「十六世紀後期における関係代名詞(III) : C.マーロウ及び同時代の作家の作品を中心として」 (英文)

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(1)Title. 「十六世紀後期における関係代名詞(III) : C.マーロウ及び同時代の作家の作品を中心として」 (英文). Author(s). 水野, 政勝. Citation. 北海道教育大学紀要. 第一部. A, 人文科学編, 36(2): 1-31. Issue Date. 1986-03. URL. http://s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/123456789/4166. Rights. Hokkaido University of Education.

(2) "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (III) : From the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries'. Masakatsu Mizuno. TABLE OF CONTENTS 0. Introduction. 2.3 That. 1. Use of Where-Compounds. 2.4 4> -Form (i. e. Contact Clause). 1.1 Whereat. 1.2 Whereby 1.3 Wherefore. 2.5 Non-Personal Whose in Genitival Expressions 3 . Prepositional Non-Personal Relative. 1.4 Wherein. Pronouns and Wzere-Compounds. 1.5 Whereinto. 3. (1) N oun Antecedents. 1.6 Whereof. 3. (2) Geographical Names. 1.7 Whereon. 3. (3) Pronoun Antecedents. 1.8 Whereto. 3. (4) Clause Antecedents. 1.9 Whereunto. 1.10 Whereupon 1.11 Wherewith 2 . Use of Prepositional Non-Personal Relative. 4. Non-Personal Whose - Of Which - Whereof. in Genitival Expressions 5. Summary. NOTES. Pronoun and Non-Personal Whose. ABBREVIATIONS. 2.1 Which. APPENDIX. 2.2 The Which. 0. Introduction. Alternating with Preposition+w^ there developed in the later Middle English the relative use of compounds made up of where + Preposition1. These usages are first recorded in. the early 13th century, although their occasion and spread differed considerably according to the various meanings and syntactic applications of each compound.2. By the 16th and 17th centuries they had become particularly common3; but nowadays they are generally considered to be stiff or pedantic. On the use of the where-compound in present-day English, Knud Schibsbye states4 :.

(3) Masakatsu MIZUNO. Compounds of where and a preposition : whereby, wherefore, whereto, etc., are now considered formal. English, and have been replaced by by which, for which, etc.. Also, according to Rodney Huddleston5 : The third type is somewhat marginal in all contemporary registers, except perhaps legal writing and the like : the preposition is adjoined as a suffix to the wh-word, yielding such forms as whereby, ivherefrom, etc.. The purpose of this paper is therefore to see in what syntactic conditions wAere-compounds. may be found, particularly in the late 16th century, and as far as possible to compare their uses with those of prepositional relative pronouns (e. g., for which, which (that)... for, etc.) in terms of non-personal antecedents (noun, pronoun, geographical name, clause)6. Especially with non-personal noun antecedents, a distinction is made among the following types of the verb phrase with which the relative pronoun or the corresponding where- compound is construed7 :. Type : A (Prepositional Object) : those cases in which the relative is used as part of a prepositional object of (1) verbs, (2) adjectives, or (3) equivalent expressions ; Type : B (Adverbial Adjunct) : those cases where a preposition and a relative form an adverbial adjunct of verbs denoting a relation of (1) time, (2) manner, (3) another relation than that of time or manner, or they form (4) an adverbial adjunct in predicative use ; Type : C (Adverbial Adjunct) : those cases of adverbial adjunct where front-positioning of a preposition is necessary (e. g. a shadow wherein is no substance TR 267.31 (NAR) ; roses.... within the tuhich sat a maiden attired like a Queen TR 242.4 (NAR) etc.) The works examined to find the zv here -compound are the same as those used in my. previous study8. In making the tables of statistical data, they are treated as a whole as DRAMA (under Marlowe and other Elizabethans) and as DIS on the one hand and NAR on the other, in order to see if there are any stylistic traits in common.. 1. Use of Whe re- compounds. In the writers investigated the following 11 compounds have been found : zuhereat, whereby, wherefore, wherein, whereinto, zvhereof, whereon, zuhereto, wherennto, zuhereupon, and zuherewith. (In Marlowe's plays all of these occur except whereinto, zuherezmto, and whereupon.) The most frequent compounds are wherein, zuhereof, wherewith, with clause-antecedents whereupon, wherefore, zuhereby. These compounds are normally used in reference to a nonpersonal antecedent (noun, pronoun (rare), geographical name, clause), but with wherein, zuhereof, zvherewith a personal antecedent may also be found. For occurrences of various w/zere-compounds in Marlowe and other groups of writers, see Table 1 in the appendix. In this section we illustrate the various uses of the zuhere- compound. When there are.

(4) "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (III) : From the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries". many instances of the same type, some representative examples only are given. If there occur only a few cases of the type, they are all recorded. 1.1 Whereat From Tables 2, 3 we can see that whereat is rare except in reference to a clause-antecedent.. (1) Noun antecedent : Only one example is to be found in a non-restrictive clause.. [Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) At last, the soldiers pull'd her by the heels, And swung her howling in the empty air, Which sent an echo to the wounded king : Whereat9 he lifted up his bed-rid limbs, D H. i. 250.. (2) Clause antecedents : There are 16 examples of this type in all. See Table 3. Therefore, to stay all sudden mutinies, We will invest your highness emperor ; Whereat the soldiers will conceive more joy than did the Macedonians at the spoil Of great Darius and his wealthy host. T 1 I. i. 152 ; I told him all, whereat he storm'd amain And swore he would cry quittance with the churl, AF I. 559 ; Who knowes this woman, who ? Whereat her husband comes out, saying IN 63.34 (NAR).. 1.2 Whereby This relative is used with noun and clause-antecedents. It has particularly high frequency with the latter type of antecedent. (1) Noun antecedents : There are six examples in all. See Tables 2, 3.. (a) Restrictive {Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) Nor will we come, unless he use such means Whereby he is in danger to be damn'd. F 279 ; a trade, whereby. you may liue like men. TR 268.22 (DIS); for neuer had he beene brought vp to any trade, whereby he might be able to get a penny at his need. GC 2 176.23 (NAR).. (b) Non-restrictive {Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) Are not thy bills hung up as monuments, Whereby whole cities have escap'd the plague, And thousand desperate maladies been eas'd ? F 49.. (2) Clause antecedents 27 instances are on record in all. See Table 3..

