˧̢ˏɹගɹଁʱጓɠ
⏍ಕ៎ɴݏʠᦉʚʶɛᅊرˁᠧʞ⏍
ǵᣴǵǵǵៜ*
Reading Indigenous Forest Designs Embedded in
Guinean Local Landscapes
YAMAKOSHI Gen*
The southeastern part of the Republic of Guinea (la Guinée forestière) has a rich variety of fl ora and fauna, which are highly evaluated from a conservation viewpoint. Recent ethno-ecological studies in Kissidougou, Ziama, and Bossou in this region have revealed that the seemingly primary forest patches in these areas have been subjected to dynamic and complex historical changes and could be an outcome of local people’s intentional or unintentional praxes. Since these vestiges of human activities are delicately embedded in the complex landscapes, conservationists have often overlooked this possibility and proposed conservation policies which inhibit human activities, based on the perception that local people’s activities are destructive. These policies are not readily accepted by local communities, because the forests often have various practical and religious functions. More in-depth studies and realistic conservation policies are needed in these areas to maintain a sensitive balance between human economic activity and biodiversity.
1ȅΆΣͺވგ࣭͈૩ႅ༗ેޙ
ǵ˧̢ˏԊٮܕɻ⏋ីȴʰആكɴᏳᬏȦ⏋্Ⴅɹܕܤˁ୫ɦ⏏ܕܤɻ 24 Ψ 6,000 km2 ɭ⏋ ೣɹ 3 Օɹ 2 ʓɰɹᯆዩɲȵʰ⏋ᨆɹ̦́ˤ͇͡͠ɭɹܕޅܩݖɴɻ˵̫Ͳ̠˗̝̒͞ Ͳ̝⏋ആᨆɹ̾͠͠ˏ˱ͻ̜˻̓ͩͻ͡ɭɹܕޅܩݖɴɻၖय़ᮒകȵঃȵʱ⏋ປᥒᇕࢸɇ ȦܕԒɴ३ঃȦඨᅊ̊˓̺ˁʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ആᨆɹၖय़കɻ⏋ຮໜೝɹගകᝢᦡೝɴȲ ȦɩʢගകɭɌɩࡔܧɌᐚȿ⏋ɗɹɛʠၖय़കɴᅊਖ਼ɌɩȦɛ֪ඨ႒ɹȋ᧫ᮑݭଘ (refugia)ȍ* ϴᨊ߂߂ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University
ɭɌɩลᔨɌɛɭȦʼʶʳȋីᨆ˧̢ˏжܩക (Western Guinean lowland forests)ȍ⏃ჼܧɹ˹˛ ͤ͞ˠ̦ആᨆ̾͠͠ˏԃܤ˵˵Ͳ̝͞ (Sassandra) ाГីɹ˱ͻ̜˻̓ͩͻ͡ីᨆ⏆ɹ Υᨆˁ෯ଁɐʳ⏏Ʉɹܩݖɻ⏋ᩃᅊᅊ႒ɹਸȵᲞȦᢵᩂɲȋ̜́̒˽̜̒ͅ (hotspot)ȍɭ Ɍɩ⏋ѳԃΫɹᲞȦѝғȵ᠗ʠʰʶɩȦʳLebbie 2001⏏ ǵගകѳԃɭȦȩဣɫɻ⏋కךՕΫȋගക˧̢ˏ (Guinée forestière)ȍɭ٧ɽʶʳആᨆܩݖ ˁμਕɴ⏋Ϻؤވ֓ᮑɹ༑ԂᥥՏᅎೠೳФ᩿ቄᣂ྇ɲɰˁჿᅓɭɌɩගകཝ ࢹȵઉɇʶɩȦʳ⏃ɛɭȭɽWilson 1992⏆⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ആᨆᨆˏ̶͠ˡᡉܕɴປ ʏ⏋ܕፑɭɌɩɹᕶးѳᡸךɹጓɻᧆʶɩȲʱ⏋Ʉʶʚɫ̶͞Ͳ˽ඨܩಁБɴըࡴɇʶɛ ؏ᕶးѳᡸךȵ 2 Ͷଘ⏃˻ˏ͇ݳRéserve de la Biosphère du