ＮＡＫＡＳＨＩＭＡＮａｒｉｈｉｓａ TanahULlyatandthePembangunanlssuesin

(1)

3１

TanahULlyatandthePembangunanlssuesin

WestSumatra＊

ＮＡＫＡＳＨＩＭＡＮａｒｉｈｉｓａ

1．Foreword

Ａｓｔａｎａｈｕｌａｙａｔ(communalland）hasbeenaveryimportant resourcefOrtheMinangkabaupeople,ｗｈｉｃｈｕｓｅｄｔｏｂｅｏｗｎｅｄｂｙｋａｕｍ (maximumlineage),ｓｕｋｕ(clan)ｏｒｎａｇ日ｒｊ(Village),landissueshavebeen veryseriousinWestSumatraBefOreSuharto1sfallinl9981andissuesin WestSumatrahavebeendiscussedamongkaummemberaorsuku members，ｏｒｂｅｔｗｅｅｎａｓｕｋｕａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｓｕｋｕ、Ｂｕｔtanahujayatissues afterSuharto1sdeclinearecharacterizedastheissuesbetweenpeopleand thegovernmentormilitary・UnderDutchcolonialismtanahulayathad beenleasedtoDutchcompanies・But,sincetheadventofNewOrder lndonesia，whenthePembangunanpolicywasinitiated，ａｌｏｔｏｆｔａｎａｈｕｌａｙａｔｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｕｓｅｄforPembangunansuchasmilitaryandstate businesSoffices，andresortareaswithoutanycompensationorrent・

Peoplehavenotbeenabletoclaimthｅｉｒｒｉｇｈｔｔｏｔｈｏｓｅｌａｎｄｓｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｗｉde-spreadviolenceofthegovernmentandmintaryoftheNewOrder・

ThusthepeoplesupportedReibmTasi（RefOrmation)｡andwhichgave peoplecourageenoughtoclaimtheirrighttotanahulayatB

TherehavebeenthreekindsoflandownershipinWestSumatra Oneistanahnegara（governmentland),thesecondisranahpribadj (privateland)，ａｎｄｔｈｅｔｈｉｒｄｉｓｔａｎａｈｕﾉayat、Itisestimatedthat approximately８０％ｏｆｔｈｅｌａｎｄｉｎｒｕｒａｌａｒｅａｓｏｆＷｅｓｔＳｕｍatraisstill designatedastanahu/ａｙａｔｈＡｓｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｓｔｉｌｌｏｎｌｙｓｍａｌｌａｍｏｕｎｔｓｏｆ

(2)

3２

tanahnegzlmandtanahpnbadj；thegovernmenttookoverthetanah ujatatwithoutanyconsensusofthemkyat（people)underthenameof Pembangunan（Development）Thepeople1srighttotanahulayatis outlinedinthearticles3and5ofmgzmgundangPbkokAgHrHjm(The PrincipleLawofAgriculture)，l960Nevertheless,theSuhartoregime utilizedthetanhaujayarfOrthedevelopmentwithoutanycompensation Peoplehadtoremainsilentjustbecauseoftheviolenceandterrorofthe NewOrderperiodAccordingtoPeIHtumnMentenlVGgHm(Regulation oftheMinistryofInnerAffairs)，ＮＣ`5,1999,whichbasicallyadmittedthe peopleisrightoftanahplayatbprescribesthatthisrightwouldnotincludｅＨＧＵ(HakGunaUSaha;usufruct)whichhadbeendesignatedpriortothat regulation,lmanypeoplewereverydisappointedinthisregulationasit makesitdifficulttomakelegitimatecｌａｉｍｓ

ＦｏｒｔｈｅｌａｓｔｔｗｏｙｅａｒｓＩｈａｖｅｂｅenconductingfieldsurveyson thistopicinWestSumatra:NagariMungqKabupatenLimapuluhKOta，

NagariKepalaHilalang,KabupatenPadang-PariamanandBukitGompong KabupatenSolok,ａｎｄｓｏ０，．２１fOundthatthetanahujayatissuesinthose caseshaveinvolvedviolence,terrorsandunder-the-tablenegotiations・By August2002morethanthirteenlocationsofWestSumatrahaveclaimeｄｔｈｅｉｒｒｉｇｈｔｏｖｅｒｔａｎａｈロノayat､３Ｔｈｅｐｏｉｎｔｓｃｏｎｃｌｕｄｅｄｆｒｏｍｍｙｏｂｓｅｒｖations,Iamcertain,arenotexception・Itisastonishingtorealize thatthepeoplehadreceivedalmostnobeneｆｉｔｓｄｕｒｍｇｔｈｅｔｉｍｅｏｆＮｅｗＯｒｄｅｒｌｎｄｏnesia，evenwhencomparedtothesituationｏｆｔａｎａｈｕﾉayat duringtheperiodofDutchcoloniahsm・Theyhavecomplainedthateven theDutchadmittedtheirrｉｇｈｔｔｏｔｈｅｔａｎａｈｕｍｙａムandaskwhythe PememrtahSaudara（brothergovernment)willnotacknowledgetheir right・ThisisacrucialquestionhowtheNewOrderlndonesiahad claimedtheirlegitimacyofutilizingtanahubyatJThisquestionmight explainwhytｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｐｏｌｉｃｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＮｅｗＯrderhadbeen maintainednotonlythroughthehegemonicStateldeologiesimposedby thecentralgovernment4butalsothroughdailyvioleｎｃｅｏｎｔｈｅｐａｒｔｏｆｔｈｅｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄｔｈｅｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ・Ｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｈａｖｅｂｅｃｏｍｅ

(3)

3３

suspiciousthatthedevelopmentpoliciesoftheNewOrderlndonesiawere notbasedonpublicinterest,butonprivateinterestsofthegovernment andmilitaryelite

ThetwocasesoMungoandBukitGompong・involvedcourtcases、

ＴｈｅｒｅsolutionoftheMungocasewassuspendedduetothelackof defendants、ＩｔｈａｓｎｏｔｂｅｅｎｅａｓｙｆＯｒｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｔｏwinthesecourtcaseS however､ｔｈｅｉｓｓｕｅｉｓｎｏｔｓｉｍｐｌｙｔｏｗｉｎｎｉｎｇｏｒlosingthetrialsRather,it seemsveryclearthatthesestruggleshavehelpedthepeopletoreaffirm theiridentityasMinangkabau・AsonceanagaJTwasrecoveredunderthe regionalautonomy,ａｌｌｔｈeapparatusofnagHnareinpositiｏｎｔｏｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｔｈｅｒｉｇｈｔｉｎｍｏｓｔｏｆｔｈｅcasesThosepeoplearenotopposeddevelopment itselfbuttheydemandalegitimateprocessofdecision-makingandproper compensationandincome・Ｔｈｉｓｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｓａｌｓｏｎｏｔｓｉｍｐｌｙａｎａssertionof regionalism；theyhaveneversaidthattheywanttogainindependence fromlndonesia，Rather,theyclaimthattheirrightoverthetanahubyar isclearlylegitimate,ａｎｄｉｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｉｒａｄａｔｂＡｎｄｔｈｅｙｅｍｐｈasizethat theirrightwasacknowledgedbyeventheDutchcolonialists，ＩｔｉｓｎｏｗｏｎｄｅｒｔｈａｔＲｅｉｂｒｍａｓｉａｎｄＤisentraljSaj（Decentralization）inthe regionscannotbeachievedunlesstheseissuesareresolvedproperly・

Withoutattentiontotheseissues，theywilltriggerrealregionalismand rebellionsinthenearfUture．

2.TerrorandvioIence,theMungoCase

ThetanahujayatofNagariMungo1whichwasdividedintoten desainl983basedonUndangundangNo５．１９７９(ＤｅｓａＬａｗｏｆｌ９７９)and reunitedmtooneNagariMungoin2001,islocatedatthenorthernfOothillｓｏｆｔｈｅＭＬＳａｇｏ、Ｔｈｅｆｅｒｔｉｌｅａｒｅａｉｓｎｏｔｓｏｓｔｅｅｐａｎｄｉseighthundreds hectaresPeopleusedtocultivatepajawdi2P(secondcropinthedryseason)s andwetrice，too、TobaccoｕｓｅｄｔｏｂｅｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅｄａｓａｃａｓｈｃｒｏｐｂｅｆＯｒｅｌ９６５１ｔｉｓｔｒｕｅｔｈａｔａｌｌｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｏｆＮａｇａｒｉＭｕｎｇｏｈａｖｅｔｈｅｒｉｇｈｔｔｏ cultivatecropsintheirtanahu/ayaムhowever，ｍｏｓｔｏｆｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｗｈｏ

(4)

3４

haveutilizedtheirrightarethepeopleofthesub-villagesofルrong(sub village)IndoBalehBaratandJoronglndoBalehTimurwhicharelocated closertoｔｈｅｔａｎａｈｕｊａｙａＬ

