根栽型作物からみたアフリカ農業の特質

අਬȆै໤̥͙̹ͣͺΐͺȆͺές΃

൓ൕ݀с႒ȴʰʛɛˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒ

⏎̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹ຦౏ඨ႒࡝ᇕປᥒ⏎

ᩂǵᅒǵልǵᒶ*

The Essence of African Vegeculture:

Ethnobotanical Comparison of Banana and Ensete

SHIGETA Masayoshi*

The goal of this paper is to examine the characteristics of African vegeculture centered on banana (Musa sp.) and ensete (Ensete ventricosum) agriculture in the broader perspectives of ethnobotany as person-plant relationships. In the first part of this paper, I attempt a selected review of the theories of origin, variation, and dispersal of banana varieties in Africa. I also discuss the origin and diversity of landrace in relation to the changes of agricultural systems in Africa brought about by the introduction of the banana from Asia. Secondly, I make an ethnobotanical comparison of banana and ensete in order to propose future agendas for the development of research on these two crops in Africa. Lastly, I discuss the essence of African vegeculture in terms of three characteristics: diversity, perenniality, and mass-of-harvest. In African vegeculture system exploiting banana and ensete, both plants are “perennial” monocots, local farmers maintain high level of “diversity” in landrace variation, and both crops give a great “mass of harvest” at once from one plant. I contend that these three common characteristics of African vegeculture may be closely related to, and form the basis of, the worldview of African farmers.

1

ȅ͉̲͛ͅȇΨ΢΢͂΀ϋΓȜΞ

ǵ̫̠̠ɻέਲ਼ᡴɲс႒ɫȡʳ⏏ ǵ̫̠̠ɴɻዛࡎȵɫȷɲȦ⏏ܩΫɫഘՕȴʶɌɲȦ⏏ॅ߂ɫߏߴɲ০ˁɌɛഗࡸɹᮃʚʱɴ ɻ޽ᩄɹɫ˃ʋ˃ȵيʚʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ˓̦ዀɹዤᰖɭປʏɩᩂȼɩ߂ȷɲ̫̠̠ɹഗଗɻᢱᚁʦ᧊ெȵᎎ׬ɫɻɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋γ

* ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡܩݖ቉ድ቉ድዀ, Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University

ᅠɹഗࡸɹɲȴɫɻമรᰖɴɦȦɫᅊᅋᩄȵ޽ȼ⏋ᩂឹɲழᩆс႒ɭɌɩॷǾᅊᅋᩄȵވ֓Ɍ ɩȦʳ⏏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡɹࢸៀฐᦅࢃɴɭɤɩɻᕶᐌс႒ɭɌɩέخ๕ɹࡔܧɫȡʳ⏏Ȧʚ ʦ̫̠̠ɻγᅠɹၖय़ɴʁʸȼൕݛɇʶʳɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ཧय़ܩݖɴᥥՏɇʶ⏋ኽɛɠɹᰩשɴ ʢ࡚፲ˁکʼɑᇎݭɐʳ⏋ഗࡸɹɲȴɫ೎ʢ˫ͦͻ̫͡׋Ɍɛс႒ɹʁɭɦɭȦȭʳɞʸȩ⏏ ǵʢɠʸ˃ཧय़ɴзʞኽɛɠȵȡʚʱʭȼሾʰɲȦ̫̠̠ɹࠒʢȡʳ⏏ ǵளɁɛʱᙜɌɛʱ္ȦɛʱɌɩᰩʏʳషჿᅎ̫̠̠⏃̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲ⏋plantain⏆ʦ⏋ᇍᨥᰩ ڃɴɲʳ̫̠̠⏋ᰩᅎГ޺ɹᅎ᦭ɴգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ̫̠̠ɹࡔܧɻ⏋ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡɹၖय़ ɫɻხɌȦɄɭɫɻɲȦ⏏ᅊᅋᩄɞȿɫȦȭɽ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɫɻ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹʓȩȵᅊᰩɇʶ ʳ̫̠̠ʭʱʢ޽ȦɭɇʶɩȦʳ␩FAO 2002␭⏏

ǵ̫̠̠ɻˏ˻ˏɴᣱ྇Ɍɛс႒ɫȡʳ␩Stover and Simmonds 1987␭⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹ̫̠̠ ȵ⏋Ё౗ɹˏ̶͠ˡɴɻعܩɴʁʸȼʛȦɞɇʶʳ⏏ˏ˻ˏɹ̫̠̠ȵ⏋Ȧɦ⏋ɰɄȴʰ⏋ɰ ɹʭȩɴɌɩ⏋ᠨɹଝɴʭɤɩˏ̶͠ˡʍ᧊ɽʶɩȷɛȴ⏋ᡉᠦɻȡʳȵȦʚɹɭɄʸໆࡴᇕ ɲ៷୞ɻɲȼʭȼʼȴɤɩȦɲȦ⏏1) ǵ̫̠̠ɭປʏɩ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻʢɤɭέਲ਼ᡴɲс႒ɫȡʳ⏃Ԡሎ 1⏆⏏ ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɴɻɲȴɲȴᖽȵټȴɲȦ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵɗɹ̫̠̠ɭᯃ।ɴʭȼаɛඨ႒к ৢ૯!1ȁ΀ϋΓȜΞ 1) с႒ȵ⏋ȡʳʁɭɦɹݭଘɫᣱ྇ɌɩЈɹܩݖɴШȭʰʶɩȦȼɭȦȩ⏋׬Υᣱ྇ɭܩჿᇕШ௢ˁᏼʛغʼɓ ɛإԎᇕɲᓒȭ౅ȵȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʚɫ⏋γᅠɹс႒Օ॒ɹჼႥˁᠦ౩Ɍɛʱ⏋ܩݖᬚɹ̨͐ʦ̯̜ɹው֪ˁᠦ౩ ɐʳҶ៷ɭɌɩʭȼᅎȦʰʶɩȷɛ⏏ᦅ෌ɹɻɍʚʱʢ⏋ȡʳݭଘɫɹᣱ྇ɭɗɹШ௢ɴʭɤɩᠦ౩ɇʶɩȷ ɛ⏏с႒ɹᣱ྇ɭШ௢ɴᬠɐʳ႒᠝ɻ⏋ኽɛɠɹ઎Ӊ֐ˁȴȷɛɩʳɭɭʢɴɇʚɊʚɲᆄکɹ೺ˁࢷȷՏɐ⏏

ɴ⏋߂ȷɲᖽইˁɦȿʳɹɻ⏋ඨȭЊȿɩȴʰ 5 ॷȴʰ 10 ॷГΫʢᅊᔒɌɩȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ഗ ࡸɴɻሁ৹ 2 Π ȼʰȦɹᶌȼɩݠȦዛࡎȵɛȼɇ˃ԂɤɩȦɩᰩʏʰʶɲȦ⏏Ϻᬚɻܩάɴ ɫȷʳݳᗡɭ⏋ܩΫᨆɹᗡɴᙢȭʰʶʳɫ˃ʋ˃ˁᰩᅎɴգᅎɐʳ⏏

ǵɌȴɌ⏋̫̠̠ (Musa sp.) ɭؾɍ̫˹͚˗ዀ (Musaceae) ɴՕᰖɇʶʳɄɹ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ (Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman)2)ɻ⏋Ё౗ʚɫ˛̍ˠ̴ˏɹ׫ᨆᲞܩɴɌȴൕݛɇʶɩ Ʉɲȴɤɛ⏏ൕݛܩݖȵᭉʰʶɩȦɛɄɭʢȡɤɩ⏋˛̍ˠ̴ˏɹϺؤɹ 3 ւɴȡɛʳ 2,000 ΨϺᦏȦϺʃɭȵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁςᰩɭɌɩգᅎɌɩȷɛɄɭɻ⏋Υᨆɹ቉ድᓔˁɹəȦɩ೎ᦏ ʚɫȡʚʱ໶ᇿɇʶɩɄɲȴɤɛ⏏3) ǵೣዣɫɻ⏋˫ͦͻ̫͡׋Ɍɛ̫̠̠ɭ⏋ͦͻˡ͡ɲ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘⏋Ʉɹʈɛɦɹ൓ൕ݀с ႒4) ˁ⏋Ϻɭඨ႒ɹሂϣᇕᬠѥɭȦȩែဣȴʰɭʰȭʳ⏏ʈɛɦɹс႒ˁ⏋ঃᒶɹ຦౏ඨ႒࡝ (Ethnobotany) ᇕɲ៎ဣȴʰປᥒɌɲȵʰ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹᦅ෌⏋႕ɴ൓ൕᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒˁද២ɐʳ ɹȵೣዣɹᇿฌɫȡʳ⏏5) ǵϺɭс႒ɹᬠʼʱɹȡʱ౅ɻ⏋ɗɹܩݖɹᅊ઴ᇕɲ೼Иʦ⏋Ϻᬚɹүɹ኏Ц͹ᐁཕᇕɲ⏋ಁ ɴɻక໠ᇕɲႥ໥ɴʭɤɩृزɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ਃഀɹჿៗɴਃɤɩʼȴʱʦɐȼȦȭɽ⏋Ϻᬚ ȵс႒ˁ⏋ըਉɫȷʳࢪᢒɭɌɩɭʰȭɛȩȭɫ⏋ᦅ෌ɭȦȩᅊ෌ˁᏼᑩɌɩȷɛɭᓒȭɩȷ ɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋θᓔɹᬠѥɴɻ⏋с႒ȵᅊഀҺȭɩȦʳ႕ਸɴʭɤɩ߂ȷȼៀࡴɇʶɩȦʳᨆՕ ȵȡʳ⏏ࢪປɇɓɩៜȭɽ⏋с႒ȵϺᬚɹȡʱȴɛˁृزɌɩȷɛᨆՕȵȡʳɭʛʳɄɭȵɫ ȷʳ⏏ೣዣɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲጓݭȴʰс႒ɹ႕ਸɴɦȦɩɹ៨ᦚˁɐɐʠɩȦȼ⏏ ǵࢸዣɻ 3 ɦɹᨆՕȴʰɲʳ⏏ ǵʚɑ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠ɹ຦౏ඨ႒࡝ᇕሾឿɴᬠɌɩɄʶʚɫɴʼȴɤɩȦʳɄɭ ˁ⏋ᣱ྇͹޴ᅵ͹Ш௢⏋ڃዛɹ޽෵ਸɭՕᰖ⏋޽෵ਸɹᣱ྇⏋ᦅ෌෵িɹ޴׋ɴɦȦɩςɴయ ჉ɴʭʱɲȵʰෙ៎Ɍ⏋̫̠̠ɹࢷԂȵˏ̶͠ˡɹȋ̫̠̠Гմȍɹᦅ෌ɴ޴׋ˁήȭɛɭȦ ȩɄʶʚɫɹ቉ድଁഗˁද២ɐʳ⏏ 2) ঃᒶɹ̫˹͚˗ዀɻ⏋˹͚˗ˤዀ⏋ˡͲ̠ዀ⏋˪̀˗˱Ͳዀɭɭʢɴ˹͚˗ˤᇿ (Zingiberales) ˁ০ଁɌɩȦʳ ȵ⏋ঃᒶɹ̫˹͚˗ዀˁ 4 ዀɴᏳՕɐʳઝឿʢȡʳ⏏ɗɹݭغ⏋ೣዣɫɭʱȡɁʳ 2 ࣚ Musa ɭ Ensete Ȳʭʃ

Musella ࣚȵႷᒶɹ̫˹͚˗ዀˁ෯ଁɐʳ␩ݞᅒǵ1989␭⏏ɗɹɲȴɫൕݛɇʶʳɹȵ⏋Musa ɭ Ensete ɹ 2 ࣚɫ ȡʳ⏏Musa ɻɇʰɴ 5 ́˪˹͚ͲɴՕȿʰʶ⏋́˪˹͚Ͳ Eumusa ɴᰩᅎ̫̠̠ɹ߂ᨆՕȵيʚʶʳ⏏ 3) ␩Smeds 1955; Bezuneh 1984; Bezuneh and Fekele 1966; ᩂᅒǵ1988; 1995; 2001; Shigeta 1990; 1996; 1997␭.

4) ܩΫ⏋ܩάˁɭʼɑዛࡎГ޺ɹᨆՕɴ߂ᩄɴᙢȭʰʶʳɫ˃ʋ˃ˁؚዲɌɩգᅎɐʳс႒ᒴˁ⏋μ࣊␩1966␭ ɻ൓ൕᰖɭ٧˃ɞ⏏ݞᅒ␩1989␭ɻ˓͐݀с႒ɭȦȩ٧ዌˁரڟɌɩȦʳ⏏ೣዣɫɻɄʶʰˁȋ൓ൕ݀с႒ȍ⏋ ɗʶˁςɭɌɩᅎȦʳᦅ෌ˁȋ൓ൕᦅ෌ȍɭɌɛ⏏ 5) ɄɄɫȦȩ˛˽̨̢̓̊ͻ቉ድɭɻ⏋Ϻɹඨ႒գᅎˁςɲᬠਕϟ᯵ɭɐʳႷᒶɹ຦౏ඨ႒࡝ʦ˛˱̨͊̒˪̓ ̢̊ͻɞȿɫɲȼ⏋Ϻɭඨ႒ɹᬠʼʱˁሂϣᇕɲ̯̜̆ඨ႒ᬠѥɭɌɩ⏋᧌ዐɭɌɩɹ̝͍˽̘ˑ˭ͻ˹͚Ͳ ˁ቉ድɐʳՕᩃˁيʞঃᒶɹ຦౏ඨ႒࡝ɭɌɩеᒞɧȿɩȦʳ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹ˛˽̨̢̓̊ͻɴᬠɌɩɻ୚ዣ ␩ᩂᅒǵ1988; 2001; Shigeta 1996; 1997␭ˁؒ၇⏏̫̠̠ɹെ᰸͹ᠭჿ͹գᅎ⏋༑ᦲ͹ᐁཕ⏋య׋͹኏Ц⏋᧨Шᣂ ྇ɹѳᡸ͹ᐣ୫ɲɰ⏋๿ɇʶɛ˛˽̨̢̓̊ͻ቉ድɹᠭീ᯵ᇿɴɦȦɩɻᏨ३ɹᬠѥɫ᠎Ɍȼද២ɫȷɲȴɤ ɛɹɫྈҺμɹաዣɴʪɑʳ⏏

ǵ๖ɴ⏋̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɴᬠɌɩ຦౏ඨ႒࡝ɹςɲ቉ድ᯵ᇿɴɦȦɩປᥒˁ᝔Ȧ⏋Ё৿ɹ ቉ድᠩᰍɴɦȦɩࣙ೚ˁᦚʏʳ⏏ʚɛɲɕ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲс႒ɭɌɩγᅠɴШ௢Ɍ ɲȴɤɛɹȴɗɹჿᅓɴɦȦɩᓒ࢘ɐʳ⏏ ǵ೎৿ɴ⏋຦౏ඨ႒࡝ᇕɲປᥒˁᦲɍɩʛȦɞɇʶʳ⏋̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁςс႒ɭɐʳˏ ̶͠ˡɹ൓ൕᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒɴɦȦɩᠶɍʳɭɭʢɴ⏋ೣዣɹʠɊɐែဣȵЁ৿ɹˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ ᇍࣙɴᬠɌɩഗɛɐخᔨਸɴɦȦɩʢᗐॵɹᓒ࢘ˁ᝔ȩ⏏

2

ȅΨ΢΢͈ྦྷ௼૒໤ڠ

2.1ȁ࡙ܳȆ་։Ȇഥ෥ ǵ̫̠̠ɻˏ̶͠ˡɴɻ⏋ȦɦɅʸ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲᐁᤉɫ⏋ᠨɹଝɴʭɤɩШȭʰʶɛɹɞʸȩ ȴ⏏ ǵШ௢ɴᬠɐʳ቉ድˁෙ៎ɐʳմɴ⏋ჼܧɹˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠ɹ᧨Шᇕɲ޴ᅵɭՕ॒ˁ ჿៗɌɩȲȼɄɭȵਖឹɫȡʸȩ⏏Ʉʶʚɫ⏋ൕݛ̫̠̠ɹ޴ᅵɻ˰̨͌෯ଁɴʭʳՕᰖȵ᝔ ʼʶɩȷɛ⏏6) ǵɛɭȭɽ⏋ኽɛɠȵ౗ೣɫʭȼᰩʏʳᅊᰩᅎ̫̠̠ɻ⏋˥͑̾Ͳ̚ˑ̒˹͖ (Cavendish) ʦ ˫ͦ˽͊̒̍˙͡ (Gross Michel) ɲɰɹڃዛ⏃ᒴ⏆ؿɫ٧ɽʶ⏋AAA ɭȦȩ˰̨͌෯ଁˁʢ ɦؾᣒ 3 ҆кɫȡʳ⏏ȴɦɩ౗ೣɫʭȼᰩɇʶɩȦɛدཱྀ̫̠̠ʢ AAA ɹڃዛɫȡʳ⏏Ȧɤ ʗȩ⏋షჿᅎ̫̠̠ڃዛɹᐵዌɭɌɩᅎȦʰʶʳɄɭʢȡʳ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɻ⏋AAB ɹ෯ଁˁ ʢɦᅵᣒ 3 ҆кɹڃዛᒴɫȡʳ⏏7)

