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(1)XCIV. 第九十四号. 英語英文学. March 2010 二〇一〇・三︶.

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(3) Essays and Studies in English Language & Liter atur e No.9 4. Mar ch. 2010. 東北学院大学学術研究会.

(4) 元本学教授・文学部長小林淳男先生. 表紙の題字は.

(5) 目. 次. 1. I nt e r c ul t ur alCommuni c at i veCompet e nc e ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥M. He at he rKot ake (1) 2. I nnerSpe ec handLanguageLe ar ni ng ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ke i t hAdams (2 1).

(6) 執. 筆. 者. 紹. 介. M. He at he rKot ake. 本. Ke i t hAdams. (執筆順). 学〃. 教授准教授.

(7) I n t e r c u l t u r a lCo mmun i c a t i v eCo mp e t e n c e M.Heat herKot ake. I nt r oduc t i on:I nt e rc ul t ur alc ommuni c at i on I nt hi s pape r Is hal l di s c us ss ome as pe c t s of t he t opi c of I nt e r c ul t ur alCommuni c at i veCompe t e nc e . Is hal ll ookats omeoft he pr obl e msi nvol ve di ni nt er cul t ur alcommuni c at i on,and t hen c ons i de r how t he s epr obl e mscanbemi ni mi s e d. Whyi st hes t udyofi nt e r c ul t ur alcommuni c at i oni mpor t ant ?I ti s be caus emor eand mor epe opl ear ec omi ng i nt oc ont ac twi t h pe opl e f r om ot he rcul t ur es ,andhavi ngt oi nt er ac twi t ht he m. I nmanycas e s t heydonotunde r s t andeachot he rsl anguageorcul t ur e . Andunf or t unat e l y,i gnor anc e br e eds pr ej udi ce ,pr e j udi ce br e e ds f ear ,and f e ar br e e dshat e. Sowemus tdoourbe s tt oknow andt ounde r s t and,asf ar asi spos s i bl e,ot he rwaysoft hi nki ngandbehavi ng. Wedonotne ce s s ar i l yhavet oagr e ewi t ht heot her ,butwes houl dt r yt ounde r s t andwhy wedi s agr ee . I ti sof t e ns ai dt hat i nor de rt os pe akFr e nchwe l l ,i ti sne ce s s ar y t ot hi nkl i keaFr e nc hman . I nt e r c ul t ur alcommuni c at i onr equi r e st wo e l e me nt st o be s uc c es s f ul:s uffici e nt command of l anguage ,and s uffici entunder s t andi ngofe ac hot herscul t ur e. Many pe opl ec ons i de rt hatt he chi e fpr obl e m i st he l anguage bar r i e r:t hati fonl yweal ls poket hes amel anguagewewoul dhaveno t r oubl ecommuni c at i ng. Thi si gnor e st hef ac tt hatpe opl ewhohave gr ownupi ndi ffe r entpl ac e sandi ndi ffe r ents ur r oundi ngshavebee n s oc i al i s e di ndi ffe r e ntways ,ands odonotr e ac tt ot hewor l dar ound t hem i nt hes ameway. Language ,ofc our s e ,i sf r e que nt l yapr obl em. I foneknowst hat 1.

(8) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. one doesnotunder s t and t he ot he rsl anguage ,one doe snott r yt o unde r s t andwhathes ays .I ti swhe nonehasbe gunt ounder s t and,but onl ypar t i al l y,t hatt hepr obl e msofl anguageoc cur . Ye ar sago,when Iwasf ai r l yr e c ent l y ar r i ve di n Japan,s omebody s ai dt hati twas mushiatsui ,humi d,awor dt hatwasne wt ome. Whe nIagr ee dt hat ye s ,t her e we r ea l otofi ns e c t sabout ,s he l ooke d puz zl ed by t hi s appar e ntnons e qui t ur . Si nc et hehous ewher ewewe r el i vi ng,i nt he nor t he r ns ubur bsofKyot o,wasove r r unbyal ar genumbe rofe xot i c i ns ec t s ,f r om gi antmukade t o1 0cm.kamakir i ,my mi nd made t he c onne c t i on: Mushiatsui means hote nought obr i ngouti ns e c t s. The nagai n,af e w ye ar sagoas t ude ntt ol dmehow hehadbee n ac cos t edout s i deSendais t at i onbyape r s i s t entyoungman,anAme r i c anmi s s i onar y,whowi s hedt ot al kt ohi m aboutr e l i gi on. Tr yi ngt o ge tr i dofhi m,t hes t ude nts ai dfir ml y, Aku made mo kyomi ga nai ! ― Im note ve nr emot el yi nt e r e s t ed! TheAme r i canbe amedhappi l y, andans we r e d, Hai, akuma no hanashi o shimasho ! ― Ye s ,l etst al k aboutt heDe vi l( akuma)! Howe ve r ,i nt hecas eofi nt e r c ul t ur alc ommuni c at i on,ve r yof t e ni t i snots o muc hl anguage asbehavi our alchanne l swhi c h can caus e pr obl e ms ,whenwei nt e r pr etact i onsi ndi ffe r e ntways . ManyAme r i c ans ,f orexampl e ,ar eve r ymuc hgi ve nt ot ouc hi ngt hepeopl et he yar e s pe aki ngt o,andmaynotappr e ci at et hatpeopl ei not he rcul t ur e sdonot l i ket hi s . Af t e rt he20 0 4t s unamidi s as t e r ,we l lmeani ngAme r i canai d wor ke r spat t e dchi l dr eni nThai l andont hehe ad,ast he ywoul dhave donei nt he i rownc ount r y,unawar et hati nThai l andt ouc hi nganyone ont hehead,ande s pe c i al l ychi l dr e n,i st ot al l yt aboo. Thehe adi st he mos ts acr edpar toft hebody,t hes e atoft hes oul ,andass uc hmus tbe ke pts af ef r om i mpur ec ont ac t . Touchi ngs ome oneont hehe adgi ve s gr aveoffe nc e . I nt e r c ul t ur alc ommuni c at i on,t he r e f or e,i nvol ve snotonl yl anguage, butal s opat t er nsofbe havi our . Wemayhaveame s s aget ocommuni c at et hatt heot herwoul dunde r s t andpe r f e ct l ywe l li fi twe r epr es ent e d 2.

(9) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. i naf ami l i armanne r ,butbe caus et hemanneri swr ong,a di ffer ent mes s agemaybewhati sact ual l yr e c ei ve d. Bus i ne s s ,pol i t i c sandt our i s mc ons t ant l ybr i ngpe opl eofdi ffer ent c ul t ur algr oupsi nt ocont actwi t heac hot he r . Knowl e dgeoft henor ms ofdi ffer e ntc ul t ur escan he l p pe opl et oc ommuni c at e be t t e racr os s c ul t ur e s . Ones houl dal s ot r yt oi de nt i f yt hef e at ur e sofonesownc ul t ur e. Thi si sbynome anseas y. I fyouwer eas ke dt ode s cr i beJapane s ecul t ur et oaf or e i gner ,what woul d you s ay? Whatas pe c t soft hi sc ount r yscul t ur e woul d you c hoos e? Mos toft he t r ul yi mpor t antel ement sofcul t ur e we ar e bar e l y awar eof .I fas ked whatc ons t i t ut e sJ apanes ec ul t ur e ,mos tpeopl e woul dment i ons uc ht hi ngsasflowe rar r ange ment ,t eac er emony,and t heKabukit he at r e . Somemi ghtme nt i onmor emode r ns ubj e ct s ,l i ke manga and anime. But t he s e , al t hough c ol our f ul , ar e r at her s upe r fici al .J apane s ec ul t ur e al s oi nc l udes s uc ht hi ngs as s l ur pi ng s oba,bowi ng whi l es pe aki ng on t het e l e phone,and addr es s i ng ones e l de r sas sempai . Thes ear epr obabl yt r ue re xpr es s i onsofJ apanes e c ul t ur e ,be i ng unc ons c i ous ,t han t he cons c i ous l yl e ar ne dt r adi t i onal ar t s . Thet hi ngswhi chwet akef orgr ant e dar et het r uebas e sofour c ul t ur e . I ti sani ngr ai ne dpar tofJ apane s ecul t ur et obow whe ns pe aki ngt o s upe r i or s . Thus ,f or e i gner s ar e puz zl ed or amus ed whe nt he ys ee s omeoner epeat e dl ybowi ngde e pl ywhe nt al ki ngont het e l e phone ―t he pe r s onatt heot he re ndoft hel i necannots e et hi sde mons t r at i on of r e s pe c t ,whi c hi swhyi ts e e msf unnyt ot heout s i der . Butt her es pec t f ul l anguageus edi naddr e s s i ngas uper i ors e e mst opr oduc eanaut omat i c c ul t ur al l yi nduc edr es pons e ,as t oni s hi ngt of or e i gne r s . Anot he raut omat i cr e s pons ei nJ apan,onet hatcanc aus emi s unde r s t andi ng,i st hewaypeopl emakeanoi s ewhens l ur pi ngnoodl e s .I n manycount r i est hi si sve r yr ude. Wear et aughtasc hi l dr e nnot t o 3.