Ｉｎｌ９１８ｔｈｅｔａｎａｈｕlayathadbeenleasedtotheDutchtｏｒａｉｓｅｈｏｒｓｅｓａｎｄｃｏｗｓ，Ｔｈｅｎｔｈｅｒｉｇｈｔｏｆｕｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｔａｎａｈｕｌａyatwas transferreｄｔｏＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴ(BaﾉajPembjbjtanTemakdanHIjauanMakna manah)．Ｉｎｌ９５０,thirty-sixhectaresofthetanahumyathadbeentakenfOr useasavegetablegardenfOrtheKabupaten（RegionalGovernment）

LimapuluhKotabytheBupati(Regent)ofKabupaten50Kotaatthetime、

1,1974,ＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴｗｈｉｃｈｗａｓｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌoftheMinistryof Agriculture，tooktwohundredsfiftyhectaresofｔｈｅｔａｎａｈｕ/ayatof MungoandopenedacattleranchwithaidfromWestGermanytoexporｔｍｅａｔｔｏＡＳＥＡＮｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｆＯｒｄｏｍｅｓｔｉcconsumption・ＥｉｇｈｔｙｐｅｒｃｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｒａｎｃｈｗａｓｏｎｔｈetanahulByatofMungo;theothertwenty‐

percentbelongedtootherfburnagazfAtthebeginningtherewereflve thousandscows,however,ｅａｃｈｔｉｍｅｔｈｅｈｅａｄｏｆＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴｃｈａｎｇｅ｡,ｉｔｉｓｓａｉｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｃｏｗｓｄｅｃreaseduntilnowthereareonlyfOur hundｒｅｄｓｃｏｗｓＴｈｉｓｃｏｍｍｅｎｔｈｉｎｔｓａｔｔｈｅｐossibUitythateachheadof BPT-HMTreceivedpersonalbenefitsbyseUingthecowsfOrhimself

Then,ＰＥＭＤＡ,ｔｈｅｒｅgionalgovemmentofLimapuluhKota,ｂｕｉｌｄＳＮＡＫＭＡ（SekoﾉahPertanianPembangunan）whichoccupiedseven hectares,ａｎｄＤＥＮＺＩＰＵＲ（MilitaryHousings),whichoccupiedfive hectaresThesebuildingsalsowerebuiltinthepeople1stanahuﾉayat withoutanycompensation

lnl979whensel-tihicat(landtitle）ｗａｓｇｉｖｅｎｔｏＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴ,the peopleofMungowereveryfrustratedandaskedthatsertilfmtshouldbe returnedtothepeopleThenPＥＭＤＡｏｆＬｉｍａｐｕｌｕｈＫｏｔａorganizeda five-memberpanitia，ｏｒｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅｏｔｏｒｅｓｏｌｖｅｔｈｅｐｒobleln・The committeeconsistedofonefromＵＩａｍａｈ(Islamelite),ｏｎｅｆｒｏｍｌＶＩｍｋ‐

Ｍａｍａｋ(adatleader),ｏｎｅｆｒｏｍＫＡＮ（SekretarisKANatthetime,now fOrmerKetuaKAN)１，onefromCBrdikpandai(communityintelligentsia)，

ａｎｄｏｎｅｆｒｏｍＰｅｍｕｄａ（theyouthgroup)．Ｉｎｌ９８ａｔｈｅｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ

(5)

3５

announcedanagreementbetweentheregionalgovernmentandnjnik‐

mamakdemandingthatthegovernmentpay2500rupiahpersquare

meter，Althoughtheagreementwasmade，thegovernmentwouldnot

payanythingatalLAllbutoneofthefive-membercommitteehadalways beenstandingalongthegovernmentsidaandthat1swhytheywere

criticizedatthetimeofReibrm2si

AfterSuhartoisfallinl998，thepeopleofMungobecamevery

brave,too，FivehundredspeopledemonstratedonFebruarylst,2001,ｉｎｆｒｏｎｔｏｆＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴ,ｍａｋｉｎｇａｄｅｍａｎｄｓｓｕｃｈａｓ１１Ｇｉｖｅusbackthetanah

ulaynけいiAbrogatetheCertification1,iiand11Giveusthephotocopyofthe

CertificationL11Eventhispeacefuldemonstrationmetwiththe

government1sviolence・OntheevenmgofFebruary2ndpeoplewho werestiUworkingintheirhdang(un-irrigatedagriculturalfleld)６noticed

somepeopleアdestroyingalongfencewhichseparatedtheranchand

jadangandtheysawhundredsofcowsbeingdrivenintothehdang，and trampingpaﾉawiji2whichwereexpectedtobeharvestedinafewdays・

ManypeopletriedtodrivethosecowsbackintotheranchⅢｂｕｔｉｎｖａｌｌＬ

ＴｈｅｎｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｗｅｎｔｔｏＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴｔｏａｓｋｗｈｙｔｈｅａｃｃｉｄｅｎｔｈａｐｐｅned，

however,suddenlyalltheelectricitywasturnedoffandmostofpondok

intheladangwereputonfireandtotallydamaged，

OntheafternoonofFebruary3rd，thirty-twoviUagerswere

arrestedＩｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅｌｙａｆｔｅｒｔｈｅｎｅｗｓｏｆａｐｏｌｉcesweep，ｍｏｓｔｏｆｔｈｅ

ｖｉｌｌａｇｅｍｅｎｒａｎｆｌｅｄｆｒｏｍthevillage・Manyofthemwerehidingin

PayakumbuｈＣｉty,ｂｕｔｔｈｅｒｅｗｅｒｅｓｏｍｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｔｈａｔｒａｎａｓｆａｒａｓＰｕｋａｎ

ＢａｒｕａｎｄｅｖｅｎｔｏＢａｔａｍＩslandEighteenofthethirty-twovillagemen

wereputintojailfOrthreetosixmonthsonsuspicionofprovocateursof thedemonstrationDT・ＰＫ，ａｆｏｒｍｅｒｍｅｍｂｅｒｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｖｅ－ｍｅｍｂｅｒｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅａｎｄｔｈｅＫｅｔｕａＫＡＮａｔｔｈｅｔｉｍｅ,wasbehinｄｔｈｅｒｏｗｓｏｆｔｈｅｐｏｌｉｃｅａｎｄｗａｓｌａｕｇｈingwhilewatchingthepeoplebeingarrested8 Whenthosevillagerscameback,theyfbundnogoats,ｃｏｗｓ,ａｎｄｃｈｉｃｋｅｎｓｉｎｔｈｅｊａｄａｎｇｌｔｗａｓｎｏｔclearwhetherthosecattleandchickenswere takenawaybytheinvaders,ｏｒｒａｎｏｕｔｂｙｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ・Ａｓｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｏｆ

(6)

3６

ｔｈｅｖｉｌｌａｇｅｌｏｓｔｖｅｒｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｅｃｏnomicresources，theregional government（ＰＥＭＤＡ）ｐｒｏｍｉｓｅｄｔｏｇｉｖｅｆｉｆｔｙｃｏｗｓｔｏｔｈｏｓｅpeople、

NeverthelessthepromisehadnotyetbeenfUlfilledbyAugust2002,and threepeoplewerestilldesignaｔｅｄａｓＷａｎｔｅｄ１Ｔｈｉｓｉｓｎｏｔａｓｔｏｒｙｏｆthe periodoftheNewOrder,ｂｕｔｏｆｔｈｅｔｉｍｅｏｆＲｅｉｂｌｍａｓｉｌｔａｐｐｅａrsthat thereisnodifferenceintermsofthepoliceattitudetothepeoplebetween thｅＮｅｗＯｒｄｅｒａｎｄＲｅｉｂｒｍａｓＬ９ＥａｒｌｙｏｎＦebruary8,2000,iｔｗａｓｖｅｒｙｉｒｏｎｉｃａｌｔｈａｔＬＫＡＡＭ（Lembag曰KerapatanAchtAﾉamMmangAabau）

issuedalettersayingthattheissueofMungoshouldberesolvedwith wisdomandjustice

ThereusedtobeconfjFontationsbetweenthepeopleofMungo andSungaiKamunyanganeigbournagmTacrosstheriver,BatamPinago，

ｂｅｃａｕｓｅｍｏｓｔｏｆｔｈｅＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴｗｏｒｋｅｒｓｃａｍｅfromSungaiKamunyangl havealreadysuggestedthattheBPT-HMTworkersweresuspectedof joininginthedestructionoftheノadangofMungointheincidentof February2001TheyjoinedanotheractofdestructionBatamPinago，

whichoriginatesfromtheMt・SagQhavebeenveryimportantresourｃｅｓｎｏｔｆＯｒirrigationoftheノadangbutfordrinkingwaterfbrtheｐｅｏｐｌｅＴｈｅｒｅｕｓｅｄｔｏｂｅｆＯｕｒｄａｍｓ（bendungﾋﾟ､)todistributewaterfromthe river・ＴｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｏｎｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｔｏｐｉｓａｄａｍｆＯｒSunagaiKamunyang・ＴｈｅｓｅｃｏｎｄｏｎｅｉｓｆｏｒＭｕｎｇｏ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｔｈｉｒｄｏｎｅｉｓａｌｓｏｆｏｒＳｕｎａｇａｉＫａｍｕｎｙａｎｇａｎｄｔｈｅｆｂｕｒｔｈｆＯｒＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴ・Itwaspromisedatfirstthat two-thｉｒｄｓｏｆｔｈｅｗａｔｅｒｏｆｔｈｅｆＯｕｒｔｈｄａｍｗｏuｌｄｂｅｕｓｅｄｆＯｒＭｕｎｇｑａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｓｔｏｎｅ－ｔｈｉｒｄｗａｓｆＯｒＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴ;however,nowaterwasdistributed toMungo･InsteadthewaterwasdistributedtoSungaiKamunyang whichsuppliedmｏｓｔｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｋｅｒｓｏｆＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴ，Thenanotheractof terrorhappenedonJanuary2001,whenthepeopleofSungaiKamunyang destroyedtheseconddamfOrMungo、SincethenpeopleofMungohave beenfacingawatercrisisfOrirrigationaswellasfOrdrinkingNomatter howmuchthepeopleofMungoaccusedtheSunggaiKamunyangworkers whodestroyedthedamtheregionalpolicewｏｕｌｄｎｏｔｄｏａｎｙｔｈｍｇｔｏｄｅａｌ

ｗｉｔｈｉｔ．

(7)

3７

ThepeopleOfMungohadconsultedLBＨ(LegalAdvicelnstitute）

PadangtogetcompensationfOrtheirdamages・ＴｈｅｎｔｈｅｊＯｍｎｇｈｅａｄｏｆＪｏｒｏｎｇｌｎｄｏＢalehBaraLwhowasjailedforsixmonｔｈｓａｆｔｅｒｔｈｅＦｅｂｒｕａｒｙ，２００１ｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｔ１ｔｏｏｋａｃｔｉｏｎａｇａｉｎｓｔＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴｔｏｇｅｔｃｏｍｐｅｎｓａｔｉｏｎｆＯｒｈｉｓownandpeopleislosses、Ｆｉｒｓｔｔｈｅｗａ〃nag日rj pa/abatsementam(temporarynaganmayor)ofNagariMungo,whowas anex-policemanseemedverycooltothepeople1sstrugglewhenl interviewedhimin200LInsteadofshowingsomeunderstandingofthe people1sdifficulty,ｈｅｓａｉｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｉｓｓｕｅｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｒｅｓｏlvedfOrthewhole nagzminterest、HeassumedthatthepeopleIsprotesｔｔｏＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴｗａｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｉｒｅｇｏｉｓｍ・Afterseeinghim，ｔｈｅノorongheadwho accompaniedme，complainedaboutwhatthewa〃nagaripejabat sementarasaid，ａｎｄｔｏｌｄｍｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅｖｉｌｌａｇｅｒｓｗａｎｔｅｄｔｏｍａｋｅａｎｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｎａｇａｎｉｆＯｍnomiDaemh(RegionalAutonomy）ｗｏuldnot givethemafairresolution、

Ｗｈｅｎｌｓａｗｔｈｅｗａｈｎａｇａ〃pej2Ibatsementaraayearlater,who hadbecometheregularwa〃ｎａｇＨｎｂｙｔｈｉｓｔｉｍｅ，changedhismindto supportthejoronghead1strialwiththepressurefromthewholenagHn、

ＮｏｗｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｏｆＭｕｎｇｏｈａｖｅａｓｋｅｄｔｏbepaidcompensationfromthe terrorandviolenceatanadattrial，however，ｔｈｅｙａｒｅｎｏｔｒｅａｄｙｙｅｔｔｏｄｅｍａｎｄｐｕｂｌiclythatthelandshouldbegivenbackduetothefactthat theletterofContract(SuratJanjjan)oftheDutcherawereburnedduring thePRRIrebellion，TherefOre，theyreallyneedtogetthedocumentsin ordertohavelegitimacyfOrtheirclaimTheyhavebeentalkingabout thisissuetotheRegionalGovernmentａｎｄＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴＰｎｌｙｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅ・

Ｆｏｕｒｏｔｈｅｒｎａｇａｒｊｗｈｏｓｅ５０ｈａｏｆｔｈｅｉrtanahulayatbecamethe ranchofBＰＴ－ＨＭＴｗｅｒｅｆＯｒｃｅｄｔｏｓｕｐｐｏｒｔＢＰＴ－ＨMTsayingthatthe land,whichwasclaimedbytheMungopeople,wasnottanahulayatbut tanahnegmH・FirsttheysaidtheywouldsupporttheMungopeoplefOr theflrsttime，buttheychangedtheirmindsone-daｙｂｅｆＯｒｅｓｅｅｉｎｇｔｈｅＢｕｐａｔｉｏｆＬｉｍａｐｕｌｕｈＫｏｔａＴｈｅｎｔｈｅＢｕｐａｔｉｉｓｓｕｅｄａｌｅｔterwhich

(8)

3８

ａｄｍｉｔｔｅｄＨＧＵｏｆＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｌａｎd

Nevertheless,IwitnessedstrongsupportfbrthepeopleofMungo fOrtheirstruggle，NowthewalinaganMungopubliclysupportedthe strugglewiththepressureofalltheapparatusofMungolikeMnjk皀ＭａｍａｋＰｅｍｕｄａ,BundokandungUJamah,ardik囚aｎｄａｉａｎｄｓｏｏｎＴｈｅｐｅｏpleofMungooftensaidthattheirrightoverthelandoriginatedfrom thｅｔｉｍｅｏｆａｎｃｅｓｔｏｒｓ（asaﾉｰusﾛﾉynyadarinenek-moyang),ａｎｄｉｔｗａｓａｃｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｄｅｖｅｎｂｙｔｈｅＤutchgovernment、Anditwasverystriking toobservetheprocessofdecisionmakingamongthepeopleofMungo・ＩｔｉｓｔｒｕｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｓｏｍｅｖｉｌｌａｇｅｒｓｉｎＭｕｎｇｏｗｈｏｄｏｎｏｔｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｔｈｅ struggle，butafterlengthydiscussionsabouthowthepeopleshould supportthestruggle，strongsupportfOrcontinuingthestrugglewas reaffirmedAlthoughthｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｗｈｏｄｉｄｎｏｔｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｔｈｅｓｔｒｕggle withdrewfromthedecisionattheendofthemeetingormusywarah,I wascertainthateventhosepeoplewouldrespectthedecisionduetothe legitimateprocess

ltisnoteasyfOｒｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｔｏｗｉｎａｔｔｈｅｔｒｉａｌ,however,itseems veryclearthatthesestruggleswouldhelpthepeopletomaintainidentity asMinangkabaupeople・Onceanagzmwasreunitedundertheregional autonomypolicy,alltheapparatusofnagariinMungonowhavebeenin positiontosupporttheclaimovertheright・Ｗｈｅｎｌａｓｋｅｄｔｈｅｗａｌｊｎａｇａｒｊｉｆｈｅｗａｓｎｏｔａｆｒａｉｄｏｆｆｉｇｈｔｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ，he immediatelysaidhewasnot．

3.SolidarityandConfusionafterthecompensationwaspaid:theKepala HiIalangCase

ThetanahuhyntofKepalaHilalangwhichfacesthesouthern slopeoftheMLTandikat,ismorethaneighthundredshectaresNagari KepalaHilalangiscomposedoffOurkorDng(subviUages)loItisusefulto remembeｒｔｈａｔｔｈｅｔａｎａｈｕｌａｙａｔｏｆＮａｇａｒｉＫｅpalaHilalangisindesa Tarok・TwoDutchcompanies,TandikatLamaandTandikatBarUleased

(9)

3９

thetanahujaya‘however・ｉｔｉｓｎｏｔｃｌｅａｒｗｈａｔｔｈｅｔｗｏｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓｇｒｅｗＳｏｍｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｔｏｌｄｍｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅＤｕtchcompaniesdidnotcultivateanything・

AccordingtothemitwastheJapaneseMilitarythatmadethepeople plantedrubbertreesthere・l1Sincelndependence,therubberplantations hadbeenmanaｇｅｄｂｙveteransandlocalrepresentativeｓｕｎｔｉｌＫＯＤＥＭ (laterKOREM)Padangtooktherightofmanagementｉｎｌ９６５１ｎｌ９６８,a directoroftheplantationcompanieswasarrestedundersuspicionofｂｅｉｎｇａｎａｇｅｎｔｏｆＰＫＩ，thenthemilitaryandtheveteransofTNImadean independentcompany(PTPurnaKarya)ｔｏmanagetheplantations、Iwas verysurprisedtohearthatthepeopleofKepalaHilalangwereprohibited fromenteringtheplantatioｎｓｅｖｅｎｔｏｇｅｔｆｉｒｅｗｏｏｄａｓｔｈｅｙｈａｄｄｏne befOre・Thelocalpolicemademoneybyselliｎｇｔｈｅｍｔｏｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅ

ＡｍｏｎｔｈａｆｔｅｒＳｕharto1sfallinl998，peopleofKepalaHilalang organizedseverallargedemonstrations・Ｔｈｅｙclaimedtheirrightover thetanahuﾉayatbwhichhadbeenoccupiedbyKOREMsincel965l2 Beingastonishedatthepeople1spower，ｔｈｅｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙａｎｄｔｈｅＰＴＰｕｒｎａＫａｒｙａａgreedtosharetheprofitsfromtheplantations・l3Everythree monthstappedrubberisaccumulatedtoweighinPadang,andafterthe demonstrationstheprofitfromsellingthetappedrubberwouldbe dividedintoasfOllows:３７．５％ｇｏｅｓｔｏＫＯＲＥＭ,ａｎｄ２５％ｇｏｅｓｔｏＰＴＫａｍｉＳａｉｙｏＴｈｅｎｔｈｅｒｅｍａｉｎing３７．５％ｉｓｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｂｙＬＡＮ（LembagaAdat NagarDandfoursubviIlages、ＬＡＮｉｓｇｉｖｅｎ２５％fromthepeople1s portionTarokisgiven３０％，andtheotherthreesub-villagesarｅｇｉｖｅｎ１５％respectively・ＴｈｅｒｅａｓｏｎｗｈｙＴａｒｏｋｉｓｇｉｖｅｎｍｕｃｈｍｏrethanthe otherthreesub-villageｓｉｓｔｈａｔＴａｒｏｋｉｓｃｌｏｓｅｒｔｏｔｈｅｔａｎａｈﾛﾉayatand mostoftheworkersofPTPurnaKaryaarelivinginTar０k．

DuringthetimeofthedemonstrationsmostTarokpeopledidnot participateinthedemonstraUons・TherearesomehundredsofJavanese immigrantsinTarok、TheJavaneseinTarokcametothisarｅａｔｏｂｅｔｈｅｗｏｒｋｅｒｓｏｎｔｈｅｒｕｂｂｅｒｐｌａ､tationsAndinl974aJavaneseimmigｒａｎｔｗｈｏｃａｍｅｔｏＴａｒｏｋｉｎｌ９６０ｂｅｃａｍｅadirector，oracoordinatorinthe fleldofPTPurnaKarya，NowadaystheJavaneseimmigrantshavebeen

(10)

4０

veryworriedabouttheirstatusinNagariKepalaHilalangaftertheold naganhasbeenreunitedThatiswhyTarokpeoplewanttomakean independentnagmfbythemselves・ThepeopleofthethreeothervUlages werestronglyopposedtheplansayｉｎｇｔｈａｔｉｔｗａｓｉｍｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｔｏｄｒａｗａｂorderlinemsideanagmfandaccusedthatTarokpeoplewantedto monopolizetheprofitsfromtheplantationsWhenlvisitedtheplacein 2001,TarokpeopleevensaidthatthelandｗａｓｎｏｔｔａｎａｈｕｈｙａｔｂｕｔｔａｎａｈｎｅｇｍＨ６１ｔｉｓｔｒｕｅｔｈａｔＢＰＮ(BadanPertanahamWsiDnakNationalLand Bureau)SumateraBaratissuedanletterthatａｄｍｉｔｔｅｄＰＴＰurnaKarya1s HGU（H2kGunaUSahaJrightofusufruct)inl99qhowever,itdidnot mentionanythingaboutthelandownership・Thinkingoverthedecision ofproflｔｄｉｖｉｓｉｏｎａｍｏｎｇＫＯＲＥＭ,PTPuryaKarya,andsubvillages,the militaryitselfadmittedtheriｇｈｔｏｆｒａｎａｈｕｌａｙａｔｏｆｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｏｆNagari KepalaHilalang

OnApril2001,NagariKepalaHilalangreuniteditselfdespitethe oppositionfromthepeopleofTarok、Ｔｈｅｗａｈｎａｇｍｉｐａ/abatsememam (temporarynagZmmayor）waselectedthroughthemeetingoflVInjk‐

mamkbBundoKandungAhhULIma,ardikEandajiandPemudafromthe oldnagaIfSincethenthepeopleofTarokrealiｚｅｄｈｏｗｄ近icultitwasto makeanindependentnagHn・

NowPTPurnaKaryapubliclyannouncｅｓｔｈａｔｔｈｅｙｓｔｉＵｗａｎｔｔｏｒｕｎｔｈｅｒｕｂｂerplantationsfromnowon,buttheyfacesomedifficulties・

Firsttheamountoftappedrubberhaｓｂｅｅｎｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｄｔｏｂｅｎｅａｒｌｙｈａｌｆａｍｏｕｎｔｗｈｉｃｈｉｔｕｓｅｄｔｏｂｅ、Aseverybodywhosellsthe tappedrubberthroughPTwouldbeｐａｉｄｈａｌｆｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｉｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｒｕｂｂｅｒ，

nonPTworkersareofcourse,andevenPTworkers,arereluctanttosell thetappedrubberthroughPTPurnaKaryaTheywanttosellthe tappedrubbertomakﾉa〃tokei(broker),becausetheywillbepaidallthe moneyfOrtheirrubber,Ｌｅｎｏｃｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ，

Second,sincel998petani(farmers）havebeenverybraveto cultivatedrypadi,avocado,cacao,cengke(clove）ａｎｄノati(teak）inthe plantationswithoutanypermission,ａｎｄｉｔｉｓｓａｉｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｓｕｃｈ

(11)

4１

landshavsalreadyreached40hectares・Whenlaskedthisquestionto thewaﾉinagaripe/abatsementarahechangedthetopicinsteadof answeringmyquestion・Hecitedastoryabouttheregionalgovernment projectthatcausedillegalcuttingofrubbertrees・Probablyohewould havefeltasｈａｍｅｄｔｏａｄｍｉｔｔｈｅｆａｃＬＯｎｃｅｔｈｅｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙａｎｄＰＴＰｕrna

Karyaadmittedthepeople1srightovertheplantationpeopleofKepala

Hilalangcameto1interpreピthattheywerefreetocultivatewhatthey wantedandneededinsidetheplantationsAsitcausedseriousconfusion totheplantations,ｋｅ/ompoktanj(farmersunions),ｋｅﾉompokpeladang (unirrigatedfieldworkersunion),ninik-mamak,pemudaofKepalaHilalang havebeenreadytoregulatesuchpeopleIsactivitiesWhenthose

organizationsofthenagzlrlregulatesuccessfullythepeople1sactivities,it

meansPTwouldlosetheircontrolovertheplantations，Peopleare wonderingwhattheycoulｄａｎｄｓｈｏｕｌｄｄｏｎｅｘｔ、１ｆｔheyreallywantto takethetanahulayatback，ｔｈｅｙａｒｅｗｏｒｒｉｅｄｔｈａｔＰＴａｎｄｔｈｅmilitary willhavecutalltherubbertrees;thismeanstheplantationswillloseits

abilitytomakeprofit．Ⅱtheydon1t,PTmightclaimtheirHGUfOrever.Ｍ

RubbertreesareveryusefulevenafterbeingcuLThoseare usedfOrfirewoodfOrmakingbricks・ＰｉｌｅｓｏｆｒｕｂｂｅｒｔｒｅｅｓｏｆａｔｒｕｃｋｃａｎｂesoldatfiftythousandrupjahAbigrubbertreerequiresafull-truck toloaditatonce、ThereisaregionalgovernmentprOjecttoencourage fOrthepeopletoplanttreesinlOOhectaresofjadangｋｏｓｏｎｇ（literallynot cultivatedunirrigatedfield)．However,asthereisnotenoughmoney，

peopleusedtocutrubbertreeswithoutpermissiontogetmoneyand plantsomethingafterthat．

4.UlayatSukuintriaI,BukitGompongCase

AcasefromBukitGompapongshowsanotherquestionoftanah BukitGompongislocatedinNagariKotoGadang,'5Kabupaten Thistanahulayatis1owned'ｂｙａｋａｕｍ(sukuTanjung)ｏｆＤｔ､Basa Thisisabigdifferencewiththｅｏｔｈｅｒｔｗｏｃａｓｅｓ、ＯｎＭａｙＬｌ８８４，

ujayaL Solok Rusli．

(12)

