｌｗａysavailableintwelve places、ManyofthemarelocatedinsmalltownsalongtheAegeanandtheMediter‐
raneansuchasSelPuk,AlaCatlandKemerbesideslargecitiessuchasAnkara,Istan-
bul，IzmirandAntalya、Aboutl500personsaretrainedatthecoursesannually・Ｉｔ ｗａｓｔｈｅｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｉｌｇＯｆｔｈｅｌ９８０ｓｔｈattheministryinchargeoftourismpromotion begantoopenthecourses(accordingtotheDirectorateoflnfbrmation,Ministryof
Tourism)．
1,1989,theMinistryofTourismandCulturewasdividedintotheMinistryof
TourismandtheMinistryofCulture・Thisreorganizationdoesnotmeanachangeof tourismpolicy、Itismerelyaresultofcabinetchanges,accordingtotheDirectorate
oflnfbrmation,MinistryofTourism，TheMinistryofTourismnotonlysupports constructionofaccommodationfacilities，butalsosupervisestheirmanagementso thatthequalityofaccommodationshouldbemaintained・Withmtheministry,there isasectionwhichisresponsiblefbrtheinspectionofhotels，hollidayvillagesandso on・Travelagenciesandtheirassociationarealsostrictlycontrolledbytheministry・
ＴＵＲＳＡＢｗａｓｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｉｎｌ９７２ａｃｃｏrｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｃＬａｗＮｏｌ６１８ｗｈｉｃｈｈａｓｔｈｃ
8３
DeveIopmcnto『ImcmatiolualTourismiIuTurkcy
purposeofregulatingthetourismindustryandtheoperationoftravelagencies（Ａｓ‐
sociationofTurkishTravelAgencies,1994,ｐ､3)．
PublicityisalsodecisivefbrthedevelopmentofinternationaltourisminTurkey・
TheTurkishgovemmentplaysanimportantroleinthesphereofmarketin9．The MinistryofTourismhasspentfromZOmillionto30millionUSdollarsannuallyin recentyearsfbrparticipationinvariousinternational、irsfbrtourism,invitingjour‐
nalistshomvariouscountriesfbrtravelwithinTurkey，andadvertisinginfbreign newspapersandmagazines・Inl995itspent34miUionUSdollars（accordingtothe Directorateoflnfbnnation,MinistryofTourism)．TherearenowinfbrmationofL ficesoftheMinistryofTourismabroadintwelltycountries、Theministryhasthree ofTicesinGermany,namelyinFrankfUrtamMain,MunichandBerlin・IntheUSA thereareTurkishinfbrmationofHcesfbrtourismintwocities,ａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｉｓｏｎｌｙｏｎｅ ｏｆＴｉｃｅｉｎｅａｃｈｏftheothercountries・BecausethereweretwooffIcesalreａｄｙｉｎｔｈｅ ｍｉｄｌ９８０ｓｏｎｌｙｉｎＧｅｌｍａｎｙａmongHfteencountrieswheretheministrylocatedits branchofHcesabroad（Cevik，1986,Ｐ293)，itisclearthatGermanyhasbeenthe mostimportantmarketfbrthetourismindustryinTurkey．
4．Crisesofinternationaltourisminｔｈｅｌ９９０ｓａｎｄｔｈｅｒｏｌｅ ｏｆｔｏｕｒｏｐｅｒａｔｏｒｓ
Aswehavealreadyseen,thenumberoffbreigntouristsHuctuatedconsiderably・
Thereisnodoubtthatpoliticalconditionshavebeenresponsiblefbrthis・Turkey witnessedasharpincreaseiｎｆｂｒｅｉｇｎｔｏｕｒｉｓｔｓｉｎｌ９９２Ｔｈｉｓｗａｓａttributedpartlyto thecivilwarinfbrmerYugoslaviawhichbrokeoutiｎＪunel991withtheindepend‐