ǵ˰̨͌ɹᏼغɓɫឿʳɭ⏋γᅠɫൕݛɇʶʳ̫̠̠ɴɻ⏋2 ҆кɹ AA, BB⏋AB, ɹʓȴ⏋3 ҆кɹ AAA, AAB, ABB, 4 ҆кɹ ABBB, AAAB, AABB ɲɰȵȡʳ⏏Ʉɹȩɠˏ̶͠ˡɴሾʰʶ ɩȦʳɹɻ⏋AA, AB, AAA, AAB, ABB ɹ 5 ዛᰖɹ˰̨͌ᏼغɓɫȡʳ␩Stover and Simmonds 1987␭⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲ⏋Ԋᦲɹ˰̨͌෯ଁˁʢɤɛڃዛɹʚɭʚʱˁ⏋ɄɄɫɻЕɴ˰̨͌ڃዛ ᒴɭʭ˃ɫȲȼɄɭɴɐʳ⏏

ǵჼܧɹˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴɭܩჿᇕՕ॒ɹᬠѥɻ⏋Ʉɹ܋ץγᏛɹȡȦɞɴࢷ Ԃɇʶɛ 10 ڃዛʓɰɹఒᖪڃዛˁաɴɐʶɽ⏋߂ȷȼՕȿɩ 3 ɦɹʚɭʚʱɴՕȿʰʶʳ

6) Ё౗γᅠɫ೎ʢঃȼൕݛɇʶʳȋ̫̠̠ȍɭȦȩؿմɻ⏋Musa acminata Colla ⏃˓Ͳ̝ആᨆȴʰីᨆ͇ͤͻ˹ˏ ܩݖɴՕ॒⏋˰̨͌៨ش AA⏆ɭ Musa balbisiana Colla ⏃ആ׫ˏ˻ˏȴʰ͊˪̦ͦ˹ˏ⏋̦͠ͅ˹ˏីᨆʚɫՕ ॒⏋˰̨͌៨ش BB⏆ɭȦȩ 2 ɦɹኘӴᩃᅊዛ⏃Ϡ҆к⏆ɴᅓഀɐʳ˰̨͌ɹɇʚɊʚɲᏼغɓɴʭɤɩଁጓ Ɍɛڃዛᒴɴήȭʰʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏˰̨͌៨شɻˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ዛɭ̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠ዛɗʶəʶɹዛࢸؿɹᰄ యࡓˁɭɤɩ A, B ȵᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶəʶɹڃዛᒴɹ˰̨͌෯ଁɻ⏋Ᏻᔟ࡝ᇕɴໆࡴɇʶɛʢɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ ০઴ᇕɲ০ᣒɹཀྵࡴ⏃15 ɹ০ᣒˁ਄ဣ׋Ɍɩغ៟ɐʳ౅໬⏆ɴʭɤɩࡴʠʰʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏

7) γᅠᇕɴՕ॒ɐʳ 3 ɦɹ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹڃዛᒴɹȩɠ⏋AAB Horn ɭ AAB French ɹ 2 ɦȵˏ̶͠ˡɴՕ॒ɐ ʳ⏏

␩Langhe et al. 1994-95; Karamura 1999␭⏃ܒ 1⏆⏏

ǵ1 ɦɻ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɹ˓Ͳ̝໽໤ࣳܩݖɭɗɹٞᦇɹऄǾɴʛʰʶʳ⏋AA, AAA, AB, ABB ɲ ɰɹ෯ଁˁʢɦ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹȩɠ⏋AB ɭABB ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴɻ⏋ປᥒᇕ೎ᦏɴ ɲɤɩԒ᭜ᨆʍʢɛʰɇʶɛ⏏ ǵ2 ɦʠɻ⏋μ߈Ȳʭʃីˏ̶͠ˡɹၖय़жܩගകݖɴ೎ʢ޽ȼʛʰʶʳ AAB ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴ ɫ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡ͹̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɭʢʭɽʶʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹՕ॒ɻីˏ̶͠ˡȴʰගകܩय़ˁ ᐁɩ⏋ആɻ˸˓ͻ͡ाອᏙɭ̠˓͡ाອᏙɹՕࣦဣЊᦏʚɫʁʸȵɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶʚɫɴ 120 ГΫɹڃዛȵሾʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ3 ɦʠɹ˫͡ͻ̺ȵ⏋AAA-EA ɭᝠ៨ɇʶʳɄɭɹ޽Ȧ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡᲞܩ݀ɹ̫̠̠ɫȡ ʳ⏏8) Ʉɹ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴɴࣚɐʳ̫̠̠ɻ⏋షჿȡʳȦɻᨙᅎɫ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɹ໤ࣳᨆɴʛʰ ʶʳؾɍ˰̨͌෯ଁɹ AAA ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴȵɛȦɩȦᅊᰩᅎɫȡʳဣɫᅵɲɤɩȦʳ⏏9)Ȧɑʶ ɴɓʭ⏋AAA ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴɻμ߈ᨆˏ̶͠ˡᲞܩГആɴʛʰʶʳ⏏ ଎!1ȁΨ΢΢͈ΊΦθ຦ਅ߲͂΀ϋΓȜΞ͈౷ၑഎ໦ື 8) EA ɻ˰̨͌៨شɫɻɲȼആˏ̶͠ˡ (East Africa) ˁኍɐ⏏ 9) ˗ˤͲ̋ɫ͇̜˭ (matoke) ɭ٧ɽʶʳషჿᅎڃዛᒴɻ AAA ɫȡʳɴʢȴȴʼʰɑᠭჿɇʶʳ⏏˗ˤͲ̋Ȳʭʃ ី̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɴɻ⏋ؾɍȼ AAA ɹ෯ଁˁʢɦڃዛɫᅊᰩɫȷɲȦ̲ͻ͡ᅎɹڃዛᒴ̲͌̚ (mbide) ȵȡʳ⏏

ǵɄɹʭȩɲ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴɹՕ॒ȵɰɹʭȩɴɌɩଁጓɌɩȷɛɹȴ⏋ɄʶʚɫՏɇʶɩȷɛ ᡉᠦɻ߂ȷȼՕȿɩ 2 ɦɴʚɭʠʰʶʳ⏃ܒ 2⏆⏏ ǵ1 ɦɻ⏋ˏ̒˵͌ܩ౅ȴʰ˓Ͳ̝׫ᨆɴʼɛʳܩݖɫଁጓɌɛ⏋B ˰̨͌ˁيʞൕݛ̫̠̠ ȵ⏋μആȴʰჼܧɹ̮ͤ˽̠̍⏋ɗɌɩ˛˻̺̜ȡʳȦɻ˛̍ˠ̴ˏˁᐁᅓɌɩ̠˓͡ा༑ݖ ȴʰˏ̶͠ˡعܩɴʁʸȵɤɛɭɐʳʢɹɫ⏋6 γᏛȴʰ 7 γᏛ᯴ɴˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ɴ̫̠̠ȵ զ᧒Ɍɛɭᓒȭʳ⏏ɄɹҶ៷ɭɌɩ A.D. 525 ॷ⏋Ꮮ༠ɹ˛̜͠͠ˏ໤ࣳɹˏ̝͠˽ɫʛɦȴɤ ɛ̫̠̠ɹᐒȵ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ೎إɹ៨᪼ɭɌɩሾʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ປᥒᇕϗၥɴ৔Ȧਸᣒˁ ୫ɤɛ̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠ɹ B ˰̨͌ˁيʞڃዛᒴȵ⏋Ʉɹᐁᤉˁᦲɤɩˏ̸͞ϯ౫ڧϺɴʭɤ ɩˏ̶͠ˡɴʢɛʰɇʶɛɭȦȩᠦɫȡʳ⏏ ǵʢȩ 1 ɦɹᠦɻ⏋ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ɹ A ˰̨͌ˁʢɤɛڃዛᒴȵആ׫ˏ˻ˏȴʰ˓Ͳ̝໽ˁᐁ ɩ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɹ໤ࣳᨆɴШȭʰʶɛɭɐʳʢɹɫ⏋ɗɹಁೝɻᏛӯ৿ɐȽȴʰ 5 γᏛɄʸʚ ɫɹ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏᏙɹϺʃɭȵ͇̋ˤ˽ˡ͡ऄʍውзɌɛɄʸɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵKaramura ␩1999␭ɻ⏋ᐁᅓܩȵϗၥɌɛຩҌɹɛʠ̫̠̠ˁᅊȷɛʚʚ᧊ʉɄɭɻέخᔨɞ ɭɐʳ Purseglove ␩1972␭ɹᠦ౩ˁᅎȦɩ⏋׌౅ȴʰШʼɤɛɭɐʳخᔨਸˁوࡴɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɌȴɌ⏋Berchem ␩1989-90␭ɭ Vansina ␩1990␭ɻ̫̠̠ɹ٧ዌɹៜ᠝࡝ᇕɲՕഓɴݜɧȦ ɩ⏋׌౅ȴʰԂɤɛ B ˰̨͌ˁʢɤɛڃዛᒴ (AAB) ȵˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜μ߈ᨆɴӴɴШ௢ɌɩȦ ଎!2ȁͺές΃ఱၘ͈͒Ψ΢΢͈ഥ෥σȜΠ

ɛɭᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶʚɫ⏋޽ȼɹ቉ድᓔɻ⏋ȲɗʰȼᏛӯմ৿ɹಁೝȴʰ⏋͇ͤͻᏙɹϺ ʃɭɹውзɴɭʢɲɤɩ⏋༠ΫˁᐁᅓɌɩ͇̋ˤ˽ˡ͡Ȳʭʃ͐˸Ͳ̲ͻ˪Њᦏɹആ༠ࣳʍ೎ ՟ɴ̫̠̠ȵШ௢Ɍɛɭɐʳᠦˁఌ୫Ɍɩȷɛ⏏ჼܧɹՕ॒ȴʰᓒȭɩ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ̫̠̠ɻ A ˰̨͌ɹʛˁʢɤɛڃዛᒴ (AA, AAA) ɭɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ɗɹ৿ʢ⏋˓Ͳ̝໽ˁᐁɩˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ ɹആ༠ࣳʍШ௢Ɍ⏋ɇʰɴԒ᭜ᨆʍШʼɤɩȦɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶɩȷɛ⏏10) ɌȴɌ⏋೎ᦏɫɻ⏋ ȦʚȴʰȲȲʭɗ 2,000 ॷʓɰմɴ⏋೎՟ɹ̫̠̠ɭɌɩ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲȵ˓Ͳ̝໽үȴʰˏ̶ ͠ˡ߂᭜ɹആ׌ᨆ໤ࣳɴզ᧒Ɍ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɹᩃᅊ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹՕ॒ݖˁɛɰʱɲȵʰ⏋μ߈ ᨆȴʰីˏ̶͠ˡɴʚɫզ᧒ɌɛɭɐʳЕᠦʦ␩Langhe et al. 1994-95␭⏋8 γᏛГᭇɴ⏋˓Ͳ̝ ໽ɴᯆɌɛ˽̯ͩ͠ܩݖɹ׌ᨆ໤ࣳʍ˓Ͳ̝ȴʰШȭʰʶɛɭɐʳᠦ␩Rossel 1994-95; 1998a; 1998b␭ˁࣙᬖɐʳ቉ድᓔʢȦʳ⏏11) ჼಁဣɫɻ̫̠̠ɹШ௢ɴᬠɐʳᡉᠦɻȡʈʶɩȲʱ⏋ ໆࡴᇕɲЕᠦɻɲȦɭȦȭʳɞʸȩ⏏ ǵɍɤɇȦɹɭɄʸɻ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜Ԓɫ̫̠̠ɹᓒإ࡝ᇕɲ᧨кȵԃȼʛɦȴɤɩȦɲȦɹ ɫ⏋೎՟ɹШ௢ȵȦɦ᯴ɫȡɤɛȴɻᡒɹʚʚɫȡʳ⏏ʚɌɩ⏋ɗɹ̫̠̠ȵɰɹʭȩɲڃዛ ᒴɴࣚɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛȴɻԃȼʼȴʰɲȦ⏏12) ჼႥȵ᧌ؑˁɗɹʚʚ౱ɌՏɌɩȦʳɭЕࡴ ɐʳ൓୞ɻʓɭ˃ɰɲȦɭȦɤɩʢʭȦɞʸȩ⏏ ǵ̫̠̠ɴᭉʰɑˏ˻ˏȴʰˏ̶͠ˡʍШȭʰʶɛс႒ɻ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲ͡ͻ̜ˁᐁᅓɌɩ⏋ɗ ɹ৿л܌ɴʢʼɛɤɩ⏋ᅵɲʳᦵ঎ɫ᧊ɽʶШȭʰʶɛɹɫȡʸȩ⏏13) ɗɹؾɍ͡ͻ̜ˁᦥɴ ɛɰɤɩ⏋޽ȼɹˏ̶͠ˡɹс႒ʢˏ˻ˏʍɭШȭʰʶɛ⏏14) ɄɄɫɻ׌౅͡ͻ̜ɭആ౅͡ͻ ̜ˁϠᓔିΥᇕɴɭʰȭʳਖឹɻɲȦɭȦȩɄɭˁ୭௎ɌɩȲȷɛȦ⏏ʞɌʸ⏋ɐɫɴൕݛ ɹ̫̠̠ɭɌɩଁጓɌɩȦɛɇʚɊʚɲ˰̨͌෯ଁˁʢɦڃዛᒴȵ⏋ȦʸȦʸɲಁೝɴᅵɲʳ ᐁᤉȴʰˏ̶͠ˡɴʢɛʰɇʶ⏋ȡʳʢɹɻ஛ᅎɇʶ⏋ȡʳʢɹɻஅɩʰʶɛɭᓒȭʳɹȵ߹ য়ɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏15) ˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ɹԒᨆɴȲȦɩʢ⏋।ɴڃዛɹው֪ʦϯ༑ȵ᝔ʼʶɩȷ 10) Vansina ␩1990␭ɻ⏋μ߈ᨆˏ̶͠ˡɹ̫̠̠ɹ٧ዌˁද២Ɍɩ⏋-bugu ɹ᠝ॻˁʢɦ̫̠̠ȵ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹ ʁɭɦ AAB Horn ˰̨͌ڃዛɫȡʳɭЕࡴɐʳɭ⏋ʚɑ AAB Horn ȵ̠˓͡Ϋ༑ɴШȭʰʶ⏋ɗɹȡɭɴ AAB French ɗɌɩ AAA ɹ᯶ɴˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ʍԂɤɩȷɛɭȦȩЕᠦˁࣙᬖɌɩȦʳ⏏ 11) ͞Ͳ˰ɻ⏋೎՟ɹ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹզഀȵЁȴʰ 2,500⑯3,000 ॷմɫ⏋ആ༠ࣳˁᐁᅓɌɩ⏋য়ಁɹᩃᅊ˛Ͳ́ͻ ̘ɹՕ॒ݖˁɛɰɤɛɭᓒȭɩȦʳ␩Langhe et al. 1994-95: 152␭⏏ɌȴɌ⏋৳ȵ൓୞ɭɌɩȦʳ̫̠̠ɹ٧ዌՕ ॒ɹՕഓɻʭȦɭɌɩʢ⏋ჼܧɹڃዛధɴզ᧒ɐʳʚɫɹಁᬚˁ⏋ࡸᱻࡻᄩޅɫᣱɄʳкᏳᔟዺး޴ᅵɹრȴ ʰິʠʳ౅໬ɻᯃ।ɴϕಮɫѵ૔ਸɹжȦʢɹɞʸȩ⏏ 12) Mbida ␩2000␭ɻ⏋׫ᨆˡ͍͡ͻͲɹ Nkang ᧨ᤄɴȲȦɩᇍ஗Ɍɛൕݛ̫̠̠ɭ஠ࡴɇʶʳ̫˹͚˗ዀඨ႒ɹ ̺͞Ͳ̜ˠ̮ͻ͡ɹՕഓȴʰ⏋Ꮫӯմ 1 γᏛɹɄʸɴɄɹܩݖɴ̫̠̠ˁൕݛɐʳᦅ෌ȵȡɤɛɭᐄᠶɌɩȦ ʳ⏏ 13) ̫̠̠Г޺ɴˏ˻ˏȴʰˏ̶͠ˡʍШʼɤɩᩂឹɲςᰩс႒ɭɲɤɛʢɹɴɻ⏋ʚɑ˓̦ዀዤᰖɹˏ˻ˏ˓̦ ȵȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʓȴɴ⏋൓ൕ݀с႒ɭɌɩ⏋͓͌ʦ̊ͦɲɰ⏃˛̍ˠ̴ˏɴɻ˱Ͳ̢͑˪˓͐⏆ȵШʼɤɩȦʳ⏏ 14) ɛɭȭɽ⏋˹˱˪̲˛⏋͐ͦ˱˹⏋ˠ˪͞⏋˳͇⏋˵˵˰⏋˽˓ˡɲɰȵШȭʰʶɛ⏏ᑊయೝɹ᧨ᤄȴʰ˹˱ ˪̲˛ɹܦᆜᤄȵᇍឿɇʶɛɭȦȩݬٚʢȡʳ⏏Ꮫӯմ 3000 ॷɴ⏋ˏ̲͞ˏץऄʍɐɫɴ͐ͦ˱˹ȵШ௢Ɍɩ ȦɛɭȦȩᓒإ࡝ᇕ៷୞ʢʛɦȴɤɩȦʳ⏏

ɛɻɑɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ஠ࡴɐʳԍкᇕɲ൓୞ɻʚɞʛɦȴɤɩȦɲȦȵ⏋Ё৿⏋ჼܧɹˏ ̶͠ˡ߂᭜Ԓɹൕݛ̫̠̠ɹ޴ᅵɭՕ॒ˁ᠎Ᏻɴ࡝᭬ᇕଝ໬ɴʭɤɩද២ɐʳ቉ድȵɐɐʠɽ ਀Ǿɴ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɩȦȼɭೝ৺ɇʶʳ⏏ ǵɄʶʚɫɹɭɄʸ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ԒɴȲȿʳШ௢ɹᐁᤉˁჼႥɹՕ॒ȴʰࡸ៷ᇕɲଝ໬ɴ ʭɤɩɛɰʱ⏋ɗɹ๴رˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳʭȩɲ቉ድɻ⏋ៜ᠝࡝ᓔɴʭʳ٧ዌɹද២Г޺ɻʓɭ ˃ɰɲɇʶɩȦɲȦ⏏ჼܧʛʰʶʳڃዛᒴɹ˰̨͌෯ଁȴʰ⏋ɗɹᐁᤉˁ߂Ɋɤɿɴ஠ࡴɐʳ ʢɹȵʓɭ˃ɰɫȡɤɛ⏏৿ᦚɐʳʭȩɴ⏋ᅊ׋࡝ᇕɲଝ໬ɫ⏋ڃዛɹ᧨Шᇕɲؾࡴȵخᔨɴ ɲʶɽ⏋ჼܧɹՕ॒ˁଝȵȴʱɴ᧌ؑɹШ௢ɹ᧑ፉˁʭʱ๭ተɴ஠ࡴɐʳɄɭʢخᔨɴɲɤɩ ȼʳɞʸȩ⏏ 2.2ȁ຦ਅ͈ఉအ଻͂໦႒ ǵൕݛඨ႒ɹڃዛɹՕᰖɴɻ।ɴಸ౴ਸɭ੐ઝਸʍɹᆄਥȵɦȷʚɭȩ␩ᩂᅒǵ1995␭⏏̫̠ ̠ɹڃዛՕᰖɴʢɄʶʚɫɇʚɊʚɲ౅໬ȵᓒ൜ɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ӴᦚɌɛʭȩɴ˹͐Ͳ̀ʰɴ ʭɤɩɻɍʠʰʶɛ˰̨͌෯ଁɴʭʳՕᰖɻ⏋҅աɹڃዛɭȦȩʭʱɻ⏋Ԋᦲɹ႕ਸˁʢɤ ɛڃዛɹȡɦʚʱ⏮ڃዛᒴɭɌɩ̫̠̠ɹ႕ਸˁՕᰖɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ɄɹՕᰖɻ⏋̫̠̠ ɹᣱ྇ʦШ௢ˁᠶɍʳ᭬ɴᯃ।ɴ೑֟ɫȡɤɛ⏏Υ౅⏋ɍɤɇȦɴᕶᐌͤ̾͡ɫ̫̠̠ˁൕݛ ɐʳᦅ຦ɹᬚɴɻ⏋ༀᑇɇʶɛ຦ѯՕᰖɹкᏙȵɌɽɌɽឿȦɞɇʶʳɄɭȵݬٚɇʶɩȦʳ ␩Roscoe 1965; ػᅒǵ1978; ࡫ཙǵ1981␭⏏16) ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ຦౏Օᰖɴʭʳܩ౅ڃዛɹ᧨Ш ᇕؾΥਸɴɦȦɩɻ।ɴዀ࡝ᓔɹүȴʰᆄکȵɲɁȴȿʰʶɩȷɛ⏏ ǵɛɭȭɽ˽˓ͻ̜̫̠̠⏋̚˸ͻ̜̫̠̠ɲɰɭ٧ɽʶʳᅊᰩᅎɹᅆʛɹȡʳڃዛɭ⏋షჿ ᅎ̫̠̠ɹ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹךաɻ⏋ᰩᓃીʦᠭჿ౅໬ɴʭʳɭɄʸȵ߂ȷȼ⏋˰̨͌ڃዛՕᰖ ʦ⏋ඨ႒Օᰖ࡝ᇕɲ০઴ɴʭʳՕᰖɭ⏋ȴɲʰɑɌʢΥᕹɌɩȦɲȦ⏏17) ࡭ၓɌɩʢɫ˃ʋ˃ ᣒȵ߂ץɫ֓ၖᠭჿɌɲȦɭᰩʏʰʶɲȦڃዛʦ⏋ᑥᐣᣒȵ޽ȼɩᅊᰩɫȷɑ⏋ᇍᨥɇɓɩᨙ ɴɐʳڃዛȵȡʳΥ౅ɫ⏋࡭ၓɐʶɽȡʳዐ঎ᅆȼɲʳɴʢȴȴʼʰɑషჿᅎڃዛɭɇʶɩȦ ʳʢɹʢȡʳ⏏ ǵჼࡔɐʳൕݛ̫̠̠ɹڃዛˁ⏋ʁɭɦʁɭɦ఩ჿɌɩ⏋᧨ШᇕɴؾΥɲ˪ͦͻͲɭɌɩተጓ 15) ˹͐Ͳ̀ɻ⏋̫̠̠ɹൕݛ׋ɹ᧌ዐˁ๖ɹʭȩɴ஠ࡴɌɩȦʳ␩Simmonds 1976: 212␭⏏ʚɑ A ˰̨͌ˁʢɦᩃ ᅊˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ዛɹ 2 ҆кȵ׬ဤᐄഗਸˁკ਄ɌɩዛɲɌ̫̠̠ɭɲʱ⏋ɗɹ 3 ҆к (AAA) ȵଁጓɌ⏋ൕݛܩ ݖˁʁʸɁɛ⏏ɗʶɴ B ˰̨͌ˁʢɦ̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠ዛȵϯᮊɌɩృɛɲ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴˁᅊʛՏɌɛ⏏ɗɹ൓ ୞ɭɌɩ⏋ൕݛ݀ɹ 2 ҆к BB ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴȵʛɦȴɤɩȦɲȦɄɭˁȡɁɩȦʳ⏏ 16) ࡫ཙ␩1981: 112-113␭ɻ⏋̅Ͳ˳ͻ͞ɹѳ೑ɐʳ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲ 35 ڃዛˁ៨᪼ɌɩȦʳ⏏ػᅒ␩1978␭ɻ̩͇͡ ̼͞ऄɹˤͤ͞ȵᏝ 60 ౅ؿڃዛˁךաɌɩȦʳɭݬٚɌɩȦʳ⏏ 17) Simmonds ␩1962␭ɻ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹ٧ዌˁʦʠɩɌʚȩʭȩɴς৓ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗʶɫɻέѤɫȡʳ ɭȦȩɹɫ⏋Ʉʶʚɫ Musa paradisiaca ɭ៨ᥔɇʶɩȷɛ˫͡ͻ̺⏃ɍɤɇȦɴɻʁɭɦɹ˪ͦͻͲɭᓒȭʰ ʶʳ⏆ɴᭉࡴɌɩ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹ٧ዌȵᅎȦʰʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Stover and Simmonds ␩1987␭ɫɻ⏋ AAA ᒴɴʢ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹ٧ዌˁᅎȦɩȦʳ⏏

ɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʶɽ⏋ڃዛɹѳԃʦ቉ድɴɻ߂Ȧɴ৲ጓɩʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ᩂភˁɇȿ⏋֟რ ᇕɴ፬ჿɫȷʳɭȦȩʼȿɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɲ֪ลȴʰ⏋˗ˤͲ̋ܕԒɹൕݛ̫̠̠ڃዛˁɻɍʠɩкᏙᇕ⏋ᐨᒧᇕɴȡɦȴɤ ɛ Karamura␩1999␭ɻ⏋˗ˤͲ̋ˁμਕɭɌɩആˏ̶͠ˡᲞܩɴܔ೑ɹ AAA-EA ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴ ɴՕᰖɇʶʳᏝ 400 ɹȋڃዛȍˁࢪᢒɴ⏋޽޴ᩄៗഓɹଝ໬ɫధᩄՕᰖˁ᝔ɤɛ⏏18) ɗɹᐄഗ⏋ ࡸ᭬ɴჼݭɫьᅎɇʶɩȦʳܩ౅ڃዛɭ⏋˰̨͌ڃዛᒴɹȡȦɞɴ⏋ࡸᅎᇕɲ 6 ɦɹʚɭʚʱ ˁឿȦɞɌ⏋০઴ᇕ০ᣒɴݜɧȼՕᰖᝠˁɦȼɤɩȦʳ⏏Karamura ␩1999␭ɹ቉ድɹᩂឹɲဣ ɻ⏋ᦅ຦ɹܩ౅ڃዛɴࢪɐʳ຦౏Օᰖɭ⏋ՕഓᇕɴсʱՏɌɛՕᰖɹࢪਝᬠѥˁᓒૅɌɩȦʳ Ʉɭɞʸȩ⏏

ǵ೎ᦏɹଁഗɭɌɩɻ⏋RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) ໬ɭʭɽʶʳଝ໬ɫ⏋ DNA ుႅɹ޽݀ˁᠭʏɩɗɹ޽෵ਸˁཀྵࡴɌ⏋ʚɛԊᦲɹ DNA ుႅȵȡʳȴɲȦȴˁݜྈ ɴɌɩڃዛᬚɹ᧨ШᇕሂᬠɹᲞжˁິʠʳ౅໬ˁ⏋̫̠̠␩Pillay M. et al. 2001␭ɭ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ ̘␩Negash et al. 2002␭ɹθ౅ɴ᧟ᅎɐʳɄɭȵخᔨɭɲɤɛɄɭȵȡʳ⏏̫̠̠ɫɻ⏋ആˏ ̶͠ˡɹ 31 ڃዛ⏃AA, AAB ع 1 ڃዛ⏋AB ȵ 2 ڃዛ⏋AAA ȵ 27 ڃዛ⏆ȵ⏋Ʉɹ౅໬ɴʭɤɩ ষաخᔨɫȡɤɛ⏏ 2.3ȁఉအ଻͈࡙ܳ ǵˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩჼܧൕݛɇʶɩȦʳ̫̠̠ʦ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹڃዛɴឿʰʶʳ᧨Шᇕ޽෵ਸ ɻɰɹʭȩɴɌɩᅊɍɛɹɞʸȩȴ⏏Ʉɹکᰍˁᓒȭʳɴȡɛɤɩ⏋ʈɛɦɹс႒ȵ⏋Ȧɑʶ ʢ⏋െ᰸кᑢຂɭȦȩ౅໬ɫވʦɇʶ⏋᧨Шᇕɲ޴ᅵˁ๖γБɴɗɹʚʚࢅ౫ɴৄȷᐙȽɭȦ ȩɄɭȵ⏋ᩂឹɲմரɴɲʳ⏏ ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹݭغ⏋ᩃᅊᮃ܎ɭൕݛڃዛȵؾଘᇕɴࡔܧɐʳɛʠ⏋θᓔɹϯᮊɴʭʳ᧨Ш ᇕϯ༑ȵ޽෵ਸɹ྇ɴɲɤɩȦʳخᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋Ϻဤᇕɴ˱Ͳ̜ͦͻ͡ɇʶɛႥ໥ɫ᝔ ʼʶʳെ᰸кᑢຂɹ᧌ዐɫᅊɍɛкᏳᔟዺး޴ᅵʢ⏋ᇍឿɇʶʦɐȦɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ؾಁɴɗ ɹʭȩɴɌɩᅊʚʶɛ޽෵ਸˁڃዛɹ޴ᅵɭɌɩ؜ʱᦉ˃ɫᐣ୫ɌɩȦȼЇᏼʛȵ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ ̘ɴཉȦᬠਕˁࢊɓʳᦅ຦ɹүɴᅎઝɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȵ⏋౩ʰȴɴɲɤɩȦʳ␩ᩂᅒǵ1991; Shigeta 1990␭⏏ ǵɫɻჼܧ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩឿȦɞɇʶʳൕݛ̫̠̠ɹ᧨Шᇕ޴ᅵɻ⏋ɰɄɫɰɹʭȩɴɌ ɩᅊɍɛɹɞʸȩȴ⏏߂ȷȼՕȿɩ 2 ɦɹخᔨਸȵᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ ǵ1 ɦɻ⏋Ш௢ᣱ྇ᠦɫȡʳ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡɴჼࡔɐʳ޴ᅵȵɐʏɩˏ˻ˏȴʰШ௢Ɍɩȷɛɭɐ ʳឿ౅ɫȡʳ⏏Ӵɴɹʏɛʭȩɴ⏋ൕݛඨ႒ɹШ௢ɻ⏋ᬏȦೝᬚɴʼɛɤɩ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲᤂᮐ 18) Ortiz ␩1997␭ɻ⏋̠˓˻˙͠ˏɹၖय़ᦅ෌቉ድଘ (IITA) ɴȲȦɩᏙᐏᐣ୫ɇʶɩȦʳ̫̠̠ڃዛᏝ 150 Ꮩᐏ⏋ 18 ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴˁࢪᢒɴ⏋০઴ᇕ০ᣒɹధᩄՕᰖˁ᝔Ȧ⏋ɄʶʚɫɹᏙᐏՕᰖɭ০઴ɴݜɧȼՕᰖɹሺሄဣˁ ୭௎ɌɩȦʳ⏏