4２

aDutchmanleasedthel80haofthelandofsukuTanjungfOr75years・

ＡｎｄｏｎＪａｎｕａｒｙｌ，1911,anotherDutchmanleasedthehutanlmTboh (pusakarendah)fOr35yearsltissaidthatthoseDutｃｈｍｅｎｒａｎ２５０ｈａｏｆｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｃｏffeeandteaAfterlndependencetheplantationshad beenmanagedbyLandbouMaatscapijBukitGompongLTDbyl955，

meanwhUesincethenaperantau(migrant)whooriginatedfromnagmT Guguktooktheleadershiptomanagethecompanyuntill965Even duringthoseperiodsitwasimportantthattheplantationswereleased Thepeopleofthekaumhadbeenpaidrent・

Majorchangecameinl965,ｗｈenHGUoftheplantationswas transfｅｒｒｅｄｔｏＰＴＫａｍｉＳａｉｙｏａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｇｉｏｎalgovernment（ＰＥＭＤＡ）

underthecontractfroml965tol990・ＨｏｗｅｖｅｒａｓＰＴＫａｍｉＳａｉｙｏｗｅｎｔｂａｎｋｒｕｐｔｉｎｌ９８２，theregionalgovernmentassumedthatHGUwas transferredtothegovernment・Theninl99qPTKarakatauwasglven HGU（usufruct)of750hectaresfrom850hectaresofwholeロノayatsuku (sukucommunalland)ｏｆｔｈｅｓｕｋｕＴａｎｊｕｎｇＴｈｅＨＧＵｗｉｌｌｌａｓｔfOr30 yearsfroml990andthecompanyhasplantedcoffeethere・Allthecoffee productsfi･omtheplantationareexported、Accordingtothepeopleis understandingthel965contracthadalreadyexpiredinl990andthere wasnolegalgroundthatthegoveｒｎｍｅｎｔｇａｖｅＨＧＵｔｏＰＴＫａｒａｋａｔａｕＴｈｅｒｅｓｔｏｆｔｈｅｔａｎａｈｕﾉayat（uﾉayatsukU）ｗａｓｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｏｆＰＥＭＤＡ，DinasPerkebunan，BPTPSukaramLThosepeoplewhowere involvedinthisproblemcomplaineｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｙｈａｄｎｅｖｅｒｂｅｅｎｇｉｖｅｎａｎｙｏpportunityofexplanationofthetrａｎｓｆｅｒｏｆＨＧＭｔｏＰＴＫａｒａｋａｔａＵａｎｄｗｅｒeneverpaidanycompensation．Ⅱthegovernmentwantstomaintam HGU,theysaidpeopleshouldbecompensatedwithenoughmoney・

ButRejbm7asjhelpedthekaum（suku）ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｂｅｃｏｍｅｂｒａｖｅｅｎｏｕｇｈｔｏｆｉｌｅａｓｕｉｔａｇａｉｎｓｔｔｈｅｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌｇｏｖｅｒｎｍentandother authoritiesln200１，．uetotheappUcationofOtonomjeDae垣h,Ｎａgari KotoGadangwasreunitedNeverthelesSIwassurprisedatthenew wa〃nagaがbopiniononthisissueofubyatsukｕＩｏＨｅｓａｉｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｉｓｓｕｅｗａｓＮＯＴａwholenagariproblembutonlyaAaumissuabecausethe

(13)

4３

tanahulayatbelongedjusttothekaumIftheywonthetriaLitwouldbe onlythosememberswhowouldberewardedandothernagmlmembers wouldnotbegivenanythingatall，Ｉｈａｖｅｓｅｅｎｈｉｍｔｗｉｃｅｉｎｂｏｔｈ２００１ａｎｄ2002.AtthesecondtimeheaccusedDt､BasaRuslLwholedthe struggle，ｏｆｎｏｔｔａｌｋｉｎｇａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｔｏＫＡＮ，However，ｈｅｈａｄａｌｒｅａｄｙｂｒｏｕｇｈｔｔｈｅｉｓｓｕｅｔｏＫＡＮ，andgotaletterfromKANthat testifiedtothefactthatDt・BasaRusliofsukuTanjungwasthelegalheir ofthecontractsduringtheDutchera、Nevertheless，ｔｈｅｗａ〃nagHn ignoredorfOrgotthefact・Thispositionofthewahnagzmshowsthat theremusthavebeenaconfrontationwithinthenagaがpolitics,ａｎｄｔｈａｔｅｖｅｎｔｈｅＯＴＯＤＡｃｏｕｌｄｎｏｔｇｕａranteethepeople1srights、

Thekaumpeopleonlyclaimedtheirrighttothelandwhichwas controlledbyDinasPerkebunan(PIantationOffice),becausetheyassumed thatitwasnotａｇｏｏｄｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙｔｏｄｅｍａｎｄｒｉｇｈｔｔｏｗｈoletanahuhyat whichhadbeentakenａｗａｙ・Oncetheirrightswereadmitted,ｔｈｅｎｔｈｅｙａｓｓｕｍｅｔｈｅｙｗｏｕｌｄｂｅａｂｌｅｔｏｇｏｏｎｔｏｔｈｅｎｅｘｔｓｔｅｐＡｎｄｔｈｅｙｗｅｒｅｓtill afraidoffilingasuitagainsttheregionalgovernmentwhichhadjuｓｔｍｏｖｅｄｉｎａndbuiltanewofficebuildingofKabupatengovernmenton theirlandｌ７

ＩｔｗａｓｖｅｒｙｆｕｎｎｙｔｈａｔｔｈｒｅｅＤｔ､BasaappearedinthetriaLTwo Dt・Ｂａｓａｓｌｉｖｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｓａｍｅｎａｇｍｆｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ､theybelongedtodifferent suku、AlthoughKANauthorizedthatDt､BasaRusliwasthelegalheir，

twoDtBasasofdifferentsukuclaｉｍｅｄｔｈｅｉｒｒｉｇｈｔｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｌａｎｄｉｎｔｈｅ triaLAndthecourtofKabupatenSolokterminatedthetrialinApriL 2002,sayingthattheprosecutors（ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｏｆＤｔ､BasaRusli）hadnot involvedenoughdefendants、Thecourtcontmuedthatitwasnecessary toinvolvetheDepartmentofAgricultureinJakartaDuetothisfactthe courtconcludedthatthetrialshouldbesuspendedButtheclaimsoｆｔｈｅｔｗｏｏｔｈｅｒＤｔ・Basaswererejectedandtheywereorderedtopay26qOOO rupjahfOrtheirinvolvementandlossofthetrial・ＡｎｄｎｏｗＤｔ､ＢａｓａＲｕｓｌｉａｎｄｈｉｓｋａｕｍｍｅｍｂｅｒｓａｒｅｐlanningtoinitiateanothertriaL

Iwanttostressherethatthestruggleisnotisolatedfromother

(14)

4４

peopleSomeactiveleadersofBukitGomponｇｏｆｔｅｎｇｏｔｏＰａｄａｎｇｔｏｃｏｎｓｕｌｔｗｉｔｈＬＢＨａｎｄｓｅｅｏｔｈｅｒｐｅｏｐｌｅｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｓａｍｅproblemsandtalk toeachotherabouthowtogetthroughtheirstruggles，Andtheir strugglesinspireotherpeop1e，whohavebeenshuttingtheirmouths，to claimtheirrightoverthelands.Forexample,NagariKotoGaekGuguak aneighbornagarjofNagariKotoGadangGuguak,ispreparingtofilesuit againstBPTPSukaramLAccordingtoaleader,whohadbeenthevice chairpersonofＫＡＮｓｉｎｃｅｌ９８０ａｎｄｆＯｒｍｅｒｄｅｓａｈｅａｄｏfdesaSukarann (1983-1996),ｔｈｅｔａｎａｈｋａｕｍｏｆ９３ｈａｗｈｉｃｈｈａｄｂｅｅｎleasedtoBPTP Sukaramisincel952,ａｎｄｂｅｃａｍｅｔｏｂｅｏｗｎｅｄｂｙＢＰＴＰｉｎｌ９７８,ｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｒｅｔｕｒｎｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｋａｕｍｏｒａｔｌeastbecompensatedwithasufficientamount ofmoney・HehasbeentoJakartawiththelettersofattorneyfromthe kaummemberstoseetheMinistryofAgriculturetwice,ａｎｄｔｈｅｎｈｅ,as therepresentativeofhisAauJnsentalettertotheMinistryofAgriculture onNovember，2000．ＤｅｓｐｉｔｅｈｉｓｅｆｆＯｒｔｈｅｓａｉｄｈｅｈａｄｎｏｔreceiveda responseyet(ｂｙAugust,2001),andhecontinuedthat,'１Itisnotjustthat theirlandwastakenwithoutanyconsultationorcompensationThat1s thewayoftheNewOrderlndonesia.'ｉａｎｄａｄｄｅｄｔｈａｔｈｉｓｋａｕｍｈａｓｔｈｅｒｉｇｈｔｔｏｂｅｃｏｍｐｅｎｓａｔｅｄａｔｌｅａｓｔ４５,O00rUpjahper㎡，becausethiswas standardcompensatｉｏｎｉｎｈｉｓａｒｅａＨｅｓａｉｄｔｏｍｅｔｈａｔａｓｔｈｅｔｉｍｅｗａｓＯｒｄｅＲｅｉｂｒｍａｓｊｉｔｈｅgovernmentshouldadmittherightofhiskaum．