encedeclarationsofSloveniaandCroatiaasatrigger，extendingtoBosnia- Herzegovinainl992TouristswhohadbeencustomersfbrfbrmerYugoslaviahad togotoanothercountry,iftheywantedtoenjoytheirvacationalongtheMediterra‐
neancoast・ＴｈｅＧｕｌｆＷａｒｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｌ９９０ａｎｄｌ９９１ａｎｄｉｔｓｅｎｄｈａｄｓｏｍｅｉｎＨｕｅｎｃeon
thestagnationofthenumberoffbreigntouristsinl991anditsrapidgrowthinl992，
ａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｔｈｅｃｉｖｎｗａｒｉｎｆｂｒｍｅｒＹｕｇｏslavia、
ThecivilwarinthefbrmerYugoslavianareachangedthestreamoftourists fiPomWestEuropeancountriestoTurkey・Befbretheciviｌwar，ａｌａｒｇｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆ ｔｏｕｒｉｓｔｓｃａｍｅｔｏＴｕrkeythroughthefbrmerYugoslavianterritorybyautomobile、
Ｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｄａｎｇｅｒｉｎｔｈａｔａｒｅａａｎｄｂｅcauseofthecostofadetour，fbrexample throughltalyandbycarfbrry，thenumberofindividualtouristswithautomobiles decreasedgreatly、Instead,holidaypackagetouristswhocometoTurkeybyairplane haveincreased、Suchholidaypackagesareusuallycombinedwithhotelsofhigher standard・BecauseｏｆｔｈｉｓｉｔｈａｓｂｅｃｏｍｅｍｏｒｅａｎｄｍｏｒｅｄｉfTiculttomanagesmall- sizedpe"sio"SMostpe"JIC"slocatedintheoldcity,Kalei9i,ofAntalya,sufTerfTom unproHtabilitybecausetouroperatorsguidetouriststohotelsbymeansofholiday packagesinwhichairplaneandhotelarecombinedTheTurkmentionedabovewho runsape"sjo〃inAntalyahasrecognizedthatthesituationhaschanged，ａｎｄｈａｓ ｄｅｃｉｄｅｄｔｏｒｅｔｉｒｅａｎｄｔｏｈａｎｄoverthemanagementofhispe"Ｓｍ〃ｉｎｌ997．Ｈｉｓｓｏｎ
ｈａｄｎｏｗｉｓｈｔｏｔａｋｅｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｂｕsiness・
However，ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅａｌｓｏｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｆｂｒｔｈｅｔｏｕｒoperatorsandhotelsofhigher standardwhichorganizepackageholidaysandpromotemasstourismThese
8４
problemshavebecomeparticularlyapparentsincel993・Politicalconditionsbrought abouｔｔｈｅｓｕｄｄｅｎｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏffbreigntouristsinthisyearandtｈｅｓｔａｇ－
ｎａｔｉｏｎｉｎｌ９９４ＴｈｉｓｗａｓｎｏｔｄｕｅｔｏｃｏｎＨｉｃｔｓｉｎｆｂｒｅｉｇｎｃｏｕｎtries,ｂｕｔｔｏｔｈｅｏｎｅｉｎ ＴｕｒｋｅｙｉｔｓｅｌｆＴｈｅｒｅhadactuallybeenacaseofabductionofGennantouristsin EasternTurkeybyaterroristgroupinl991（Ｂｉ/仏３．Ａｕ9.1991lFurthermore，
conditionsbecameworseinthemaincentersofinternationaltourisminTurkey duringl993・TheclashbetweentheTurkishgovernｍｅｎｔａｎｄＰＫＫ（Partyof
KurdishWorkers）becameintensined
AtthebeginningｏｆＭａｒｃｈｌ９９３,theTurkishairfbrcebombardedthedistrictof SoutheasternTurkeywhereKurdishpeoplelive(Sjjdae"rsCheZeiZzJ"８５.Marzl993；
８Miirzl993lOntheotherhand,thePKKthreatenedcitizensofWestEuropean
countries,especiallyofGermany,justbefbretheInternationalTourismFairheld annuallyinBerlin,iftheyshouldcometoTurkeyastourists（Ｄｉｅリソセノ４２５．Feb、
1993)．ThePKKinsiststhatthetourismindustryisoneofthemainresourceswhich enablesTurkeytopurchaseweaponslTomfbreigncountriesfbruseagainstKurdish
people，TherefbrethePKKhasdeclareditsintentiontoattacktouristfncilitiesin Turkey