ɹᬚˁ⏋ঀᩂɴʢᩂɲɤɩେɌࢊɓ⏋ȡʳȦɻৄȷᦐɐ໳ɹʭȩɴɌɩ᝔ʼʶɩȦȼ⏏ɗɹʭ ȩɲܩݖᬚɹϯ༑ɹμɫݛʼʶɩȷɛɹȵ⏋ჼܧ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴʛʰʶʳ̫̠̠ɹ޴ᅵɫȡʳɭ ʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏γᅠعܩɹၖय़ɴԊᦲɌɛ޴ᅵȵʛʰʶʳ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹёɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩ ɲШ௢ɹخᔨਸˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵʢȩ 1 ɦɹᓒȭ౅ɻ⏋Ш௢৿ɹႶጓᣱ྇ᠦɫȡʳ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩႶᕶɴჼܧɹ޴ᅵȵᅊ ɍ⏋ൕݛڃዛɭɌɩ༎ᅎɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɭɐʳخᔨਸɫȡʳ⏏AAA-EA ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴɴሂ য়ɐʳ޴ᅵȵˏ˻ˏɴɻʚɤɛȼʛȡɛʰɲȦɄɭɻ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ޴ᅵȵആˏ̶͠ˡɹᲞܩɫႶ ጓɴᅊɍɛخᔨਸȵᲞȦɄɭˁኍڗɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɌȴɌθᓔɹخᔨਸɻ⏋கЈᇕɫɲȼ⏋ؾಁɴȲɄɤɩȷɛخᔨਸɻக᭑ɫȷɲȦ⏏̺͞Ͳ ̘ˑͲɹڃዛȵˏ˻ˏʭʱʢˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩɻʳȴɴ޽ȼʛȦɞɇʶʳɄɭɲɰɻ⏋ɗɹё ɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏Ш௢ɹ՟ೝຍ᭥ɫɻ⏋ˏ˻ˏɴᅊʚʶɛൕݛ̫̠̠ɹ޽෵ɲ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴȵɗ ɹʚʚˏ̶͠ˡʍʢɛʰɇʶɛɭʢᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏׬ဤᐄഗਸɹ 2 ҆кൕݛڃዛ (AA, BB) ɲɰ ȵ⏋ȦʼʪʳӴኘᦐʱɴʭɤɩ⏋ዓਸɹȡʳዛࡎˁɦȿɛخᔨਸʢ࡭ԃɴوࡴɐʳɄɭɻɫȷ ɲȦɞʸȩ⏏ȡʳȦɻ⏋лʰȴɹჿᅓɫᩃᅊዛȵˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ʍ᧊ɽʶɩȦɛɄɭʢᓒȭʰʶ ɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏19) ృɛɲ᧨Шᇕᏼغɓȵᅊɍ⏋ɗɹ҅кȵൕݛڃዛɭɌɩ஛ᅎɇʶʳɴɻ⏋޽ ȼɹұးɭ⏋ɗʶˁ؝ȿԂʶʳ̯̜ɭඨ႒ɹᦏɌȦᬠѥȵɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ ǵʢɻʦ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲ೼Иˁʛɛɐ̯̜ɭ̫̠̠ɹࢌஞɲᬠѥȵჼܧɹˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩᎎ׬ ɴʛɦȴʳɭɻਲ਼ȭɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹڃዛ޽෵ਸɹօՏϟёȴʰᰖ஠ɐʳɭ⏋ʢɌ ȡʳɭɐʶɽ⏋ჼܧ̫̠̠ൕݛȵᇵ˃ɫᅊ៟ᐁཕΫɹћࡔ঎ȵᲞȦɭɄʸʭʱʢʞɌʸ⏋᧨ࡔ ᇕɲൕݛៀฐɫȡɤɩʢᬏೝᬚɴʼɛɤɩ޽ڃዛˁᐣ୫ɌɩȷɛʭȩɲܩݖɴȲȦɩɫɻɲȦ ɞʸȩȴ⏏Ȧɑʶɴɓʭ⏋Ё৿Ʉɹʭȩɲែဣɫ̫̠̠ɹ˛˽̨̢̓̊ͻ቉ድȵ᝔ʼʶʳɄɭ ȵ৔ȼ৺ɛʶʳ⏏ 2.4ȁ෠ުအ৆͈་ا ǵɫɻ⏋ˏ˻ˏȴʰʢɛʰɇʶɛ̫̠̠ɻˏ̶͠ˡɹᦅ෌ɴɰɹʭȩɲ৯ᯱˁήȭɛɹɞʸȩ ȴ⏏ჼܧ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɫ̫̠̠ˁςᰩᇕɴգᅎɐʳϺʃɭɻ 4,000 ΨϺГΫɭȦʼʶ⏋ɗɹћࡔ ঎ɻ൓ൕ݀с႒ɹμɫɻ೎ʢ߂ȷȦ⏏ ǵˏ˻ˏȴʰˏ̶͠ˡʍ̫̠̠ȵШȭʰʶɛɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹၖय़കܩय़ɹᦅ෌ɴ߂ ȷɲ޴׋ȵȲɄɤɛɭɐʳ͇ͻ̝̒˪ɹᠦ␩Murdock 1959␭ˁఌ୫ɐʳ቉ድᓔɻ޽Ȧ␩Harlan 1993; Phillipson 1985; Vansina 1990␭⏏ɗɹմரɭɌɩ⏋̫̠̠ȵ⏋Јɹс႒ɭປɌɩൕݛȵࢅ ౫ɫؚᩄɹᲞȦс႒ɭɌɩಔؖɌɛɭ઎ࡴɇʶɩȦʳ⏏๴رᇕɴɻ⏋Ꮫӯմ 1000 ॷȴʰ 5 γ 19) ɍɤɇȦɴ˭̢ˏ࣢ɹആᵴɹᅘ͍͡ͻɹ॑ݭɫፆᓔȵᣘԂɌɛ̫̠̠ɹഗࡸɴέዓዛࡎɭɻ౩ʰȴɴᅵɲʳᶌ ᖬɹܔȦዛࡎȵʃɤɌʱɭԂɤɩȦɛɄɭȵȡʳ⏏

Ꮫ᯴ʚɫɹȡȦɞɴ⏋ɗɹ࣎зݖˁਸ਼࿠ɴୟ߂Ɍɛ̫Ͳ̓ͻᏙᦅᓚ຦ȵ⏋ɗɹ̫̠̠ɭ⏋ᦅԍ ɭɌɩɹᩮ۬ˁଝɴɌɛɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡμ߈ᨆɹၖय़ᮒകȵਸ਼ᦵɴᬖޕɇʶɩȦɤɛ ɭɇʶʳ⏏ᓒإ࡝ᇕɲ៷୞ɻʛɦȴɤɩȦɲȦȵ⏋ɗɹ᭬ɴ⏋ɗʶʚɫգᅎɇʶɩȦɛˏ̶͠ ˡᣱ྇ɹ͓͌ȵ̫̠̠⏃Ʉɹݭغɻ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲ⏆ɴᒞȷȴʼɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶɩȷɛ⏏20) ǵՕɁɦɌɛُᗂˁውඨɐʳɞȿɹ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹൕݛ౅໬ɻɛɌȴɴᎎѤɫ⏋޽ȼɹݭغ⏋ ္ᅣɹ՟ॷ঎ɹс႒ɭɌɩൕݛɇʶʳ⏏ᩮ۬ɹࢷԂɴʭɤɩ߂݀ɹปೠˁФ஛ɐʳɄɭȵࢅ ౫ɴɲʱ⏋Υ๖കˁᬖޕɌɛ္ᅣɴȲȿʳ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹൕݛʢᇵ˃ɴɲɤɛɭȦȩʼȿɫȡ ʳ⏏ ǵΥ๖കˁᬖȦɛ္ᅣɹ՟ॷ঎ɴ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲˁཌྷсɹ෯ଁс႒ɭɌɩൕඨɐʳᦅ෌෵িɻ⏋ ˱Ͳ˳⏃ౙ˸˓ͻ͡⏆ʦˡ͍͡ͻͲɲɰˏ̶͠ˡμ߈ᨆɹၖय़ᮒകɴ࣎зɐʳ̫Ͳ̓ͻᏙᦅᓚ ຦ɹȡȦɞɴჼܧʢʁʸȼឿʰʶʳ⏏2⑯3 ॷɫ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɻȡʚʱգᅎɇʶɲȼɲʱ္ᅣ ɻఔඉɇʶʳȵ⏋ɗɹ৿ʢؚዲخᔨɲ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲȵ๿ɤɩȦɩ⏋ɗʶˁգᅎɐʳɄɭȵȡʳ ɭȦȩ␩࡫ཙǵ1981: 136␭⏏21) ǵ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹШ௢ȵ̫Ͳ̓ͻᏙᦅᓚ຦ɹୟ߂ɹಁೝɭᩂɲɤɩȦʳɭɻȦȩʢɹɹ⏋ɗɹ ೝᬚɻ 1,000 ॷᬚГΫɴȲʭʉᬏȦȡȦɞɹՏഀϟɫȡʳ⏏ჼܧɹၖय़ᮒകय़ɹᕶᐌᇕᦅ෌ɴ ɭɤɩ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɻέخ๕ɹឹᏬɫȡʳȵ⏋15 γᏛГᭇɴШ௢Ɍɛ˥͑̒˵̫⏃̢͇ˠ˪⏆ ʢؾዐ঎ɹ⏋ȡʳȦɻɗʶГΫɹᩂឹਸˁკ਄ɌɩȦʳ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡɹϺؤވ֓ɴʛȡȩᰩషɹ ވᅋˁ᝔ȩȩȭɫ⏋ʚɑ೎՟ɴ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲ⏋ɗɌɩ˥͑̒˵̫⏋೎ᦏɫɻ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɭȦ ȩ᯶ɴ޺ഀс႒ȵᩂឹɲ৲ւˁഗɛɌɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵၖय़ᮒകय़ɴȲȿʳ՟ೝɹᦅ෌ɫɻ⏋ൕݛඨ႒ɭɭʢɴɇʚɊʚɲᩃᅊඨ႒ʦץൕݛᇕɲ ຍ᭥ɴȡʳඨ႒ȵգᅎɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹɲȴɹΥឹᏬɭɌɩ⏋޺ഀɹс႒ȵ਀Ǿɴ᠅ɇʶ⏋؝ ࢅɇʶɩȦɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲȵࢷԂɇʶɛɄɭȵ⏋ɛɞɠɴˏ̶͠ˡɹ ၖय़ᮒകय़ɹਸ਼ᦵɲᬖޕɴʞɐʃɦȦɛɭȦȩʭȩɲ܍ഗᬠѥᇕɲឿ౅ɴɻ⏋໶ઝȵਖឹɞʸ ȩ⏏ ǵʢȩʁɭɦɹ̫̠̠ൕݛܩݖɫȡʳ̲˪̜͠ˏྲྀٞᦇɹ߂ྲྀܩ౅ɫɻ⏋AAA-EA ˰̨͌ڃዛ ᒴȵᮃμᇕɴൕݛɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ̫̠̠ɻ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭؾɍʭȩɴࢃ࣒ˁ؜ʱܑʞʭȩɴ ᨗᒞɇʶɛ।ᅣɴൕݛɇʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ͦ̄͡␩Rossel 1994-95␭ɻ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡᲞܩᨆɹ ᡉ຦౏ɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠ɹΥᖔؿዌˁଝȵȴʱɴ⏋AAA-EA ڃዛᒴɹШ௢ᐁᤉɭಁೝˁ஠ࡴɌʭ ȩɭ᠅ʛɩȦʳȵ⏋έ౩ɹဣȵ޽ȼ⏋ᐄᠶɻࢷȷՏɓɲȦɭɌɩȦʳ⏏ 20) Ʉɹʭȩɲܩݖɫൕݛɇʶʳ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɻ AAB ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴɴࣚɌɩȦʳ⏏ʹˎͲ˹̠ɻ⏋̫̠̠ɹ٧ዌɹ Օഓȴʰ⏋AAB ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴɹ 2 ɦȵ AAA ᒴȵʢɛʰɇʶʳʭʱʢӴɴ⏋̠˓͡༑ݖˁᐁɩ׌౅ȴʰ⏋ˏ̶ ͠ˡμ߈ᨆɹၖय़ᮒകय़ʍ᯶๖ʢɛʰɇʶɛɭᓒȭɩȦʳ␩Vansina 1990: 61-65␭⏏໶10) ؒ၇⏏ 21) ܋౅␩2002␭ʢˡ͍͡ͻͲആ׫ᨆၖय़കܩय़ɹ္ᅣɴɦȦɩؾ෵ɹݬٚˁɌɩȦʳ⏏

ǵȦɑʶɹܩݖɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ɗɹȋ̫̠̠Гմȍɹᦅ෌ˁሾʳଝȵȴʱɻᓒإ࡝ᇕɴʢԃȼሾ ʰʶɩȦɲȦ⏏Ё৿ɹ˛˽̨̢̓̊ͻ቉ድ⏋႕ɴ຦౏ᓒإඨ႒࡝ᇕ቉ድɹᦽࣙȵೝ৺ɇʶʳɭ Ʉʸɫȡʳ⏏

3

ȅΨ΢΢͂΀ϋΓȜΞ͈๤ڛྦྷ௼૒໤ڠ

ǵɄɹጟɫɻˏ̶͠ˡܔ೑ɹс႒˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴШ௢Ɍɛ̫̠̠ɹ⏋຦౏ඨ႒࡝ᇕ ɲ႕ਸɹປᥒˁ᝔Ȧɲȵʰ⏋Ё৿ɹ቉ድᠩᰍɴɦȦɩࣙ೚ɐʳ⏏̫̠̠ȵγᅠɹၖय़ɴʁʸȵ ʱˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ൓ൕᦅ෌ɹᩂឹɲឹᏬɭɲɤɛɹɴࢪɌ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲс႒ ɭɌɩγᅠɴʁʸʚʰɲȴɤɛɹɻɲɕȴ⏋ɗɹჿᅓɴɦȦɩʢᓒ࢘ɐʳ⏏ 3.1ȁऩ෽Ȇ࿤୆ਬ౬͈໦ື࡙͂ܳ౷͈අಭ ǵൕݛ̫̠̠ȵ⏋ᬖᖽᐄࡸɐʳɹɴᅊᔒೝᬚԒɴϗ࡚ɻਖឹɲȦɭɇʶʳ⏏ʞɌʸ⏋೐ᬚᭇອ ᩄȵ 100 mm ˁά܌ʳ೐ȵ 2 ˡ೐ГΫȡʳʭȩɲຩҌ೼ИɫɻൕݛɫȷɲȦ⏏ൕݛɇʶʳܩݖ ɻෙɷ⏋׌ᑅ׫ᑅ 30 ঎ГԒ⏋ԫ࡚ɹ೎жຩཧȵ 15.5˚C ГΫ⏋ॷᬚᭇອᩄȵ 1,270 mm ГΫɹ ೼ИɹɭɄʸɴȡʱ⏋Პཧɫྂ࿅ɲຩҌɴ᧟ɌɩȦʳ␩߂ആǵ2000␭⏏22) ǵɄʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻ⏋̫̠̠ʭʱʢᲞ঎ɹᲞȦԳ༳ɲɭɄʸɴൕݛɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ᅊ ჿᅊ઴࡝ᇕɲࡸᱻ቉ድɻ᝔ʼʶɩȦɲȦȵ⏋ჼܧɹൕݛܩݖȴʰ஠ࡴɐʳɭ⏋ቁೝᇕɲᓘ౞ਸ ɻȡʳʢɹɹᮒɹࢹɲȦ౩ተɲϗ࡚ȵ 2 ⑯ 3 ˡ೐ГΫȡʳܩݖɴɻൕݛɫȷɲȦʭȩɫȡʳ⏏ ᓘ࢑ਸɻᲞȼ⏋ᮨȵȲʱʳʭȩɲᲞܩɴʢൕݛɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵൕݛ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭᩃᅊᮃ܎ɹՕ॒ݖɻ⏋˛̍ˠ̴ˏܕԒɫɻʓʖؾଘᇕɫȡʳ⏏ᩃᅊᮃ܎ɹ ʓȩȵʭʱжȦᲞ঎ݖɫʢతឿɇʶʳ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻ౩ʰȴɴ̫̠̠ɴປʏɩᲞ঎ɹᲞȦܩݖ ɴʢൕݛɇʶɩȲʱ⏋˛̍ˠ̴ˏɫɻฌᲞ 3,000 m մ৿ɴ᧒ɐʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋жܩɫɻ 800 m ዐ ঎ȵൕݛɹάᭉɭɲɤɩȲʱ⏋˛̍ˠ̴ˏᲞܩȴʰ޺ʍɹШ௢ȵɻɽʚʶɛឹ܍ɹ 1 ɦɭᓒȭ ʰʶʳ⏏ ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹᩃᅊᮃ܎ɻ⏋˛̍ˠ̴ˏɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ആᨆ⏋μᨆ⏋׫ᨆˏ̶͠ˡɹฌᲞ 2,000 m ГΫɹᲞ࣢य़ɴឿȦɞɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ປᥒᇕ೎ᦏʚɫ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹᘽʦ⏋ዛࡎ⏋ᑥᐣɲɰ ȵգᅎɇʶɩȦɛɭȦȩݬٚȵȡʳȵ⏋ᰩᅎɭɌɩൕݛɇʶɩȦɛɭȦȩ៨᪼ɻȦʚɹɭɄʸ ɲȦ⏏23) Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹ̝͍˽̘ˑ˭ͻ˹͚Ͳɻ⏋ី׫ᨆ˛̍ˠ̴ˏɴȲȦɩჼܧ ɹႥ઴ʚɫᦽ᝔Ɍɛɭᓒȭʳɹȵ߹য়ɫȡʸȩ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˪͞ͻ˪␩Clark 1988␭ɻ⏋ȴɦɩ⏋ 22) ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩ⏋̫̠̠ɴ๖Ȧɫᩂឹɲ൓ൕ݀с႒ɹ͓͌ɻ⏋ϗ࡚ȵ 2 ˡ೐ГΫᐚȦɩʢᅊᔒɫȷʳ⏏ᅊᔒ ೎᧟ຩཧɻ 28⑯30˚C ɫ⏋ϗၥɭᲞཧɴ৔Ȧс႒ɫȡʳ⏏޷с႒ɹ˓̦ɻ⏋޷ɹዩ፤ཧ঎ɫᲞ঎Օ॒ɹΫᭉȵȷ ʚʳȵ⏋̫̠̠ɻԫɹ࢑ɇɫȷʚʳ⏏ɞȴʰؾɍܩݖɫ⏋˓̦ʭʱʢ̫̠̠ɹʓȩȵᲞȦᲞ঎ݖɴՕ॒ɌɩȦ ʳɭȦȩɄɭȵȲɄʱȩʳ␩μ࣊ʓȴǵ1976␭⏏ 23) Rossel ␩1994-95: 144␭ɻ⏋ᩃᅊ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹᰩᅎɭɌɩɹգᅎȵ⏋ី׫ᨆ˛̍ˠ̴ˏ⏋ី˭̢ˏ⏋׌ആᨆ˱Ͳ˳ ⏃ౙ˸˓ͻ͡⏆ɫݬٚɇʶɩȦʳɭೆȦɩȦʳȵ⏋ՏԎˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɩȦɲȦ⏏