5.SomeConclusiveRemarks

Basedonmyobservations,Iwanttoemphasizesomepointshere・

FirstthesimilaritiesofthreecasesshowhowtheNewOrder lndonesiahadcarriedoutitsPembangunanpoliciesinruralareas・AU threecasesusedtobeplantationsofDutchcompanies，andfacedmaJor changeafterl965、TanahulayatofMungｏｗａｓｕｓｅｄｆＯｒａｃａｔＵｅｒａｎｃｈｏｆＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴｉｎｌ９７４,ａｎｄＤＥＮＺＩＰＵＲａｎｄＳＮＡＫＭＡｗｅｒｅｂｕｉltafterthnt

Governmentandmilitary-runcompanieswereestablisheｄｉｎＫｅｐａｌａＨｉｌａｌａｎｇａｎｄＢｕｋｉｔＧｏｍｐｏｎｇＴｈｒｅｅｃａｓｅｓｈａｄｂｅｅｎｔａｒｇｅｔｅｄｆｏｒ

(15)

4５

Ｐ℃mbangunan（Development）intheregionallevelsTheseobservations werenotexceptions・Thetanahuja”ｔissues，whicharebeingopenly discussednowadays,havenearIythesamefeaturesinthesethreecases、

ＴｈｅｌａｎｄｓｈａｄｂｅｅｎｕｓｅｄｆＯｒＰＥｍｂａngunanwithoutanycompensation・

ＡｎｄHGUhadbeenalreadytransfCrredtothegovernmentandmilitary companiesThistransferofHGUmadetheissuesveryserious、

Theregionalgovernmentinsistedthatthelandbecametanah negamafterthenationalizationoffOreigncompaniesinl958・'８However，

ｉｔｉｓｈａｒｄｔｏｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔｔｈａｔｔｈｅnationalizationofforeigncompanies involvedthelandownershiptoo・Rather,itismoderatetointerpretthe nationalizationonlytohaveinvolvedthepropertiesoffOreigncompanies，

notlandownership・l91ntermsofPemtumnMente〃lVegnmNo､5,1999,

ｗｈｉｃｈａｄｍｉｔｓｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｌｓｒｉｇｈｔｏｆｔａｎａｈｕﾉayatbbutprescribesthat people'ｓｒｉｇｈｔｏｖｅｒthetanahulatatwouldnotbeappliedtoHGUwhich

wasgivenbefOrethatregulationwasestablishedcausedpeople1sgreat frustrationPeopleｕｓｅｄｔｏｓａｙｔｈａｔｅｖｅｎｔｈｅＤｕｔｃｈｃｏｍｐａniesadmitted theirrightoverthetanahuﾉayatandleasedthelandsandpaidrent、

However，ｗｈｙｔｈｅＰどmerimahSaudam・brotheｒgovernment，wouldnot admitthepeopleosrightOverthetanahulayat？

Ｓｏｆａｒｔｈｅｙｈａｖｅｎｏｔｓａｉｄａｎｙｔｈｉｎｇａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｐｏｓｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｓｅｅｋｉｎｇｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｃｅｆｒｏｍｌｎｄｏｎｅｓｉａ・ｏｒｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌｉｓｍ・Theyare demandingalegalprocessofdecisionmakingfOrtheutilizatiｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｒａｎａｈｕﾉayatandenoughcompensatioｎｏｒｒｅｎｔ，Theydon1tdenythe necessityofdevelopmentitselfAwareofthefacttｈａｔＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴｗａｓｇｉｖｅｎ２１５ｃｏｗｓｆｒｏｍＡustraliain2002,ｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｏｆＭｕｎｇｏａｓｋｅｄｍｅｔｏｓｔｏｐｔheJapanesegovernmentfromgivingａｉｄｔｏＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴ、The GovernorofWestSumatrawenttoＪａｐａｎｔｏｇｅｔＪａｐａｎｅｓｅａｉｄａｔｔｈｅｔｉｍｅｗｈｅｎｌｓａｗｔhepeoplein2002、ＴｈｅｙｓａｉｄｔｈａｔＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴ，theregional governmentandtheprovincegovernmentofWestSumatrashould resolvetheissuefirst,andthenthedevelopmentplanningmightpossibly bebroughtintoMungo,too，

Ｉｔｉｓｔｒｕｅｔｈａｔｓｏｍｅｐｅｏｐｌｅａｒｅｗｏｒｒｉedthatcollectiveland

(16)

4６

ownershipdoesnotmakefOreasydecision-makingamongthemembers，

andmightleadtothelossofthechancesfOrdevelopmentsuchasWorld BankproJects・However，ｉｆｔｈｉｓｗｏｒｒｙｗｅｒｅｔｏｌｅｇｉｔｉｍｉｚｅｔｈｅcaseof KaparinKabupatenPassaman,itwouldmeanthatthereremainsdisaｓｔｅｒａｎｄｄｅｓｐａｉｒａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｐｅｏple、ＴｈｅｃａｓｅｏｆＫａｐａｒｉｎＫａｂｕｐａｔｅｎＰａｓｓａｍａｎｉｓｔｈｅｏｎｅｗｈｉｃｈｓｏｍｅｌｏｃａｌｌｅａｄｅrslikelVmik-mamakand KepajaDesａｓｏｌｄ３５００ｈａｏｆｔａｎａｈｕｌａｙａｔｔｏｍａｋepalmoilplantations withoutanyconsultationwiththeviUagepeople・Thiscausedafurious responseandalawsuitinitiatedbythepeople・Iinterviewedavillagerof PasamanwhowasarrestedonAugustlOth，２００１withoutanywarranL HewassuspectedofprovokingtroubleaboutlandissueinPassaman Policeattackedhishouseearlyinthemorningandbrougｈｔｈｉｍｔｏｔｈｅｐｏｌｉｃｅｃａｒｂｙｆｂｒｃｅ,andbeatthefarmeruntilgivinghimtobehospitalized fOrsomemonthsunderafalsename,withoutnotifyinghisfamily・Thisis anotherstoryofterrorbytheregionalpolicetowardslocalpeoplewhodo notacceptthegovernmentispolicy・m

TheMinangkabausocietyhasalonghistoryofmusyawalHhand muflkattomakedecisionsWejustneedtoremindtheprocessofsuch decision-makmgbasedonadatbThisproceｓｓｏｆｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｍａｋｍｇｉｓｔｈｅｎｅａｒｅｓｔａｎｄｓｕｒｅｓｔｗａｙｏｆｓｏｌｖｉｎｇｔｈｅｔａｎａｈｕﾉayatissuesinWest Sumatra・Ｉｔｗａｓｖｅｒｙｓｔｒｉｋｉｎｇｔｏｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｔｈｅｐrocessofdecision-making amongthepeopleofMungQandhowtheysupportedthestruggleofthe trialfOrcompensationfOrdamagescausedbytheterrorandviolenceon February,200Ｌ２Ｉ

ＳｅｃｏｎｄｌｗａｎｔｔｏｐｏｉｎｔｏｕｔａｂｏｕｔＤesemaljSasi(decentralization）

／SemzMjSasi(Centralization)duringthetimeofRelbn刀asLPeopleosclaim totheirrightstotanahulayatmustberelatedtodecentralizationof lndonesialndonesｉａｈａｄｂｅｅｎｔｏｏｃｅｎtralizedduringtheNewOrderto havedamagedseriouslyregionalcultures，adatandvillagesystems・ＩｎｔｅｒｍｓｏｆＷｅｓｔＳｕｍａｔｒａ,ｔｈｅＭａｒｒｉａｇｅＬａｗｏｆｌ９７４ａｎｄＤｅｓａＬａｗｏｆｌ９７９ｈａｖｅｂｒｏｕｇｈｔｓｅｒｉｏｕｓｄａｍａｇｅ・Ｔｈｅｔａｎａｈｕﾉａｙａｔｉｓｓｕｅｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｕｎｄｅｒｓｔｏｏｄｆｒomthepoliticalaspectaswellastheeconomicaspect．

(17)

4７

ＯＴＯＤＡ,orthereunificationofoldnagH〃whichweredisorganizedinto

severaldesaintheearlyl980s,seemedtorepresentatypicalphenomenon

ofsuchdecentralization・However，aslhavestressedtheregional

goveｒｎｍｅｎｔｕｓｅｄｔｏｒｅｌｙｏｎｔｅｒｒｏｒａｎｄｖｉolenceandnegotiationsunder

thetable・Inadditiontotheseattacks，representativesoftheregional

governmentoftenmadecommentsthatrakyat(people)werenoteducated enoughtobetheagentsofutilizingtanahuﾉayatasanimportantresource・