(10) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. makeanoi s ewhe nweeat . Soeve nwhe neat i ngs obaorudon,weeat s i l ent l y. Ir e memberonc eeat i ngs obaatacount er ,andt hens uddenl y r e al i s i ngt hatt het wope opl eone i t he rs i deofmehads t oppe deat i ng, andwe r es i l e nt l ys t ar i ngatme . The yhadnot i ce dt heabs e nceofnoi s e f r om me,andf oundi ts t r ange . Butnewl y ar r i vedf or ei gne r sfindt he J apane s es l ur pi ngnoi s e sei t heri l lbr edorr ude . Cul t ur e ,t hen,i sf oundasmuc hi nt heunc ons c i ousac t i vi t i e sofdai l y l i f easi nt heac t i vi t i e st hatar et r adi t i onal l ycl as s i fie dunde rt hehe adi ng Cul t ur e. Al t hough communi c at i on i s notconfined t os poke n or wr i t t e n l anguage ,wedode pe ndonl anguagef oral lhi ghe rf or msofcommuni c at i on. Languagecr e at e dt hought . Wi t houtl anguagewec annott hi nk; andt hel anguageweus eaffe ct st hewaywet hi nk. Weputl abe l son t hewor l dar oundusbec aus ewel e ar nedc e r t ai nc at e gor i e sf r om c hi l dhood. Wec ommuni cat es at i s f ac t or i l ywi t hot he r sbe caus et he yl abe l t hewor l di nvi r t ual l yt hes ameway. Thec ommoni di omsofal anguage r e fle ct t he c ons ci ous or s ubc ons c i ous t hought pat t er ns of s pe aker soft hatl anguage. The y cannotbet r ans l at e dl i t e r al l yi nt o anot he rl anguage. I ft he yar e ,t her e s ul t scanbel udi cr ous . Communi c at i veCompe t e nc e Communi c at i oni nvol ve sbot has ende randar ec e i ve r ,andweof t en c ommuni c at ewi t houtbe i ngpar t i c ul ar l yawar eofs e ndi ngame s s age. Eve n be f or e pe opl es t ar tt al ki ng t oe ac h ot he r ,t hey c ommuni c at e s omet hi ng,byt hewayt he ydr e s s ,byt hewayt heys t and,andbyt he wayt he yl ookateac hot he r . The yr e ac hc onc l us i onsaboute achot he r , wi t houtt heus eofwor dsonei t he rs i de. Whatwasunde r s t oodmaynot havebee nwhatt he ymi ghthavewant e dt oc ommuni c at e ,ort hought t heywe r ecommuni c at i ng. Ournon ver balc ommuni c at i oni ss omet hi ngt hatwene ve rt hi nk muc habout . Butbe havi ngaswewoul dathomec ans omet i mesc aus e 4.

(11) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. gr aveoffe nc e . Mos tJapanes epe opl e,f ore xampl e ,woul dhappi l yhave t hei rphot ogr apht akeni nf r ontoft heGr e atBuddhaatKamakur a,and t hi nk ofi tonl y asa hol i day s naps hot .I n Sr iLanka,howe ve r ,a Buddhi s tcount r y,t ur ni ngonesbac k ont heBuddhai st ot al l yt aboo, andwoul dgr e at l yangeranyonewhos aw s uchs ac r i l e ge. Non ve r bal c ommuni c at i on i s an i mpor t ant par t of our t ot alcommuni c at i ve pat t er ns ,andonet hati sof t enunde res t i mat e di ni t seffe c t . Thr ough as pe c t sofourbehavi ourwemay i nadver t e nt l yf ai lt ot r ans mi tour meani ng,t r ans mi t t i ngi ns t e adadi ffer e ntme s s age. Sohow doweknow how t oc ommuni cat e ,andwhe n? Obvi ous l ywel e ar nt ocommuni c at ei n ournat i vel anguage ,and l e ar nt her ul e sf ort al ki ngt ope opl et hr oughexper i e nce ,aswe l lasby be i ngt ol dbyourpar e nt swhatt os ayandwhatnott os ay,whot ot al k t oandwhonott ot al kt o. I ti sof t e ns ai dt hate ver yoneknowswhati ss uppos e dt ohappe n whe nt woEngl i s hpe opl ewhohavene ve rmetbef or ec omef ac et of ace i nat r ai n―t he ys t ar tt al ki ng aboutt hewe at he r . Why do t he y not s t ar tt al ki ngaboutt hepol i t i c als i t uat i oni nChi na? Theans we r ,ofc our s e,i st hati ti sbec aus et he yhavel e ar nedove r t heyear swhati s ,andwhati snot ,ac ce pt abl ei nmaki ngpol i t ec onve r s at i ont os t r anger s ,and,i nde e d,l e ar nedhow t ot al kaboutt hewe at he r i ns uchc i r c ums t anc es . Communi c at i vecompe t e nc ei st heabi l i t yt or ec ogni s ewhati s ,and whati snot ,acceptable asc ommuni c at i oni nagi ve ns i t uat i on. Youhavepr obabl yl e ar ne daboutChoms kysde fini t i onofl i ngui s t i c c ompe t ence ,bywhi c hanat i ves pe akerr e c ogni s e swhati sac c e pt abl eas as ent e nc ei nhi snat i vel anguage . Buti nr eall i f e ,i ns oc i alenc ount e r s , mor ei sr e qui r e d. Communicative competence can be des c r i be d as t he l i ngui s t i c abi l i t yt o pr oduc eorunder s t and ut t e r ance swhi c h ar enots o much gr ammat i cal ,but ,mor ei mpor t ant ,appr opr iate t ot hecontext i nwhi ch t heyar emade. 5.

(12) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. Ionc es aw a f or e i gner ,who di d nots peak J apanes e ,gr e e t i ng s omeonebyent hus i as t i c al l yhol di ngouthi shandt os hake ,andexc l ai mi ng Sayonar a! Thi swaspr e s umabl yt heonl ywor dofJ apane s et hat heknew. Themanhewasgr e e t i ngwasunde r s t andabl yt ake nabac k. The f or e i gnersbody l anguage ―out s t r e t ched hand and br oad s mi l e ―i ndi c at e dgr ee t i ng,buthi swor dss ai dt heoppos i t e . Thi si saper f e ct e xampl eofs pee c ht hati sgr ammat i c albuti nappr opr i at e . Ort hi nkofahungr yhus band,r e t ur ni ngf r om t heoffice:Cons i de r t hedi ffer ente ffec tonawi f eoft het wout t e r anc e s: Im s t ar vi ng―whatsf ordi nne r? or Se r vemedi nne ratonce! Thefir s twi l lge thi m al ovi ngr e ac t i on,anddi nne rs wi f t l yont he t abl e . Thes e cond wi l lpr oduc ea s ul ky,r e s e nt f ulwi f e ,and di nne r s l amme dont het abl e ,wi t hnopl eas antc onve r s at i on. Or ,i nanoffic e,c ons i de rt hebos saddr e s s i ngat ypi s t . Whathe want st os ayi ss omet hi ngl i ke Youmus tt ypet hi sf ormeatonc e . Buthi sacqui r e dc ommuni c at i vecompet e nc et e l l shi mt hathewi l lget abe t t e rr e s pons ei fhephr as e si tdi ffe r e nt l y,andt ur nsanor deri nt oa pol i t er e que s t: Doyout hi nk youcoul dge tt hi st ypedr i ghtaway? Thet ypi s ti nt ur nknows ,t hr oughhe rownc ommuni cat i vecompet e nc e, t hatt hi si si nf ac tanor der ,notaque s t i on,andt hats hedoe snothave t heopt i onofr epl yi ng, Wel l ,no,ac t ual l yIc ant . Wehaveal li nve s t e dacons i de r abl eamountoft i meand e ne r gy dur i ngourl i ve st oac qui r i ngcommuni cat i vecompe t enc ei n ourown l anguage ,and i nt he be havi ourofourown c ul t ur e. So we c an be c ompl et e l ydi s or i ent e dwhe nwefindour s e l ve si nanot herc ul t ur e ,and havi ng t o oper at ei n anot he rl anguage ,wher et her ul e sar enott he s ame.. 6.

(13) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. SomePr obl e msi nI nt e r c ul t ur alCommuni cat i on For mul as:Que s t i onorgr ee t i ng? Pr obl emsi ni nt e r cul t ur alcommuni c at i onof t e ns t e mf r om t hef act t hatwear enotal wayss ur ehow t oi nt e r pr e tr emar ksmadeby t he ot he rper s on. Gr e e t i ngbe havi our ,f ore xampl e,of t e nt ake st hef or m ofaque s t i on:i nEngl i s h, How ar eyou? Youhave,Ihope ,l e ar ned t hatt hi si snotaque s t i onr e qui r i nganans we raboutyourpr es ents t at e ofhe al t h. Buti ni nt e r c ul t ur ale nc ount e r speopl eof t ent akel i t e r al l ya gr e e t i ngt hati sact ual l yas t andar df or mul a,andt r e ati tast houghi t we r eat r ueque s t i onr e qui r i ngaf ac t ualans we r . Ihadt hi spr obl e m l ongagowhe nf ai r l ynewl yar r i ve di nJapan. A s mal lgi r lus edt oas k me,whens hes aw meont hes t r e e t , Doko e iku no ?― Wher ear eyou goi ng?― andI ,t hi nki ngt hatt hi swasar e que s tf ori nf or mat i on,woul d t el lher . Sheal waysl ooke dve r ypuzz l e d,unt i lIfinal l ydi s cove r edt hat t hec or r e c tr e pl ywas Chotto soko made ― Jus tdownt her oad ―at whi c hs hel ooke dr e l i e ve d:Ihadgi ve nt her i ghtans we ratl as t . The nt her ewast hene i ghbourwhoal waysas ked, O dekake desu ka ?― Ar eyougoi ngout? Byt hi st i meIkne wt hatt hi swasme r e l y af r i e ndl ygr e e t i ng,buti twasal ongt i mebef or eIs t oppe dwant i ngt o r e pl y, Mitar a wakar un desho !― Youc ans e et hatIam! Thi si sone oft he ps yc hol ogi c alf act or swhi c h can make c ommuni c at i ngi naf or e i gnc ount r yandaf or ei gnl anguages uc has t r ai n ―t henor malr out i neofc onve r s at i ont hatwene ve rhavet ot hi nkabout i sdi s r upt e d,andwear ec ont i nual l yas ki ngour s e l ve si ft hi si saf or mul a oraque s t i on. Thel anguagehasbe comeambi guous Ambi guousl anguagei nani nt e r c ul t ur alcont extc anal s oi ncl ude s uc hc as ualr e mar ksas Wemus tge tt oget he rs oonandhaveacupof c offe e,or Comeonove ranyt i me,or Dozo, itsudemo uchi e asobi ni kite kudasai. The s ear eus edt oc l os ec onve r s at i ons ,andar enotr e al i nvi t at i ons .As oj our nerwhowant st ode ve l opf r i e ndl yr e l at i ons hi ps wi t hhos t smaymi s i nt e r pr ets uchr e mar ksandpus ht os etanac t ual 7.