Massif du Ziama⏧1943 ॷ⏋ ̢Ͳ̫Réserve Naturelle Intégrale de Monts Nimba⏧1944 ॷ⏆⏋ᦏॷృɛɴጓɇʶɛܕጓԇ ܟȵ 2 Ͷଘ⏃̫̚ˑˏͻPark National du Badiar⏧1985 ॷ⏋ˠͻ̢˻˙ͻ͡Park National du Haut-Niger⏧1997 ॷ⏆ȡʳɹʛɫȡʳ⏏ɄʶʰԃѳᡸךɹᯆዩˁغɌɩʢ⏋ܕܤᯆዩɹ 3⎾ʓɰˁװʠʳɴȹɲȦ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɴᢵᩂɲගകˁѳ୫Ɍɲȵʰ⏋ѳԃድ༎֪ɭȦȩဣɫɻᧆʶɩȦɛ˧̢ˏԊٮ ܕɫɻ⏋Ёၱᇍᇕɴගകѳԃᬠᦹɹ༎֪ȵᇵ˃ɴɲʳخᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏ೣዣɫɻ⏋ѳԃకፑɹ ݜᇻɭɲʱ⏋ɗɹكਸɴ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱˁήȭʳගകಕ៎ɹ০ଁ܍ɴɦȦɩɹ᠗ᡫɴᇿɌ⏋Ɍ ɽɌɽΥᇕɴᢦɹѝғɧȿˁɇʶȵɠɲගകಕ៎ʍɹϺဤᇕ৯ᯱɴᬠɐʳᖂ٢ཉȦድϟё ˁЂɐʳɄɭɫ⏋˧̢ˏɹගകѳᡸకፑɹࢰഀӉˁฐᏮɌɩʛɛȦ⏏
2ȅ৬ௗ̥ͣವ͛ͥΆΣͺ͈૩ႅ
ǵ˧̢ˏആᨆɹᢵᩂɲᕶးɹჼႥˁவɌ⏋ɗɹѳԃɹɛʠɹፑˁᓒȭʳɛʠ⏋ᠱʼʶɩ ჼܩˁ᭜ᤉɫែ࢘ɌɴȼɄɭˁӉɌɩȦɛɞȷɛȦ⏏˧̢ˏɹីᨆɴȡʳ᱔ᨊɹ˱̠˪ ͠ȴʰ⏋ആᨆɹගകܩय़ɴكȴȩݭغ⏋˹˛ͤ͞ˠ̦⏋̾͠͠ˏɭɹܕޅɴɤɩܕܤˁᑖ ɐʳܕ᧑ 1 ش2 شᐻˁ 1,000 km ʓɰ⏋ʚʳʚʳ 2 ȴȿɩው֪ɐʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏃ܒ 1⏆⏏ ǵϺؤᏝ 150 ΨϺɹ˱̠˪͠ (Conakry) ॑ɹۂۭˁɴɌɩ᧿ɴՏʳɭ⏋Ꮭ 100 km Ӵɹ˥Ͳ ̚ˑˏ (Kindia) ॑ȡɛʱʚɫɻ⏋ᦏ᧿ᦅȵᇵ˃ɲᦅܩय़ȵᐚȼ⏏ឿཡɐᭉʱɹᓚсܩɭ္ ᅣఔඉɹϠ๖കȵঃȵʱ⏋Ϻဤᇕ৯ᯱˁȼ؝ȿɛಕ៎ȵࣙᬖɌɩȦʳ⏃Ԡሎ 1⏆⏏͇͌ͻ (Mamou) ॑⏋̶ˎ̠͞ (Faranah) ॑ɭȦɤɛᅘȵᐚȼ˹˛ͤ͞ˠ̦ܕޅȦɹܩݖɫɻ⏋Ǿ ɴ˵̫Ͳ̠ȵᇿጓɦʭȩɴɲʱ⏋ᗳɭปᲞȵжȼʚɽʰɲගകɭȵ͐˸˓˪ႥɴՕ॒ɐʳʭ ȩɴɲʳ⏏᧑ᤉȦɴՕ॒ɐʳǾɫɻ⏋ᦅᓚɴ֓ȭɩ˵̫Ͳ̠ˁգᅎɌɛႌɹఔ႑ȵᇿጓɤ ɩȼʳ⏏ ǵ˱̠˪͠ȴʰ 600 km ʓɰᦽ˃ɞ˥˹̝˕˫ (Kissidougou) ॑ȴʰ⏋కךՕɭɌɩɹȋගക ˧̢ˏȍܩݖɴԂʳ⏏ɌȴɌ˥˹̝˕˫ٞᦇɻ⏋ಕ៎ɭɌɩɻගകɭ˵̫Ͳ̠ɹ͐˸˓˪Ⴅȵᐚȷ⏋ගകȵɭȼɴᇿጓɦʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏Ʉɹܩݖɹ႕ᖬɭɌɩ⏋͐˸˓˪ಕ៎ɹμɫ̮̒ ̍ႥɴՕ॒ɐʳගകɹμਕᨆɴᘺȵᇍ᧒Ɍ⏋ᐄഗɭɌɩ̝ͻ̠̓ɹʭȩɲ০ɹගകȵʛʰ ʶʳɄɭȵሾʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ዿȴʰʢ⏋ԓ০ɴι˃ɞॅೠɴܑʚʶɛᘺˁተ᠗ɐʳɄɭȵɫ ȷʳ⏏ 1ȁΆΣͺވგ࣭ਔ༏ၞ ৢ૯ 1ȁ·ς̆΅ϋΟͻͺۼ͈֚໓ࠊ ዿʭʱ৯Ɍɛ̚˻̲̊̚͡ˠӉʭʱ⏃ᘿᓔ৯⏧2000 ॷ 8 ⏆
ǵ˥˹̝˕˫ˁȹ⏋˰˭̝˕ (Guékédou) ॑⏋͇˵Ͳ̊ (Macenta) ॑ɭᦽʞɴɦʶ⏋߂ៀฐɲ ˵̫Ͳ̠ˁᇿɴɐʳɄɭȵࢹɲȼɲʱ⏋ปᲞȵ 20 ዐɹϠ๖കȵᇿɴɦȼʭȩɴɲʳ⏏͇ ˵Ͳ̊ȴʰගക˧̢ˏɹμਕᨊ॑ɫȡʳͲ̄ͤ˱ͤ (Nzérékoré) ॑ɴكȴȩμɫ⏋ܕ᧑ 2 شᐻ ɻ˻ˏ͇ݳѳᡸךɹᨆˁᦲɌɩȦȼ⏃Ԡሎ 2⏆⏏˱̠˪͠ȴʰ 800 km ው֪Ɍɩ⏋՟ʠɩ ᇿɴɐʳᮁ߂ɲၖय़കɫȡʳȵ⏋ᤂᮐɴɌɩ 10 km ʓɰɫѳᡸךˁᦲɌɩɌʚȩɭ⏋ԗʃᅣ ɭϠ๖കɹϺဤᇕ৯ᯱˁȼ؝ȿɛᰟಕȵᐚȦɩȦȼ⏏Ǿɹᦏ᭰ɴʼɑȴɴɇʶɛࢸගക ɴɻॅೠȵᗛɤɩȲʱ⏋ඨᅊȵᇍ᧒Ɍɛၖय़കɫȡɤɛɄɭˁཀྵɇɓʳ⏏ ǵɄȩɌɩ˱̠˪͠ȴʰ 1,000 km ˁᣬቑɌɩගക˧̢ˏɹμਕᨊ॑⏋Ͳ̄ͤ˱ͤ॑ɴɦȦɛȡ ɲɛɻ⏋̢Ͳ̫ᕶးѳᡸךɲɰɹࢸៀฐɲѳᡸךˁែ࢘Ɍɛȡɭɫ⏋ȋɄɄɹɰɄȵගക4 4˧ ̢ˏɲɹɞ⏏ࢹధɫࢸៀฐɲᕶးѳᡸךˁ᭑ȿɽ⏋˧̢ˏɴɻʚɭʢɲගകɲɰࡔܧɌɲȦȍ ɭᐄᠶɧȿʳȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ȋʼɑȴɴɇʶɛගകɹ፬ჿˁɐʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ ʚɛ⏋ลᇕɲගകቑޙɹӯՌɭਲ਼ʼʶʳзɹ္ᅣɲɰɹᅊ༎֪ˁخᔨɲᭉʱըᭉɐʳʏ ȷɞȍɭȦȩʭȩɲకፑரៜˁɐȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ ǵኽɻ 1992 ॷȴʰЁʚɫ⏋˧̢ˏആᨆɹගകܩय़ɴᅊਖ਼ɐʳ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻɹ֪ᅊ ѳᡸɴɦȦɩɹድˁᐚȿɩȷɛȵ⏋˧̢ˏɹಕ៎ɴɦȦɩɹΥᖔᇕɲᢒɻΫ៨ɹʭȩɲʢ ɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ᇤᔀɲɄɭɴ⏋˧̢ˏɫɹᠭീˁᏺȭɩᰧลɫॠܕɐʳɭȷ⏋ଁᅒȡʳȦɻᬠ ዷɹΫዷȴʰٞᦇɹᰟಕˁሖʠʳɛʃɴ⏋˧̢ˏɴປʏ⏋ೣɴɻɲ˃ɭගȵȦɹɞʸȩ⏋ ɭઢɍʳɄɭȵɌɽɌɽɫȡʳ⏏
3ȅ΅ΏΡͽΈ͈૩͂૽͍͂
ǵȲɗʰȼɻ˧̢ˏɹගകɴɦȦɩȼɹϺǾȵԊɌɩȷɛΫ៨ɹʭȩɲᏬ೧ɲᢒˁ⏋ʚ ৢ૯ 2ȁ༗ࢌߊޏٮ͈ΓτΡͽͤ͢བ͚ΐͺζ૩ႅ ዿʭʱ৯Ɍɛ̚˻̲̊̚͡ˠӉʭʱ⏃ᘿᓔ৯⏧2000 ॷ 8 ⏆ʳɫ̦̒ˡͻ˥͖ͻ̸ɹؙ᥊ሾៅɹʭȩɴʁɤȼʱᦐɌɩʛɓɛɹȵ Fairhead ɭ Leach ɴʭʳ ድɫȡʳ⏏৳ʰɻගകɭ˵̫Ͳ̠ɹውय़ (ecotone) ɴеᒞɐʳ˥˹̝˕˫ٞᦇˁᠭീܩɴ᧧ ʃ⏋ගകՕ॒ɭϺǾɹ༎֪ɭɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩɹᯆᇕȴɦᏳɲድˁɤɛFairhead and Leach 1996⏏ ǵីˏ̶͠ˡɹඨᅊՕ॒ɹ႕ਐɭɌɩ⏋˵̩͞ቆྴʭʱʍ⏋˵̼͡ᗳܩय़⏋˽ͻ̋Ͳ˗̒ ̝͞Ͳ̝—˵̫Ͳ̠ܩय़⏋ගക—˵̫Ͳ̠ውܩय़⏋ϗၥ݀˧̢ˏ—˱Ͳ˳жܩၖय़ᮒക⏋ྂ ࿅݀˧̢ˏ—˱Ͳ˳жܩၖय़ᮒകɭȦȩɴ⏋ඨᅊךՕȵആីɴय़Ⴅɴᦹɲʳဣȵ୭ɫȷʳ [White 1983]⏏˥˹̝˕˫ٞᦇɻ⏋ගക—˵̫Ͳ̠ውܩय़ɴеᒞɌ⏋ඨܩಁБʭʱ⏋˵̫ Ͳ̠ɹμɴሁ৹ 1-2 km ɹ̮̒̍ႥගകȵՕ॒ɐʳ႕ਐᇕɲಕ៎ȵ៨ᥔɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ʚɛȼ ɹݭغ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲගകɹμਕᨆɴɻᘺȵʛʰʶʳɄɭȵᢒᇕɫȡʳ⏏ ǵඨܩಁБʭʱ⏋ᕶးѳᡸɴȦᬠਕˁ୫ɦඨܩకࡲʦගകᅊᓔʰɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ Ⴖ႕ɲගക০ɹଁ܍ˁ⏋ϺǾɹᕶးቑޙᇕɲ֪ɹᐄഗɭɌɩᠦ౩Ɍɩȷɛ⏏ϺǾȵ္ᅣʦ ఔ႑ɴʭʱගകˁቑޙɌɩȷɛɛʠ⏋ගകɻɐɫɴ˵̫Ͳ̠ɴ༝ȴʉऄɹʭȩɴɌȴɤɩȲ ʰɑ⏋ȦʚɇʶɛʼɑȴɲගകˁգᅎɌࣉȼɐɛʠɴ⏋ϺǾɻʚɇɴගകɹμਕɴˁᬖȦ ɩȦʳ⏋ɭȦȩៗᨾɫȡʳ⏏
ǵFairhead ɭ Leach ɻ⏋Ʉɹ̢͘ͻ˪ɲ̝ͻ̠̓݀ɹගക (forest islands) Օ॒ɹଁ܍ˁஜʳ ɛʠ⏋˥˹̝˕˫ٞᦇɹ 8 ͶˁᠭീܩɭɌɩ⏋ʚɑ⏋1952 ॷɴ৯ɇʶɛᖒዷԠሎɭ⏋ 1989-92 ॷɹᅙӉɹៗഓᐄഗˁປᥒɌɛ⏏ɐʳɭઝɲɄɭɴ⏋ɄɹᏝ 40 ॷɹᬚɴ⏋ཝࢹ Ɍɛɭᓒȭʰʶɩȷɛ forest islands ɹధʦᯆዩȵ⏋ʞɌʸވȭɩȦʳӃكɴȡʳɄɭȵ౩ʰȴ ɴɲɤɛ⏏1902-6 ॷɹ̶͞Ͳ˽᥅ɴʭɤɩ៨᪼ɇʶɛගകɹ˽˭̒̍ɭ⏋ჼܧɹᅙӉៗഓ ᐄഗɭˁປᥒɌɩʢ⏋ʦɻʱؾɍӃكȵʛɩɭʶɛ⏏ ǵɄʶʰɹᐄഗɻɲɴˁઝ٢ɌɩȦʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ᓬʱᠭീˁɌɩʛʳɭ⏋ȼɹɫ⏋ ɭ forest island ɹᣱ྇ɴᬠɐʳᠦ᠌ȵШȭʰʶɩȲʱ⏋ɗʶʰɻ৳ʰɹӴኘȵ˵̫Ͳ̠ɹμɴ ˁলɌ⏋ᅎปɹඨകɲɰɴʭʱගകˁᦶʱΫɁɛ⏋ɭȦȩᰖɹʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ග കȵވȭɛɛʠɴ⏋࣒ɹলೳɭɌɩਖឹɲᗳೣȵ⏋Гմʭʱȴʰ᧙ȼɴȴɲȼɩɻଝɴ Ԃʰɲȼɲɤɛ⏋ɭȦȩʭȩɲϺɹᠰ᠌ʢ⏋ᅙӉៗഓɴʭɤɩኍڗɇʶɛගകɹୟ߂ȵჼࡸ ɴᣱɄɤɩȷɛɄɭˁఌ୫ɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵϺǾȵ˵̫Ͳ̠ˁගകɴȭɩȦȼ͍ˡ̢̀͌ɭɌɩ⏋Fairhead ɭ Leach ɻ⏋1) ᐁཕᇕ᥅ ϟᇕɴᩂឹɲปዛˁ᧧ିᇕɴ᧟ՖɲݭଘɴඨปɐʳɄɭ⏋2) ˁܑʞගകԒʦകᑉᨆՕʍᅊ ༎ྞˁత॒ɐʳɄɭɴʭʳܤޚɹᔋ໋⏋3) ɹᦏҶɫʼʶʳࢃᘛܟɴʭʳܤޚఒᖪ֟ ഗ⏋4) с႒ᦅɹɴЫȩႌఔ႑ɹᩂឹਸжά⏋5) Ϻؤވɴʭʳᬿတᇺែ֟რɹވ֓⏋6) γᏛеɫʛɛຩҌɹྂ࿅⏋ɭȦɤɛɲឹ܍ˁ୭Ɍ⏋Ʉʶʰȵភᮊɴᐉʛغɤɩගക ވ֓ȵࡸჼɌɩȦʳɭ࢘ɌɩȦʳ⏏ᇿɐʏȷɄɭɻ⏋Υᖔɴගകቑޙɹ᧙܍ɭɌɩ୭ɇ