(5) Masakatsu MIZUNO. Your veins are full of accidental heat, Whereby the moisture of your blood is dried. T 2 V. iii. 85 ; dispraise my person, and take exceptions at euerything, whereby he will be as well pleased, as Simon of. South-hampton with a messe of pottage. TR 220.1 (DIS) ; he was grown something wealthy and they very cunning in their trade ; whereby the house had the name to breed the best workmen in the Countrey ; GC 1 93.29 (NAR).. 1.3 Wherefore In the works investigated wherefore always introduces clauses "expressing a consequence or inference from what has just been stated.' ° The majority of cases occur in Deloney. This. compound is quite rare in Marlowe as well as other Elizabethans. There are 38 examples of this type in all. See Table 3. Bootless, I saw, it was to war with fate That hath so many unresisted friends : Wherefore I change my counsel with the time, D III. ii. 51 ; And, time now being, a great many men in black gowns were asked. for their voices and their hands, and my master had all their fists about his ears presently, and they cried, 'Ay,ay,ay, ay! and so I came away ; Wherefore without all other grieve I do salute you, Mistress Shrieve.. SH KI. ii. 117 ; and the harder a woman is to be won, the sweeter is her loue when it is obtained : wherefore He once againe try my fortune, GC 1 73.22 (DIS).. 1.4 Wherein Wherein occurs most frequently with noun-antecedents ; this relative is used with a personal antecedent only in exceptional cases ; the majority of cases are those with a nonpersonal antecedent. A. Personal antecedent One rare example is recorded in Marlowe : Here lies my hate, AEneas' cursed brat, The boy ivherein false destiny delights, D III. ii. 2.. B. Non-personal antecedents. (1) Noun antecedents There are 65 examples in all. See Tables 2, 3.. (a) Restrictive (Adverbial Adjunct : B-l type) And that we may prefix a certain time, Wherein the marriage shall be solemnis'd, ST HI. xii. 106 ; This is the hour wherein I shall proceed ; / IV. 166.. (Adverbial Adjunct : B-2 type) That Sol may well discern the trampled pace Wherein he wont to guide his golden car ; AF X. 4.. {Adverbial Adjunct '. B-3 type) To show the grief Wherein thy heart doth burn. FB 420 ; Go forward, Faustus, in that famous art Wherein.

(6) "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (III) : From the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries" all Nature's treasure is contain'd F 103.. (Adverbial Adjunct : C type) a shadow wherein is no substance : TR 267.31 (NAR).. (b) Non-restrictive (Prepositional Object : A-l type) Carthage shall vaunt her petty walls no more, For I will grace them with a fairer frame, And clad her in a crystal livery, Wherein the day may evermore delight ; D V. i . 7.. {Adverbial Adjunct : B-l type) 0 happy hour, wherein I shall convert An infidel, and bring his gold into Our treasury. / IV. 167 ; those were my golden dayes, wherein my pleasure abounded, TR 219.25 (DIS).. {Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) Here tempers Friar Bacon many toys, And holds this place his consistory-court, Wherein the devils plead. homage to his words FB 614 ; It grieves me much to think that my poore heart, wherein thy picture is engraven, should be rent in pieces GC 1 80.21 (DIS).. {Adverbial Adjunct : C type) The god thou servest is thine own appetite, Wherein is fix'd the love of Belzebub. F 450.. (2) Geographical names Only three instances are found in non-restrictive clauses.. (All examples occur in Marlowe.) The Terrene main, wherein Danubius falls, Shall by this battle be the Bloody Sea ; T 2 1. i. 37 ; By Cairo runs to Alexander-bay Darotes' streams, wherein at anchor lies A Turkish galley of my royal fleet ; Ib. I.. iii. 20 ; And this is Balsera, their chief est hold, Wherein is all the treasure of the land. Ib. HI. iii. 4.. (3) Clause antecedents There are two examples in all. My father and my first-betrothed love Must fight against my life and present love ; Wherein the change I use condemns my faith. T 1 V. i . 390 ; Let it suffice I know you love him well, And fain would have your husband made away : Wherein, trust me, you show a noble mind AF I. 270.. 1.5 Whereinto Only one example is recorded in a restrictive clause :. (Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) And some say, that the riuer whereinto Cole was cast, did euer since carry the name of Cole, TR 260.24.

(7) Masakatsu MIZUNO. (NAR). 1.6 Whereof This relative has the widest sphere of usage of all the where -compounds. It may be used to indicate a genitival relation (possessive, objective, and partitive).11 Whereof is exclusively used with non-personal antecedents, but it is found once with personal reference (in a partitive relation). A. Personal antecedents and how certaine Flemings tooke that office vpon them, wherof many of them were fledde into this Realme, TR 247.7 (NAR). We may here find a preposition repeated as in 'o/ them'. Here it is because the reference is to a personal collective. B. Non-personal antecedents. (1) Noun antecedents There are 23 examples of this type in all. In fifteen of them the zvhereof is used to indicate a genitival relation.. (a) Restrictive (Prepositional Object : A-l type) The third was a griefe, whereof Hodgekins of Halifax complayned, TR 227.1 (NAR).. {Prepositional Object : A-2 type) The Abbey lands whereof you are now possess'd Were offer'd me on some occasion AF I. 294.. (Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) The second thing whereof they found themselues grieued, was this TR 226.39 (NAR).. (b) Non-restrictive (Prepositional Object : A-l type) they fell to their meat merrily, whereof when they had eaten and drunk, Margaret stepping from the board went to reach the posset, GC 2 153.40 (NAR).. (Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) And with her let it work like Borgia's wine, Whereof his sire the Pope was poisoned. / HI. 260.. This compound is often employed to denote a genitival relation (possessive, objective, and partitive) . 15 examples in all are recorded. See Table 14. In Marlowe no example can be found of a partitive relation, but examples are found of a possessive relation. Whereof does.

(8) "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (III) : From the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries'. not occur with 'personifications' in our material; in this case ivhose is commonly used. See the. cases of whose where there is a feeling of personification. See Table 15. (i ) Partitive relations : All examples are cases where the compound has front-position. The headword {one and some) functions as an object in all the cases. all former grants Are cut off ; whereof I myself had one ; AF I. 463 ; In this space master Eyer following his businesse, had sold so much of his Merchandize as paid the Grecian his whole money : and yet had resting to himselfe three times as much as he had sold, whereof he trusted some to one Alderman, and some. to another, GC 1 121.24 (NAR).. (ii) Possessive and similar relations : Possessive relations are illustrated below. Instances are all with whereof in post-position.. The headword may function in a clause as subject, object, or prepositional object (i. e. object of a preposition). [Headword as Subject} Here have I made a dainty gallery, The floor whereof, this cable being cut, Doth fall asunder ; / V. 319.. {Headword as Object} by this beard, every hair whereof I value at a king's ransom ; SH II. iii. 36 ; the horse the goodman would also take out of the stable, & conuay him by a hay-barne of his, that stood from his house a mile or two,. whereof himselfe did alwaies keepe the keies full charily, TR 255.36 (NAR).. {Headword as Prepositional Object} Twixt these two ways I trod the middle path, Which brought me to the fair Elysian green, In the midst whereof there stands a stately tower, ST I . i . 74.. (iii) Objective relations : The compound is in post-position. In the present material the headword may be subject or it may be dependent on a preposition. if I had money, there is a commodity now to be bought the gains, wherof would be able to make me a Gentleman foreuer. GC 1 112.31 (DIS) ; the first parliament that was euer in England, was graced with the Kings person in those robes, in requitall whereof his highnes afterward yeelded Sutton many princely fauours. TR 241.44 (NAR).. (2) Geographical name Only one example is found : This tottered ensign of my ancestors, Which swept the desert shore of that Dead Sea whereof we got the name of Mortimer, E 1090..