(14) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. t i meand pl ac ef oranot hermee t i ng when nonewasr e al l yi nt e nde d. Heors hemaye ve ns how upatahos tshomeunannounc e d,caus i ngt he hos tt of ee le mbar r as s edandt of e e lt hatt hevi s i t ori sabi tpus hy,whi l e t hepuzz l e dvi s i t orf ee l sr udel yr e j e ct e d. Hi gh c ont e xtandl ow c ont e xtc ommuni c at i on Habi t sofcommuni cat i onc anbebr oadl ycl as s i fie dashi gh c ont e xt andl ow c ont e xt . A hi gh cont extcommuni c at i onormes s agei sonei nwhi chmos tof t hei nf or mat i oni sal r eadyknownt ot hepar t i c i pant s ,whi l ever yl i t t l e i si nt heexpl i c i t l yt r ans mi t t edpar toft hemes s age .Al ow c ont e xt c ommuni c at i oni sj us tt heoppos i t e;i . e.mos toft hei nf or mat i oni si n t heexpl i c i tl anguage . Me mbe r soft hes amef ami l y,i npar t i cul arhus bandandwi f e ,have l ar ge l yhi gh cont extc ommuni c at i on. Si nc et he yar ecommuni cat i ng e ver yday,t heydonotne edt oexpl ai neve r yt hi ng. Ont heot he rhand, c onve r s at i on wi t hs t r anger si sl ar gel yl ow c ont e xtc ommuni c at i on. The ydonothavet hebackgr oundt ounde r s t andt heot he rst hought s andopi ni onswi t houte xpl anat i on. Cul t ur e scan al s o bec har ac t er i s t i c al l y hi gh c ont e xtorl ow c ont ext .I nhi gh cont e xtcul t ur e s(e . g.J apan)pe opl ear eve r yhomogeneouswi t hr e gar dt oe xpe r i e nc e s ,i nf or mat i on ne t wor ks ,and t he l i ke Formos tnor malt r ans ac t i onsi ndai l yl i f et he ydonotr e qui r e ,nordo t heye xpe ct ,muc hi n de pt hbac kgr oundi nf or mat i on. I nl ow c ont e xt c ul t ur es( e. g.Amer i c a) t he popul at i on i sl e s s homoge ne ous ,andt he r ef or et e ndst ocompar t me nt al i s ei nt e r pe r s onal c ont ac t s . Thi sl ackofcommone xper i ence smeanst hate acht i met hey i nt e r ac twi t he ac hot he rt he yne e ddet ai l e dbac kgr oundi nf or mat i on. I ni nt er c ul t ur alenc ount e r s ,t her ef or e ,ones i demaybebewi l de r ed by i ns uffici e nt i nf or mat i on havi ng be i ng gi ven,whi l et he ot her i s i r r i t at edbybe i ngt ol dt oomuc h.. 8.

(15) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. Spee c hands i l ence Hi gh cont e xt and l ow c ont e xt s oc i e t i e s al s o affe ct t he val ue pl ace dons pe e c handons i l e nc e .I nt heUni t e dSt at e s ,s i l enc eme ans l ac k ofat t ent i onandl ac k ofi ni t i at i ve . A pe r s onmus ts peak upi n or de rt opar t i c i pat e . Ihaveof t ennot i c edt hatJ apane s es t ude nt swho haves pe ntt i meatanAmer i c anhi ghs c hoolar eaptt ot al k vi r t ual l y non s t op,wi t houtne ce s s ar i l ys ayi nganyt hi ngus e f ulort ot hepoi nt . The yhavemer e l yl e ar ne danAmer i c anc ul t ur alr ul e:t hatones houl d ne ve rl e aveas i l e nc eunfil l e d,butfil li twi t hs pe e ch;andt hatt hemos t vol ubl es pe akeri st heonewhowi l lbehe ar d. AnAmer i c anpr ove r bi s Thes queakywhe elge t st hegr e as e. I n ot he rwor ds ,t heonewhot al ksl onge s tandmos tpe r s i s t ent l yi st heone who i smos tl i kel yt o ge twhathe want s . Thi si snotan at t i t ude appr ec i at e dbymos tEur ope ans ,orJ apanes e . Thi sdi ffe r e nc ei nwhati sandi snotf e l tt obene c es s ar yt oe xpr e s s i ns pee c hi spar t i c ul ar l y not i c eabl ei nf or malc ommuni cat i on,e i t he r be t wee ns t r ange r sori n bus i nes scont ac t s . The s e ar es i t uat i onsi n whi c h mos tWe s t e r ner swoul d wantme ani ngs ,ot hert han t he mos t t r i vi alofs mal lt al k,t obes pe l toutc l e ar l y,s i nc et heydonothavet he e xpe r i enc eofwhatt heot hert hi nks . Thedi ffer e nc ei nc ommuni cat i on s t yl e of t e nl e ads t he Ame r i c an t os e et he Japane s e as s hi f t y and unt r us t wor t hy,be caus et he ydonots t at et he i rme ani ngexpl i c i t l y. On t heot he rhand,t heJapane s ewonde r swhyt heAmer i c ani st oode ns et o unde r s t andwhatt ohi mi spe r f ec t l yc l e ar . Di r e ct /i ndi re c texpr es s i on Rel at e dt ot hi si st hepr obl e m ofi ndi r ec te xpr e s s i on. I n hi gh c ont extc ul t ur e si ndi r ec texpr e s s i on i sf r e que nt;i nl ow cont e xtcul t ur e si ti smuc hr ar e r . Ihe ar dofonewomanwhos ai dt oherne i ghbour ,i nt one sofpr ai s e, How har dyourdaught eri spr ac t i s i ngt hepi ano! I nt hi sc as e ,bot h be i ng J apane s e ,t hene i ghbourunder s t ood t hatt hi swasa c ompl ai nt 9.

(16) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. aboutnoi s e ,andapol ogi s ed. Howe ve r ,oneyoungAmer i c ant ol dmet hathi snei ghbouri nJ apan r e mar ke dt o hi m one day, You ar e ve r yf ond of mus i c! He r e s ponded,s l i ght l ys ur pr i s e d, Ye s ―how di d you know? Sheonl y s mi l e dands ai dnot hi ng. I twasnott i l lmuc hl at e rt hather eal i s edt hat s hehadbe ent el l i nghi mi ndi r e c t l yt hathewaspl ayi ngmus i ct ool oudl y andt ool at eatni ght . Thenhewasal i t t l ei ndi gnant . Whydi dnts he t el lmet hatIwasbot her i nghe r ! How coul dIbee xpe c t e dt ounde r s t ands uc har oundaboutwayoft al ki ng! Theconfli c the r ewasbe t we e nt heAme r i canpr e f er e ncef ordi r ec t ne s sandge t t i ngt ot hepoi nt ,andt heJ apane s epr e f e r e nc ef orcons i de r at i onofot he rpe opl esf e e l i ngs . Be i ngBr i t i s h,Ifindmys el fr at heron t hes i deoft heJapane s eat t i t ude . Toomuchdi r e c t nes smaybec l e ar , buti tc anhur tpeopl esf e e l i ngsandcaus er e s e nt ment . Butt hepoi nti s t hatt ac t f uli ndi r e ct i onmaynotbeunde r s t oodbyt hos ef r om anot he r c ul t ur alt r adi t i on. Di r e ctandi ndi r e ctl anguage s Somel anguage ss e e mt obedi r ec ti nnat ur e ,ast hes peake r sval ue di r ec t ne s s . Ot her l anguage s ar e mor e evas i ve ,and t he i rs peaker s val ueci r c uml oc ut i on. Atonee ndoft hes c al eyouwoul dfindPol i s h,or Dut c h,s pe aker sofbot hofwhi c hbel i e vei ns ayi ngt hi ngsc l ear l yi na s t r ai ght f or war dway. Att heoppos i t ee ndoft hes c al eyouwoul dfind As i anl anguage s ,whi char ef armor ei ndi r e ct . Engl i s hi sont hel es s di r ec ts i de oft he s c al e ,t hough i twoul d be mor e di r e ctt han,f or e xampl e ,J apane s e . Ame r i c anEngl i s hi smor edi r ec tata c onve r s at i onall evelt hanBr i t i s hEngl i s h( e . g. Iwant. .. i smor ef r equentt han Id l i ke.. .) ,butl es sdi r ec tt han Pol i s h ort he Sc andi navi an l anguages . Spe ake r sof di r e c tl anguage sof t enfindt hepol i t eevas i onsand c ompl ex s e nt e nc esi n i ndi r e c tl anguage st obei r r i t at i ng. A Dut ch s pe akers ai dhow s hef oundEngl i s he xpr e s s i onsl i ke Iwonde ri fyou 10.