ＭｎａｎｄＭｒｓ,Benda-Beckmanstressedthatthetrendtoreunite

oldna頚ゴisamoreprominentelementofdiscourseintheMinangkabau societynowadaysbasedonthekeywordsofadatllslam，andtheyalso pointedoutthat1thestrongest,andmoststronglycontested,revitalization ofadatisinthefleldofrightstonaturalresourcesinthevillageterritory (ﾛﾉayar).'型Icancitethesamediscoursethroughtheanalysisofthe

MungoandKepalaHilalangcases、WiththepressureofaUtheapparatus ofMungolikeNInik-Mamak，Pemuda，Bundo-kandungUIamah，Cerdjk pandajandsoon，ｔｈｅｗａ〃nagmiMungopubUclysupportsthestruggle today,whilehewasreluctanttosupportthestrugglein200LTheyoften saythattheirrightoverthelandoriginatesfromthetimeofmythology (asaﾉLusulynyadannenek-moyang),anditwasacknowledgedevenbythe Dutchgovernment・Theyclaimthattheirrightoverthetanahu1ayatis definitelylegitｉｍａｔｅａｎｄｗａｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｉｒａｄａＬ

Ｈｏｗever,contrarytotheagreementtodividetheprofitsamong allthepeople,PTandmilitary,theKepalaHUalangcaseshowsthateven ifthepeoplewerecompensated,ｉｔｗｏｕｌｄｎｏｔａｌｗａｙｓｂｒｉｎｇｐｅａｃｅｔｏｔｈｅｗｈｏｌｅｎａｇａｒｊ．Ｍｏｎｅｙｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｃｏｍｐａｎｙａｎｄｔｈｅｐｏｓｓｉbilityof reunificationoftheoldnagm9itriggeredseriousdisintegrationandconflict amongthenagzlJTmembersfOrthefirsttimeoandbroughtsomeconfUsion inutilizingthetanahuhyatbhowever，eventhepeopleofasubvillage，

whoopposedthereunificationoftheoldnagmfdiscoverlittlebyUttlethe impossibilityofmakinganindependentnagmfandagreetoreunitein solidarityasanagzm． ^・2３

ＩｔｉｓｔｒｕｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅｎｅｗｎａｇａＪブbudgetismuchbiggerthanthe

(18)

4８

ｓｕｍｏｆｔｈｅｂｕｄｇｅｔｓｏｆｄｅｓａｉｎｔｈｅｏｌｄnagmfThewalinagHnisno longerunderthecontrolofcamat:herepresentsthenagHIfdirectlyunder thebupatiofKabupaten・Camatloweredhisstatusasacoordinatorin KecamatanTheBukitGomponｇｃａｓｅｓｈｏｗｓｔｈａｔｔｈｅｉｓｓｕｅｉｓｒａｔｈｅｒ isolatedinthenagzmIhowever,thestruggletriggersanotherstruggleina neighbornagzIIT・

Generalｌｙｓｐｅａｋｉｎｇｎａｇａｒｊａｕｔｏｎｏｍｙｕｎｄｅｒｔheregional autonomywouldnotalwaysguaranteetherightofthetanahuﾉayatin respectivenagmfW1alinagzmcannotbesaidtobetherepresentativesof thepeopleTheyarestiUundergovernmentcontroLNevertheless,ｉｔｉｓｎｏｗｏｎｄｅｒｔｈａｔＲｅｉｂｍＴａｓｉａｎｄＤｊSentmﾉjSajintheregloncannoteasUy ^の realizedunlesstheseissueshavebeenresoIvedproperly､2イTheseissues couldpotentiaUytriggerrealregionalismandrebellionsinthenearfuture・

Ｔｈａｔ１ｓｗｈｙｗｅｈａｖｅｔｏｐａｙａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎtothosemovementshPｏｍｎｏｗｏｎ２５

＊ThisisarevisededitionofmypaperwhichwaspresentedonJulyl8，

2002,ａｔｔｈｅ３ｒｄ・InternationalSymposiumoftheJounalANTY?OPOLOGI nVDOlVESL4，Rebuildinglndonesia，ａＮａｔｉｏｎｏｆＵｎｉｔｙｉｎＤｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙＴｏｗａｒdsaMulticulturalSocietywhichwaｓｈｅｌｄｏｎｌ６－１９Ｊｕｌｙ２００２，

UdayanaUniversity,Denpasar,BalL

ISchamunir・PengadaanTanahUntukKepentinganPembangunan，

HImpunanMakalahdanRumusanWD1kshOpTanahUZayatdiSumatem BamZbed,ByHSyofyanJallaluddin,Padang,２００１．

２１ｗｏｒｋｅｄｗｉｔｈＬＢＨＰａｄａｎｇ，ａｎｄｗｏｕｌｄｌｉｋｅｔｏｓｈｏｗｍｙｓｐｅｃｉａｌａｐｐreciationtoMr・AndikQSudiandAlex、

３Elevencaseswerereportedatafour-dayconferenceofＰ２ＴＡＮＲＡ (P巴稻atuanPeI石audaraanTanilVelayanlWsamara),SumateraBarat,ｉｎ August,2001．ＴｈｅｎａｍｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｃａｓｅｓｏｔｈｅｒｔｈａｎＭｕｎgo,KepalaHilalang andBukitGompongareasfOllows：KaparcaseTanahuﾉayatnagari Kapar，KecamatanPassaman，3500ha;Katapiangcase,tanahGampan47 KetuaKeluarga,KabupatenPadangPariaman，12,365㎡（buildingnew airport);KuraoPagancase，tanahgHrapanKartini，tanahnegHraerv．

(19)

4９

Verpondingl214KuraoPagang，Padang，ｌ２ｈａ；Mundamcasatanah g臼mpan，tanahnegzJmerMVerpondingl214KuraoPagang,Padang,０．５ ha;Malvinascase，tanahgHmpanmasyarakatMalvinas，Padang，ｌ２ｈａ；

Rasidincase,tanahgHmpanRasidin,KabupatenPadangPariaman､６０００㎡；

JalaludinYuscasaKotoTangah,２４００㎡;AnaiResotcase,tanahulayat NagariGuguk､KecamatanEnamLingkung,KabupatenPadang-Pariaman，

１６５０㎡（resortandgolfcourse);Rajalicase，tanahgarapanRajalL

Padang-Pariaman,４ha

BesidesthesecasespeopleintheareaofPadangCementhave claimedtheirrightoverthelandwhenthecompanyannounceditsplanto sellouttoaMexicancementcompany,andasukuinOmbilinhasclaimed theirrightoverthｅｔａｎａｈｕﾉﾖyatinOmbilincoalmining

4ForexampletheMarriageLawofl974,ａｎｄＤｅｓａＬａｗｏｆｌ９７９・Andsee myarticle，EthnicityandReligioninSuharto1sNewOrder:Minangkabau SocietyundertheMarriageLawofl974，ｉｎlVatiOn-StataIblentityand RejjgｿﾞonmSoutheastAsja,ｐｐ､25-54,edbyTsuneoAyabeⅢSingapore SocietyofAsianStudies,AsianStudiesMonographSeriesN0.4,1998,ａｎｄ TheStateldeologyofRUmahTanggH(Household)andtheMinangkabau ViewofGenderandPower、IBUNKA(OtherCultures),Vol・ａＦａｃｕｌｔｙｏｆ InterculturalCommunication,HoseiUniversity,Tokyo,2002,pp23342

sQlbe(chni)，ubj(edibletuber),ノョgung(corn)，padiﾉadang(ricegrownin dryfield)ａｎｄｓｏｏｎ、

GLadangisopposedtosawah,wetricefleld

7PeopleofMungoteｓｔｉｆｉｅｄｔｏｍｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅｙｗｅｒｅＢＰＴ－ＨＭＴworkersand policemen、

８ＨｅｗａｓａｌｓｏＫｅｒｕａＫｅﾉoｍｐｏｋＴｅｍａｋ（HeadoftheRanchWorkers’

Union)ａｎｄｈａｄｂｅｅｎｐａｉｄｓｏｍｅａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｍｏｎｅytodistributethemtothe workers・Ａｎｄｈｅｗａｓａｌｓｏｔｏｌｄｔｈａｔｈｅｍｉｇｈｔｌｏｓｅｈｉｓｊｏｂｉｆｈｅｓｔｏｏｄｍｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅ・Severalmonthslater,whenthevillagemencamehome littlebylittle,ＤｔＰＫｗａｓｆｉｒｅｄｆｒｏｍｈｉｓｓｔａｔｕｓａｓｔｈｅＫｅｔｕａＫＡＮ,ａｎｄｔｈｅ systemKANitselfwasdissolved・ＴｈｅｎＬＡＮ(Lemba〃Adat1V2Igzm)was organized・ＴｈｅＫｅｔｕａＬＡＮｗａｓｅｒｅｃｔｅｄｏｎＪｕｎｅ,2001.