(9) Masakatsu MIZUNO. (3) Clause antecedents well fare the Arabians, who so richly pay The things they traffic for with wedge of gold, Whereof a man may easily in a day Tell that which may maintain him all his life. / I . 10 ; The King being thus come home, after his winters rest, he made his summers progresse into the west countrey, to take a view of all. the chiefe townes : whereof the Clothiers being aduertised, they made great preparation against his camming, TR 241.5 (NAR).. In the following the relative whereof is used to indicate genitival expressions (possessive and objective). The headword may be subject or it may depend on a preposition. (i) Possessive and similar relations : The reason whereof was this : IN 42.5 (NAR), (headword as subject) ; hee could goe in no place but he found acquaintances ; by meanes whereof, lacke could no sooner get a Crowne, but straight hee found meanes to. spend it : Ib. 3.18 (NAR), (headword as prepositional object.). (ii) objective relations : Well, masters, it seems to me you have lost your way in the wood : in consideration whereof, if you will. go with Clunch to his cottage, you shall have house-room and a good fire to sit by, OWT 44 ; Well husband (said she) it becomes a woman to obey her husband, in regard whereof, I drink to him. TR 221.39 (DIS), (headword as prepositional object) ; a sumptous banquet was brought in, served all in glasse : the description wherof were too long for mee to write, and you to read. IN 30.13 (NAR), (headword as subject.). 1.7 Whereon Whereon occurs with a noun-antecedent in our material. This is not found with a nounantecedent denoting time or in clauses "denoting an immediately subsequent or consequent action."14. (a) Restrictive (Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) And when the ground, whereon my soldiers march, Shall rise aloft and touch the horned moon, T 2 I. iv.. 13 ; This very sword, whereon thou took'st thine oath, Shall be the worker of thy tragedy, 5T II. i . 94 ; he hath a Table in his house whereon he breaks his fast euery day, GC 1 123.29 (DIS).. (b) Non-restrictive. (Adverbial Adjunct ; B-3 type) Show thee the tree, lean'd with refined gold, Whereon the fearful dragon held his seat, FB 1179.. (Adverbial Adjunct : C-type) and with that a faire napkin was laide vpon the little table in the parlour, hard by the fire side, whereon was set a good cold Capon, IN 54.7 (NAR)..

(10) "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (III) : From the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries". 1.8 Whereto Whereto is less frequent than whereunto (see below). Only one instance with a nounantecedent is recorded in a non-restrictive clause :. {Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) And take in sign thereof this gilded wreath, Whereto each man of rule hath given his hand, T 1 V. i . 102.. 1.9 Whereunto Whereunto is used with noun and clause-antecedents. Instances can be found only in Deloney. See Tables 2, 3.. (1) Noun antecedents There are four examples in all.. (a) Restrictive (Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) But hard it is to escape the ill fortunes whereunto a man is allotted TR 256.23 (NAR) ; you haue enough to discharge the place whereunto you are called with credit GC 1 122.24 (DIS).. (b) Non-restrictive {Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) she was laid in Prison in Colchester Castle, whereunto she went with as cheerfull a countenance as Cateratus. did, GC 93.5 (NAR) ; After the which there was a great feast ordained, whereunto the renowned Iphicratis was inuited, Ib. 102.9 (NAR).. (2) Clause antecedents Four examples are on record. They are all found in NAR. See Table 3. Whereupon the woman made answer, that shee would take him downe in his wedding shooes, and would try his patience in the prime of his lustinesse : whereunto, many of her Gossips did likewise encourage her. IN 17.2 (NAR) ; therefore by my consent put it in practice : Whereunto Crispins consented GC 1 105.26 (NAR) ; I see nothing wanting but a good wife to keep all things in his due kind : Whereunto Robin made this answer. GC 2 150.44 (NAR).. 1.10 Whereupon Whereupon is quite common with a clause-antecedent, where the relative clause denotes a. subsequent or consequent action. The notable thing is that almost all the examples (63 out of 68 exs.) occur predominantly in NAR. Standing against a stall, watching Arden's coming, a boy let down his shop-window, and broke his head ; Whereupon arose a brawl, A-F HI. 75 ; therefore (quoth he) to haue redresse for this disease, you must haue a veine opened in your nose, whence this foule corruption must be taken : whereupon it will follow, that.

(11) Masakatsu MIZUNO. your nose will fall againe to his naturall proportion, TR 253.37 (DIS) ; I will warrant your worship (said the Phisitian) for euer being troubled with the like againe. Whereupon the Knight receiued great ioy, and the Doctor a high reward. TR 254.23 (NAR).. 1.11 Wheretuith Wherewith is common with noun and clause-antecedents. There is one case with a pronoun-antecedent. In addition to its exclusive use with non-personal antecedents, wherewith. is found in personal reference (once in DIS). A. Personal antecedent Why should ill pleasing sleepe close vp the chrystall windowes of thy body so fast, and bereaue thee of thy fiue Lordly attendants Wherewith thou wast wont to salute thy friends ? IN 52.48 (DIS). B. Non-personal antecedents. (1) Noun antecedents In the works examined there are 15 examples (10 exs. in IVtarlowe). See Tables 2, 3. (a) Restrictive (Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) The slavery wherewith he persecutes The noble Turk and his great emperess ? T 1 IV. iii. 26 ; Viewing the fire wherewith rich Ilion burnt ; D II. i . 264 ; 'Tis of thy beauty then that conquers kings ; Of those thy tresses, Ariadne's twines, Wherewith my liberty thou hast surpris'd ; ST III. x. 90 ; that Necter wherewith the Gods were nourished GC 1 87.6 (DIS).. (b) Non-restrictive {Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) Hold, take these jewels at thy lover's hand, These golden bracelets, and this wedding-ring, Wherewith my. husband woo'd me yet a maid D III. iv. 63 ; I'll have them fill the public schools with silk, Wherewith the students shall be bravely clad F 118.. (Adverbial Adjunct : C type) he clapt his buttocks into the posset, wherewith being grievously scalded, he cried out saying, alacke, alacke, help maids, help, or I am spoiled forever ; GC 2 154.8 (NAR).. (2) Pronoun antecedent One rare case with pronoun what is recorded : he breaks the worthless twigs, And. sees not what wherewith the bird was lim'd. ST HI. iy. 42.. (3) Clause antecedents There are five examples of this case in all. See Table 3.. 10.

(12) "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (III) : From the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries". mee thought, I found this Hog rustling among the Loomes, wherewith I presently awaked, IN 9.22 (DIS) ; let me goe (quoth he) and I will giue you whatsoeuer you will demand, wherewith hee cast them an English Crowne. Ib. 39.32 (NAR).. 2 . Use of Prepositional Non-Personal Relative Pronoun and Non-Personal Whose. In this section we investigate the use of the non-personal relative pronoun (i. e. which, the which, that, cf) -form) as the object of a preposition and the non-personal whose in order to make a comparison with the use of wherecompounds as relative. As we have done in the previous section, we illustrate here the use of each relative pronoun according to antecedent types (noun, pronoun, etc.), and especially in the case of noun antecedents (except for those of relative whose). we will consider with what types of verb phrases (i. e. Types : A, B, or C) prepositional relative pronouns can be construed in the clauses. As in the cases of wherecompounds, only a few typical instances are illustrated if there are many of the same type. If only a few cases of the type are found, they are all recorded.. 2.1 Which The antecedent-type of the relative pronoun which is noun, pronoun, clause, and (rarely) geographical name. See Tables 8, 9.. (1) Noun antecedents Form I : Preposition+ which (front-position of preposition) There are 28 instances of Form I in all. In one of these the relative group of which is used in a genitival expression. The relative pronoun which of this form occurs predominantly in a non-restrictive clause. As can be seen in Tables 8, 9, the majority of the cases recorded occur in Marlowe (irrespective of clause-type).. (a) Restrictive [Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) Nay, then, I fear he has fallen into that damned art for which they two are infamous through the world. F 231 ; and what this world is call'd On which by tempests' fury we are cast : D I . i . 199.. (b) Non-restrictive {Prepositional Object : A-l type) There is a point, to which when men aspire, They tremble headlong down. E 2632.. {Prepositional Object : A-2 type) In champion grounds what figure serves you best, For ivhich the quinque-angle form is meet, T 2 HI. ii. 64.. 11.

(13) Masakatsu MIZUNO. {Prepositional Object : A-3 type) an old saying of a wise man, that abundance of growth from riches, and disdain out of abundance ; of which God give us grace to take heed, and grant us a consented mind. GC 1 121.43 (DIS).. (Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) Gurney, I wonder the king dies not, Being in a vault up to the knees in water, To which the channels of the castle run E 2454 ; Why this would steel soft-mettled cowardice, With which Black Will was never tainted with. AF ffl. 93. In the second example above, the preposition is resumed.. {Adverbial Adjunct : C type) we will have gabions of six foot broad, To save our cannoneers from musket-shot; Betivixt which shall our ordinance thunder forth, T 2 HI. hi. 58.. The relative group of which is used once to express a possessive (or similar) relation. (Cf. genitival whereof in 1. 6. B. (1).) The headword is preceded by a preposition and the relative group is in post-position. This is found in Marlowe : Madam, sooner shall fire consume us both Than scorch a face so beautiful as this, In frame of which. Nature hath show'd more skill Than when she gave eternal chaos form, Drawing from it the shining lamps of heaven. T 2 ffl. i . 75.. Form II : which- •• Preposition (post-position of preposition) There are three examples in all. The restrictive clause-type is prevalent.. (a) Restrictive {Prepositional Object : A-l type) and neuer yeeld thee that courtisie which thou at this time so earnestly intreatest for. GC 1 74.40 (DIS).. (Adverbial Adjunct: B-3 type) Here lie the garment which I cloth'd him in When first he came on shore : D V. i . 298.. (b) Non-restrictive (Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) But for you know our quarrel is no more But to defend their strange inventions, Which they will put us to with sword and fire, We must with resolute minds resolve to fight, M 713.. (2) Geographical name Only one example is found with this antecedent. The relative group of which appears in a genitival expression (a partitive relation). The headword is preceded by a preposition ; the relative group is in post-position as with a noun case above (2. 1. (1)).. 12.

(14) "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (III) : From the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries" From thence to Venice, Padua, and the rest, In one of which a sumptuous temple stands, That threats the. stars with her aspiring top. F 832.. (3) Pronoun antecedents Instances are comparatively few with pronoun-antecedents (4 exs. in all). The postprepositional type is predominant. The pronoun used is demonstrative that, or less frequently this. The clause is all restrictive-type. See Table 8. Form I : Preposition... which Now have I that for which my soul hath long'd. / II. 450. Form II : which... Preposition but happily he stands in fear Of that which you, I think, ne'er dream upon, My daughter here, a paltry silly girl. / II. 415 ; And you are witness that this is true which he entreateth of? ST III. x. 63 ; What commodity is that which you might get so much by ? GC 1 112.41 (DIS).. (4) Clause antecedents Prepositional which is sometimes used with reference to a preceding clause. There are 18 instances in all. See Table 9. Form I : Preposition... which Lord Percy of the North, being highly mov'd, Brav'd Mowberay in presence of the king ; For which, had not his highness lov'd him well, He should have lost his head ; E 112 : it is not long, thou know'st, Since I did shield thee from my father's wrath, For thy conveyance in Andrea's love, For which thou wert adjudg'd to punishment: 5T II. i . 50 ; there was some would needs haue me set down my Tankard, and. go with them to breakfast (as many times before I had done) to which I consented : GC 1 132.7 (DIS); it was her ordinary custome, to goe forth in the morning among her Gossips and acquaintance to make merry, and not to return home till night, without any regard of her houshold. Of which, at her camming. home her husband did very oftentimes admonish her in very gentle sort, 77V 17.7 (NAR). Form II : which... Preposition15 Then they vnbound him, and brought him among a great company of Swine, which when Will had wel viewed ouer, he draue out of the yard all the Sowes : 77V 40.5 (NAR).. 2.2 The which This relative pronoun is used with reference to a noun or a clause ; it is particularly frequent with the former type of antecedent. The which seems to be favoured particularly by Deloney. No examples of the post-prepositional type are to be found in the works examined16.. It is to be noted, too, that no examples of the which occur in the genitival of- construction (as opposed to the case of relative which in our material).. 13.

(15) Masakatsu MIZUNO. (1) Noun antecedents There are 18 instances in all. The non-restrictive clause type is predominant. See Tables 8, 9.. (a) Restrictive (Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) a place on the which all strangers cast their eies, TR 238.42 (DIS); The streets thorow the which she should passe, were pleasantly deckt with greene oaken boughs, TR 271.39 (NAR).. (b) Non-restrictive {Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) Just through the midst runs flowing Tiber's stream With winding banks that cut it in two parts ; Over the which four stately bridges lean, F 849 ; He put thee on a very faire doublet of tawny sattin, ouer the which thou shalt haue a cassock of branched damask, GC 1 114.38 (DIS).. {Adverbial Adjunct : C type) A most precious and rich Diamond set in gold, About the which was also set sixe Rubies IN 38.38 (NAR).. (2) Clause antecedents Like tvhich, though less frequently, this relative is used with reference to a preceding clause. The relative clause is non-restrictive. Three instances have been recorded. (All occur. in NAR.) and in no place had his Maiesty receiued more delight then here : for the ivhich at his departure he did shew himselfe very thankfull. TR 243.16 (NAR) ; how he met faire Margaret, and in carrying her away was taken, for the tvhich he had his eies put out. Ib. 262.26 (NAR) ; most willingly he imbraced the vnlooked for tidings of happie peace : and thereupon made Crispianus a knight. After the which there was a great feast ordained, GC 1 102.9 (NAR).. 2.3 That The prepositional relative pronoun that is found exclusively in restrictive clauses. It is noticeable that there is only one example in NAR . The preposition always takes postposition. This relative is found with noun or (less frequently) pronoun antecedents. See Tables 8, 9.. (1) Noun antecedents There are 16 examples in all.. (a) Restrictive (Prepositional Object : A-l type) some rare quality that he would not have had me know of, F 1178 ; The diamond that I talk of ne'er was foil'd : / II. 181 ; is this the book That Burden is so careful to look on ? FB 312 ; let me know what this. 14.