(17) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. c oul d pos s i bl y hel p me. .. and Im t e r r i bl ys or r y,butIm af r ai d t hat.. . annoyi ng i nt hee xt r e me. Mor et ot hepoi nt ,s hef e l ts i l l y whe ns hewass ayi ngt hem Spe ake r sofdi r ec tl anguagesfindt heus e ofpol i t eandf r i e ndl yi nt onat i onpat t e r nsandt oneofvoi cei nEngl i s h e qual l ys i l l y. Theyf e els t r angeandembar r as s e dus i ngpol i t ei nt onat i on. Let t er si n Br i t i s h news pape r shave not e dt he i nflux ofi mmi gr ant sf r om Ce nt r alandEas t e r nEur ope( s peake r sofdi r e c tl anguages ) whohavet ake nj obsi ncat e r i ngi nLondon. The ys e e m abr uptand r udet oc us t omer sbe c aus et hey i gnor epol i t ei nt onat i on,de f er ent i al bodyl anguageand( mos ti mpor t ant l y)t hene e dt os mi l e . Buts i ncet hi si sal lpar tofac ont i nuum,i ft hec us t omers e e st he s mi l i ngpol i t e ne s sase xc e s s i ve ,hewi l lal s or at ei tne gat i vel y. Many Br i t i s h and Ame r i cans have j udged Japane s e pol i t e nes st o be s upe r fici al ,onl y on t he s ur f ac e ,f or t hi sr e as on. Tr ans f e r r i ng t he pat t er nsofpol i t ec ommuni c at i onofonesownl anguaget oanot herc an maket he s peake rs e em ei t he rr ude,ore l s eunr e l i abl e . Cul t ur es hoc k Mos tpe opl e enc ount e r i ng a new c ul t ur e wi l lexpe r i e nc e ,t oa gr e at e rorl e s s e rde gr e e,cul t ur es hoc k. Notonl yl anguage ,butal s o be havi our ,ar es odi ffe r entt hatt henewc omerhasl os tt hec omf or t i ng, s ubc ons ci ousknowl e dgeofcommuni c at i vecompe t e nc e . Cul t ur e ,i thasbe e ns ai d,i sl i kewat e rt o a fis h:unnot i c e d and t ake nf orgr ant e d unt i lt he fis hi sr e move df r om i t . Few fis h can s ur vi vet hi st r e at ment;pe opl e,f or t unat el y,ar er at he rmor eadapt abl e. Li ket heai rwebr eat he ,orl i kewat e rt oafis h,t hecul t ur ei nt o whi c h we we r e bor n,and i n whi c h we gr ew up,i sj us tt he r e ,t he e nvi r onmentt hats us t ai ns us .I ti s onl y whe n we ar e expos e dt o di ffe r e nc e si nc ul t ur et hatwefir s tbegi nt obe comeawar eofourown, andt ocons i derwhatt hos edi ffe r e nc e sar e . Cul t ur es hock,br i e fly,i st hef ee l i ngofdi s or i e nt at i onandhel pl es s ne s st hatove r c omespe opl ei nanew c ul t ur eorl anguagee nvi r onment , 11.

(18) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. whe nt he yr e al i s et hatt heol d,f ami l i arwaysofdoi ngt hi ngsar eno l onge rappl i cabl e ,and t hatwhatathomewoul d havebe e n eas yt o unde r s t and and t o dealwi t h hasbec ome ambi guous . They ar e no l onge rs ur ewhati st her i ghtt hi ngt os ayort her i ghtwayt obe have. Thewor l dar oundt he m hasbe c omef ul lofambi gui t y. Theeffe c t sofcul t ur es hoc k oni nt e r c ul t ur alc ommuni cat i onar e obvi ous . Thene wcomersi nt e r c ul t ur alc ommuni c at i on be comesl es s e ffec t i ve . For e xampl e ,f r us t r at i ons wi t ht he ne w cul t ur e may be i nt er pr et ed by i nt er cul t ur al r ecei ver s as hos t i l i t y t o t hem. I nt e r c ul t ur alcommuni c at i on r e ce i ver s ne e dt o be s ens i t i ve t ot he di fficul t i e sofc ul t ur es hockt hatani ndi vi dualmaybeexpe r i e nc i ng. One ki nd of ambi gui t yt hat i ndi vi dual sf ace i nc r os sc ul t ur al c ont ext soc cur swhe nt he yar ec onf r ont e dbys i t uat i onst hatar es omewhatf ami l i ar ,butt hatc ar r y di ffe r e nts i gni fic anc e orc ons equence s f r om t hos et hatappl yi nt hei rowncul t ur e . Of t e ni ns uc hcas e si ndi vi dual sar eunawar eofwhatappr opr i at er e s pons e swoul dbe . Addi ngt o t heconf us i oni st hef ac tt hatevenwi t hi nagi vens oc i e t yorc ul t ur e, e xpe c t e dr es pons e smay var yf r om s i t uat i on t os i t uat i on and f r om i ndi vi dualt oi ndi vi dual . Fore xampl e,t opi c sl i ke ,s ay,pol i t i c s ,maybe j oke dabouti ns omec i r c ums t ance s ,butmus tbet ake nve r ys er i ous l yi n ot he r s . Anot he rf or m ofambi gui t yc anoc curwhe nani ndi vi dualhasmany as s oci at i onsorpr edet e r mi nedconc ept i ons . Pe opl et e ndt os eewhat t heye xpec tt os e e. Asas mal le xampl e ,manyye ar sagoImetayoung Ame r i can woman,f ai r l yr e ce nt l y ar r i ve di nJ apan,who had bee n i nvi t ed t o di nne rata Japane s er es t aur antby ot hert eache r satt he s c hoolwhe r es hewor ke d. Thegi r lwashor r i fied t o find t hatt her e we r enot abl e c l ot hsont het abl e s ,andi mmedi at el yde ci de dt hati twas a ver yc he ap and i ns ani t ar y es t abl i s hment . She wass ur pr i s ed and s hoc kedt ot hi nk t hathe rcol l e ague shadi nvi t e dhe rt os uchapl ac e. Hernor msr equi r e dc l eanc l ot hsont abl e s;s hehadnott hei nf or mat i on aboutJ apane s er es t aur ant st oenabl ehe rt oj udgebyJ apane s es t an12.

(19) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. dar ds . Igat he r e dt hatherr e l at i ons hi pswi t hhe rc ol l e ague sbe c ame poorbec aus eofwhatwasi nt e nde dasagener ouswe l c omi ngge s t ur e . I nt e rc ul t ur alcommuni c at i vecompe t e nce The r ei smuc hmor et hatwec oul ds ayaboutpos s i bl epr obl e ms . Butl e tusl ookats omeoft het ool sf orc opi ngwi t ht he m. I ndi vi dual smus tbecompe t enti n ve r baland non ver balbehavi our s .I nt e r cul t ur al c ommuni c at i on s ki l l sr e qui r e message skills, behaviour al flexibility, inter action management ,andsocial skills. Me s s ages ki l l s Wear eas s umi ngt hatoneorbot hoft hepar t i ci pant si sus i nga f or e i gn l anguage, pr obabl y Engl i s h. The me s s age s ki l l s ,t he n, obvi ous l yr e qui r eac er t ai ndegr e eofflue nc yont hepar tofbot hs peake r andhear e r . The yi nvol vel i s t e ni ngasmuc hass pe aki ng,butf r om t he poi ntofvi e w oft hes pe aker ,t hemos ti mpor t antt hi ngi st obeclear . Eur opean bus i ne s s men hol d many me e t i ngsi n Engl i s h asa common l anguage ,di s c us s i ngde l i c at eanddi fficul tmat t e r s ,butt heyge tonmuch be t t e rwhe nt he r ei sno nat i ves peake rpr e s e nt . Ther e as on i st hat nat i ves pe ake r sunc ons ci ous l yus emanyi di omswhi c hc onf us et henon nat i vehe ar e r s . So,asas pe aker , 1. St at eyourpoi nt sc l e ar l y and pr e c i s e l y,avoi di ng j ar gon and i di oms . Qui t er e c ent l y,af r i ends e ntmeanemai las ki ngmet oc he c k t heEngl i s h oft he abs t r actofan ac ade mi c pape r . Iwr ot e bac k, Canyouwai tf oraf e w days? Iam upt omyear si n wor kj us tnow. Myf r i e nd,whoi sadoc t or ,r e pl i e d, Ye s ,I canwai t . Whati swr ongwi t hyourear s? 2. Adj us tt ot heot he rpe r s onsl e ve lofunder s t andi ng,anddonot s pe ak t oo qui c kl y. I ti sver ye as yt of or ge tt hatt he br ai n r e qui r e smor et i met opr oc e s saf or e i gnl anguage ,e s pe c i al l yi f number sar ei nvol ved. 13.

(20) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. 3. Re pe atkeypoi nt s ,e nc our ageque s t i ons ,andc he ck f orunde r s t andi ng,e ve ni fyouar es ur et hatyouhaveunde r s t ood. Ar r angi ngt ovi s i tt oge t he rapat i e nti nhos pi t ali nRome,my I t al i anf r i e nds ai dt ome , Me etmeatt hebaroft hehos pi t al ―andIwe ntt ot hecoffe ebar ,whi l es hewai t e datt hemai n gat e―t he bar r i e r. 4. Avoi ds l ang. I tcan gi ve a wr ong,and ver y unf avour abl e, opi ni onofyou. El i c i tot herpe opl esopi ni ons ,butdonotbepus hyi ft he ydonot s e em t owantt oans we rs pe ci ficques t i ons . As ki fyouhaveunder s t ood c or r e c t l ywhathasbee ns ai d,andr e membe rt hatpe opl emayber e l uct antt os ayno,ort omakear ef us al . Asahe ar e r ,l ear nt obeagoodl i s t e ne r ,anddonotbeaf r ai dt oas k que s t i onswhe nyoudonotcompl e t e l yunder s t and. Thi si sof t enqui t e di fficul t ,e s pec i al l yi fi ti snotonet o onec ommuni c at i on,oron t he t el ephonewhent heot herc annots e eyourr e ac t i ons . When l i s t e ni ng,avoi ds ayi ng Ye s… ye s… i fyou ar e not ac t ual l yagr e e i ngwi t hwhatt heot herhasbe e ns ayi ng. A muc hs af e r s t r at e gy i st o make a non commi t t alnoi s es uc h as Mmhmm or Uhhuh ,t os how t hatyou ar epayi ng at t e nt i on wi t houtne ces s ar i l y agr e e i ngwi t ht hes pe ake r . Todi s agr e e,ac ommonandpol i t ewayi st obegi n, Yes ,but… Cons i de ral s ot hanki ng. Aspar tofourc ul t ur alupbr i ngi ng,we havel ear ne dhow t ot hanks omeonef oragi f t . El s e wher ehabi t smay bedi ffe r ent .I nAr abc ul t ur es ,pr of us et hanksar ee xpect e d. I fyoudo notr e peatandr epe atyourt hanks ,youwi l lbes e e nasungr at ef uland unappr e ci at i ve . Ont heot herhand,i nEngl andr es t r ai ne dt hanksar e pr oper . Toomuc h exube r ancei soffens i ve ,and s us pe ct . And mos t c ul t ur e sdonotr e peatt hanksatal at t e rdat e ,asi nJ apans Kono aida wa domo ― Thankyouf ort heot he rday. Nor mal l y,wewantt obepol i t ei nourl anguage ,andonegoodway i st omakeus eofhedges. Hedge sar ee xpr es s i onswhi ch s of t en t he 14.