AlthoughtheTurkishgovernmenthadassuredfbreigntouriststhattheywould notbeendangered(SijdtﾉezJncheZeirzJ"g)６．/7.Miirzl993),bythebeginningofApril about20,OOOGermanshadcanceledtheirpackageholidaybookingsinTurkeyin suｍｍｅｒｌ９９３,becausetheywereafiaidoftroubleｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ（Bi/d,Ｚ・April l993)．Furthercancellationinrapidsuccessionwasalsocausedbyaseriesofbomb attackinseveralcities,includinglstanbul,ｉｎｔｈｅｍｉｄｄｌｅｏｆＭａｒｃｈ，ｗｈｉｃｈａｐｐｅａｒｅｄ ｔｏｂｅｔｈｅｗｏｒｋｎｏｔｏｆｔｈｅＰＫＫ,ｂｕｔｏｆｓｏｍｅｏｔｈｅｒｒａｄｉｃａｌｇｒｏｕｐ（Sijdae"rscﾉｉｅ
Ｚｅｉｍ"817.Miirzl993)．
Ｏｎ２７Ｊｕｎｅ,therewereseveralterroristattacksinAntalya・Bombsexplodedat severaltouristsｉｔｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｃｉｔｙｏｆＡｎｔａｌｙａｏｎｅａｆｔｅｒanother，andmorethantwenty persons，includingnineGermans,werewounded（Sjj“ezJ応cAeZejtzJ"９，２９．Juni
l993a;ＤｉｅﾘﾘﾉｾﾉＬ３０Ｊｕｎｉｌ９９３)．Anumberoflarge-sizedGermantouroperators immediatelyreactedtothisoccurrencebypromisingthattheircustomerscould changetheirpackageholidaybookingsfromTurkeytoanothercountry，ifthey shouldstarttheirholidaytourbefOre5July（SijddemscheZeiZzJ"８２９.Junil993b；
Ｄｉｅﾘﾘﾉbm30Junil993)．TherewerefilrtherbombexplosionsinJuly（Ｄｉｅリリゼノム１９．
Julil993l
ThetroublesoverKurdishpeopleinTurkeyinHuencedthedecision-makingof Germantouristsｉｎｌ９９４ａｓｗｅｌＬＡｑｕａｌｉｔｙｎｅｗｓｐａｐｅｒｉ、Germany，fbrexample，
reportedaboutaseriesoftroublesinTurkey,althoughitalsodescribedthecharmof
holidaytoursinthiscountry（Sjjdde"ｍｈｅＺｅｊｍ"gb3・Mail994)．Thenumberof bookmgsdecreasedrapidlyatsomelargetouroperatorsinGermany・Transairand rjaereborgexperiencedmorethan50percentfallsinbooking,andC1ubAldiana，
whichwaslocatedinTurkeyandbeloｎｇｅｄｔｏＮＵＲ，ｈａｄtobeclosedbecauseofthe
sharpdecreaseofbookingsbyGermanpeople，RobinsonClub，whichbelongedto TUI,wasalsoclosedtemporarily.（D化/ｒＱｍＳｏ""、３２２.Mail994)．
TheMmistryofTourismadoptedapolicyofgivingfbreigntouroperatorssub- sidies,iftheybecameactiveinmarketmgtourismfbrTurkeyintheircountries・If theyplacedadvertisementsfbrTurkishholidaypackagesinnewspapersandmaga‐
zines,theministrygavethemsubsidies,covering50percentofthecost・Ｉｔａｌｓｏｂｏｒｅ
8５
DevcIopmento『IntcrnationalTourisminTurkcy
tenpercentoftheprintingcostofcataloguesfbrpackageholidaysinTurkey・These incentiveswereofTeredonlytotouroperatorslocatedinfbreigncountriesandonlyin
l993andl994・
Ｔｏｕｒoperatorsandhotelsadoptedastrategyofpricereductioninordertocope withthesharpfallinbookings、１，１994,onecouldbuyaone-weekholidaypackage atafbur-starhotel,includingHightcostbetweenanyGermancityandAntalya,ａｔｔｈｅ ｐｒｉｃｅｏｆＤＭ700,-,ｅｖｅｎｉｎｓｕｍｍｅｒ・Ｔｈｉｓｐｒｉｃｅｗａｓａｂｏｕｔ３０ｐｅｒｃｅｍｔｃｈｅａperthan packageholidaysinSpain,GreeceorItaly、Itwasagreatdiscount，ｂｅｃａｕｓｅｉｔｃｏｓｔ ｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎＤＭ600,-ｔｏＨｙｂｅｔｗｅｅｎａＧｅｒｍａｎｃｉｔｙａｎｄＡｎｔａｌyabyacharterairplane inl994(Ｄｉｅ賑ノム１０.Junil994)．