(16) "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (III) : From the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries". matter is that you speak of, GC 2 163.47 (DIS).. (Adverbial Adjunct : B-2 type) in that manner that they both liv'd in, F 1077.. {Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) Here lie the sword that in the darksome cave He drew, and swore by, to be true to me ; D V. i . 295 ;. shewing all the extremities that he and his brother had been put vnto GC 1 96.47 (NAR). In the first example that forms part of a two-verb construction.. (b) Non-restrictive (Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) are these thy passions, Thy protestations and thy deep laments, That thou wert wont to weary men withal? ST IV. i . 6.. (2) Pronoun antecedents Prepositional non-personal that is exceedingly rare with. pronoun antecedents. Only one instance with demonstrative that is on record. God hath bestowed that vpon me that I neuer looked for. GC 1 132.2F(DIS).. 2.4 ^ -form (i. e. contact clause) In our material there are sixteen instances with nouns, four with pronouns. As is apparent. from Table 8, the <^-form is comparatively rare in NAR as with the case of that above. All are cases of the restrictive clause-type. We can observe from examples that the relative clause tends to be short and simple in structure.. (1) Noun antecedents (Prepositional Object : A-l type) Where is the diamond you told me of? J II. 351 ; and if it please you to eat of a fat capon, a fairer bird, a finer bird, a sweeter bird, a crisper bird, a neater bird, your worship never eat of. OWT 747 ; In truth. (quoth she) I would haue you pluck vp a mans heart, and speedily chop vp a bargain for these goods you speak of, GC 1 113.17 (DIS).. (Adverbial Adjunct : B-3 type) Was this the ransom he reserv'd thee for? ST III. vii. 60 ; he trips so light in the highway, that he feels not the ground he goes on : GC 2 176.6 (NAR).. {Adverbial Adjunct : B-4 type) considering the hard cases wee are in, GC 2 184.48 (DIS) ; if I rest in the mind I am in now, Ib. 152.32. (DIS). (2) Pronoun antecedents 15.

(17) Masakatsu MIZUNO. The antecedents used are the demonstrative that in all cases. and if I speed in that I go for, OWT 144 ; The good man camming in at these speeches, asked what that was they talked of. GC 1 141.3 (NAR).. 2.5 Non-personal Whose in genitival expressions There are in all 72 examples of the non-personal whose. This relative is used with nouns (66 exs. : four of these are nouns denoting animals.) ; or less frequently with geographical names. (6 exs.). The relative group whose + noun may be subject or object, or it may depend on a preposition. There is a possessive (or similar) relation in the majority of cases, but in a few cases an objective relation17 may occur. For figures of the cases, see Table 15.. (i) Relative group subject or object :. (1) Nouns the royal vine, Whose golden leaves Empale your princely head, E 1474 ; your diadem, Whose brightness such pernicious upstarts dim, Ib. 1476 ; There shall you meet with melancholy thoughts, Whose baleful humours if you but uphold, It will conduct you to despair and death ; ST HI. xi. 64 ; Where shall I run to breathe abroad my woes, My woes, whose weight hath wearied the earth? Ib. III. vii. 2;but of that sort had I rather be, whose lands are answerable to their vertues, and whose rents can maintain the greatnesse of. their minde : GC 1 112.37-38 (DIS) ; her teares were doubled, like vnto a riuer whose streame is encreased by showers of raine. IN 50.31 (NAR).. (2) Geographical names From golden India Ganges will I fetch, Whose wealthy streams may wait upon her towers, -D V. i . 9 ; Leaving fair Po, I sail'd up Danuby, As far as Saba, whose enhancing streams Cut twixt the Tartars and. the Russians : OWT 843.. (3) Nouns denoting animals this thousand horse, Whose foaming gall with rage and high despair Have sworn the death of wicked Tamburlaine. T 1 I . i . 63.. In the following example non-personal zvhose occurs in an objective relation : Must I be vexed like the nightly bird, Whose sight is loathsome to all winged fowls? E 2276.. (ii) Relative group preceded by a preposition :. (1) Nouns Upon the bridge call'd Ponte Angela Erected is a castle passing strong, Within whose walls such store of ordnance are, F 853 ; the Mariners quite forsooke the tackle, and the Master the helme, committing themselues to God, and their ship to the mercy of the swelling Seas, by whose furious waues they were. sometime tossed vp towards heauen, GC 1 80.5 (NAR).. 16.

(18) "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (III) : From the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries". (2) Geographical names There can be found no examples in this case.. (3) Nouns denoting animals Only one instance of an objective relation can be seen : and presently after came a fiery-tongue Dragon, which suddenly assaulted the Peacefull Elephant in whose. subtle encounter the wrathfull Dragon with his long, wringing taile did so shackle the hinder feet GC 1 81.. 16 (NAR).. 3 . Prepositional Non-Personal Relative Pronouns and Whe re -Compounds. 3 . (1) Noun antecedents Prepositional non-personal relative clauses may take five forms including the wherecompounds :. la. Ib 11 Ill. IV v. Preposition+ which Preposition+^e which Which... preposition That... preposition f- form... preposition. Where + preposition. In the first type (i. e. la and Ib), preposition and relative pronoun stand at the head of the relative clause ; in the second and the third they are separate ; in the fourth the relative ^ -form (i. e. contact clause) is used and the preposition stands in post-position ; and in the last the preposition forms part of the where- compound.. There are two things to be mentioned before the results of the investigation are indicated ; the first thing is that it is necessary to deal with the two types of clauses (restrictive and nonrestrictive) separately since the non-restrictive clause is not found in the form IV ; and the second is that we have to distinguish the types of prepositional relative (i. e. Types A, B, and C), as we have mentioned in the Introduction.. From Tables 4, 5, 10, 11, we can obtain List 1, which shows the distribution of each form of restrictive clause according to the Types above.. (a) Restrictive Clause :. 17.

(19) M^asakatsu MIZUNO. List 1 Form Type. la. Ib. A-l. 0. 0. A-2. 0. 0. A-3. 0. Total. 0. B-l. 0. 0 0. B-2. 0. 0. B-3. 4. 2. B-4. 0. Total. 4. c TOTAL. 0. 0. 2. 0. 0. 4. 2. v. 1. in 10. IV 9. 0. 0. 0. 2. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 10. 9. 5. 0. 9. 1. 0. 1. II. 0. 0. 0. 3. 1. 3. 4. 42. 0. 0. 3. 0. 1. 4. 7. 52. 0. 0. 2. 14. 16. 59. 0. 2. From the list above, we can observe the following general tendencies during this period as a whole as to the selection of relative forms (including the corresponding where- compound) in a restrictive clause :. 1) When the relative form is used especially as part of a prepositional object of verbs (i. e. A-l type), the forms III and IV predominate ; V is not infrequent, while forms la and Ib are not used at all.18. 2) When a preposition and a relative form an adverbial adjunct of cases where frontposition of a preposition is necessary (i. e. type C), form V is predominant and the variant forms la and Ib are not used.. 3) In adverbial adjunct of time expression (i. e. B-l type) the form V is used exclusively. 4) When the relative forms an adverbial adjunct of manner expression (i. e. B-2 type) form Ill is used. This contradicts the tendency suggested by Henry Poutsma that form I is obligatory in this case.19 5) In other adverbial adjuncts expressing such relations as place, direction, purpose, means (i. e. B-3 type), form V predominates although not so exclusively as to avoid other forms.. 6) -When the relative forms an adverbial adjunct as predicative of the verb to be (i. e. B-4 type), form IV (post-position of preposition) is obligatory. (b) Non-Restrictive Clause From Tables 6, 7, 12, 13, we can obtain the following list for non-restrictive clauses.. 18.