(20)

5０

,IinterviewedajournalistwhouseｄｔｏｂｅａｍｅｍｂｅｒｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅａｎｄｗａｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｐｅｒｓｏｎｓｗｈｏｗｅｒｅｓｔｉｌｌＷａｎｔｅｄＨｅｗａｓｔｈｅＫｅｔｕａＬＫＡＡＭｉｎｌ９７９、ＡｓｈｅｗａｓｓｔｉｌｌｗａｎｔｅｄｈｅｃａｍｅｂａｃｋｈｏmesecreUy fromalonglifeasarefugeestartingfromPekanBaru,Batamlsland JakartaandPadang・ＨｅｓａｉｄｈｅＵｖｅｄｗｉｔｈｄｏｎａｔｉonsfromhissupporters・

HisfamilyfacedadifficultywhileｈｅｗａｓａｗａｙＨｉｓｗｉｆｅｗｏｒｋｅｄａｓａｃｉｖｉｌ servantwithpoorincomeandtheyhadthreechildrenOncehishouse wassetonflreFortunately1hisneiｇｈｂｏｒｓｓａｗｔｗｏｍｅｎｔｈｒｏｗａｐｅｔｒｏｌｂｏｍbintohishouse,thenthetwoarsonistswerecaughtandbroughtto thepolicebythosepeopleCuriouslyenoughthesuspectedarsonists werereleasedwithoutanypunishmentseveraldayslater・

IoKOrongisadialectofjOmnginthisdistricLFourkomnginKepala HilalangisTarok,SimpangBalehKami,ＰｕncurianTujuhandPasar

Limau

1lAsitusedtotakeabouttenyearsuntilrubberwasreadytobetapped itwasonlyafterthelndependencewhenthepeoplereceivedprofitsfrom theplantations・

I2Theyhavesumtpin/aｍａｎ(letteroflease)oftheDutchcompanies,and theperantauorganizationfromKepalaHilalanginJakarta（Jkatan Keﾉua１浬lKepajaHHajangJabotabek)alsosupportedthisstruggle・

l3BefOrestartingasurveyinKepalaHilalang,IreferredtoathesisfOra masterdegreeofRefinaldi，ＫｂｎＨｉｋＴａｎａｈＵｈｙａｔＤノＳＬＪｍａｔｅｍＢａｍｔｂＳｍｄ/KasusJnmahPelkebunanTandjkatLamaDanmandikatBaruDi KenagalfｍＫｅｐａｌａＨＩﾉajangKabupaten田a｡&mgPa池man,ProgramPasca SarjanaUniversitasNegeriPadang,2000．However・Refinaldi1sthesis,I fOunddidnotcovertheprocessofthefightproperly、

L1IhavejustreceivedschokingnewsfromLBHPadangontheclosinｇｄａｙｏｆｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ・PTPurnaKaryastoppedcontrollingtheplantations，

andthebenefltsfromthetappedrubｂｅｒｗｉｌｌｂｅｓｈａｒｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｗｏｒｋｅｒｓａｎｄNagariKepalaHilalang・Theworkerswillbegivenseventypercent andthenagzmtheremainingthirtypercent・

I5NagariKotoGadangusedtobelongtoNagariGugukbefOrel979，

(21)

５１

however,ａｆｔｅｒｔｈｅｄｅｓａｄａｙｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｌ９７９ｔo200LNagariKotoGuguk wasdividedintothreeNagari:NagariKotoGaekNagariJawi-Jawi・and NagariKotoGadangfOllowingtheNagariGugukbeingdividedintothree desa(KotoGaekJawi-JawiandKotoGadang)duringthedesadays、

I6Thewalmagmﾌﾞｗａｓａｆｂｒｍｅｒprimaryschoolteacherinhismid-thirties

lアTheneighborplantationofPTKarakatauisKebunTalukGunung whichhavebeencultivatedteasincel965byPTEnamTelukGunung ThisvastlandofｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎｌＯＯＯｈａｕｓｅｄｔｏｂｅｔｈｅｔａｎａｈulayatofNagari

BatumbukandNagariBatangBarus,andtheDutchcompaniesleasedthe landNevertheless，asthepeoplecouldnotfinddocumenｔｓｏｆＳｕｍｔＳｅｗａ

Ｔａｎａｈ(documentofrent),thepeoplecouldnotclaimtheirrightoverthe plantation・Ｔｈｅｌａｎｄｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｈｉｇｈｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈｅｐｌａntationisdirectly

connectedtoDanauAtas

18Theregionalgovemmentdefendthemselvesbyusingthislogicatthe

trialofBukitGompong、

l9ProfessorSchamuniratAndalasUniversityexpressedhisviewtome，

andseehisarticleofHJmpunanMaka｣ahdanRumusanWbrkshOpTanah UIayatdiSumatemBamt,ｅｄ・ＢｙＨ・SyofyanJallaluddin,Padang2001、

封Policereleasedhimthreemonthslaterontheconditionthatpeople wouldnotaccusethepoliceandwouldacknowledgehisarrestaslegal，

Policetookhisthumbimpressionfbrcefullytoshowthathehimselfwas

contentwiththearrestwhilehefaintedinthepolicetruck、People weighedthebalanceoflossandgaintocontinuethetriaLthenthey decidednottoaccusethepoliceaｎｙｍｏｒｅｏｎｔｈｅｇｒｏｕｎｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｐｅｒｓｏｎ wasreleasedlnMungo,peoplewouldnotstoptheirstruggleuntilthey

willbecompensated

2lSeeKeebetvonBenda-Beckman，ThebmAenstaJrwaystoconcensua VIﾉﾉagBmstjbeandstatecourtsinMInangkabau､Dordrecht:Foris,1984.

22FranzandKeebetvonBenda-Beckman，ＩＩＴｈｅＭｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｄｉｌｅｍｍａｓｏｆｄecentralization:recreatingthena頚riinWestSumatra,!'paperpresented atthe3rdlnternationalSymposiumoftheJournalAntompojigUndonesla，

l6-19July2002,BalLIndonesia、Ireferredtotheiranotherpaperalso．

(22)

５２

１１Recreatingthenaga汀：decentralizationinWestSumatra,'１Hrstpresented

atthe3rdconferenceoftheEuropeanAssociationfOrSoutheastAsian Studies(EUROSEAS),LondoL6-8September,２００１．

２３１tisveryinterestingtoobservewhatwillhappennextinKepala HilalanｇａｆｔｅｒＰＴＰｕｍａＫａｒｙａｗｏｕｌｄｎｏｔｃｏｎｔｒoltheplantationsanymore andthatallthebenefitsfromtheplantationswouldbesharedbetween theplantationworkersandnagHIT．

割TheprovincegovernmentofWｅｓｔＳｕｍａｔｒａｍａｄｅａｄｒａｆｔｔｏｄｅａｌｔｈｅｔanahujayatissue，ａｎｄＬＫＡＡＭａｌｓｏｍａｄｅａｄｒａｆＬＷｅｍｕｓｔｋｅｅｎｌｙｐａｙａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｗｈａｔｋｉｎｄｏｆｌａｗｏｒｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｗｏｕｌｄｂｅｉmplemented・

園ThefOllowingclashbetweenthepeopieofTanaDatarandthepolice showｓｈｏｗｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅｄｏｎｏｔｔｒｕｓｔｐｏｌｉｃｅａndtheyarenotafraiｄｏｆｔｈｅｐｏｌｉｃｅａｎｙｍｏｒｅ・

OntheeveningofJuly23rd2002,therehappenedaquarrelin thecityofBatuSangkar,TanaDatar,aboutwhoshouldberesponsiblefbr theaccidentbetweenapolicemanandaone-horsecarriagedriver・Ｉｎｔｈｅｅｎｄｏｆｔｈｅｑｕａｒｒｅｌｔｈｅｐｏｌｉｃｅｍanknockeddowntheone-horsecarriage driver,thenhewentbacktohisoffice、Laterasthedrivertoldhisfriends andvillagersthestory，alotofviUagersandone-horsecarriagedrivers cametothepoliceofficaandwantedtoreporttheincidenttothepolice andaskedfOranapologyofthepoliceman・Astonishedbythepeople1s power，ｔｈｅpolicedirectororderedtoshootthemandtwomenwere killed,andonewasseriouslyinjuredThepeoplebecameveryfuriousat policecｏｕｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｓｅｔｆｉｒｅｏｎｔｈｅｐｏlicebuildings・Abig demonstrationwhichcriticizedthepoliceshootingandtwomen1sdeath wasorganizedonthefOllowingseveraldays・ＴhepoliceofBatuSangkar couldnotdealwiththepeople1sclaimandsoaskedJakartatofinishthe

incident・

ItwasbasedonprejudicethatsomenewspapersliketheKbmpas(July 25,2002）ｕｓｅｄｔｈｅｗｏｒｄｏｆｒａｍｐｕｋ(runamuck）toreportthepeople1s

actions