ആˏ̶͠ˡɹᲞܩɴȲȦɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵ஛ᮃɇʶᰩᅎɴɲɤɩȦɛɭȦȩЕᠦˁࣙᬖɌɩȦ ʳ⏏ ǵӴᦚɌɛʭȩɴ⏋͞Ͳ˰ʰ␩Langhe et al. 1994-95␭ɻ⏋˪͞ͻ˪ɹᠦɴݜɧȦɩ⏋Ʉɹᩃᅊ ນ!1ȁΨ΢΢͂΀ϋΓȜΞ͈๤ڛ ̫̠̠ ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ ᣱ྇ ആ׫ˏ˻ˏ ˛̍ˠ̴ˏ׫ᨆᲞܩ ൕݛඨ႒ɭɌɩɹ஠ࡴଁጓ ಁೝ BC 3000⏱ BC 1500⑯AD 500⏱ Օ॒ γᅠɹྂ࿅ၖय़ ˛̍ˠ̴ˏ׫ᨆᲞܩɴᭉࡴ Პ঎ ⑯1,200 m 800⑯3,000 m ҆ధਸ 2⏋3⏋4 ҆к 2 ҆кɹʛ ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴ ˏ̶͠ˡɴࢹɲȼɭʢ 5 ᒴ ሾʰʶɩȦɲȦ ڃዛᒴ ڧ෌ڃዛɲɰɭࢪਝɌɩ޽ధሾʰ ʶɩȦʳ ႕ɴሾʰʶɩȦɲȦ ܩ౅ڃዛ ޽ధ ޽ధ ᅊ઴Օ॒೼И ᭇອᩄ 100 mm Гάɹ೐ȵ 2 ˡ೐ Гά⏋೎жຩཧ 15.5 ˚C ГΫ ᓘ࢑ਸ⏋ᓘ౞ਸɴӦʶʳ գᅎᨆе⏃ᰩᅎ⏆ ഗࡸ ݳᗡ⏋ҳᗡ գᅎ౅໬ ᅊᰩ⏋ᠭჿ ֓ूᠭჿ⏋ᅊᰩɻɌɲȦ ඨ႒кɹգᅎ⏃ᰩᅎГ޺⏆ ᇵ˃⏃ᘽ⏆ ᯃ।ɴᇵ˃⏃ᘽ⏋ᑥᐣ⏆ ᇍᨥᰩڃ ȡʳ ȡʳ⏃߂ץ⏆ ڧڃਸ ᲞȦ жȦ ᦅ෌֝ӈ ᮃᏝ঎ɹᲞȦݭغʢȡʳ ᮃᏝ঎жȦ ဌྰ գᅎɇʶʳ ɲɌ ൕݛ፬ჿ ᎎ׬ ᎎ׬ ᆖࢀᛚ ޽Ȧ ࢹɲȦ ᅊᅋᩄ ॷᬚ 9,000 Ψ̜Ͳ ॷᬚ 200 Ψ̜ͲГΫ ᔋష ዩෑᇕɴգᅎɇʶʳ ׋࡝ᔋషɻգᅎɇʶɲȦ ႌᏎ⏋ȡʳȦɻံేᔋ ؚዲ ᦲॷخᔨɞȵ࡚፲ਸȡʱ ᦲॷ ؚᩄ 28⑯68 t/ha 5 ⑯57 t/ha ᑢຂ౅໬ ُᗂˁൎՕȿɐʳ ዛࡎɻɫȷɲȦ Ϻဤᇕɴ᠛ࢷɌɛέࡴᗂˁውඨɐ ʳ⏏ዛࡎᑢຂȵخᔨ ޽෵ਸɹᣱ྇ кᏳᔟዺး޴ᅵ ϯᮊɭкᏳᔟዺး޴ᅵ ༑ᦲɭڧڃᐁཕ ݖԒ༑ᦲȵᇵ˃⏋ᥥՏс႒ ᕶᐌᇕɫ༑ᦲɻႷȦ፴ܑɴᭉʰʶ ɩȷɛ ൕݛ෵ি͹ݭଘ ࣒ఫᅣ⏃ཌྷс⏆ ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳ⏃׬с⏆ ࣒ఫᅣ⏃ཌྷс⏆ ә኎ᇕᅎ᦭ ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭᰖаɹә኎ɴඨ႒к ȵᅎȦʰʶʳ ә኎⏋ᚫᅎɴዛࡎȵգᅎɇʶʳ ቉ድ ޽ధ ೎ᦏʚɫʓɭ˃ɰɲȴɤɛ ܕࢃᇕɲᬠਕ ߂ȷȦ ೎ᦏɴɲɤɩʭȩʦȼ᠗ሾ ԇᇕลᬠɴʭʳ᧨Шᣂ྇ɹ ѳᡸ ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ ᝔ʼʶɩɄɲȴɤɛ

˛Ͳ́ͻ̘գᅎܩݖˁᰧʃቄΫɴɛɰɤɩ⏋ൕݛ̫̠̠⏃̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲ⏆ȵˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜Ԓ ᨆʍШ௢ɌɛɭᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏ᅊ઴ᄩޅ೼Иȴʰʛɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵɐɫɴᅊᔒɌɩȦɛݭଘɻ ̫̠̠ȵࢷԂɇʶʳɴɻʈɇʼɌȦݭଘɞɤɛɭʛɲɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶʰɹܩݖɻ⏋ჼܧɻ˛Ͳ ́ͻ̘ɹൕݛգᅎɻ᝔ʼʶɩȲʰɑ⏋̫̠̠ɹൕݛܩݖɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ ǵჼܧ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵςᰩɭɲɤɩȦʳ˛̍ˠ̴ˏعܩɴʢ̫̠̠ɻൕݛɇʶɩȦʳ⏏إȦ݀ ɹ̫̠̠ɴɦȦɩɻʭȼʼȴɤɩȦɲȦȵ⏋ჼܧ⏋ʭȼൕݛɇʶɩȦʳڃዛɻȦɑʶʢᦏॷࢷ Ԃɇʶɛ AAA ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴɴࣚɐʳᅊᰩᅎɹʢɹɫȡʳ⏏˛̍ˠ̴ˏី׫ᨆᲞܩɴȲȦɩܧ ഀɹ̫̠̠ڃዛɹ౛ਸ਼ɲᠭീȵ৺ɛʶʳ⏏24) 3.2ȁ౷༷຦ਅ͈ఉအ଻ ǵൕݛ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹڃዛɹ޽෵ਸɻᲞȼ⏋޺៎ȴʰষաخᔨɲ০઴ᇕ০ᣒɴʭɤɩךաɇʶՕ ᰖɇʶʳܩ౅ڃዛȵ޽ధࡔܧɐʳ⏏̫̠̠ɴປʏɩ⏋˪ͦͻͲաɴɗɹ᧨ШᇕɲؾΥਸˁ఩ჿ ɐʳʭȩɲᠭീ቉ድɻʚɞመଝɇʶɛɽȴʱɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗɹܩ౅ڃዛధɻ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵൕݛ ɇʶʳ˛̍ˠ̴ˏី׫ᨆԃкɫ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢ 100 ГΫ⏋޽ȿʶɽ 200 ᦏȦɭ઎ࡴɇʶʳ⏏Ʉɹ ʭȩɲ⏋ڃዛɹ޽෵ਸɻ⏋120 ɭʢݬٚɇʶɩȦʳ˗ˤͲ̋ܕԒɹ AAA-EA ˰̨͌ڃዛԒɴʛ ʰʶʳܩ౅ڃዛɹధɴיపɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏25) Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋౅ؿ (vernacular name) ɫךաɇʶ ʳ̫̠̠ɹܩ౅ڃዛȵ೴ᘺɲɰປᥒᇕᭉʰʶɛܩݖԒɫ޽ధࡔܧɐʳჼᢒɻ⏋˗ˤͲ̋ɹϟё ␩Davies 1994␭ɴȲȦɩʭȼሾʰʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ɗɹჿᅓɴɦȦɩɻɄʶʚɫʓɭ˃ɰද២ɇʶ ɛɄɭɻɲȦ⏏ ǵȡʳܩჿᇕ፴ܑԒɴʛʰʶʳڃዛɹ޽෵ਸȵ⏋ɗɹс႒ȵൕݛ׋ɇʶɩȴʰɹಁᬚɴປёɐ ʳɭЕࡴɐʳɭ⏋ˏ˻ˏɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɭؾ෵ɹ⏋ȡʳȦɻɗʶГΫɹڃዛ޽෵ਸȵឿ Ȧɞɇʶɩʢέਲ਼ᡴɻɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻʢɠʸ˃⏋̫̠̠ʢ޽ڃዛɹϟёȵݬٚɇ ʶɩȦʳɹɻɄʶʚɫɹɭɄʸˏ̶͠ˡɴ޽ȼ⏋ႷȦܩݖԒɴᮃμɌɩൕݛȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳɭ ɄʸɴᭉʰʶɩȦʳ␩ᩂᅒǵ1988; Davies 1994␭⏏ ǵڃዛɹ޽෵ਸˁʠȽʳکᰍɴɦȦɩɻ⏋Ё৿⏋ᅊ׋࡝ᇕɲଝ໬ɫ˪ͦͻͲɹؾࡴȵɐɐʠ ɽ⏋౅ؿڃዛɴᬠɌɩؾڃዛᅵؿɭᅵڃዛؾؿɹϟёȵ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɩȦȼɄɭȵೝ৺ɇʶ ʳ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭ̫̠̠ɭʢɴࢸɇɲγय़ˁ׬еɭɌɩ⏋ɗɹൕݛ⏋ᐣ୫ɐʳᮃ܎Ԓɴ⏋ʭʱ ޽ȼɹ޴ᅵȵᮃᏝɇʶ⏋ᲞȦ޽෵ਸȵʛʰʶʳɭȦȩݬٚȵȡʳ␩ᩂᅒǵ1988; Davies 1994␭⏏ ɗɹݭغ⏋Ȳɗʰȼ⏋౅ؿڃዛɻ᧨Шᇕؾࡴȴʰʛɩ᧌րɴՕᰖɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȵϜ઎ɇʶ 24) Shamebo ␩1998␭ȵ⏋˛̍ˠ̴ˏ׫ᨆिɹ̫̠̠ൕݛɴɦȦɩᎎ׬ɴෙ៎Ɍɛȩȭɫ⏋቉ድɹਖឹਸˁ៲ȭɩȦ ʳ⏏ 25) ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻ⏋യᖬкɹݜೣధȵ̫̠̠ɭᅵɲʱ⏋ᕶးႥ઴ɫ̫̠̠ɭϯᮊɐʳɄɭɻέخᔨɫȡʳ⏏θᓔɹ ᧨Шᇕϯ༑ɻɲȦ⏏˰̨͌ڃዛᒴɻ⏋Musa ࣚɹൕݛ̫̠̠ɴɹʛᇍ᧒Ɍ⏋ȦʚɹɭɄʸ 2 ҆кɌȴࡔܧɌɲȦ ൕݛɹ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɴɻ⏋˰̨͌෯ଁΫɹ޽෵ਸɻݬٚɇʶɩȦɲȦ⏏

ʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋຦ѯՕᰖɴʭʳ౅ؿڃዛɹࡔܧˁ⏋ȋዀ࡝ᇕȍɲ౅໬ɫᙇʳɄɭȵȡɤɩɻɲʰ ɲȦɞʸȩ⏏ 3.3ȁ૙ဥ၌ဥ໐պ͂૙ဥոٸ͈૒໤ఘ၌ဥ ǵ̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹգᅎᨆеɻᰩᅎɭɌɩɻԃȼᅵɲʳ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻҳᗡɹݜᨆɴᙢȭ ʰʶɛɫ˃ʋ˃ɭݳᗡˁգᅎɐʳ⏏̫̠̠ɻഗࡸˁգᅎɐʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᦏᑉɹс႒ɭɌɩ০઴ ᇕɲԊᦲဣɻ޽Ȧ⏏̫̠̠ȵˏ˻ˏȴʰШʼɤɩȷɛɭȷ⏋ɐɫɴ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁሾɤɩȦɛϺ ɛɠɻ⏋̫̠̠ˁɰɹʭȩɲຩ୫ɠɫ؝ȿԂʶɛɹȴ⏋ሾʳᅓʢɲȦȵ⏋ࠒ০ɹаɛс႒ɭɌ ɩᎎ׬ɴ؝ȿԂʶʰʶ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭཌྷඨɇʶɛخᔨਸɻᲞȦɞʸȩ⏏ ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹഗࡸɻ⏋2 ҆кɲɹɫ؝Ꭼɇȭɐʶɽዓਸɹȡʳዛࡎˁɦȿʳ⏏ɗɹᶌȼɩ቙ Ȧዛࡎɻ⏋̦̒˪ͤ˽ɹೳషʦ⏋ᚫᅎɭɌɩʢգᅎɇʶɩȷɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋̫̠̠ɹഗࡸȵ ዛံɌɫᰩᅎɴɲʳɭຩɧȼɹɴɗȩܐᮑɻɲȦɭϜ઎ɇʶʳ⏏ ǵͦ̄͡␩Rosselǵ1994-95: 134␭ɻ⏋ൕݛඨ႒ɭɌɩɹ̫̠̠ɹգᅎɻ⏋ʞɌʸᰩᅎГ޺ɹգ ᅎ⏋ɛɭȭɽ⏋ҳᗡɹᑥᐣʦᘽɹգᅎȴʰɻɍʚɤɛɹɫɻɲȦȴɭ઎ࡴɌɩȦʳ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ ̘ɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ՖʰɲȦɫᬏȦʚʚɹҳᗡȴʰɫ˃ʋ˃ˁȴȷɭʳ౅໬ɻ⏋ɫ˃ʋ˃ɹؚዲ ɭؾಁɴ⏋ᬏȦᑥᐣˁӂɦȿɑɴ஛ᮃɐʳɄɭˁઝܒɌɩȦʳ⏏̝͍˽̘ˑ˭ͻ˹͚Ͳɹ՟ ೝຍ᭥ɫɻ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ʢ̫̠̠ؾ෵ɴᑥᐣс႒ɭɌɩգᅎȵɻɍʠʰʶɛɭ஠ࡴɫȷʳ⏏˛ Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹᘽɻΩ߅ɫ⏋ჼܧɫʢ׃ខʦᠭჿɲɰɇʚɊʚɲᅎ᦭ɴᇵ˃ɴգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚ ɛ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹΥᨆɫɻ⏋̫̠̠ɹݳᗡʦҳᗡˁᰪ᱌ɹ᭬ɴᰩᅎɭɐʳёȵݬٚɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ Ʉʶʢ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹգᅎ౅໬ȴʰɹᰖ஠ɭᓒȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ ǵˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠ɹᰩᅎГ޺ɹգᅎ౅໬ɴᬠɌɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁؒ၇Ɍɲȵʰԗද២ ɐʳоܩȵ๿ɇʶɩȦʳɞʸȩ⏏ 3.4ȁͺές΃̤̫ͥͅอࣖ૙຦ ǵ̫̠̠ɹɲȴɫʢᅊᰩɇʶʳ˽˓ͻ̜͹̫̠̠⏃̚˸ͻ̜͹̫̠̠⏆ɹᕶᐌᇕᰩషɭɌɩɹ ᢨ჉঎ɻᐏ៟ɴȡʰʼʶɴȼȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᅊᰩɐʳ̫̠̠ɻ⏋ᩂᩄȡɛʱ˛̦͡˧ͻɴழ፤Ɍɩ ዤᰖɹ 5 Օɹ 1 Гάɹ˛̦͡˧ͻɌȴɲȦ␩FAO 1989␭⏏ᕶᐌс႒ɭɌɩെ᰸ˁʚȴɲȩɴɻ⏋ ɫ˃ʋ˃с႒ɭɌɩ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲ݀ɹᠭჿ̫̠̠ˁգᅎɐʳʓȩȵ֟რᇕɲɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹɫ˃ʋ˃ɻ⏋ቑቊɇʶܩάɹᢱᚁዴɴѳࡔɌɩ⏋ᇍᨥˁᐁɛȩȭɫᠭჿɇʶ ᰩᅎɴɲʳ⏏ݳᗡᨆՕɻɗɹʚʚᙜɌɩᠭჿɐʳɄɭʢ޽Ȧȵ⏋ҳᗡᨆՕɹɫ˃ʋ˃ɻਖɑᇍ ᨥɇɓɩգᅎɐʳ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹᇍᨥɫ˃ʋ˃ɴɻϖᨧᇍᨥႶ႕ɹᰟ٢ɭ᱗ʱȵȡʱ⏋߫ȷ࠶ ȦɹՕȴʶʳɭɄʸɫȡʳ⏏˛̍ˠ̴ˏܕԒɫʢ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ൕݛܩݖГ޺ɫɻ⏋ې߫ˁჿᅓ ɴ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁᰩɇɲȦϺɴɫȡȩɄɭʢხɌȼɲȦ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵ⏋ঃȼЈܩݖɴಔؖɌɲ ȴɤɛჿᅓɹʁɭɦɭɌɩ⏋ɄɹႶ႕ɹ٢ˁȡɁʳɄɭɻɫȷʳɞʸȩ⏏ ǵΥ౅⏋൓ൕ݀с႒ɭɌɩషჿɇʶʳ̫̠̠ɻ⏋ሁஞ၊ʳ⏋ᙜɐ⏋္ȼɲɰɭȦɤɛషჿ໬ɹ