(20) "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (III) : From the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries". List 2 Form. Type. la. Ib. 2. 0. 11 0. in 0. v. A-l A-2. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. A-3. 1. 0. 0. 0. Total. 4. 0. 0. 0. 2. B-l. 0. 0. 0. 0. 3. B-2. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. B-3. 18. 14. 1. 2. 35. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 18. 14. 1. 2. 38. 1. 2. 0. 0. 10. 23. 16. 1. 2. 50. B-4. Total. c TOTAL. 2. 0. From List 2, the following traits can be mentioned in the selection of the forms ( I , II, III, V) in a non-restrictive clause :. 1) When the relative forms part of a prepositional object (type A), the form I (i. e. frontposition of preposition) as well as form V is used. 2) In an adverbial adjunct of time expression, form V is found exclusively, as in the case of restrictive clauses.. 3) In an adverbial adjunct (B-3 type) expressing the relation of place, purpose, etc., the forms I (a & b) and V are used with nearly the same frequency. It should be noted that the distribution in this case contrasts strikingly with that in restrictive clauses. 4) In an adverbial adjunct of Type C, form V occurs quite frequently, although not so exclusively as to avoid the forms la and Ib. 3 . (2) Geographical names As is apparent from Tables 8, 9, there is no example of the relative pronoun in our material. The wherecompounds are of quite rare occurrence. (Cf. Tables 2, 3 ; wherein 3 exs., and whereof 1 ex.). 3 . (3) Pronoun antecedents. Instances are quite few (see Tables 2, 8). Percentages for the period as a whole are given below :. 19.

(21) Masakatsu MIZUNO. I.. Preposition+ which. II.. Which... preposition. in.. That... preposition. IV.. ^-form... preposition. V.. Where + preposition. 10% 30% 10% 40% 10%. Here it is to be noted that the form V occurs less frequently than noun-antecedents (in restrictive clauses)20.. 3 . (4) Clause antecedents The following are the percentages for the period as a whole. For numbers of instances, see Tables 3, 9.. la. Preposition+ luhich 7.5% Ib. Prep. + the which 1.6% II. Which... preposition 2.2%. V. Where +preposition 88.7% Form V is the most frequent type (88.7%) as with noun-antecedents (in non-restrictive clauses). Certain zvhere- compounds such as whereupon, wherefore, tuhereby are used quite. frequently. The comparatively high frequency of whereupon in NAR should be noted. (In 63 out of 116 examples this where- compound is used.). 4 . Non-Personal Whose-Of Which-Whereofin Genitival Expressions The distributions of each relative form are indicated in the following lists according to genitival expressions (possessive, objective, and partitive) and the antecedent types (nouns, nouns denoting animals, geographical names, and clauses) irrespective of clause-types (restrictive or non-restrictive). The data for the period are treated as a whole. (1) nouns, geographical names, or animals. We can obtain List 3 from Tables 14 and 15. The following list shows the distribution of each relative form according to genitival relations (possessive, objective, and partitive) and the functions of the headword in clauses (subject, object, and prepositional object).. 20.

(22) "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (III) : From the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries". List 3 Genitival. of which. GN. Animal. Noun. GN. Animal. 0. 0. 0. 30@. 6. 2. 0. 0. 0. 0 2. Possessive. subject. whereof. whose. Noun. 2© 4®. object. 0. 0. 0. op. 1. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 36(i. 6. subject. 0. 0. 0. 3. 0. object. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. op. 0. 0. 0. 0. I®. total. Objective. total. 0. TOTAL. 9(1). 0. 0. 0 0. 0. 2. 0. 0. 3. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0 0 0. ®. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. 3. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1(1). 2. 1. 0. op total. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 6. 1. 0. object. Animal. 0. Partitive subject. GN. Noun. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 39@). 6. 3(D. (2) 0. (2). 12(3). 0 0. 0. 0. 0 0. Notes: 1. GN = Geographical Name, op =prepositional object. 2 . Parenthesised figures indicate cases of whereof preceding headword. 3. Circled figures show the cases where headwords have the structure ' whose + Adjective + Noun'.. From List 3, we can note certain general tendencies.21. (Possessive and similar relations} 1) When the possessive (or similar) relation is to be expressed, whereof most often occurs after the headword. This may have a function as subject or object or may be preceded by a preposition. When it has the function as an object, the headword is sometimes separated from whereof.. 2 ) Of which is of rare occurrence compared with other relative forms. 3 ) Whose is used predominantly in a possessive (or similar) relation22. 4) Whereof and o/ which do not occur with 'personifications' in such cases as nouns denoting animals, while whose seems to be very common in such cases.. {Objective relations} 1) In an objective relation, whereof usually occurs in post-position (headword subject, or preceded by a preposition). 2 ) Whose can be found in prepositional and non-prepositional construction. This relative 21.

(23) Masakatsu MIZUNO. seems to be somewhat common in this relation.. {Partitive relations} 1) In a partitive expression, the only alternatives are of which and whereof. 2 ) When functioning as object, the headword is placed in all cases at some distance from whereof.. (2) clauses List 4 shows the distribution of whereof according to genitival expressions (possessive, and objective) and the function of the headword in the clause (subject, object, or prepositional object). No examples of whose and of (the) which can be found in the present material. See Table 14. The list shows that whereof is very common in prepositional expressions such as in. List 4. consideration whereof (an objective relation), and by meanes whereof (a possessive or similar. Genitival. whereof. relation). The genitival whereof is in all cases. Possessive. in post-position (headword subject, or preceded. subject. 1. object. 0. by a preposition). Considering the nonexisfence of instances with corresponding of (the) which in prepositional expressions like the type exemplified above, we might suggest that the prepositional construction with the compound whereof almost forms a kind of idiomatic expression in this period.23. op total. Objective subject object op total. 6 7 1. 0 3. 4. 5. Summary. So far we have surveyed the various uses of the where- compound, especially in the late 16th century, and compared its use in terms of non-personal antecedents to that of prepositional. relative pronouns {that, (the) which, ^-form), including whose in genitival expressions. On the whole the where- compound is quite commonly used in this period as we have noted in the Introduction (total of non-personal where- compound : non-personal relative pronoun. (including whose) is 62.4% : 37.6%), although it must be noted that we can observe some differences in its distribution according to antecedent types and verb phrases (i. e. Types A, B, and C). The material on which our investigation has been based is not sufficient for us to arrive at any definite conclusions with regard to the usage of relatives in this period, but we can obtain at least the following noteworthy facts from our survey. 1) The wherecompounds occur less frequently in the case of pr onoun-antecedent than for. 22.