(21) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. i mpac toft hef ol l owi ngs t at e ment . The yar ede s i gnedt opr epar et he l i s t e ne rf orwhati st of ol l ow. Im s or r yt ohavet ot e l lyou.. . war ns ofbadnewst ocome. Ihopeyoudontmi ndmes ayi ng. .. war nsof c r i t i c i s mt ocome. Manyhe dgi ngde vi ce sar es i mpl ypol i t eaddi t i ons: Do you mi nd i f.. ., May Ias k you t o. .., Woul di tbepos s i bl e t o.. . Hedgi ngexpr e s s i onsar emos tf r e que nt ,aswe l lasmos tel abor at e ,i ni ndi r ec tl anguagec ul t ur e s . Theyar edes i gne dt os how r e s pect f ort hepr i vac yoft hel i s t ene r( byapol ogi s i ngf ori nt r udi ngors peaki ng),andi nBr i t ai npr i vac yi sval ued. The ycanal s obec ompar e dwi t h t he body l anguage ofde f e r e nc e and appeas e ment .I fan el abor at e he dge ,orde f e r e nt i albodyl anguage ,i sus e d,i ti shar derf ort hel i s t e ne r t ot akeoffenc e . I ndi r e c tque s t i onsand s t at e ment sar es i mpl ee xampl esofmi l d he dgi ng,maki ngi teas i erf ort heot he rt oavoi dans we r i ng. I ti st hus i mmedi at e l yobvi oust hat Doyouknow whatt i mei ti s? or Coul d yout el lmewhos hewaswi t h? s oundsmor epol i t et han Whatt i mei s i t? Whowass hewi t h? Theaddr es s e ecant he neas i l yr e pl y, Im s or r y,Idontknow. Hesitation de vi c e s(e r ,um,yeswe l l ,l etmes ee )ar eat ypeofhedge, andar eal s oawayofgai ni ngt hi nki ngt i me ,whi c hi si nval uabl ef orany s pe akerofaf or e i gnl anguage. Behavi our alfle xi bi l i t y I nAnc i e ntGr ee c e ,t heOr acl eatDel phis ai d, Know your s el f. I n al lcommuni c at i on,i ti se s s e nt i alt o know one s e l f ,t o under s t and as obj ec t i ve l yaspos s i bl ehow oneappear st oot he r s ,ande ve nmor es oi n i nt e r c ul t ur alcommuni c at i onwher et her ul e smaybes ove r ydi ffe r ent . Thi si snote as y,be c aus ewear eal le nc l os e di nourownl i t t l ewor l d wi t hones el fatt hecent r e . Buti ti si mpor t antt o s eeour s el ve sas ot he r ss e eus,andc onve r s e l yt o s e eot he r sast he ys eet hems e l ve s. Eac honeofushasgr ownupwi t hi napar t i c ul arc ul t ur eandbee n unc ons ci ous l yi nfluence dbyi t swayofl ooki ngatt hewor l dar oundus . 15.

(22) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. Ot he r pe opl e,i n ot her c ul t ur e s ,have be en s ubj e c t e dt o di ffer ent i nflue nce s . We s houl dt r yt oi de nt i f y whati ti st hati s di s t i nc t l y di ffe r e ntaboutourowncul t ur e ,andwher eourat t i t udesand be l i ef s maycaus epr obl e msi nc ommuni c at i ngwi t ht hos ewhos eat t i t ude sand be l i e f sar enott hes ame. Wemay find t hatt heat t i t ude s ,be l i e f sorac t i onsofot he r sar e r i di c ul ous ,bac kwar dorj us tpl ai nwr ong,buti fs ome t hi ngi si mpor t ant t ot he mt he ni ts houl dber e s pe c t e d,andnotr i di c ul e d. Lear nt obeope nandfle xi bl e . Donots t i c kt oones i ngl es t yl eof c ommuni c at i on―i foneappr oachdoe snotwor k,t r yanot he r .I nc r e as e c ont ac twi t ht hehos tc ul t ur e,asf araspos s i bl e . Themor epe opl eone knows ,andt hemor es i t uat i onsi nwhi c honefindsone s e l f ,t heeas i e ri t be comest oc ommuni cat es uc c es s f ul l y. Donott r yt ochanget heot he r . Donotexpe ctt heot he rpe r s ont o adaptt o you,e s pe ci al l yi fyou ar ei n hi sc ount r y. I nJ apan,i ft he f or e i gne rdoe sors ayss omet hi ng wr ong,t r yt ot akehi m as i deand e xpl ai n. Bewar eoft hi nki ng, Ourwayi st heonl yr i ghtway . Ther ear e manyways .I nFi nl and,i ts e ems ,bus i nes sdi s c us s i onsar ec onduct e di n t hes auna. Maj orc or por at i onsus et hes auna bat h asa s et t i ng f or mee t i ngs ,s ayi ng, I nt hewar m,i nf or malat mos phe r ebot hs i de sar e mor eope nt of r ank di s c us s i on. Thet r appi ngsofr ank t e nd t o di s appe arwhennoonehasanyc l ot he son. And i fyou happen t o be l e f thanded,r emembe rt hati n many c ount r i e si ti sde e pl yoffe ns i vet ot ouc hape r s on,ort ooffe ragi f t ,wi t h t hel ef thand. Aboveal l ,ne ve rbe pat r oni s i ng orc onde s c endi ng t ot hos e who be haveorbe l i e vedi ffe r e nt l y. I nt e rac t i onmanage me nt Communi c at i ons t yl ei nvol vest het opi cspe opl epr e f ert odi s c us s , t hei rf avour i t ef or msofi nt e r ac t i on―r i t ual ,r e par t e e ,ar gument ,s el f 16.

(23) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. di s cl os ur e ―andt hede pt hofi nvol ve mentt he ydemandofe ac hot her . Fore xampl e,i nJapan(andi nBr i t ai n)mode s t yi sval ue d,andone s houl d notboas tt o ot he r s aboutones own ac hi e ve ment s . Buti n mobi l eAmer i c as e l fadve r t i s i ngi sval ued,andnec e s s ar y. I fs ome one doe snott el lyou hi ms el fabouthi squal i t i es ,ac compl i s hment s ,and s uc c es s es ,nooneel s ewi l l ,be c aus epr obabl ynoonear oundhi m knows whatt he y ar e . So i n communi c at i ng wi t h Ame r i c ans we have t o ac ce ptt hi sasac ul t ur alt r ai t ,notasvul garboas t i ng,andadaptourown s t yl et ot hes i t uat i on. Ofcour s e ,wemus thopet hatt heAmer i canal s o adapt s ! Wemus tal s oc ons i de rt i mi ng. Ame r i c answantt oge tdownt o bus i ne s satonc e,wi t houtt aki ngmuc ht i mef orge ne r al i t i e sand ge t t i ng t oknow you ,butot hercul t ur e sr equi r evar yi ngamount soft i met obe s pe ntonpl e as ant r i e s . Ye ar s ago,whe n Iwas f ai r l y ne wl y ar r i ved i n Se ndai ,Iwas pe ac ef ul l yc hoos i ng veget abl e si nal oc als hop,whe nal ady,qui t e unknown t o me ,s t ar t e d whe ns hes aw me ,and i mmedi at e l ys ai di n Engl i s h, Whe nIwasi nTexaspeopl ewe r eki ndt ome,s oIwantt obe ki ndt oyou. Whatc anIdof oryou? A l i t t l epr e l i mi nar yconve r s at i onwoul dhavebe endes i r abl e ,It hought! Iam af r ai dt hatt her e s ul t wast hat ,r at hert hans e e i ngherasape r s onofgoodwi l l ,Is aw he ras a pos s i bl y danger ousl unat i c! He rl e ar ni ng ofAme r i c an r ul e sof di r ec t ne s sandt i mi ngobvi ous l yl e f tal ott obede s i r ed. Soci als ki l l s Thi scove r sawi defie l d,i ncl udi ng: Whe n,i fatal l ,doyoubow? Whe n,i fatal l ,do you t ouc h me mbe r s oft he oppos i t es e x ( s haki nghands ,ands oon)? Whatr e f r es hments houl dbeoffe r e dt oagues t? Shoul dadepar t i nggue s tbeac c ompani e dt ot hedoor ,orf ur t her? I si ta l adi e sfir s t ora menfir s t cul t ur e? 17.