AccordingtoHUm6mge7Abe"｡bﾉｍｒ（11.Junil994)，sometouroperatorsofL feredapackageholidaywhichwassteeplydiscoｕｎｔｅｄｄｏｗｎｔｏｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ２０ａｎｄ４０ｐｅｒ cent，inordertoobtaincustomers，whilethereweretouroperatorswhichdidnot implementsuchapolicy・NURexperienceda64percentdecreaseofbookingbe- causeofthelatterpolicy、ＬＴＵ,thelargestcharterflightcompanyinGermanyhad toreducethenumberofHightsbetweenGermanyandTurkeyfi｢ｏｍ２４ｔｏｌ８ｐｅｒ ｗｅｅｋＴｈａｔｄｉｓｃｏｕｎｔｗａｓanimportantreasonwhyRussianandIsraeliaswellas Britishtouristsincreasedrapidlyinl994incompanｓｏｎｗｉｔｈｉｎｌ９９３、
Accordingtoothernewspapers，Ｇｅｒｍａｎtouristsfbrthesummervacationde‐
creasedbyabouthalfto600,000,inl994AsuccessfillTurkishcharterflightcom‐
pany,ＳｕｎExpress,ｈａｄｔｏｃｕｔｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆＨｉｇｈｔｓｆｒｏｍ６５ｔｏｌ２ｐｅｒｗｅｅｋＴｈｅ ｐｒｉｃｅｏｆａｏｎｅ－ｗｅｅｋpackageholidayfblltoDM500,-,whichwasnolongerprofitable、
Suchdiscountingofholidaypackageswas,however,、otonIyduetothedecreasein demand・ThesecretarygeneraloftheAssociationofHoteliersintheMediterranean RegionIz）commentedthatthehotelbusinesshadbeennotveryprofitableinthis regionsincesomeyearsago,becausetherehadbeenoversupplyofaccommodation Neverthelessalargenumberofnewhotelshasbeenconstructedcontinuously.（De7 nJge”jegdb8・Oktoberl994;Ｆ”"んん'[erRw"ｄＳｃｈｕＨ,１５.Oktoberl994）
Ｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｂｅｄｓｉｓ,however,muchfbwerinl994thanthatplannedbythe governmentatthebeginningoｆｔｈｅｌ９８０ｓ・Ｏｎｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｈａｎｄ，thereiscertainly oversupplyoftouristaccommodationalongtheAegeanandMediterraneancoasts，
Therefbre,theMinistryofTourismdoesnotthinknowthatmoreaccommodation facilitiesshouldbeconstructedalongtheAegeanandMeditenaneancoasts，１t・Will developregionsalongtheBlacｋＳｅａｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏａｔｔｒａｃtmorefbreigntouriststo Turkey(accordingtotheGeneralDirectorateofInfblmation,MinistryofTourism)．
ThepriceofpackageholidaysinTurｋｅｙｉｓｌｏｗｅｒｔｈａｎｉｎｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒＭｅｄｉｔｅrra‐
neancountriesandlowerthantheprofltableleveLIthasbecomemoreandmore difTicultfbrmediumandsmall-sizedtouroperatorsinfbreigncountriestosurvWein thehardcompetitionwithlarge-sizedoperators,iftheyprovideonlynormalpackage holidays・TherehavebeensomecasesofbankruptcyamongtheminGermany（ac- cordingtointerviewswiththesecretarygeneraloftheAssociationofTurkeyTour OperatorsinGermanyinAugustl996l
Themainactorsamongtouroperatorshavechangedi、recentyearsbecauseof thedifferentstrategyofadaptationtopoliticalconditionsandeconomiccircum‐
stances，Ｕｎｔｉｌｌ９９２，Germanpeopleboughtpackagetourproductsmainlyfromlarge Germantouroperators・Assalesoftheirproductsdecreased，somemedium-sized touroperatorsincreasedtheirsales(Ｔａｈ５)．TheseoperatorscallthemselvesTurkey
8６