(24) "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (III) : From the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries" noun-antecedents.. 2 ) With noun-antecedents, we can observe a remarkable difference in the distribution of relative forms according to the verb phrase with which they can be construed (though, as we noted in the Introduction, this analysis is made only for noun antecedents). ( i ) In restrictive clauses of Type A-l (i. e. relatives as part of the prepositional object of a verb), wherecompounds (Form V) occur less frequently than others (Forms II, III, and IV) ; the ratio of Form V to other forms is 13% : 87%, whereas in the restrictive Type B-3 (i. e. cases of an adverbial adjunct expressing place, purpose, etc.) wherecompounds are predominantly. used ; here, the ratio of Form V to other forms (Forms I to IV) is 75% : 25%. (ii) In non-restrictive clause of Type A, wherecompounds occur with the same frequency as Type la, while in the same Type B-3, wherecompounds have nearly the same frequency as. Type la. In Type C (cases of an adverbial adjunct where front position of a preposition is necessary) of the same clause wherecompounds occur rather frequently (Form V : Form I (a,. b) is 76.9% : 23.1%). 3 ) In genitival expressions, whereof and of which do not occur with 'personifications'; in such cases whose occurs quite commonly. 4 ) With clause-antecedents, genitival whereof is very common in prepositional expressions such as in consideration whereof, by meanes whereof.. NOTES 1. E. Traugott, A History of English Syntax (New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972), p. 155. 2 . M. Ryden, (Relative Constructions in Early 16th Century English with Special Reference to Sir Thomas Elyot (Uppsala, 1966), p. 229. 3 . Ryden, op. cit., p. 229. 4 . ,K. Schibsbye, A Modern English Grammar (London ; Oxford Univ. P., 1965), p. 240.. 5 . R. Huddleston, The Sentence in Written English, A Syntactic Study Based on an Analysis of Scientific Texts (Cambridge : Univ. Press, 1971), p. 223. 6 . This classification has been adopted from M. Ryden since it holds good in English of the same 16th century. I used the term 'clause' in cases of the preceding sentence or part of the sentence.. 7 . Cf. H. Poutsma, A Grammar of Late Modern English Part II, I , B (Groningen : Noordhoff, 1916), Chapter XXXIX, 28. I have adopted terminology and classification from H. Poutsma though with slight modification.. 8 Cf. my pt-evious paper with the title "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (II) : Centering on the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries" {journal of Hokkaido University of Education Section I A, Vol. 35, No. 1). In this paper I have studied with the same material especially prepositional non-personal relative pronouns (including non-personal whose) in comparison with non-personal where- compound. Type 'it is...+Rel...' is not treated here. 9 . Note the use of relative at which in the same speech above by AEneas ;,..At which the frantic queen leap'd on his face, -D II. i . 244. 10. Ryden, op. cit., p. 234. 11. The term has been adopted from Ryden, op. cit., (p. 241). 12. The reference is never to a single person in this case. (cf. Ryden, op. cit., p. 239.) 13. Ryden, op. cit., p. 241. 14. Ryden, op. cit., p. 247.. 23.

(25) Masakatsu MIZUNO 15. This type is comparatively rare with clause-antecedents. Cf. K. Araki, "Kankeishi" Eibunpo-series, No. 5. (Tokyo : Kenkyusha, 1975), p. 89.. 16. The rarity of this type is also noted in Ryden, op. cit., (p. 297). 17. Ryden, op, cit., p. 49.. 18. In this type stylistic difference may be observed since in NAR (literary style) none of the post-prepositional forms (i. e. II to IV) is found (only 1 ex. can be found of Form V), whereas in both DRAMA and DIS (colloquial style) post-prepositional forms occur predominantly. (The percentages of Forms (II to IV) to the total forms of this case are 75% and 100% respectively.) 19. In this type of expression H. Poutsma {op., cit., Ch. XXXIX, 28. b. 3) says "shifting of the preposition is unusual or impossible :... when it belongs to an adverbial adjunct denoting a relation of attendant circumstances or time." 20. With noun-antecedents the percentage of where- compound to the total relative forms (Forms I to V in. restrictive clauses) is about 71%. 21. There is no example of the type 'o/ whom' in our material. Ryden cites a few examples of this case though rare or exceptional in the early 16th century, cf. Ryden, op. cit., pp.299-300.. 22. It is to be noted that whose in genitival expressions often occurs in the structure 'whose +Adjective+ Noun', while in this case there is no example of whereof. Especially in DRAMA, it should be noted, examples of this case are found frequently. See Table 15. 23. According to Ryden (op. cit., p. 246) such prepositional expressions were common in the early 16th century.. ABBREVIATIONS Denoting works examined. Author. (DRAMA). C. Marlowe, •••••••••The Tragical History of Doctor Fanstus (F). • The Jew of Malta (J) The First Part of Tamburlaine the Great (T 1) The Second Part of Tamburlaine the Great (T 2) •Edward the Second (E) The Tragedy of Dido, Queen of Carthage (D) The Massacre at Paris {M). (abb. Mari) T. Kyd, .........The Spanish Tragedy (ST) G. Peele, ----The Old Wives' Tale (OWT) Anonymous, •••••••• -Arden of Feversham (AF). R.Greene, •••••••••Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay (FB) T. Dekker, •••••••••The Shoemakers' Holiday (SH). (abb. Eliz). (NOVEL). T.Deloney, ••••••••• lacke of Newberie (IN). Thomas of Reading (TR) •The Gentle Craft (The First Part) (GC 1) •The Gentle Craft (The Second Part) (GC 2). (abb. DIS and NAR). 24.

(26) "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (III) : From the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries". APPENDIX Frequency Surveys Tables 1-15. Table 1 The distribution of where- compound. DRAMA. DIS. NAR. Marl. Eliz. Total. Delon. Delon. whereat. 4. 2. 6. 0. 11. whereby. 3. 1. 4. 8. 21. wherefore. 1. 1. 2. 21. 15. 33(1). 14. 48. 12. 11. whereinto. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. whereof. 5<3>. 3<4>. whereon. 1. 2. whereto. 1. whereunto. 0. whereupon. 0. wherein. wherewith. Total. 10. 1<4>. 5<15>(1). 3. 2. 3. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 7. 1. 1. 4. 63. 2. 58(1)<3>. 15. 26<4>. 12 92. 4(1). 53<4>(1). 5 142<15>(1). Notes : 1. Figures in angle brackets show the frequency of genitival expressions. 2. Parenthesised figures are the cases of personal antecedents.. Table 2 The distribution of where- compound (non-genitival) Noun. DRAMA. Rest.. (np). DIS. NAR. Marl. Eliz. Delon. Delon. whereat. 0. 0. 0. 0. whereby. 1. 0. 1. 3. wherefore wherein whereinto whereof. 0. 0. 0. 0. 14. 8. 7. 3. 0. 0. 0. 1. 2. 0. 2. 2(1). whereon. 1. 1. 2. 1. whereto. 0. 0. 0. 0. whereunto. 0. 0. 1. 1. whereupon. 0. 0. 0. 0. wherewith. Total. 5. 23(1). 1<1>. 2. 0. 12<1>. 13. 11. Notes : 1. The figure in the parenthesis shows the case of Geographical Name. 2. The figure in angle bracket is the case of pronoun-antecedent.. 25.