Јɴ⏋ᇍᨥɹ᧌ዐˁᐁʳ 2 ɦɹᰩڃȵሾʰʶɩȦʳ⏏1 ɦɻ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡȴʰμᨆˏ̶͠ˡɫ ɦȼʰʶʳ̫̠̠ɹᨙɫȡʱ⏋ʢȩ 1 ɦɻ⏋μᨆˏ̶͠ˡɴʛʰʶʳ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹᇍᨥɫ˃ ʋ˃ɭᰖаɹᨧɤɿȦᰩ٢ˁʢɤɛ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹᇍᨥᰩڃɫȡʳ⏏26) ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ʦ̫̠̠ɹᇍᨥɹઝᒶɴɦȦɩɻ⏋Ⴖ႕ɹᰟ٢ʍɹې߫ɹʓȴɴ⏋ɫ˃ʋ˃ؚᩄ ɹވ֓⏋ˏ˪ାȷɹ֟ഗ⏋༥׋ُؚɹѦᦽ⏋ɗɌɩѳࡔਸɹكΫɲɰˁȡɁʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ ܩάɹᢱᚁዴɴѳࡔɇʶʳ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹݭغ⏋1 ॷГΫɹѳࡔɴᓘȭʳɭȦʼ ʶɩȦʳ⏏̫̠ ̠⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭʢɴ 1 ҅кɹؚዲȴʰ 1 ܌ɴ਄ʰʶʳᩄȵ޽Ȧ⏏႕ɴ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɫɻ 1 ೣ ɹؚዲɫ⏋40⑯100 kg ʢɹᎲɫ˃ʋ˃ȵɭʶʳ⏏ᅊȷɛʚʚɹ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁᅣɴᙢȭʳɹɭؾ ෵ɴ⏋ᇍᨥɻӦʶɛѳࡔ౅໬ɲɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹᇍᨥɫ˃ʋ˃ɹ֓ू⏋ᠭჿ౅໬ȵ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩႶᕶɴᬖᇍɇʶɛɭɐʳ ɲʰɽ⏋ˏ˻ˏȴʰШ௢Ɍɛ̫̠̠ɭȦȩс႒ȵ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵҺȭɩȦɛᇍᨥɭȦȩᠭჿଯ ໬ɹʁɭɦˁˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩ؝ȿԂʶɛɭʛʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏ 3.5ȁ෠ުႻ൱͂২ٛ༎଼ ǵჼܧ⏋˛̍ˠ̴ˏɫɻ⏋ᕶᐌᇕɲ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹൕݛɴȲȦɩ⏋ᗈɦȼʱȴʰඨЊȿ⏋፬ჿ⏋ ؚዲ⏋֓ू⏋ᠭჿɴȦɛʳΥᦹɹ֝ӈɻ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɐʏɩȵࢃ౏Ԓ֝ӈɫʚȴɲʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ൕݛɴȲȿʳ҅к׬еɹ፬ჿɭ⏋ɗʶɴЫȩϺǾɹཉȦ᠗ᡫɭɻέخՕɴᐄʃɦȦ ɩȦʳ⏏з࣎ˁؾɍȼɐʳγय़ɹଁڊȵ⏋ࢃ࣒ˁ؜ʱܑʞʭȩɴᬏೝᬚɴʼɛɤɩൕዖɇʶʳ ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁ⏋ʚɇɴᅊȷɛᣂᅋ (livestock) ɭɌɩ፬ჿɐʳ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɲ⏋ᦅ෌֝ӈɹȡʱȴɛɻ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ൕݛ׋ɹ՟ೝຍ᭥ȴʰᐚȦɩȲʱ⏋˛Ͳ ́ͻ̘ɹʢɛʰɐᅊ෌ɹ႕ᣒɭȡȦʚɤɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ൕݛ኏Цɹᑂଁ؅ჿɴʢ৯ᯱˁؖʖ ɌɩȷɛɭʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳɞʸȩ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋త࣎ᇕɲз࣎ᨗᒞ⏋ࡴзਸɹᲞɇ⏋࡫ࡴᇕɲ ᰩషݜᇻ⏋ᲞȦϺؤఌ୫֐⏋ɲɰȵ႕ᣒɭɌɩȡɁʰʶʳ⏏͍̦͠˪ 2 γɴʭɤɩᦏБ˛̍ˠ ̴ˏɹႆܒȵተࡴɇʶʳ 1880 ॷБ৿ץʚɫ˛̍ˠ̴ˏɹី׫ᨆᲞܩɫെȭɛȦȼɦȴɹࢸტ ܕɻ⏋ɗɹᅊ෌ఌ୫ݜᇻɭɌɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɴћࡔɌɩȦɛɭȦȩᠦˁڟȭʳᓒإ࡝ᓔʢȡʳ ␩Brandt 1984␭⏏ ǵྲྀᬚܩ౅ɹ̫Ͳ̓ͻᏙᡉ຦౏ȵ፷Ȧɛტܕʢʚɛ⏋̸ˤͲ̋ტܕˁёɭɌɩ⏋̫̠̠ˁᩂ ឹɲᅊ෌ݜᇻɹΥᨆɭɐʳ኏ЦɭɌɩᐏغˁᐣ୫ɌɩȦɛ⏏27) ɗʶɻ⏋̫̠̠⏃Ʉɹݭغ AAA-26) ˱Ͳ˳⏃ౙ˸˓ͻ͡⏆ɫɻ⏋˹˪ͩͲ˫ (Shikwang)⏋̍˪ͩͲ˫ (Chikwang) ɲɰɭ٧ɽʶɩȦʳ⏏Ȧɤɛ˃ᙜ ɌɩɦʉɌɛ̫̠̠ˁ̫̠̠ɹᘽɫ׃ʛ⏋ޯȡʳȦɻ᫂ɴѳࡔɌɩᇍᨥɇɓʳ⏏ؾɍʭȩɲ٢ɹɫ˃ʋ˃ᇍᨥ ᰩڃɭɌɩ⏋˥͑̒˵̫ˁᇍᨥɇɓ⏋̶ͤͻ˪Ⴅɴ֓ၖɌɛѳࡔᰩڃʢីˏ̶͠ˡɴȡʳ⏏̠˓˻˙͠ˏɫɻ ˤ͠ (gari) ɭȦȩ⏏ɫ˃ʋ˃ɹᇍᨥᰩڃɻ⏋ആˏ˻ˏɴȲȦɩ೎ʢᇍ᧒ɌɩȦʳɄɭɻᬚ᧓ȦɲȦȵ⏋ˏ̶͠ ˡɴʢᨙГ޺ɹɫ˃ʋ˃ᇍᨥᰩڃ⏃Ȧɑʶʢϖᨧᇍᨥɭɇʶʳ⏆ȵ޽ధʛʰʶʳɄɭɻ໶ᇿɐʏȷɫȡʳ⏏ 27) ̸ˤͲ̋ɹ຦౏᠖ɹɲȴɫ⏋ͦ˽˱˗ɻ๖ɹʭȩɴ៨ɌɩȦʳ⏏“The plantains grow so freely that a women can

EA ˰̨͌ڃዛ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɫɻɲȦȵషჿᅎɹ̫̠̠⏆ȵ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ؾ෵ɹ࡫ࡴᇕɲᅊ ෌ݜᇻˁரњɌɩȦɛخᔨਸˁኍڗɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭ̫̠̠ȵԊɴ⏋19 γᏛ৿ץɹಁೝɴ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹტณˁఌȭɩȦɛخᔨਸȵ ȡʳɄɭɻ໶ᇿɴғɐʳɞʸȩ⏏൓ൕ݀с႒ɴʭʳᅊ៟ɹᐣ୫ȵ⏋క໠ᇕณ֐ɹݜᇻɭɌɩᨆ ՕᇕɴɫɻȡʶсᅎɌɩȦɛϟёɭɌɩЁ৿ɹ቉ድȵ৺ɛʶʳ⏏ 3.6ȁ୆ॲၾȄਓၾȄ૽࢛঑঵ႁ ǵ൓ൕ݀с႒ɹؚᩄɹ៟፤ɻʦɤȴȦɫȡʳ⏏ᅣɴ 3⑯10 ॷʢɹᬏೝᬚɴʼɛɤɩଁᔒɌ⏋Υ ࡴɹೝᬚˁᐁʶɽȦɦɫʢ 1 ॷμؚዲգᅎȵخᔨɲ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻ⏋׬ॷ঎ɴ 1 ܌⏋ໆʚɤɛಁ ೝɴɐʏɩɹؚዲȵࡸేɇʶʳዤᰖɹ׬еᯆዩȡɛʱᅊᅋᩄɭ׬Ꮴɴປᥒɐʳɭ⏋ؚᩄɻ߂޴ ࢹɲȦɭȦȩɄɭɴɲʳ⏏̫̠̠ɴʢؾ෵ɹکᰍဣȵȡʳ⏏ُᗂˁውඨɌɩ৿⏋ᬖᖽᐄࡸɌɛ Υൎȴʰɻ᯶๖ُᗂȵՏɩȼʳ⏏Ʉʶˁغ፤Ɍɩ 1 ҅кȡɛʱɹᅊᅋᩄɭɌɩᓒȭʳɹȴوȴ ɴʭɤɩ⏋ؚᩄɹғɻ߂ȷȼᅵɲɤɩȼʳ⏏28) ڃዛ⏋ൕඨࢌ঎⏋ᔋݛ፬ჿɲɰɹႥ઴ɴʭɤɩ ृزɇʶʳɄɭɻʢɠʸ˃ɫȡʳ⏏29) ǵ˛̍ˠ̴ˏ׫ᨆᲞܩɹ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ൕݛܩݖȵ⏋1 km2 ȡɛʱ 200 Ϻˁᣳȭʳˏ̶͠ˡɫʢ೑ ధɹᲞϺؤࢌ঎ˁఌȭ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡྲྀᬚܩ౅ɹ AAA-EA ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴȵൕݛɇʶɩȦʳܩݖʢ Ϻؤࢌ঎ȵᲞȦɄɭɻ໶ᇿɴғɐʳɞʸȩ⏏Υ౅⏋AAB ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴɹӦӴɐʳμ߈ᨆɭី ˏ̶͠ˡɹ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲൕݛܩݖɫɻ္ᅣɹс႒ɭɌɩᯃᮃᏝᇕɲൕݛȵ᝔ʼʶɩȲʱ⏋Ϻؤ ࢌ঎ʢжȦ⏏ ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ʦ̫̠̠ɹʭȩɴെ᰸кᑢຂˁ᝔ȩ޽ॷᅊс႒ˁዤᰖɭປᥒɐʳݭغ⏋׬еᯆዩ Ì׬еಁᬚ⏃׬ॷ঎⏆ȡɛʱɹؚዲᩄɭȦȩᓒȭ౅ˁ᧟ᅎɐʳɄɭȵɗʢɗʢʈɇʼɌȼɲȦ ɭȦȭʳɞʸȩ␩ᩂᅒǵ2002␭⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭ̫̠̠ɹؚᩄʦϺؤఌ୫֐ˁઝ٢ ȡʳȴɛɠɫປᥒɐʳɴɻ⏋ȴɲʱᬏೝɴʼɛʳᦅܩᅊ઴Ꮩɹ˛̦͡˧ͻؚఌɹࡸ៷ᇕᣂషˁ ዩʛᩂɷɛȩȭɫ⏋ᡴᠶɐʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ʦʦإԎᇕɫɻȡʳȵ⏋ȦʚȦɠɰ⏋ཧय़ɹዤᰖᦅ ෌ɴݜɧȼՠుݜྈˁሂࢪ׋Ɍɛȩȭɫˏ̶͠ˡɹ൓ൕᦅ෌ɹᅊ઴Ϻᰖ࡝ᇕ቉ድˁ᝔ȩɄɭȵ

products for many years, and the people were happy and healthy...” ␩Roscoe 1965: 5␭.

28) ၖय़ɹᥥՏᅎ̫̠̠̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳɫɻ⏋ॷᬚɴՏᗼɌɛ ha ȡɛʱɹ፯ధ⏃18.14 kg Ԃʱ⏆ɫؚᩄˁᝠኍɐ ʳ␩߂ആǵ2000␭⏏ 29) ɛɭȭɽ⏋࡫ཙ␩1981: 168-170␭ɻ⏋˱Ͳ˳⏃ౙ˸˓ͻ͡⏆μ߈ɹၖय़കܩय़ɴȲȿʳᕶᐌᇕɲ္ᅣᦅ෌ɹϟё ⏃ཌྷс⏆ɴȲȦɩ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɹᅊᩂؚᩄˁ⏋3 t/ha ɭ஠ࡴɌɩȦʳ⏏ჼܩɫɻ̫̠̠ɻ˥͑̒˵̫Ȳʭʃ˓ ̦ɭᏼʛغʼɓɩൕݛɇʶɩȦʳɹɫ⏋ȴɲʱʪɭʱɹȡʳ˛̦͡˧ͻȵ਄ʰʶʳɭ࡫ཙɻᐄᠶɌɩȦʳ⏏̫ ̠̠ˁ׬сɐʳݭغ⏋3 mÌ3 m ɫ⏋1,100 ҅к/ha ɹࢌ঎ɫൕඨɐʳɭ⏋Ȳʭɗ 9 t/ha ɹؚᩄȵ਄ʰʶɛɭȦȩ ݬٚʢȡʳ⏏˗ˤͲ̋ɹ̲ͻ͡ᅎڃዛɹݭغ⏋2,130ൎ/ha ɹ҅кȵൎȡɛʱ 1.68 ᗡ/ൎˁʢɠ⏋1 ൎȵ 1 ॷᬚɴ ॶܯ 0.97 ҅ɹഗଗˁɦȿɛɭȦȩ⏏ഗଗɹॶܯᩂˁ 14.5 kg ɭɐʳɭ⏋ؚᩄɻ 28 t/ha ɴɲʳ⏏ɗɹ৿ 9 ॷᬚɹ ཀྵࡴɫ⏋ॶܯഗଗᩂȵ 10.46-15.98 kg⏋ؚᩄɻ 15.3-27 t/ha ɭέ࡫ࡴɫȡʳ⏏߂ആɴʭʶɽ⏋ࢸៀฐɲࢃ౏ᐁۊɫ ɻ 28 t/ha⏋̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳɫɻ೎߂ 68 t/ha ʢɹؚᩄȵ਄ʰʶʳɭȦȩ⏏μ׫ᎦɹΥᖔᇕɲᔋݛ፬ჿˁ᝔ɤ ɩȦʳ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳɹ 5 ॷᬚɹॶܯғɭɌɩ 46 t/ha ɭȦȩғȵኍɇʶɩȦʳ␩߂ആǵ2000: 142␭⏏

ਖឹɫȡʸȩ⏏

3.7ȁै໤໲اໝࣣ͈ণത30)