(24) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. Doyous i tdownatonc e ,orr e mai ns t andi ngunt i las ke dt obe s e at ed? Whatar et hecus t omsr e gar di ngage? Doe sagei mpl ys e ni or i t y, ornot? Whogoe st hr ought hedoorfir s t? I nt heAr abwor l d,f ore xampl e ,i nt he or y al lar ee qualbe f or e God,butwhe n goi ng t hr ough a door wayt hemos ti mpor t antmangoe sfir s t ,f ol l owe dbyt heot her si n de s c endi ngor de rofi mpor t anc e . Rel i gi oust he or yt ake ss e condpl ace t os oc i alr e al i t i e s . Gi f tgi vi ngc anbeapr obl e m he r e ,e s pe ci al l yf orbus i nes s men. I n manycount r i e s ,gi f tgi vi ngi sanes s e nt i alpar tofdoi ngbus i ne s s ,and c anr angef r om ane xpens i vedi nnert oache apc al e ndar . Ame r i c ans t endt or e gar danyt hi ngmor et hant hel at t erasabr i be,whi c hi si l l e gal , andc oul dr ende rac ompanyl i abl et opr os e c ut i on. I ti si mpor t antt oc ons i de r: ―what t ogi ve( e. g.i nFr anc e,s omet hi ngi nt e l l e c t ual ,l i keabook), ―how t ogive i t( e . g.whatki ndofwr appi ngpaper ) ,and ―how t or eceive i t( e . g.i nChi na,apr e s e nts houl dbede c l i nedat l e as tt woort hr e et i mesbe f or ebe i ngfinal l yac c e pt e d) . Conc l us i on Fi nal l y,bec ons ci ousofyouractions ,andcar e f uli nyourc hoi ceof wor ds. Al lcommuni cat i on hasbot hi nt e nde d and uni nt e nded c ons eque nc e s .I ni nt er c ul t ur alcommuni c at i on,wehavet ol ear nt ot r yt o mi ni mi s et heuni nt e ndedc ons e quenc e sasf araspos s i bl e. I nt e r c ul t ur alcommuni c at i onbe havi ours houl dnotonl ybef r eeof r ac i s m andpr e j udi c e ,cons c i ousoruncons c i ous ,buts houl dr eflec tan at t i t udeofmut ualr e s pe ct ,t r us tandwor t h. Communi c at i onwi l lnot be s uc c es s f uli f ,by act i onsorwor ds ,t he c ommuni c at or s ac ti na s upe r i ororconde s c e ndi ngat t i t ude . I ti snote as yt oadapt .I tr e qui r e st hatwepos s e s sawi l l i ngne s st o c ommuni c at e ,t ohaveempat hyt owar df or e i gnandal i e nc ul t ur e s ,be 18.

(25) I nt er cul t ur alCommuni cat i veCompet e nce. t ol e r antofvi ewst hatdi ffe rf r om ourown,anddevel opauni ve r s al i s t i c, r e l at i vi s t i cappr oac ht ot heuni ve r s e .I ti sourabi l i t yt oc hange ,t o make adj us t ment si n our communi c at i on habi t s ,t hatgi ve s us t he pot e nt i alt ool st omaket hecont ac ts uc c es s f ul . Tocommuni c at es uc c e s s f ul l ywi t hot hercul t ur e si ti snotne ce s s ar y t oi dent i f ycompl e t e l ywi t ht heot her . Whati sne ce s s ar yi st heabi l i t y t obeflexi bl e,t oadapt ,t obewi l l i ngt ot r yt os e et hi ngsasot he rpeopl e s e et hem. Some t i mest hi si seas y,s omet i me sdi ffic ul t . The r emaybe asmany waysofappr oac hi ng a gi ve ns i t uat i on ast her ear epe opl e i nvol ve d. I nt e r c ul t ur alcommuni c at i vec ompe t encet her e f or ei sac hi e vedbya c ombi nat i onofknowledge ofvar i ouscommuni c at i ont act i cs ,good will , and,i nt hee nd,j us taswi t h chi l dr e n,tr ial and er r or t o find what ac t ual l ywor ksbes t . Happycommuni c at i on!. 19.

(26)

(27) I n n e rSp e e c ha n dLa n g u a g eLe a r n i n g Kei t hAdams. Thi sar t i c l es ee kst oi nt r oduc et heconc eptofnat i vel anguage( L1) I nne rSpe ec handt ot ouc honhow ourknowl e dgeoft henat ur eand c har ac t er i s t i c sofL1I nne rSpe e chcoul dbeut i l i ze di ns e c ondl anguage ( L2)l e ar ni ng. The ar t i c l e wi l lfir s tf ocuson a defini t i on ofI nne rSpe ec h by e xami ni ngt her e l at i onbe t we e nt houghtandl anguageandt hes pec i fic c har ac t er i s t i c sofI nnerSpe ec h. I naddi t i ont oat e xtbas eddi s c us s i on, vi s uali l l us t r at i onsand t as ksar ei nc l uded i nt hehopeofgi vi ng t he r e ade rachanc et opaus eande xami nehi s / he rownI nne rSpe ec hi nt he c our s eofr eadi ngt hi spape r . Thear t i cl ewi l lc onc l udewi t hs omepr e l i mi nar ys ugges t i onsofhow t hec onc e pt sofI nne rSpe e c hcoul dbei nt r oduc edt oL2l e ar ne r swi t ht he l ong t e r m ai m oft r yi ngt odevel opL2I nne rSpee c h. Whati sI nne rSpe ec h? ThoughtandLanguage Ther e c ogni t i ont hatwehavei nt e r nal ,s i l entdi al ogue swi t hour s e l ve swhi l s twear et hi nki ng hasbe e n ac knowl e dge df orc e nt ur i es; howe ve r ,t hemos tnot abl epr oponentoft het he or yofI nne rSpe e chi n moder nt i mesi st heRus s i anps yc hol ogi s tLevVygot s ky. Vygot s kys i nves t i gat i ons ofL1 I nne r Spee c h be gan s hor t l y af t er t he Rus s i an Revol ut i on dur i ng t he ear l y Sovi e tt i mes unt i lhi s deat hi n1 9 3 4. Unf or t unat e l y,hi st heor i e sdi dnotbec omewi del yknownt ot heout s i de wor l dunt i lhi swor kswe r et r ans l at edandpubl i s hedmanyye ar saf t e r hi sde at h. ThoughVygot s kyi sr e c ogni z e df orhi smaj orcont r i but i ons 21.

(28) I nnerSpe echandLanguageLear ni ng. t ot het he or yofL1I nne rSpe e ch,t her ehasbe enc ons i der abl edebat e aboutt hedefini t i onofI nne rSpe e ch. One oft he cor ei s s uesi nt he de bat ec once r nst he r e l at i ons hi p be t we e nt houghtandl anguage . Ar et heys e par at e ,i nde pe nde ntmodul e sordependentone ac hot her? Thevi e wpoi nt sf orbot hs i desoft he ar gumentar equi t evar i e dandbeyondt hes c opeoft hi spaper;howe ver ,Iwi l li nc l udeaf ew e xampl e soft hedi ve r s epos i t i onst ake nont he que s t i on. Fodor(1 9 75 )woul dar guet hatl anguageandt houghtar es e par at e andt hat t hel anguageoft hought i snotourL1 ,butr at herMe nt al es e, ani nnat emet al anguagei nwhi c hourcogni t i vepr oc e s s e sar ec ar r i e d out . Fodorst he or y ofMe nt al e s emi ghtber e gar de d ast heext r e me pos i t i on,butt heaut horoft hi spape rwoul dl i ket ogi vet hr e es i mpl e e xampl e soft hepos i t i ons uppor t e dbyFodorandot he r st hatl anguage andt houghtar enotoneandt hes ame. Fort hefir s texampl e ,wec anl ookt ot heani malwor l d. Ani mal s dot hi nkandl e ar n,yett he ydonothaveal anguage( i . e .s i mi l art oour humanl anguage)t hatcan beus ed t o ai d orde ve l op t he i rt hought s . We c an al s os e et hi ss ame phenomenon i n humans . Pr el i ngui s t i c babi e s( appr oxi mat e l y be f or et he age oft wo)al s ot hi nk,butt he i r t hi nki ng i snonve r bal . Fi nal l y,e ve n humanswho ar ef ul l y mat ur e l i ngui s t i cal l yandi nt e l l e c t ual l yt hi nk wi t houtus i ngl anguaget of or m t hei rt hought sandal s ous el anguagewi t houtt hi nki ng. I fyous uddenl y dr opagl as sofwat e ront hefloor ,l anguagemayr e s ul ti nt hef or m of ave r balout cr y― Oops―butt heus eofl anguagei snotne ce s s ar yf or t he i ni t i alt houghtde r i ved f r om an emot i onal ,aut omat i cr e ac t i on. Thel as tt woe xampl escoul dbei nt e r pr et e dbyVygot s kysde fini t i onof l owe r ,nat ur alme nt alpr oc e s s e s whi chhavenotbee n t r ans f or me d i nt ohi ghe rme nt alf unc t i onsbyl anguage ( i ndeGue r r e r o,2 0 05,p. 1 7 ). Al t houghVygot s ky( 1 9 86 )acc e pt edt hes e par at i onofl anguageand t hought ,ass e e ni nt het hought sofbabi e sandt he mi ndl e s ss pe ec h of 22.