(27) Masakatsu MIZUNO. Table 3 The distribution of where- compound (non-genitival) Noun. Non-Rest.. (np). Clause. Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. 1. 0. 0. 0. 3. 2. 0. 11. whereby. 1. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 7. 18. wherefore. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 21. 15. 5. 5. 8. 1. 1. 0. 0. whereinto. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. whereof. 1. 0. 0. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. whereon. 0. 1. 0. 2. 0. 0. 0. 0. whereto. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. whereunto. 0. 0. 0. 2. 0. 0. 0. 4. whereupon. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 4. 63. 5. 0. 0. 2. 0. 0. 2. 3. 6. 5. 15. 7. 7. 35. 116. whereat. 15(3). wherein. tuherewith. 24(3). Total. Note : The figure in the parenthesis is the case of Geographical Name.. Table 4 The distribution of where- compound (Type A, C). Eliz. DIS. NAR. Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 2. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 2. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 1. Marl. Eliz. DIS. whereat. 0. 0. 0. 0. whereby. 0. 0. 0. 0. wherefore. 0. 0. 0. wherein. 0. 0. 0. whereinto. 0. 0. 0. whereof. 2. 0. 0. whereon. 0. 0. 0. whereto. 0. 0. 0. whereunto. 0. 0. 0. whereupon. 0. 0. 0. 0. zuherewith. 0. 0. 0. 0. 2. 0. 0. 1. 0. (np). Total. 26. (. A-2. A-l Rest.. NAR Marl.

(28) "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (III) : From the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries". Table 5 The distribution of where- compound (Type B) B-l Rest.. B-3. B-2. Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. whereat. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. whereby. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 1. 3. wherefore. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. wherein. 2. 3. 3. 1. 0. 1. 0. 0. 11. 4. 4. 1. whereinto. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. whereof. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. whereon. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 2. 1. whereto. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. whereunto. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. whereupon. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. wherewith. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 5. 1. 2. 0. 2. 3. 3. 1. 0. 1. 0. 0. 18. 6. 10. 8. (np). Total. Table 6 The distribution of where- compound (Type A, C). c. A-l Non-Rest.. Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. whereat. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. whereby. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. wherefore. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. wherein. 1. 0. 0. 0. 6. 0. 0. 2. (np). whereinto. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. whereof. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. whereon. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. whereto. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. whereunto. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. whereupon. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. wherewith. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 0. 0. 1. 6. 0. 0. 4. Total. 27.

(29) Mlasakatsu MIZUNO. Table 7 The distribution of where- compound (Type B) B-l Non-Rest.. B-3. Marl. Eliz. DIS. MAR. Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. whereat. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. whereby. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. mherefore. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. wherein. 1. 0. 2. 0. 7. 5. 3. 6. whereinto. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. whereof. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. whereon. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 1. whereto. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. whereunto. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 2. whereupon. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. wherewith. 0. 0. 0. 0. 5. 0. 0. 1. 1. 0. 2. 0. 16. 6. 3. 10. (np). Total. Table 8 The distribution of prepositional relative pronoun (non-genitival) Noun Rest.. Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. prep. + which. 4. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. prep. + the which. 0. 0. 1. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. which...prep.. 1. 0. 1. 0. 1. 1. 1. 0. that... prep.. 6. 3. 4. 1. 0. 0. 1. 0. (L. prep.. 4. 5. 6. 1. 0. 2. 1. 1. 15. 8. 12. 3. 2. 3. 3. 1. (np). Total. 28. Pronoun.

(30) "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (III) : From the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries". Table 9 The distribution of prepositional relative pronoun (non-genitival) Clause. Noun Non-Rest.. (np). Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. 17. 2. 1. 3. 6. 2. 2. 4. prep. + the ivhich. 1. 0. 4. 11. 0. 0. 0. 3. which...prep.. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 4. that...prep.. 1. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 20. 3. 5. 14. 6. 2. 2. 11. prep. + which. Total. Table 10 The distribution of prepositional relative. pronoun (Type A) A-l Rest.. Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. prep. + which. 0. 0. 0. 0. yrep.+the which. 0. 0. 0. 0. which...prep.. 0. 0. 1. 0. that... prep.. 4. 2. 4. 0. j3...prep.. 3. 3. 3. 0. 7. 5. 8. 0. (np). Total. Table 11 The distribution of prepositional relative. pronoun (Type B) B-3. B-2 Rest.. DIS NAR Marl Eliz. Marl. Eliz. prep. + which. 0. 0. 0. 0. 4. 0. prep. + the which. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. which... prep.. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. that...prep. 1. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 0...prep. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 2. 1. 0. 0. 0. 7. 3. (np). Total. B-4. DIS NAR Marl Eliz 0. DIS NAR. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 3. 0. 1. 3. 0. 0. 3. 0 29.

(31) Masakatsu MIZUNO. Table 12 The distribution of prepositional relative. pronoun (Type A) A-l Non-Rest.. (np). Marl. A-2. NAR. Eliz. DIS. NAR. (D. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. Marl. DIS. Eliz. prep. + which. 2. 0. prep. + the which. 0. 0. zuhich... prep.. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. that...prep.. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 2. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. Total. (D. Note : The figure in the parenthesis is the case of A-3 type.. Table 13 The distribution of prepositional relative pronoun (Type B, C). c. B-3 Non-Rest.. Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. 13. 2. 0. 3. 1. 0. 0. 0. prep. + the ivhich. 1. 0. 4. 9. 0. 0. 0. 2. zvhich...pYep.. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 16. 3. 4. 12. 1. 0. 0. 2. (np). prep. + which. that...prep.. Total. 30.

(32) "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (III) : From the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries". Table 14 The distribution of whereof (genitival) Clause. Noun. Genitival. Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. Marl. Eliz. DIS. NAR. subject. 3. 0. 0. 3. 0. 0. 0. 1. object. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. <1>. 1. 0. 1. 0. 0. 1. 5. subject. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. object. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. op. 0. 0. 0. 2. 0. 1. 2. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 3. 7. (np). Possessive. op. (D. Objective. Partitive subject. 0. object. 0. (D 0. <1>. op. Total. 2(1). 3<2>. (D. 0 0. 0. 6(2). 1. Notes : 1. The figures in the parenthesis show the case of whereof preceding headword. 2. The figures in. angle brackets are the case of genitival of which. One example in a partitive relation is used with Geographical Name. 3. op=prepositional object.. Table 15 The distribution of whose in genitival expressions Noun. Genitival. NAR. Marl. Eliz. DIS. 18@<2> (4). 7(3)(2). 3. 2. 0. 0. (np). Possessive. subject. (D. object. 2. op. 4(2). (D. 0. (D. subject. 3<1>. 0. 0. 0. object. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. <(D>. 3. 2(D<®>. Objective. 0. op Total. 27@<3> (4). 7 ® (2). Notes : 1. The figures in angle brackets show the nouns denoting animals. 2. The figures in parentheses show the cases of Geographical Names. 3. The circled figures indicate the cases where the headword has the structure 'w/zose+Adjective+Noun.' 4. op=prepositional object.. (Assistant Professor, Sapporo Branch). 31.

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