ǵ˹͑̒˪␩Shack 1966␭ɻ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹయ׋ភغ (cultural complex) ɭȦȩᝠჼˁʢɠȦ ɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭȦȩс႒ɭ⏋˛̍ˠ̴ˏμ߈ᨆᲞܩɫ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁςᰩɭɌɩൕݛɐʳ˫ ͞˰ɹϺʃɭɭɹᬚɴឿʰʶʳ⏋ࡸᅎȴʰ៎ਥɴʚɫȲʭʉɇʚɊʚɲɦɲȵʱˁயɄȩɭ Ɍɛ⏏ᦅᓚភغɭȦȩᅎ᠝ˁᅎȦɩ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ൕݛܩݖɹయ׋ᇕԊᦲਸˁ୭௎Ɍɛɹɻܩჿ࡝ ᓔ˗˛˽̜̮͡ɫȡʳ␩Westphal 1975␭⏏ʚɛ⏋ፆᓔʢయ׋ភغɭȦȩៜᘽɻᅎȦɩȦɲȦȵ⏋ ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭᦅᓚ຦ˏ͠ɹϺʃɭɭɹཉȦᬠʼʱɹᡉሂˁ⏋ሂϣᇕɲ̯̜̆ඨ႒ᬠѥɭɌɩய Ʉȩɭ᠅ʛɩȷɛ␩ᩂᅒǵ1988; Shigeta 1996␭⏏ ǵɭɄʸȵ⏋ɄʶʚɫɹɭɄʸ̫̠̠ˁࠬЂɭɐʳయ׋ភغɭȦȩែဣɫ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹ̫̠ ̠ˁൕݛɐʳϺʃɭˁயɄȩɭɌɛϺᰖ࡝͹຦౏࡝ᇕ቉ድɻ࢙ᓬɴɌɩሾʰɲȦ⏏೎ᦏɴɲɤ ɩ⏋ʭȩʦȼ౗ೣɹᗐଝˏ̶͠ˡ቉ድᓔɛɠȵ⏋ˏ˻ˏɭɹປᥒˁែဣɴԂʶɛ̫̠̠య׋቉ ድɴመଝɌ⏋ଁഗˁᇍᝠɌɻɍʠɩȦʳ⏏31) Ʉɹʓȴɴʢ̸ˤͲ̋ˁɻɍʠɭɐʳആˏ̶͠ˡ ྲྀᬚܩݖɹ̫Ͳ̓ͻᏙᡉტܕȵ̫̠̠ɴʭɤɩɇɇȭʰʶɩȷɛɄɭˁ⏋๴ر቉ድɭɌɩɞȿ ɫɻɲȼ⏋ܩݖ኏Цɹᅊ෌ݜᇻɭɗɹɲʱɛɠˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳс෌ˁɭȲɌɩயȼЇϟȵ๿ɇ ʶɩȦʳ⏏ 3.8ȁ੸຦ا͂ၠ೒ ǵ̫̠̠ȵγᅠᇕɲڧڃс႒ɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻ˛̍ˠ̴ˏΥܕԒɹ⏋ɗʶʢᭉ ࡴɇʶɛܩݖԒɫɹ༑ᦲɴɭɰʚɤɩȷɛ⏏ ǵˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳຘॷɹܕաᅊᅋᩄɻ FAO ɹᐏ៟ɫɻ⏋ᅊᰩᅎ̫̠̠⏃ܒ 3⏆ɭ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑ Ͳ⏃ܒ 4⏆ȵɗʶəʶաǾɴᮃ៟ɇʶɩȦʳ␩FAO 2002␭⏏32) ˏ̶͠ˡԃкɫɹᅊᅋᩄɻɄɹ 10 ॷᬚʓʖดɽȦɫȡʳȵ⏋غ៟ɐʳɭ 9 ןΨ t ˁᣳȭ⏋ᐏ៟Ϋɫɻ˥͑̒˵̫⏋˵͇̓˓ ͐͹͓͌⏋͐ͦ˱˹͹ᮊዤᰖɴɦȦɫ 4 ᅱᇿɴ޽Ȧ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ԒɹᏝ 4,000 ΨϺȵ̫̠̠ ˁᩂឹɲᰩష྇ɭɌɩգᅎɌɩȦʳɭȦȩ␩߂ആǵ2000␭⏏ ǵˏ̶͠ˡɹςឹɲ̫̠̠ɹᅋܩɻ⏋ܒ 1 ɴኍɌɛ˰̨͌ڃዛᒴɹՕ॒ݖɭࢪਝɐʳ০ɫ⏋Ʀ ആˏ̶͠ˡྲྀᬚܩݖɹͩ͡Ͳ̋⏋̸͡Ͳ̚ˑ⏋˗ˤͲ̋⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏីᨆ⏋Ȳʭʃ˱Ͳ˳⏃ౙ 30) ᦅᓚయ׋ភغɹᓒȭ౅ɻɄʶʚɫ⏋γᅠعܩɹс႒ɭᦅ෌ɹᣱ྇ʦШ௢ɭᐄʃɦȿɩᠶɍʳɄɭȵʁʸȼ᝔ʼ ʶɩȷɛ␩μ࣊ǵ1966; Harlan 1993; Murdock 1959␭⏏ɄɄɫɻ⏋႕ࡴɹс႒ዛɭປᥒᇕࢸɇɲܩݖɴȲȦɩᅊ෌ ˁȦɭɲʞϺʃɭɭɹᡉᬠѥɴᬠɐʳ຦౏ඨ႒᠖ᇕɲ቉ድˁکᰍɴɐʳ⏏ 31) ̫̠̠ɹ޴ᅵɭՕ॒ɲɰˁʈʚȭɩ⏋ˏ˻ˏ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡعܩɹ̫̠̠ൕݛᦅ຦ˁࢪᢒɴ຦౏ඨ႒࡝ᇕɲࡸ៷቉ ድɴመଝɌɩȦʳ቉ድ˫͡ͻ̺ȵȡʳ␩׌ីʓȴǵ2000⏩π࣊ǵ2000␭⏏ 32) γᅠɹ̫̠̠ɭ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲᅊᅋᩄɻވ֓Ӄكɴȡʳɭɇʶ⏋ɲȴɫʢ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɻ⏋γᅠᅊᅋɹᏝ 7 ւȵ ˏ̶͠ˡɴʭɤɩװʠʰʶ⏋ވᅋȵᐚȦɩȦʳ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡȴʰ߂᭜޺ʍɹᥥՏᩄɫɻᅊᰩᅎ̫̠̠ɴປʏɩ̺ ͞Ͳ̘ˑͲȵܦ҉ᇕɴ޽Ȧ␩FAO 2002␭⏏

˸˓ͻ͡⏆ɹ˥̸िആᨆ⏋33) Ƨីˏ̶͠ˡɹ˱ͻ̜˻̓ˏͻ͡׫ᨆ⏋ˤͻ̠⏋Ȳʭʃ̠˓˻˙ ͠ˏីᨆ⏋ɗɌɩ⏋ƨˡ͍͡ͻͲȴʰ˱Ͳ˳ɴȴȿɩɹၖय़ᮒകय़ˁȡɁʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏Ʉ ʶʰɹܩݖɫɻ⏋ᕶࢃᅎɴᅊᅋ༥ᢹɇʶʳɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ݖԒɹϯ౫ڃɭɌɩμᬏᤂᮐɹᨊ॑ʍ

଎!3ȁͺές΃੨࣭͈Ψ΢΢͈୆ॲၾ

ழᩆс႒ɭɌɩՏᗼɇʶʳɹȵ।઴ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡɹ޺ʍɹᥥՏɻςɴƧɹܩݖȴʰ ᝔ʼʶɩȷɛ⏏ɗɹݭغ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰȵᮾȦೡၓɹഗଗɹႥ઴ɫؚዲɌɩ᧊ɽʶʳ⏏ ǵ̫̠̠ɴປʏɩ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹᅊᅋᩄɻȦʚɞɴࡴȴɫɻɲȼ⏋ᐏ៟ʢࡔܧɌɲȦ⏏೎ᦏ ɴɲɤɩʭȩʦȼ˛̍ˠ̴ˏకঌɴʭɤɩܕࢃᇕɲс႒ɭɌɩ๭িɲ᠗ሾˁȩȿɛɽȴʱɫȡ ʳ⏏˛̍ˠ̴ˏɹϺؤᏝ 6,000 ΨϺɹȩɠ 2 ւዐ঎ȵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁςឹɲᰩᏒ྇ɭɌɩգᅎɌ ɩȦʳɭȦȩ⏏ɗɹॷᬚᅊᅋᩄɻ⏋ɅȼȲȲɊɤɿɴឿዩʢɤɩ⏋200Ψ t ˁάʰɲȦɞʸȩ⏏ ǵ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɻʓɭ˃ɰɹݭغ⏋߂ᩄɹອՕ⏃Ꮭ 50⎾⏆ˁي˃ɞᇍᨥɫ˃ʋ˃ɭɌɩ༑ᦲɌ ɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶʚɫ⏋ਂ๰ȡʳȦɻᱛɫው֪ɫȷʳዐ঎ɹ፴ܑԒɴȡʳࡴೝ॑ݭɫɻ⏋ᅊᅋᓔ ɭ༥ᢹᓔɹȡȦɞɫ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ᇍᨥɫ˃ʋ˃ȵሁஞ⏋ᇵ˃ɴ؜ৄɇʶɩȦɛ⏏Υ౅⏋ˏ˻˽ˏ ̫̾ɲɰɹᨊ॑ɴᦏȦɭɄʸɫɻ⏋ڧڃ׋ȵɐɐʛ⏋ЗᢷϺˁЂɌɛ᢫ެȵ᝔ʼʶɩȷɛ⏏70 ॷБГᭇ⏋׫ᨆܩݖɹ᧑ᤉȵ఩ҺɇʶɩȦȼɹɴɭʢɲȦ⏋ᕶ֪᥂ɴʭʳᥥᦢɭ⏋ழᩆˁᇿᇕ ɭɌɛൕݛȵᇵ˃ɴɲɤɩȷɩȦʳ⏏˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ᇍᨥɫ˃ʋ˃ɹᮃᗼɭᢱᚁ⏋᢫ެˁᅊ෌ɭɐ ʳʁɭɛɠȵʛʰʶʳ⏏с႒ɭɌɩɹ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ʢ⏋ڧ෌׋ˁᦲɌɩ⏋ᅊᔒೝᬚɹቁᑘʦᲞؚ ᩄʍɹ᧧ାȵ᝔ʼʶʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ȡʰɛɲ̝͍˽̘ˑ˭ͻ˹͚ͲˁᐁᱻɌɩȦʳɭȦȭʳ ɞʸȩ⏏Ё৿⏋֓ूɭѳࡔɹଝ໬ȵༀᑇɇʶɩȦȿɽ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵ˛̍ˠ̴ˏˁՏɩ⏋ၖय़ ᲞܩɴȲȿʳᰩషᅊᅋɴᢨ჉ɐʳخᔨਸʢɲȦɭɻȦȭɲȦɞʸȩ⏏

5ȅΨ΢΢͂΀ϋΓȜΞͬ৽ै໤̳͂ͥͺές΃߿आऩ෠ު͈අৗ

ǵ̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹൕݛඨ႒ɭɌɩɹ႕ਸɭ⏋ɗʶˁс႒ɭɌɩգᅎɐʳᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒɹປ ᥒˁᦲɌɩ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹ൓ൕ݀с႒ˁգᅎɐʳᦅ෌ɴʛʰʶʳΥᖔᇕ႕ᣒɻ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴயȼ ນ!2ȁͺές΃̤̫ͥͅΨ΢΢Ȅ΀ϋΓȜΞ෠ࣈ͈႒߿ ആˏ̶͠ˡ AAA ˹˽̘͌⏧ࢃɹٞᦇɴ៯ȿʰʶɛᅣɴ׬сɇʶȋᏤകȍˁ০ଁɐʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧȵ঑ ᅣɹс႒ɭཌྷсʢɇʶʳ⏏ᬏೝɹᦹсˁ᝔ȩ⏏޽ॷᅊс႒ɭɌɩ଩ʼʶ⏋ൎˁɗɹݭଘɫೃృɌɩȦȼ⏏ ˛̍ˠ̴ˏ͹˛Ͳ́ͻ̘˹˽̘͌⏧ࢃɹٞᦇɴࢃ࣒ˁ؜ʱܑʞʭȩɴɌɩൕඨɇʶʳ⏏ςᰩс႒ɫȡʳ⏏ ׬сȡʳȦɻ˱ͻ̯ͻ⏋̊ͦ⏋͓͌ɲɰɭཌྷсɇʶʳ⏏޽ॷᅊс႒ɭɌɩ⏋ؾɍᅣɫೃృɇʶᬏೝᦹ сɇʶʳ⏏ ីˏ̶͠ˡ AAB ˹˽̘͌⏧˱ͻ̯ͻʦ˱˱ˏɲɰɹழᩆс႒ɭཌྷсɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏1 ॷᅊс ႒ɭɌɩ଩ʼʶ⏋ᅣȵೃృɇʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ᕶࢃᅊᅋɫɻ͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɹеᒞɧȿ⏏ڧ෌ᇕ̺ ͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳɫɹ߂ៀฐ׬сൕݛʢ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ ˡ͍͡ͻͲ͹˱Ͳ˳ၖय़ᮒക AAB ˹˽̘͌⏧ృɌȼᬖȴʶɛ္ᅣɴ̊ͦ⏋˥͑̒˵̫ɲɰɭཌྷсɇ ʶʳ⏏1 ॷГάɹቁȦᅊᔒೝᬚɫൕݛ⏋ؚዲɇʶʳɄɭʢȡʳȵ⏋ؚዲɻᅣȵఔඉɇʶʳʚɫᐚȿʰ ʶʳ⏏ 33) ˗ˤͲ̋ɹ̲˪̜͠ˏྲྀࣳ⏋ˤͲ̋ܩݖɫɻ⏋70 ॷБГᭇ⏋μ߈ᨆɹൕݛȵཝᦡɌ⏋׫ីᨆʍɭᅋܩȵው֪Ɍ ɩȦʳ⏏˳ͻ̝͡ʰɻ⏋ɗɹ؅܍ˁܤܩɹᆌ঻ɫɻɲȼ⏋̫̠̠ᅣˁ፬ჿɐʳ֝ӈ֐ɹέ᣸ɴິʠɩȦʳ␩Gold et al. 1999␭⏏

Ʉɭȵɫȷʳɫȡʸȩȴ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋Ё৿ɹˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹᇍࣙɴᬠɌɩ̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁ ʠȽɤɩೣዣɹரՏɌɛែএȵࢊήɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳɭɐʶɽɰɹʭȩɲخᔨਸȵȡʳɹɞʸ ȩȴ⏏ ǵˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁс႒ɭɌɩ஛ᅎɌɩȦʳᦅ෌˹˽̘͌ˁ⏋ˡ͇͞͞ ␩Karamura 1999␭ɹڃዛᒴɹᰖ݀ˁʢɭɴ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁ֓ȭɩ 4 ɦɴʚɭʠɩʛɛ⏃ᝠ 2⏆⏏ ǵෙឹȴʰʛɩ⏋Ʉʶʰ 4 ɦɹ˹˽̘͌ɻ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ആүɹആˏ̶͠ˡ AAA ˹˽̘͌ɭ ˛̍ˠ̴ˏ͹˛Ͳ́ͻ̘˹˽̘͌⏋ɗɌɩ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲˁൕݛɐʳីˏ̶͠ˡɭμ߈ᨆˏ̶ ͠ˡɹ˹˽̘͌ 2 ɦɴɗʶəʶԊᦲਸȵឿȦɞɇʶʳ⏏ ǵɗʶəʶɻ⏋ആүɴᲞȼីɴжȼɲɤɩȦʳˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ɹܩֳɭᦹ֪Ɍɛᭇᮒʦຩཧ⏋ඨ ᅊɲɰɹᅊ઴ᇕ೼ИɭʢᬠѥɌɩȦʳɞʸȩ⏏ȷʼɞɤɩࢪ၇ᇕɲɹɻ⏋ɗɹсЊȿ౅িɫȡ ʳ⏏մᓔɫɻ।ᅣɴȲȿʳൕඨࢌ঎ɹᲞȦ׬сᇕɲൕݛȵςɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌ⏋μ߈ᨆȲʭʃី ˏ̶͠ˡɹ̺͞Ͳ̘ˑͲɫɻ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳˁё޺ɭɐʶɽཌྷсᇕɲൕݛȵປᥒᇕቁೝᬚ ɹᅣգᅎɫ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵᮃᏝਸɭȦȩ⏋ಁᬚɭዷᬚɹ֟რˁࣆ঎ɭɌɛᦏБᦅ෌ɹݜྈɫປᥒɐʳɭ⏋մᓔɻ৿ᓔʭ ʱʢ⏋ʭʱᮃᏝᇕɲᦅ෌˹˽̘͌ɭȦȩɄɭȵɫȷʳɞʸȩ⏏34) ǵɄɹʭȩɲेᅵɻ⏋؅ඨᅊ⏋ຩҌ⏋ܤޚ೼Иʦ⏋ɗʶɴࢪਝɌɛс႒ɭɗɹڃዛᒴɹࡔܧɭ Ϻᬚүɹᡉ೼Иȵȩʚȼᏼʛغʼɇɤɩᅊɍɛʢɹɭᓒȭʰʶʳȵ⏋Ⴅ໥ɻɗʶəʶɹᦅ෌˹ ˽̘͌ˁᐣ୫ɌɩȦʳϺʃɭɭс႒ɭɹᬠʼʱ౅ɗɹʢɹɴʢࢹɲȴʰɑ৯ᯱˁؖʖɌɩȦʳ ɭϜ઎ɇʶʳ⏏᠎Ᏻɻ⏋ɗʶəʶɹᦅ෌˹˽̘͌ˁБᝠɐʳʭȩɲܩݖɹ຦౏ඨ႒࡝ɹ̨͐˫ ̶͞ȵՏɗʸɤɛຍ᭥ɫԗද២ˁɐʳਖឹȵȡʳɞʸȩ⏏ ǵԛᰄɴᦚʏɛʭȩɴ⏋Ϻɭс႒ɹᬠʼʱɹȡʱ౅ɻ⏋ܩݖɹᅊ઴ᇕɲ೼Иɻʢɠʸ˃⏋Ϻᬚ ɹүɹ኏Ц͹ᐁཕ͹క໠ᇕɲႥ໥ɴʭɤɩृزɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋θᓔɹᬠѥɻ⏋ʓ˃ʰȦ с႒ɹҺȭɩȦʳ႕ਸɴʭɤɩʢ߂ȷȼᑐʰʶɩȦʳᨆՕȵȡʳ⏏̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭȦȩ ႕ᅵɲс႒ȵʢɦ႕ਸɻ⏋ɗʶəʶˁςс႒ɭɐʳ൓ൕᦅ෌ɹ႕ᣒɴ౱ɌՏɇʶɩȦʳɭʛʳ Ʉɭȵɫȷʳɞʸȩ⏏ ǵɄɄɫɻ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲ႕ᣒˁ̫̠̠ɭ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁςс႒ɭɐʳ൓ൕᦅ෌ɴԊᦲɹ႕ᣒɭɌ 34) ᦏБᦅ෌ɴȲȿʳᮃᏝɭɻ⏋ಁᬚɭܤܩɴࢪɌɩ֝ӈɭɗɹᐄഗ਄ʰʶʳᅊᅋ႒ȵᲞȦࢌ঎ɫᨗᒞɇʶʳɄɭ ˁઝ٢Ɍɛ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡᇕᮃᏝᦅ෌ɫɻ⏋ಁᬚɭܤܩɴࢪɌɩ⏋֝ӈ⏃ɭ⏋ɗʶɴЊ᭦ɐʳʢɹ⏆ ɭ⏋ᅊᅋ႒⏃ɭ⏋ɗʶɴЊ᭦ɐʳʢɹ⏆ȵ⏋ᩂࣝᇕ⏃޽ᒶᇕ⏋޽ᇿᇕᇕ⏆ɴᨗᒞɇʶʳ⏏ᦏБᦅ෌ɹິʠɩȷ ɛѝғˁʭɌɭɐʳࣆ঎ɫ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹс႒ʁɭɦɴࢪɐʳቁಁᬚ⏋׬еᯆዩȡɛʱɹ֝ӈɭᅊᅋ႒ˁ៟ ʶɽ⏋ȋ৳ʰɻȡʚʱɻɛʰȴɲȦɌ⏋ؚᩄʢжȦȍɭȦȩᐄᠶɻࢅ౫ɴʛɠʃȷɞɇʶʳ⏏کᰍɲɹɻ⏋ʼɛ Ɍɛɠȵˏ̶͠ˡᇕᮃᏝˁ៿ѝɐʳɴʈɇʼɌȦࣆ঎ˁȦʚɞ୫ɠغʼɓɩȦɲȦɄɭɴȡʳ␩ᩂᅒǵ2002␭⏏ ˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹᮃᏝਸɴᬠɐʳ᠎ɌȦᡴᠶɻ⏋஘ᢆ␩2002␭⏋ᩂᅒ␩2002␭ˁؒ၇⏏