(29) I nnerSpe echandLanguageLear ni ng. adul t s(19 8 6 ,p. 25 0 ) ,hedi ffer sf r om Fodorsconc e ptofMe nt al es ei n t hes e ns et hatVygot s kys ee sI nne rSpe ec hasbe i ngt hepl ac ewher e t houghtandl anguagemee tandcompl emente ac hot her . Charac t e r i s t i c sofI nne rSpee c h Whati si tl i ke? Manymode l soft hepr oce s sbe gi nni ngwi t h t hefir s tdi ms t i r r i ng ofat hought (Vygot s ky,1 9 86 ,p. 21 7 )t os pee c hpr oduct i onf orot he r s ore ve nf orone s e l f( ext er nals pe ec h)havebe e npr opos e d. I naddi t i on t oVygot s ky,Lur i a( 19 7 3)andVocat e( 1 994 )haveout l i nedt hevar i ous s t epsi nvol ved. Thi ss e c t i on oft he paperwi l ll ook att he gener al c har ac t er i s t i c soft hede ve l opmentoft houghtt os pe e ch s e e ni nt he di ffe r e ntmode l spr e s ent e dbyt he s es c hol ar sandot her s . Bef or edi s cus s i ngt hede t ai l soft hemode l s ,onei mpor t antpoi nt s houl dbement i one d. Thedevel opmentf r om t houghtt owor di snota ne at ,l i near phe nomenon. I nt he pr oc es s of put t i ng our t hought s t oge t her ,wear ec ont i nuous l ymovi ngbac kandf or t hbe t we en t hought t owor dandf r om wor dt ot hought ( Vygot s ky, 1 9 86 , p. 21 8 ). Wi t ht hi s poi nti nmi nd,l etsexami net henat ur eandc har ac t er i s t i c soft hi sve r y pr i vat e,un obs er vabl er ol eofI nnerSpe e chi nt hepr oc e s s . Thefir s ts t epi st hes t i mul usf ort het houghtpr oce s st obegi n. I n ot he rwor ds ,wenee damot i vef ort hi nki ng,whi c hmaycomef r om a var i e t yofs our c es ,s uc haspe r s onalne edsorf r om as oci als i t uat i onwe findour s el ve si nvol vedi n. The nwet r yt oputt he s evaguet hought s t oge t her . I nt hebegi nni ng,t hes et hought smaybel ur ki ngi nours ubc ons ci ous andt heonl yexpr es s i onwehaveoft he m maybeanon ve r bali magei n ourmi ndorane mot i on. Ast hepr oc es sc ont i nue s ,uni que ,pe r s onal s ounds―wor dsoranyot he rt ypeofs ound―mayemer ges i l e nt l yi nour he ad. Wet al kt oour s e l ve ss i l ent l yandheart hatvoi c e .I nas e ns e, wecanhe arour s e l ve st hi nk. Thi sbr i ngsust ot het ypeofl anguageweus ei nourI nne rSpe ec h. 23.

(30) I nnerSpe echandLanguageLear ni ng. Si nc eI nne rSpe e c hi spr i vat eandnoti nt e nde df orot he r s ,i ti sve r ybr i ef and di ffer entf r om t he s pe ec h we us ef or ext e r nal ,publ i cs pe ec h. Synt axi sgr eat l yr educe ds i nc eweknow whatwear et hi nki ngabout s ot her ei snone e dt obeaspr e ci s eorcompl et easwoul dber equi r edi n s pe e chf orot her s . Fore xampl e ,t hes ubj e ctofourt hought si sknown t ous ,s owec anomi tpr onounss uc has I or s he e t c .i nourI nne r Spee c h. Si mi l ar l y,t hewor dsweus ei nourI nne rSpe e chhavever ypowe r f ul as s oci at i onst hatc apt ur ear angeofs ens e sore xper i e nc es . Todr aw ananal ogy,t hes ayi ngt hat A pi ct ur et e l l sat hous andwor ds t e s t i fie s t ot hei mpac tofones our c eofs t i mul at i on,vi s ualorot her wi s e ,whi ch c anconve ys omuch. Thati s ,wedonotne e dt ous emanywor dsi n I nne rSpe ec hbec aus eours e mant i cc hoi c esar ec ondens edi nt or e l at i vel yf e w wor dswhi c he voker i chme ani ngands i gni fic anc e . I nne rSpe e chTas ks Att hi spoi nt ,Iwoul dl i ket ogi veyout her eadert heoppor t uni t yt o l ookatyourownI nnerSpe e chbyme ansoft wot as ks . Thefir s tt as k r e qui r esve r yl i t t l el anguaget opr oc es ss i nc ei ti nvol vesi nt e r pr et i ngt he vi s uali magebe l ow. The r e f or e,whe t he ryourL1i sEngl i s h,J apane s e. 24.

(31) I nnerSpe echandLanguageLear ni ng. oranot he rl anguage ,t hi st as k gi ve sever yonet heexpe r i e nc eofL1 I nne rSpe e ch. Pl e as er e me mbe rt hatt hekey poi nti st ot r y and moni t oryour t hi nki ngasyouappr oac ht het as kf r om t hebegi nni ngandt hr ought he pr oc e s sofar r i vi ngatanans we r . Tas kOne:Whatdoyous e e? Di s c us s i on Si nce I nne r Spee c hi ss o vague and i mpr es s i oni s t i c ,i ti s ve r y di fficul tt odr aw a por t r ai tt oi l l us t r at ewhatgoe son i n ourmi nds dur i ngt hi st hi nki ngpr oc e s s . Ne ve r t he l e s s ,Ihaveat t e mpt e dt oc apt ur es omeoft heel e ment si nmyI nne rSpe e chwhe nIdeal twi t hTas k Oneass e e nont hef ol l owi ngpage . AnI nne rSpe ec hPor t r ai t I nt hi ss i mpl i fied por t r ai t ,s omeoft hei mpor t antf e at ur e sofI nne r Spee c hcanbes ee n. Fi r s t ,I nne rSpe e chi snotonl ymadeupofwor ds , butal s oi mages( t heeye,nos e ,andr abbi t ) ,ment als t at e s(??? s ymbol i z i ngc onf us i on)ande mot i ons(Hah, hah, hah ! ) . Fur t he r mor e,t he br e vi t y and per s onalnat ur e ofI nne r Spe ec h s ynt axands e mant i csmakei tve r ydi fficul tf orot her st ounde r s t andus e ven i fourI nnerSpee c hc oul d behe ar d. Al t hough you t her e ade r know t hecont extofmy I nne rSpe ec h,you do notknow whatwas c onf us i ngt ome ,whe t herIwasl aughi nghappi l yors ar cas t i cal l y,ort o what Yeah ! r e f er r ed. Ofc our s e ,i twasal lpe r f e ct l yc l e art ome . Tas kTwos e r ve st wopur pos es . Fi r s t ,i tgi vesyouanot he roppor t uni t yt o exami ne yourI nnerSpee c h wi t h a ver y di ffer e ntt ype of pr obl e mf r om t hevi s uali l l us i oni nt hefir s tt as k. Tas kTwoal s oact s asabr i dget ot hefinals e c t i onoft hi sar t i c l e .I ti squi t ee vi dentt hat t hi st as ki sbas edonpr oc e s s i ngl anguaget oge tanans we r ,buti tal s o r ai s e st hei s s ueofL2I nne rSpee c h. I n ot he rwor ds ,c an wer eal l y t hi nki nas e condl anguage? Canwedevel opanL2I nne rSpee c h? 25.

(32) I nnerSpe echandLanguageLear ni ng. Bef or e we move on t o addr e s st hi si s s ue ,pl eas e de vot e your at t e nt i ont ofindi nganans we rt oTas kTwofir s t . AnEngl i s hve r s i on oft hi spr obl em i si nt heAppe ndi xoft hi spape r .I fyouar ebi l i ngual i nJ apanes eandEngl i s h,dot het as ki nyourL2fir s tandt he ni nyour L1 . Af t e rt hat ,c ompar eyourI nne rSpe ec hexper i e nc esi nbot hl anguages . Forexampl e ,how muc hwe r eyour e l yi ngonyourL1when youwe r et r yi ngt os ol vet hepr obl e mi nyourL2? Di dyou t hi nk i n yourL2? I fyoudi d,how of t enandwhendi dyoudos o? Tas kTwo:Cl i mbi ngUpt heWel l 蜘蛛が 1 0フィート（3. 0 5メートル）下の井戸に落ちます。蜘蛛は毎日昼間に 2フィート（6 ずつ井戸をよじ登りますが、夜には 1フィー 0 . 96センチ）ト（30 . 4 8センチ）ずつ下にずり落ちてしまいます。. 26.

(33) I nnerSpe echandLanguageLear ni ng. 蜘蛛が井戸のてっぺんまで着くには何日かかりますか。 The ans we rt ot hi st as k appe ar satt he end oft he Re f er ence s s e ct i onoft hepaper ,t houghpl e as ekee pi nmi ndt hatt hee xpe r i enc eof t r yi ng t o getan ans werand r e fle ct i ng on ourI nne rSpe e ch i smor e i mpor t antt hange t t i ngt her i ghtans wer! I nne rSpe e chandSec ondLanguageLe ar ni ng I nt hei nt r oduct i ont ohi spape r ,Toml i ns on( 2 0 00 )wr i t es: I nl ear ni nganat i vel anguage(L1),t hei nnervoi cedevel opsnat ur al l y att hes amet i meast heext er nalvoi c e. Buti nl ear ni ng an L2f or mal l y,t he e mphas i si sof t en on t he i mme di at e de vel opmentofan ext er nalvoi ce . Manyl e ar ne r sf ai lt odevel opane ffe ct i veL2I nner Voi ceandar et he r ef or ehandi cappedi nt he i rat t emptt ounder s t and andpr oduc et heL2i nt el l i ge nt l yandc r e at i ve l y.. Toml i ns onus e st het er m I nne rVoi ce r at he rt hanI nnerSpe ec h, andi tc anbes ai dt hatt het e r msar enoti nt erc hangeabl e . None t hel e s s ,Toml i ns ons t at est hathei sr e f er r i ngt ot hei mpor t anc eof t he phe nomenonofpr oduc i ngs pe e c hs oundsi nt hemi nd (p. 1 2 5)i ns e c ond l anguagel e ar ni ng. Al t houghWat e r s(2 0 0 6)doe snots pe c i fic al l yment i onI nne rSpe ech orI nne rVoi ce ,hedoe ss t r e s st hei mpor t anceoft hi nki ngf orl anguage l e ar ni ngandbe moanst hel ackofac t i vi t i e st hate nc our age ar angeof t hi nki ngl evel s( p. 3 19 )ands t at e s: Onepos s i bl er eas onf ort hi ss i t uat i onmaybeal ackofawar enes sabout t hewaysi nwhi c ht het hi nki ngl evelofact i vi t i e sc anbec oncept ual i zed,andt hei mpl i cat i onsf orl e s s ondes i gn.. Sohow canwede ve l opours t ude nt sL2I nnerSpee c handt hi nki ng abi l i t i e s? Bot hToml i ns onandWat e r shavei dent i fiedvar i ousar e as 27.

(34) I nnerSpe echandLanguageLear ni ng. andt ec hni que s ―s uc haspr obl e ms ol vi ngt as kss i mi l art oTas ksOne andTwoi nt hepr e vi ouss e ct i on,I nne rSpe e chTas ks . Onc eagai n,a de t ai l e ddi s c us s i on ofpr ac t i c alc l as s r oom appl i c at i onsi sbe yond t he par amet e r soft hi spaper . Howe ve r ,t hi swr i t e rwi l lr e por tons pe c i fic ar e asandac t i vi t i esus e dwi t hhi sl e ar ner st ode ve l opt he i rL2I nne r Spee c handt hi nki ngs ki l l si naf ut ur epape r . I nt hemeant i me,per hapst hefir s ts t e pi nt hi spr oc es si st or ai s eour l e ar ner s awar e ne s sofI nne rSpe ec handhow i tc anbeappl i edt ot he i r s e cond l anguagel e ar ni ng. Al t hough weknow t hatwe t al kt o our s e l ve s ,weof t e ndonotf oc usont hes pe c i ficnat ur eandpos s i bl eus esof ouri nne rdi al ogue s . Tobe gi nt hepr oc es sofhei ght enedawar enes s ,t hi swr i t e rpr ovi de d hi st hi r dandf our t h ye arJapanes euni ve r s i t ys t ude nt swi t ht hef ol l owi ngs i mpl edefini t i onsofL2I nne rSpee c hands omes i t uat i onswhe r ei t c an beus e di nt he i rEngl i s hl anguages t udi e s .I ns omec as es ,what f ol l owsmaybec ons i der e dI nne rVoi cewi t hi t spe dagogi c alor i e nt at i on r at he rt hanpur eI nne rSpee c hbutt or e pe atToml i ns onswor dse ar l i e r i nt hi spape r ,al lr ef e r e nc esar et ot hos es pe ec hs ounds i nourmi nds r e gar dl e s soft hel abe lwegi vet hem. AnI nt r oduc t i ont oI nne rSpe e chi nEngl i s h Whati sI nne rSpee c h? I nne rSpee c h( I S)i sanyt ypeofl anguagei nEngl i s ht hat happe nsi nyourmi nd. I ti sEngl i s hi ns i deyourhe ad t hati snots poke nt oot herpe opl e att het i mei thappe ns . I Si ncl ude ss ounds ,wor ds ,phr as e s ,s ent e nc e s ,di al ogue sore ve n c onve r s at i onsi nEngl i s h. How c anweus ei tI nne rSpe ec hl anguagel earni ng? Us eI Swhi l eyouar el i s t e ni ngorr e adi ng. Repeatawor dorphr as eyouhe arorr eads e ver alt i mesi nyour 28.

(35) I nnerSpe echandLanguageLear ni ng. he adori nal ow voi c e . Us eI Saf t e ryouhavewr i t t enors ai ds ome t hi ng. As k your s e l faboutyourac c ur ac y( gr ammar /voc abul ar y)or c l ar i t y( meani ng,pr onunc i at i on). Us eI St oge tr e adyt os pe ak. Pl anaf ut ur econve r s at i onbe f or eyouhavei t . Us eI S whe nyouar ej us tt hi nki ngt oyour s e l f( wi t hnopl anst o c ommuni c at ewi t hot he r s ). I magi neconve r s at i onsordes cr i bet hi ngsande ve nt si nEngl i s h. Conc l us i on Thi spaperfir s ts oughtt opr ovi deabr i e fove r vi ew oft henat ur e and c har ac t e r i s t i csofourL1I nne rSpe ch and t hei mpor t antr ol ei t pl aysi nt hepr oc e s sofdevel opi ngourt hought sandt r ans f or mi ngt hos e t hought si nt oe xt e r nals pe ec h. Thef ocust hent ur ne dt oadi s cus s i onoft hepot ent i alappl i cat i ons ofour knowl e dge ofL1 I nner Spe e ch t ol anguage l e ar ni ng. I si t pos s i bl et odevel opane ffec t i veL2I nne rSpee c h? I fs o,how c ant he c onc ept sofI nne rSpee c hbepr es ent e dt os ec ondl anguagel ear ne r sand whatL2I nne rSpee c hac t i vi t i e scani nc or por at edi nt oourt e ac hi ng? I nor de rt oaddr es st he s eques t i ons ,t heaut hori nc l ude das ampl e pape rgi ve nt os t udent swhi chpr ovi de dt hem wi t has i mpl edefini t i onof L2 I nne rSpee c h and exampl e sofi t sr el evanc y and appl i c at i on t o di ffe r e ntl anguagel e ar ni ngs i t uat i ons . Exampl e sofL2I nnerSpe ech ac t i vi t i e swer ei l l us t r at e dbyt wot as kswhi chr e ade r swe r eas ke dt o c ompl et e . Af ut ur epape rbyt hi saut horwi l lpr es entade t ai l edde s c r i pt i onof anL2I nnerSpe ec hi ns t r uct i onal appr oac handact i vi t i e swhi c hwer e de s i gned t o gi ve l e ar ner st he oppor t uni t yt o dr aw upon t hei r own t hi nki ngabi l i t i e sandcr eat i vi t yi nt he i rs e condl anguagel ear ni ng.. 29.

(36) I nnerSpe echandLanguageLear ni ng. Appe ndi x Tas kTwo:Cl i mbi ngUpt heWel l As pi de rf al l st ot hebot t om ofa1 0f oot(3 . 05met r e )we l l . Thes pi de rc l i mbsupt wof e e t( 60 . 9 6cm)ever yday, butever yni ght i ts l i desbackdownonef oot( 3 0. 4 8cm). How manydayswi l li tt aket hes pi de rt ogett ot het opoft hewe l l? Re f e re nce s De Guer r er o,Mar i a C. M.(20 05) . Inner Speech―L2 : Thinking Wor ds in a Second Language. New Yor k:Spr i nger . Fodor ,J.(19 75) . The language of thought. New Yor k:ThomasY.Cr owel l . Lur i a,A. R.(197 3). The wor king br ain. An intr oduction to neuopsychology (B. Hi gh,Tr ans . ). New Yor k:Bas i cBooks . Toml i ns on,Br i an.( 200 0). Tal ki ng t o Your s e l f . TheRol eofI nnerVoi cei n LanguageLear ni ng. Appl i e dLanguage Lear ning ,Vol .11 ,No. 1,pp.1 23 15 4. Vocat e , D. R.(Ed. ).( 1 994 ). Intr aper sonal communication : Differ ent voices, differ ent minds. Hi l l s dal e ,NJ:Lawr enceEr l baum. Vygot s ky,L. S.( 19 86) . Thought and language. Cambr i dge,MA:The MI T Pr es s . Wat e r s ,Al an.( 200 6). Thi nki ng and l anguage l ear ni ng. ELT Jour nal ,Vol . 60 /4,pp.31 93 27. Tas kTwoAns wer Ni nedays . ・Thenetgai naf t e reachdayandni ghti sonef oot( c l i mbst wof e et ,l os e s one),s ot hataf t e rei ghtdays ,t hes pi derwi l lbeei ghtf ee tup. ・Ont heni nt hday,t hes pi derwi l lc l i mbt hel as tt wof e ett ot het opoft he wel lbef oreni ght f al l .. 30.

(37) 東北学院大学論集（英語英文学）第 93号所載論文（2 0 0 5年 9月） 1 . Sot e l t i e(s ubt l e t y)について中世イギリス食文化の一側面 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥柴田良孝 (1) 2 . Lot usLet t e rLat i nEat er s 『ユリシーズ』第 5挿話を読み返す ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥横内一雄 ( 1 9) 3 . St r e e tDi r e ct i onsGi ve nt oNon nat i veSpe aker sof J apanes e:A Cons i der at i onoft heEffec tofNat i ve Spe ake rAt t i t udesonI nt e r c ul t ur alCommuni c at i on ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Chr i s t opherLong ( 3 9).

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(39) 東北学院大学学術研究会会. 長. 星宮. 望. 評議員長吉田編集委員長. 信彌. 評議員文学部. 経済学部. 経営学部. 遠藤. 裕一 ( 会計). 法学部. 黒田. 秀治 ( 編集). 白井. 培嗣 ( 編集). 北. 博 (編集). 辻. 秀人 (編集). 越智. 洋三 ( 会計). 細谷. 圭 (編集). 野村. 信 (編集). 郭. 基煥 (編集). 柳井. 雅也 ( 編集). 菅山. 真次 ( 庶務). 目代. 武. 折橋. 伸哉 (編集). 羽田さゆり ( 庶務) 教養学部. 吉田. 信彌 (評議員長・編集委員長). (編集). 東北学院大学論集 20 10年 3月 12日. 印刷. 20 10年 3月 16日. 発行. ― 英語英文学 ―. 第 94号. ( 非売品). 編集兼発行人. 吉. 田. 信. 彌. 印. 刷. 者. 笹. 氣. 幸. 緒. 印. 刷. 所. 笹氣出版印刷株式会社. 発. 行. 所. 東北学院大学学術研究会. 〒 98 0-8 51 1仙台市青葉区土一丁目 3番 1号 (東北学院大学内).

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(42) No. 94. M arch, 2010. CONTENTS Intercultural Communicative Competence ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥M .Heather KOTAKE ( 1) Inner Speech and Language Learning ‥‥‥‥‥Keith ADAMS (21).

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