ɩ⏋ȋ޽෵ਸȍȋ޽ॷᅊȍȋ޽ؚዲȍɭȦȩ 3 ɦɹ؅հɴʚɭʠɩʛɛ⏏ (1) ޽෵ਸɹ؅հ⏧ዛ⏋сᇿ⏋ڃዛ⏋сЊкᏙ⏋ᠭჿ͹գᅎɲɰ⏋ȡʰʪʳͤ̾͡ɫ᧧ିᔊ ˁވʦɐʭȩɴʈʳʚȩ⏏႕ɴ⏋ܩ౅ڃዛɹ᧧ିɫɻ֒գᇕɲ៎ဣȴʰɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ɲȴɽ ᕶैᇿᇕᇕɴষա⏋Օᰖˁ᝔ɤɩ⏋ᐄഗɭɌɩ޽෵ਸˁࡸჼɐʳ⏏ڃዛͤ̾͡ɫɹ޽෵ਸɻ ̫̠̠ɫɻᣱ྇ܩɹˏ˻ˏˁɌɹȦɫˏ̶͠ˡɴ޽෵ਸɹμਕȵȡɤɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ڃዛɹ޽෵ ਸɻ⏋൓ൕ݀с႒႕೑ɹᑢຂ෵িɴʭɤɩ๖γБɴተࡸɴШȭʰʶʳ⏏ (2) ޽ॷᅊɹ؅հ⏧ਖɑсᇿɴ޽ॷᅊс႒ˁᏼʛᦉʛ⏋࡫ࡴᇕɲᬏೝᬚɹգᅎˁʠɊɐ⏏। ɴؚዲȵɫȷʳʭȩɲႥ໥ˁʠɊɐ⏏с႒ȵ޽ॷಁɴʼɛɤɩᅣɴࡔܧɌ⏋Ϻɹᇿɴʈʶʳ Ʉɭɴʢઝ٢ȵȡʳ⏏ᬏೝɹᬠʼʱɹɹɠ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹݭغ⏋ؚዲɻ҅кɹ๷ˁઝ٢Ɍ⏋ ̫̠̠ɹݭغʢഗଗˁɦȿɛُᗂɗɹʢɹɻ᭑ؑɇʶʳ⏏ (3) ޽ؚዲɹ؅հ⏧1 ܌ɹؚዲɫ 1 ҅кȴʰɛȼɇ˃ɭʶʳɭȦȩɄɭˁʠɊɐ⏏ਖɑɌʢ ᦏБᦅ࡝ᇕɲݜྈɫȋؚᩄȍȵᲞȦɭȦȩɄɭɻઝ٢ɌɲȦ⏏׬еಁᬚȡɛʱɹᅊᅋᩄɹ޽ ɇ⏃౛ᅊ⏆ɭȦȩ៎ဣɻکᰍɴɲʱɴȼȼ⏋1 ܌ɹؚዲᩄɹ޽Ȧ౅كʍ⏋҅к׬еɴ᧧ାȵ ȴȴʳ⏏ ǵГΫ 3 ɦˁ⏋ɄɄɫЕɴˏ̶͠ˡ݀൓ൕᦅ෌ɹȋ3 ޽؅հȍɭ٧ʉɄɭɴɐʳ⏏ ǵЁ৿ɹද៷ˁ৺ɛɷɽɲʰɲȦȵ⏋Ʉɹ 3 ɦɹ؅հɻ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭ̫̠̠ɭȦȩ̫˹͚˗ ዀɹ႕ᅵɲ൓ൕ݀с႒ˁᕶᐌᇕɴൕݛɐʳˏ̶͠ˡᦅ຦ȵإȼȴʰۊ˃ɫȷɛᦅ෌ɴ⏋ȴɲʱ ʭȼ᧟ᅎɫȷʳʢɹɭᓒȭʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ਖɑɌʢɄɹ 2 с႒ɞȿɴᭉࡴɇʶʳʢɹɫɻɲȼ⏋Ȳ ɗʰȼɻˏ̶͠ˡԒ޺ɹ൓ൕ݀с႒ΥᖔɴʚɫʁʸɁɩ᧟ᅎɫȷʳȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏35) Υ౅⏋Ʉ ɹ 3 ޽؅հɴࢪɌɩ⏋μᑅ঎ཧय़ܩ౅ɫɐɐʠʰʶɛዤᰖᦅ෌ɹᦏБ׋ɹɲȴɫɻ⏋ԃȼ๭ؙ ࢪɹ؅հȵ୭كɇʶɩȷɛɄɭȵȩȴȵȭʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋Ʉɹ؅հɴݜɧȼ൓ൕᦅ෌ˁˏ̶ ͠ˡɴԎ݀ᇕɴʛȦɞɇʶʳɭȦȩઝ٢ɫˏ̶͠ˡ݀ɭ٧ʉɄɭɴɌɛ⏏ ǵɄɹ 3 ޽؅հˁɇɇȭɩȦʳˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɭɗʶˁۊʞᦅ຦ɹѝғ៎ɭȦȩʢɹˁ઎ࡴɐʳ Ʉɭȵ៰ɇʶʳɲʰɽ⏋ɗɄɴɻ⏋ኽɛɠȵჼܧᅊȷɩȦʳᲞ঎ᣂೣςᒶ኏ЦɴȲȦɩɻয়း ɭឿɲɇʶɩȦʳ֟რᕸΫςᒶᇕɲᐁཕɴ൓ɊɌɛѝғ៎ɭɻ⏋ᣒᇕɴᅵɲɤɛᅊȷ౅ȵʛȭ ɩɄɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏36) 35) ɛɭȭɽ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɫɻ͓͌⏋ృ߂᭜ɹ˥͑̒˵̫⏋ˏ˻ˏɹ˵˳ɲɰȵ઎ࡴɫȷʳ⏏ 36) ஘ᢆȵ୭௎Ɍɛˏ̶͠ˡᦅ຦ɹ⏋ȋ೎ࢸ֗֐ɹӃكਸȍ␩஘ᢆǵ1974␭ɭɻ⏋ӈȷɐȹɲȦɄɭ⏃ࢹɲȦ֝ӈ⏆⏋ ਖឹГΫɴɦȼʰɲȦ⏃ࢹɲȦᅊᅋ⏆⏋ɗɌɩ⏋оɤɩʢɛʠɄʚɲȦ⏃ࢹɲȦᙢዩ⏆ɭᝠჼɫȷʳ⏏Ʉʶˁኽ ɻȋˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ 3 ࢹȍɭ٧˃ɫȦʳ⏏ʢɠʸ˃⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹ˽̘ͤˠ̊˓̺ɴࢪᒞɇʶʳ ᦏБᦅ෌ɻ⏋ᲞହԂ⏋Პؚᩄ⏋Პգ࿅ɹ 3 ᲞˁʢɭʠʳʢɹɭɌɩɭʰȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳɞʸȩ⏏Ʉʶˁኽɻ ȋᦏБᦅ෌ɹ 3 Პȍɭ٧˃ɫȦʳ⏏

ǵˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩɄɹ 2 ɦɹс႒ȵˏ̶͠ˡᦅ຦ɭɭʢɴᐁᱻɌɩȷɛཉȼᬏȦ๴رᇕᬠʼ ʱˁʈʱȴȭʳɭȷ⏋ȋ̯̜̆ඨ႒ᬠѥȍɹࡸሂˁɭʰȭʳɄɭɲȼɌɩ⏋ᦅ෌ɭɗʶˁۊʞ ϺʃɭɹᖪȷȼʰɌˁࡸჼɐʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦɭɇȭਲ਼ȭʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ৫ȁৃ ǵࢸዣɻϴᨊ߂࡝࡝Ԓ႕ࡴ቉ድȋˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳШᐏᦅ෌ɹᐙମɭᇍࣙȍɴʭʳፀ 2 ܌቉ድЦȋˏ̶͠ ˡɴȲȿʳ޺ഀс႒ɹܤመ׋ȍ⏃1992 ॷ 2 ೐ 6 ౗⏆ɴȲȦɩᇍᝠɌɛȋ޺ഀс႒ɹ࿃ܧ֐⏧̫̠̠̆ˏ̶ ͠ˡᇕᮃᏝᦅ෌ɹخᔨਸȍˁʢɭɴ⏋ɗɹ৿ɹ቉ድଁഗɹᦽࣙɲɰˁɫȷʳɞȿɭʱȦʶ⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ ɭປᥒɐʳែဣˁЊȿ֓ȭɩ߂३ɴ֓ፆѹ๭Ɍɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏቉ድЦؒ֓ᓔɭˏ̶͠ˡܩݖ቉ድ́Ͳ̊ͻ ⏃য়ಁ⏆ɹ౅Ǿȴʰɻ೑ᇰɲ˱͍Ͳ̜ˁȦɛɞȦɛ⏏య჉ɹؚᮃɭ఩ჿɴȡɛɤɩɻ⏋˗ˤͲ̋ɫ̫̠̠ ɹ˛˽̨̢̓̊ͻ቉ድˁࠃʠʰʶɛиᚹᯀ౩ɇ˃ɴ⏋ܒᝠɹនсɻᩆࡎࡪਜ਼ɇ˃ɴɗʶəʶת֐Ɍɩʢ ʰɤɛ⏏៨ɌɩઢᡚɹઝˁᝠɌʚɐ⏏ ǵ ֨ȁဥȁ໲ȁࡃ ࡫ཙᧉܩ⏏1981⏏ȋ̅Ͳ˳ͻ͞౏ɹᦅᓚᅊ༎ɭᐁཕ༎֪̆μ߈ˏ̶͠ˡၖय़ᮒകάɹ္ᅣᦅᓚ̆ȍȏ࡚՘Ϻ ᰖ࡝ȑ12 (1): 96-178. ஘ᢆǵ᠞⏏1974⏏ȋ̜Ͳ˫˕˛౏ɹᅊ៟ᐣ୫ล෯̆ᅊ༎ᄩޅ͹ᅊ෌͹ᰩᅊ༎ȍȏ࡚՘Ϻᰖ࡝ȑ5 (3): 3-90⏏ ␲␲␲␲ᑂᘿ⏏2002⏏ȏˏ̶͠ˡᦅᓚ຦ȑϴᨊ߂࡝࡝᝗ՏႆЦ. ׌ី֒Υ͹ݺǵႻ౰͹ࢸഌȴȲʱ͹π࣊ǵᓮ⏏2000⏏ȋ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠య׋ɹϜҺᇕݬٚ ̆˽͞˗˙˹ऄɹ͇Ͳ̋ͻ͡ɭ˻͑ͩऄɹ˽Ͳ̋ɹປᥒȴʰȍȏ࣢ؤ߂࡝ఠᔒ࡝ᨆ቉ድᠶأȑ50 (1): 29-48. ᩂᅒልᒶ⏏1988⏏ȋ̯̜̆ඨ႒ᬠѥɹࡸሂ̆˛̍ˠ̴ˏី׫ᨆˠ͐Ꮩᦅᓚ຦ˏ͠ɹ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ൕݛɭգᅎȍ ȏ࡚՘Ϻᰖ࡝ȑ19 (1): 191-281⏏ ␲␲␲␲⏏1991⏏ȋ˛̍ˠ̴ˏី׫ᨆɴȲȿʳ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɹڃዛѳࡔȍᅒμϠᨀ͹஘ᢆǵ᠞ᑂȏ̯̜ɹᕶ း᠖ȑॶՂ኏⏋213-231. ␲␲␲␲⏏1992⏏ȋˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ޺ഀс႒ɹܤመ׋⏧̫̠̠̆ˏ̶͠ˡᇕᮃᏝᦅ෌ɹخᔨਸȍϴᨊ߂ ࡝࡝Ԓ႕ࡴ቉ድȋˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳШᐏᦅ෌ɹᐙମɭᇍࣙȍፀ 2 ܌቉ድЦ, 1992. 2. 6 ᇍᝠឹౚ⏋ᨗЊ ᣂష⏋11 p. ␲␲␲␲⏏1995⏏ȋڃዛɹօՏɭᐣ୫ˁʠȽʳ̯̜̆ඨ႒ᬠѥȍክϥ֯ᒶᑂȏܩჽɴᅊȷʳ⏧4⏏ᕶးɭϺ ᬚɹԊᅊ̆᧨Шɭయ׋ɹԊᦽ׋ȑᮁ࣢ᬡ⏋143-164. ␲␲␲␲⏏2001⏏ȋ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁݜᇻɭɐʳ୫ᐚᇕᅊ෌˹˽̘͌ȍȏˏ̶͠ˡͤͅͻ̜ȑ33: 3-6⏏ ␲␲␲␲⏏2002⏏ȋˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ୫ᐚᇕɲᮃᏝᦅ෌ɹخᔨਸ⏧˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ˁݜᇻɭɐʳ˛̍ˠ̴ˏី ׫ᨆɹܧഀᦅ෌ˁϟёɭɌɩȍ஘ᢆǵ᠞ᑂȏˏ̶͠ˡᦅᓚ຦ȑϴᨊ߂࡝࡝᝗ՏႆЦ⏋163-195. ܋౅ȴȵʱ⏏2002⏏ȋˡ͍͡ͻͲആ׫ᨆၖय़കɴȲȿʳ္ᅣᦅᓚɹ႕ਸ̆ൕݛс႒ɭᬖޕ౅িɹែဣȴʰȍ ׭ަϜҺᠶయ⏋ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡܩݖ቉ድ቉ድዀ⏃ೡԇ՘⏆⏏ ߂ആǵ࡯⏏2000⏏ȏ̫̠̠ȑၖय़с႒ឹៈ 30⏋ܕ᭬ᦅക෌ת֐תЦ⏏ μ࣊и֖⏏1966⏏ȏൕݛඨ႒ɭᦅᓚɹᣱ྇ȑ࣬໳ృೆ 583. μ࣊и֖͹Ϋ࣢౳ॶ͹иǾೠᲞ౩⏏1976⏏ȏ၇ᘽปകయ׋͹ᐚȑμԇృೆ 438. μ೴๯χ⏏1991⏏ȏ̫̠̠࡝Ԃᬐȑπڵ⏏ ݞᅒǵྃ⏏1989⏏ȋ̫˹͚˗ዀȍݞᅒǵྃ͹ᐷ౅ǵҫ͹ృᅒȡʦ͹౰ाན៊͹ഽǵࡱ຦͹࣢ऊᓚࡩᑂȏγ

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