ʶʳɄɭɹȦϺؤވ֓ȵ⏋Ϋ៨ɹ2)⏋3)⏋5) ɴȲȦɩɻʞɌʸගകވ֓ɹ᧙܍ɭɌɩᓒȭʰ ʶɩȦʳဣɫȡʳ⏏Fairhead ʰɻ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴϺؤވ֓ɹᘿɌȦܩݖɫ forest islands ɹᯆዩȵވ֓ ɌɩȦʳʰɌȦɄɭˁ⏋ᅙӉɹៗഓɭϺؤᇕᣂషɭˁປᥒɐʳɄɭɫϜҺᇕɴኍɌɩȦ ʳ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɴ⏋ቑޙɇʶɛගകɹɹᲖˁՖʱࣉȼɗȩɭɌɩȦʳ⏋ɭᓒȭʰʶɩȷɛ˥ ˹̝˕˫ɹϺǾɻ⏋ࡸɻʢɭʢɭ˵̫Ͳ̠ȵӦӴɌɩȦɛܤܩˁȋᬖୖȍɌ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲू߅ ɫ̮̒̍ႥɹගˁᦶʱΫɁɩȷɛࡔܧɫȡɤɛɹȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏Ʉɹድɻ⏋ᕶးᣂ྇ˁ᧟Ֆ ɴ፬ჿɌఒڵɌɩȷɛࡸςкɭɌɩܩݖзˁеᒞɧȿɌሁɐɄɭɫ⏋ᕶးɹѳᡸʦ୫ᐚᇕ գᅎɴȲȦɩ⏋ߺࢀᓔɭɌɩȭʰʶɩȷɛܩݖзӉˁԗᓒɐʳɄɭˁςɌɩȦʳ⏏
4ȅΐͺζ༗ࢌߊȶࡔႅȷ͈Ⴄঃ
ǵ˻ˏ͇ගകɻ˥˹̝˕˫ȴʰ 100 km ʓɰആɴȡɛʳගക˧̢ˏɹμᨆɴеᒞɌ⏋̶͞Ͳ ˽᯿ɫȡɤɛ 1940 ॷБʭʱ؏ᕶးѳᡸךɭɌɩѳᡸɇʶɩȷɛ⏏1980 ॷɴɻ̦͘˽˱ɹᅊ ႒ܞѳࡔܩݖ (Biosphere Reserve) ɭɌɩ୭ࡴɇʶ⏋ᐵᯆዩ 1,100 km2 оʱɹ˧̢ˏˁБᝠɐʳග കѳᡸךɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ѳᡸךԒɴɻ˧̢ˏܕԒɫɻʓɭ˃ɰʛʰʶɲȦˏ̶͠ˡ̈˗⏋˱̲ ̜ˡ̫⏋̓Ͳ˳ɭȦɤɛॕࢹ߂֪݀႒ɹᅊਖ਼ȵተ᠗ɇʶɩȦʳBarnett and Prangley 1997⏏ ǵɄɹѳᡸךɻ⏋մᦚɹɭȲʱ⏋˱̠˪͠ȴʰͲ̄ͤ˱ͤʚɫᐚȼ 1,000 km ɹݜॻ᧑ᤉȴʰᇿ ɴɐʳɄɭɹɫȷʳڞΥɹ߂ගകɫȡʱ⏋ѳᡸךɹޅᅠᐻɹүɻ⏋ᮃμᇕɴϺଝȵԂɤɛᦅ ᇕಕ៎ɴܑʚʶɩȦʳ⏏ᏬϺᇿɴʢ⏋˧̢ˏɹȋɹᅊകȍɹʁɭɦɭɌɩ⏋ӦӴɫ ѳԃɐʳਖឹਸɹᲞȦݭଘɫȡʳʭȩɴਲ਼ȭʳ⏏ɗɌɩࡸ᭬ɴకঌลᬠʦܕ᭬ NGO ȴʰɻɗ ɹʭȩɴѝɇʶWilson 1992; Kasisi 2002⏋ᦏॷɭȼɴᏄᇕɲѳԃ༎֪ȵʼʶɦɦȡʳ⏏ ǵɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ɄɹʭȩɲᏬ೧ɲಕ៎᠗ᡫɴࢪɌ⏋˥˹̝˕˫ɹϟёɭؾɴᅵᡴȵڟȭʰ ʶɩȦʳFairhead and Leach 1994⏏Fairhead ɭ Leach ɻ 19 γᏛμȴʰץɴೆȴʶɛஜද ࢃɹో៨ȴʰ˻ˏ͇ٞᦇɹಕ៎ˁԗ෯፷Ɍ⏋ɗʶȵЁɹʢɹɭɻ߂ȷȼᅵɲʱ⏋˵̫Ͳ̠ ȵӦӴɐʳμɫᓚсܩɭ္ᅣХᬘകȵʛʰʶʳϺဤᇕɲ৯ᯱɹȦʢɹɫȡɤɛʰɌȦɄɭˁ ୭Ɍɛ⏏ɄʶˁគЊȿʳʭȩɴ⏋20 γᏛ՟ᰄɹᅊ႒ᓔʰɹ៨ᥔɴʢ⏋ɄɹܩݖɫɻΥ๖ കᇕปዛȵʚʶɫϠ๖കਸɹගകȵӦӴɐʳɄɭȵ៨ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏֓ȭɩ Fairhead ʰɻ⏋إ యೆɴ៨ɇʶɩȦʳϺؤɴᬠɐʳ៨ᥔˁՕഓɌɩ⏋˻ˏ͇ٞᦇɹϺؤࢌɻ⏋19 γᏛμʚ ɫɻჼܧɹధ҆ɹៀฐȵȡʱ⏋ɗɹ 19 γᏛץɹ˵͐͠ज़ܕȲʭʃ̶͞Ͳ˽ɴʭʳ৶ʍ ɹୄɹɛʠϺؤȵཝɌ⏋ჼܧʚɛވ֓ӃكɴȡʳɭᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɲҶ៷ȴʰ⏋Fairhead ɭ Leach ɻ⏋˻ˏ͇ගകɻȴɦɩɻ˥˹̝˕˫ɹʭȩɴ˵̫ Ͳ̠ȵӦӴɐʳܤܩɫȡʱ⏋19 γᏛμೝɹϺؤވ֓ಁɴϺǾȵɤɛɇʚɊʚɲ༎֪⏃ᬿޖ ɭɌɩɹඨക⏋ࢃᘛܟ⏋ڧႵჃɴʭʳ̈˗ᅊਖ਼ధɹཝɲɰ⏆ɴʭʱගകɇʶʳИȵȦ⏋ᏝΥγᏛȴȿɩჼܧɹᅊകɹʭȩɴʛȭʳගകȵɫȷȡȵɤɛ⏋ɭȦȩ˽̜ͻ͠ͻˁ ரᣱɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɄɹ˻ˏ͇ගകଁጓɴɦȦɩɹ߂ᔗɲЕᠦɻ⏋ៗᨾɴಸɇȵʳإయɹ៨ᥔʦϺǾɹ ʱɴᰉʳᨆՕȵȼ⏋ᅙӉɲɰɹ౩ተɲ̚ͻ̊ɴʭɤɩࡸ៷ɇʶɛ˥˹̝˕˫ɹϟёɴປ ʏʳɭ⏋ᠦɴȲȦɩ֔ʳɞʸȩ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢ⏋˻ˏ͇ගകΥय़ȵࢹɌմʚɫɻଝ ɦȴɑɹᅊകɫȡʱ⏋ᦏॷਸ਼ɴވ֓ɌɛܩݖзɹϺؤܦɴʭʱ⏋ჼܧਸ਼ᦵɴቑޙɇʶɦ ɦȡʳ⏋ɭȦȩȲໆʚʱɹয়ɩᩄɴɻᆄکɹоܩȵȡʱɗȩɞ⏏ჼܧɹѳᡸךݖԒȴʰ⏋ඨ ปɇʶɛᅎปʦᬿޖɹʭȩɲϺǾɹ༎֪ɹᆜᤄȵʛɦȴʳɄɭȴʰʢ⏋ঃ߂ɲ˻ˏ͇ගകɹ ȴɲʱɹᨆՕȵ⏋ᦏॷ܌ɌɛʢɹɫȡʳɄɭɻተȴɞɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ ǵɄɹϟёɻ⏋ᡴᠶˁ 20 γᏛГᭇɹගക܌ೝɴᐈʶɽ⏋ȡʳઝ٢ɫ 1943 ॷГᭇɴଁጓɌɛ ᦏБᇕɲܑȦᦉʛ݀ѳᡸך˹˽̘͌ȵ⏋ගകɹ܌ɴࢊήɌɛଁ֒ёɭȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ ȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˻ˏ͇ගകɫɻჼܧ⏋Ϻؤȵ⏃ԗ⏱⏆ވ֓Ɍɦɦȡʳѳᡸךٞᦇз ɭ⏋ѳᡸɹɛʠɹ፬ჿˁɌʭȩɭɐʳᕶးѳᡸᬠѥลᬠɹᬚɫѳᡸకፑɴᬠɌɩࢪጓȵ᳞ ౩ɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ඨܩೝГմȴʰɹرᇕᐁᑅˁ᭯ᚂɌɩ⏋كȷɴɻᦲʱɹʭȦȋᢵᩂɲ ଝɦȴɑɹᅊകɞȴʰ؏ࢌɴѳᡸɐʏȷɞȍɭȦȩʭȩɲᠶჿɫѳᡸకፑˁᦽʠʳɲʰɽ⏋ ؑɹᐁᑅˁԊɌɩਛʶɩȦɲȦܩݖзɭɹᬚɹྋɻཉʚʳɞʸȩ⏏
5ȅδΛΕ;ఆ͈ΙϋΩϋΐȜ͂ୈႠ͈૩
ǵ̓̒̅˗ɻ⏋˻ˏ͇ගകȴʰɇʰɴ 100 km ʓɰആɴكȴɤɛ̾͠͠ˏ˱ͻ̜˻̓ͩͻ ͡˧̢ˏɹ 3 ܕܕޅɴʓɰᦏȦݭଘɴȡʱ⏋˱̠˪͠ȴʰʛʶɽʚɇɴӘܩɴȡɛʳ⏏Ʉ ɹɹܑٞɴȡʳధ km2 ʓɰɹࢸɇɲග⏃Ԡሎ 3⏆ɴɻᩃᅊ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻɹΥᮃȵᅊਖ਼Ɍ ɩȲʱ⏋20 γᏛץȴʰᇵ˃ɲᅊ႒ᇕድȵʼʶɩȷɛKortlandt 1967; 1978; ഌ໘ ৢ૯ 3ȁδΛΕ;ఆ͈ୈႠ͈૩ȄΨϋ (Gban)2000⏏ɄɹɹആᏝ 5 km ȴʰɻ⏋γᅠᕶး᧨ᅋɫȡʱᅊ႒ܞѳࡔܩݖɫʢȡʳ̢Ͳ̫؏ ᕶးѳᡸךɹᕊȵࠃʚɤɩȲʱ⏋̓̒̅˗ɹගʢ 1991 ॷɴ̢Ͳ̫ᅊ႒ܞѳᡸܩݖɹ˱ˏ ˛͠ˏɹΥᨆɭɌɩɹ୭ࡴˁ؝ȿɩȦʳᣴʓȴ 1999⏏ ǵ̯̜ɴᦏᑉɹ֪႒ɫȡʱ⏋ᑢຂ˵˓˪͡ȵᬏȼᐓྙȵઉɇʶɩȦʳ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻɻ⏋ᦲ । 50 ᰄմɹᮃ˵˓̀ɫధמ km2 ɹගകˁᅊਖ਼ܩɭɌɩਖឹɭɐʳ⏏ɌȴɌ̓̒̅˗ɹᮃ ɻ⏋ʼɑȴ 20 ᰄʓɰɹ߂ȷɇɌȴɲȼ⏋ᅊਖ਼ݖɹᯆዩʢ 5 km2 ʓɰɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᅊਖ਼ܩɫ ȡʳ̓̒̅˗ٞᦇɻ⏋1 km2 ɴྃɛɲȦႷȦᲞೠകГɻ⏋္ᅣХᬘܩɹϠ๖കɭᦅܩȵঃ ȵʳϺဤᇕɲ৯ᯱɹ߂ȷȦಕ៎ɴʭɤɩ෯ଁɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ʼɑȴధ km Ӵɹ̢Ͳ̫ܩɴɻঃ ߂ɲᲞೠകȵᇍ᧒ɌɩȦʳɄɭɭປʏʳɭ⏋̓̒̅˗ɹࢸගകɻ⏋ʚɇɴϺဤᇕᄩޅɹ༠ɴ༝ ȴʉȋᮐʶࢸऄȍɹʭȩɴʛȭʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲಕ៎ɴࢪɐʳᏬ೧ɲᢒɻʦɻʱ⏋ȋᬖୖɌࣉ ȼɇʶɛܑٞɹᄩޅɹμɫʼɑȴɴՖʱɇʶɛගɴ⏋ᦡᤉˁుɛʶɛ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻȵз˃ɫ ȦʳȍɭȦɤɛʢɹɴɲʳɞʸȩ⏏ɇɩ⏋ɄɄ̓̒̅˗ɫʢʦɻʱ⏋˥˹̝˕˫ʦ˻ˏ͇ɹʭ ȩɴ⏋Ꮼ೧ɲ᠗ᡫɻគՖʰʶʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ ǵ̓̒̅˗ɹʭȩɲໆɌɩჿᇕɫɻɲȦᄩޅɴ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻȵᅊਖ਼ɌɩȦʳჿᅓɴɦȦɩ ɻ⏋ϺɛɠȵԊɐʳႶ႕ɹ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻ៎ɹ৯ᯱȵ୭ɇʶɩȷɛ⏏̓̒̅˗ɹ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ ˻ͻȵ՟ɴయೆ៨᪼ɴᇎݭɐʳ̶͞Ͳ˽ඨܩೝȴʰ⏋̓̒̅˗ɹϺɻ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻˁኜ ᓩែɌɩໆɌɩႵჃɌɛʱᰩʏɛʱɐʳɄɭɻɲȦ⏋ɭ៨ɇʶɩȦʳLamotte 1942⏏৳ʰɹ ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻ៎ɴɦȦɩɻᦚɌɲȦȵ⏋ȋລɹ̜ͻ̘֪͌႒ɫȡʳȍ⏋ȋȡʳرᇕ Տഀϟɹ᭬ɴ৳ʰɹӴኘȵ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻɴ᤹ɌɛȍɭȦɤɛឹᏬȵᐉʛغɤɩ⏋ჼܧɫʢ Ϻɻ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻɴࢪɌᅢʶɭ៊Ɍʛȵཌྷɍʱغɤɛ႕աɲઢˁୃȦɩȦʳʭȩɞ⏏ ǵȦɤʗȩ⏋ɹគɴჼܧɹʭȩɲගȵɇʶɩȦʳჿᅓɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ᦏॷɴɲʳʚɫɻɤ ȷʱɭɌɛᠦ౩ȵɇʶɩȦɲȴɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌኽȵᦏɤɛᠭീɴʭʶɽ⏋̓̒̅˗ɹ̫Ͳɭ ٧ɽʶʳࢸගകɻ⏋ᩂឹɲᏄᮠɛɠȵ࿃ʛ⏋ଁϺәɹݭଘɭɲʳȋᏄᮠɹගȍɭɌɩɹลᔨ ˁ୫ɦࡱఠᇕɲගɫȡʳɄɭȵɻɤȷʱɌɩȷɛᣴ 1999⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ꮔᮠɹගɻីˏ̶͠ ˡɹᦅɴΥᖔᇕɴʛʰʶʳʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ɲɕɄʶʚɫɗɹɄɭȵУɓʰʶɩȷɛɹɞʸȩ ȴ⏏˧̢ˏɫɻ 1958 ॷɹႶጓГഀ⏋́˪̜˕ͻͤ߂ᐏ᯿ɴʭʳЦςᒶకณȵᐚȷ⏋1984 ॷ̜˕ͻͤ߂ᐏ᯿ɹɹሁ⏋ံᝐ˪ͻ̊̚ͻɴʭʱకณȵϯБɌ⏋ᕶᅓᤉᐻȵఫȴʶʳ ʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏̜˕ͻͤకณಁɴɻ⏋Цςᒶɴʭʳܕᐏغˁᦽʠʳɛʠ⏋ܧഀࡱఠˁኧ Ɍ⏋Ꮔᮠɹගɫɹәʢ᧓ɭɐʳȋᔵኜዃ (démystifi cation)ȍకፑȵɭʰʶɛ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋ ϺɴɭɤɩᏄᮠɹගɴɦȦɩៜؖɐʳɄɭɻ᧓ဤɫȡɤɛʼȿɫȡʳ⏏̜˕ͻͤకณಁɹ ϺɹံࡱఠᇕɴɦȦɩɻ1978ȵɌȼ៨ᥔɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɗʶɫɻ⏋̫ͲɹගɹଁጓɴɦȦɩɻɰȩɫȡʸȩȴ⏏ϺɛɠɻՖʱɇʶɛᅊകˁᏄ ᮠɹගɭɌɩదɤɩȦʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏋ɗʶɭʢ˥˹̝˕˫ɹ forest islands ɭؾ⏋Ʉʶʢʚɛ
Ϻᕶ᤹ȵᦶʱΫɁɩȷɛ෯፷႒ɲɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ɄɹဣɴɦȦɩɻჼܧᠭീμɲɹɫᦚɻ᧫ ȿʳȵ⏋ॠံЕᠦɭɌɩȋᅊകЕᠦȍˁɭɤɩ̫Ͳɹගˁሖʠɩʛʳɭ⏋ʦʦߏߴɴਲ਼ȭʳ ဣȵȦȼɦȴʛʰʶʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽަ݀ɹ̫Ͳɹගɹ᯳Ϋɴɻॅೠȵʛʰʶɑ⏋ཉȦᚼȵᑢ ᗛɌɩȦʳ⏏ɇʰɴɄɹ᯳Ϋɹᚼˁԓ০ɴܑʞʭȩɴॅೠȵᨗᒞɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹȩɠɹȼ ɻ⏋˥˹̝˕˫ɫˁলɐʳ᭬ɴඨകɇʶʳปዛɭؾɍɫȡʳ⏃ɛɭȭɽ Ceiba pentandra, Triplochiton scleroxylon⏆⏏ʚɛ⏋μᕊɴɻԋ᭢ɹմᦽˁᭀʞɭȦʼʶʳլೠೣਸᙶඨ႒ɫȡʳ Acacia pennata ˁʛʳɄɭʢɫȷʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲ៎࢘ɴ⏋ȋȵ՟ɴলɇʶɛɹɻ̫Ͳɹ᯳ Ϋɫ⏋ɗɹჼܧɹݭଘɴው֪Ɍɛȍ⏋ɭȦȩɹرɴɦȦɩɹᠦ౩ˁ֓٢Ɍɩᓒȭʳɭ⏋ ̫Ͳɹගɹɗʢɗʢɹลᔨɻ᥅ϟᇕɲȋݐȍɫȡɤɛخᔨਸȵ୭ɫȷʳ⏏Ʉɹဣɻ⏋ඨปɹ ံˁيʠЁɹᠭീɴʭʱ౩ʰȴɴɌɩȦȷɛȦɭᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɇʰɴ⏋̫Ͳɹගɹ፴ܑɹرᇕ᧦ɴɦȦɩʢᖂ٢ཉȦکȦȵɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ჼܧɻ᯳Ϋ ܑٞɹॅೠᒴȴʰᵴʚɫ⏋ȷʶȦɴගɴʭɤɩុʼʶɩȦʳȵ⏃Ԡሎ 3⏆⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢ 1960 ॷ БɹȡʳಁೝɴɻμᕊʭʱΫɹᨆՕˁɌɩᅣȵᬖȴʶɩȦɛɄɭȵ⏋1960 ॷБץɴ̓̒ ̅˗ɫ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻɹቁೝᠭീˁɤɛˏ͌˽̘̋͌͡߂ɹድᓔȵɌɛӉɴʭɤɩ ተ᠗ɫȷʳ⏃Ԡሎ 4⏆⏏ɄʶˁគЊȿʳʭȩɴ⏋ភధɹϺɻ⏋౬ɹ̫Ͳɹගɻȋ̾ͤͻ॥ɹ ʭȩɲȍ⏃᯳ΫЊᦏɴʱɦȦɩȦʳɞȿɹ⏆ʢɹɫȡɤɛɭ៨ૡɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋1960 ॷ ɭ 1965 ॷɴ 2 ܌̓̒̅˗ˁʶɛ Kortlandt ɻ⏋Ʉɹ 5 ॷɹᬚɴϺȵ̫ͲɹගɹάץՕ⏃ᯆ ዩɫ 3/4⏆ˁΥຩɴᅣɴɌɩɌʚɤɛ⏋ɭᦚʏɩȦʳKortlandt 1986⏏Ʉɹಁೝɻ˧̢ˏႶ ጓሁɫȡʱ⏋ᩂዒȵᠩɓʰʶɛɭϺǾɴ៨ૡɇʶɩȦʳಁೝɭᩂɲɤɩȦʳɛʠ⏋ȋ̾ͤͻ ॥ȍႥɹ̫Ͳɹගȵ⏋ȴɦɩȴʰɹ।ɫȡɤɛɹȴ⏋60 ॷБɴʦʞˁɑᅣɴɇʶɛᐄ ഗɲɹȴɻՕȴʰɲȦ⏏̓̒̅˗ɫɻɄɹʭȩɲගɹرᇕ᠗ᡫɴᬠɐʳሂ᧓ȵ⏋зɭѳᡸ కፑɹࡸేᓔɭɹȡȦɞɫჿɹѳᡸךӉɹሂ᧓ɭɲɤɩکᰍɐʳɄɭʢɌɽɌɽȡʳ ৢ૯ 4ȁ1967 ා൚শ͈Ψϋࠊ
ᣴ թμ⏏˻ˏ͇ɹϟёɫʢ୭Ɍɛʭȩɴ⏋ගക০ଁɹرɴɦȦɩɹ᠗ᡫɻ⏋ѳᡸకፑ ɹᡴᠶɴȲȦɩᩂឹɲѥϝဣɭɲʱȩʳᩂឹɲکᰍɲɹɫ⏋̓̒̅˗ɫɻЁɹષᩂɲᠭീˁ ᦲɍɩ⏋зɭѳᡸకፑɹࡸేᓔɭɹȡȦɞɫ᠗ᡫˁԊɌɩȦȼਖឹȵȡʳ⏏
6ȅΆΣͺ͈ুட̠ͬ̓ບث̳̥ͥ
ǵɄɄʚɫ⏋ගക˧̢ˏܩݖɹ 3 ɦɹϟёˁЂɌɩȷɛ⏏ɗɹȦɑʶʢȵ⏋ȋోᓔȍᇕែ ဣɴʭʳ⏋ಕ៎ɹᏬ೧ɲᢒɴࢪɌ⏋ᅵᡴˁᅕɌጓɩʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʰ 3 ϟёɻ⏋ɤɩ ȦʳගകɹៀฐʦϺǾɹᬠήɹȡʱɴɦȦɩΥɫɻɲȦȵ⏃ᝠ 1⏆⏋ಕ៎০ଁɴᬠɐʳܩ ݖзɹዩෑᇕɲᬠήˁ୭ɌɩȦʳɭɄʸɴԊᦲဣȵȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴܩݖзɹ༎֪ȵᕶ းѳᡸᇕɴɻɛʰȼɭȦȩ⏋ȡʳઝ٢ɫઝɲүᯆˁ᠗ᡫɐʳɄɭɻ⏋ᦏॷ˧̢ˏɴȲȦɩʢ ᮒɹፋɹɅɭȼጓɠΫȵɤɩȦʳᕶးѳᡸᅙɴࢪɌɩɰɹʭȩɲኍڗˁήȭʳɞʸȩȴ⏏ ǵȋోᓔȍᇕɲᏬ೧ɲ᠗ᡫʍɹଫՠɻ⏋ɴઝཉȼድɐʶɽϟࡸȵʭȼʛȭɩȼʳ⏋ɭ ȦȩʭȩɲድΫɹଯکᰍɭɌɩςɌɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏Fairhead ɭ Leach 1996ʢ ୭ɌɩȦʳʭȩɴ⏋ඨܩೝɹకࡲɲɰɄʶʚɫɹ˧̢ˏɹගകѳᡸয়ᓔʰɻ⏋2 ፲ɫ ɤɛฐ௹᠅ɹʭȩɲዿȴʰɹែ࢘ɴʭɤɩʰʶɛᢒɴݜɧȷ⏋ගകѳᡸకፑˁໆࡴ Ɍɩȷɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᦏॷɹᕶးѳᡸᅙɴɦȦɩʢ⏋ϟࡸȵɰȩɫȡʶ⏋ȋଝɦȴɑɹᢵᩂɲග കȵ༥ྙࢨմɫȡʳȍɭȦȩፉೆȷɹ̺ͦͅͻ˸͡ɫɲȦɭᣂᩆȵɦȴɲȦɭȦȩʭȩɲ෯ᦶ ᇕکᰍʢȡʸȩ⏏Ё܌ЂɌɛϟёȴʰኍڗɇʶʳɹɻ⏋عܩݖɹࡸɴɌɛѳᡸᅙˁጓ ɩʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ಕ៎ɹ০ଁɴᬠɐʳષᩂȴɦᯆᇕɲᠭീȵਖឹɫȡʳɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ ǵʚɛ⏋ೣዣɫɻ˧̢ˏɹᦅಕ៎ȵϺဤᇕɲ৯ᯱˁȼ؝ȿɩȦʳɄɭɴɌɽɌɽៜؖɌ ɩȷɛ⏏ȋଝɦȴɑɹȍΥ๖ᇕᕶးˁᲞȼѝɐʳᓒȭȴʰɐʶɽ⏋ɄɄɻ᳄ɹϋɌȦܩ ݖɭȦȩɄɭɴɲʳɞʸȩ⏏Ȧɤʗȩɫ⏋˧̢ˏɻᩃᅊ֪႒ɹዛਸɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋ٞᦇᡉܕ ɴປᥒɌɩᢌȴɫȡʱBarnett and Prangley 1997⏋ᐓྙઉዛɹ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻˁёɴɭʶɽ⏋ ̠˓˻˙͠ˏГីɹីˏ̶͠ˡᡉܕɹμɫ߂ɹᅊਖ਼ధˁѳ୫ɌɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹȩɠ 95⎾ȵѳ ᡸךɹᨆɴᅊਖ਼ɌɩȦʳɭȦȩHam et al. 2002⏏ɦʚʱ˧̢ˏɫɻ⏋္ᅣХᬘകɲɰɹϺ ນ 1ȁΆΣͺ͈૩ႅ͈੨අಭ ගകៀฐ (km2) ගകɹ০ ඨᅊǵ ᣱ྇ ᦏॷɹගകވཝ ˥˹̝˕˫ 0.2-3.3 ᘺക ˵̫Ͳ̠ගക͐˸˓˪ Ϻဤ ވ ˻ˏ͇ Ꮭ 1,100 ගകѳᡸך ˵̫Ͳ̠ගക͐˸˓˪⏱ Ϻဤ⏃⏱⏆ ވ ̓̒̅˗ Ꮭ 1 ᘺക ၖय़ക ⏱ ވ⏱ ̢Ͳ̫* Ꮭ 180 ගകѳᡸך ၖय़ക ᅊക⏱ ཝ⏱ * ೣయɫɻ៘ʶɩȦɲȦȵ⏋̓̒̅˗ɴ᭰ஞɐʳ̢Ͳ̫ගകɹرᇕᅊᇕеᒞɧȿɻЁɹᖂ٢ཉ Ȧ̘ͻ͇ɫȡʳ⏏ဤᇕ৯ᯱɹȦܩݖɻ⏋ჼႥɫʢሂয়ధɹᩃᅊ֪႒ɹᅊਖ਼ܩɭɲɤɩȦʳʭȩɫȡʳ⏏ჼܧɹ ၖय़ˏ̶͠ˡɹѳԃ༎֪ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ᦏೣɫ߂ȷɲ࿈༑ɭɲɤɩȦʳȋᩁȍ֪ȵჿਥ ᇕɴςɐʳʭȩɲ⏋Ϻဤᇕ৯ᯱɹȦϠ๖ᇕඨᅊɹѳԃˁᇿ୭ɐ֪ɻʛȡɛʰɲȦ⏏Ɍȴ ɌմᦚɹȋᏄᮠɹගȍʦ္ᅣХᬘകɲɰ⏋Ϡ๖ᇕඨᅊɹѳԃᅊᇕɲѝғˁԗѝɐʳɄɭ ɻ⏋ᩂឹɲࢰഀᇕᠩᰍɫȡʳ⏃ᣴ 2000ˁؒ၇⏆⏏ɇʚɊʚɲઝ٢ɫȋϺȼɇȦȍ˧̢ˏ ɹගകɻ⏋ឿɛᇿɻੲȦȵߡȵཉȼ⏋᳄ᇕɲድࢪᢒɫȡʳɄɭɻᬚ᧓ȦɲȦ⏏ ৫ȁৃ ǵೣድɻ⏋యᨆህዀድᢹជ֖ᩆ⏋႕աድڊߣ֜ᢹ⏃9702670⏋1997-1999 ॷ⏆⏋ݜᇻድA⏃10041168⏋ Бᝠᓔ⏧ॺπ⏋1998-2000 ॷ⏆⏋ᗐଝድ B⏃15710182⏋2003 ॷ⏆ȲʭʃᢧϺ̜̊͜ᢧ 2000 ॷ ድ֖ଁ A (363) ȴʰɹ֖ଁɴʭɤɩʼʶʚɌɛ⏏˧̢ˏ̓̒̅˗ɫɹᠭീɴᬠɌɩ⏋˧̢ˏᲞፈఠ ᔒህዀଯ࣌Ȳʭʃ̓̒̅˗ᄩޅድଘȴʰɹᠭീ៰خɗɹЈɹఌஹɴઢᡚɌʚɐ⏏ܧ˧̢ˏೣ߂ ь᱅ᬠѥɹᇖɇʚ⏋ॺπລ⏋ഌ໘ڒᨀລʓȴ̓̒̅˗ድ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹԊؾድᓔɹᡉລ⏋Ȳʭʃ ̓̒̅˗ɹϺǾɴɻ⏋˧̢ˏɫɹᅊ༎ʦᠶయсଁɴᬠɌɩɛȦʍ˃Ȳγ᠌ɴɲʱʚɌɛ⏏Fairhead ʰɹ ድˁЂɌɩάɇɤɛ॑ाӵᮁລ⏋˱͍Ͳ̜ˁάɇɤɛࢸሁปລ⏋ೣ᠖ɹלؿീᠧᓔȲʭʃᑂᮃࠇڊ ɹ߄ᅒᕸລ⏋ϴᨊ߂߂ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድድዀɹȋϺɭᕶးድЦȍؒ֓ᓔɹǾɴઢᡚ Ɍʚɐ⏏ ֨ȁဥȁȁࡃ
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ॺπ⏏1978⏏ȏ̓̒̅˗ɹϺɭ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻ⏧ីˏ̶͠ˡӘܩɹᅊȑᏛРܕ࣒ೆঊ⏏
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ᣴǵៜ⏏1999⏏ȋŋኜᓩɲගŌɹ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻ⏧˧̢ˏ⑺̓̒̅˗ɴȲȿʳϺɭɹԊࡔȍȏ˛˱̶̅ˑˏȑ 3: 106-117. ⏏2000⏏ȋ ᩃ ᅊ ֪ ႒ ɭ Ԋ ᅊ ɐ ʳ Ɍ ȼ ʛ—ˏ ̶ ͠ ˡ ɴ Ȳ ȿ ʳ Ԓ ᇍ ᇕ ɲ ᕶ း ѳ ᡸ—ȍ ˓ Ͳ ̊ ͻ ̦ ̒ ̜ ᦹ ᐚ ᡙ এ⏋ ϴ ᨊ ߂ ߂ ˏ ˻ ˏ ˏ ̶ ͠ ˡ ܩ ݖ ድ ድ ዀ ˏ ̶ ͠ ˡ ܩ ݖ ድ ࢭ ఓ⏏ http://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/lecture/yamakoshi/index.html⏃2003 ॷ 7 24 ⏆⏏ ⏏թμ⏏ȋᠨȵˏ̶͠ˡɹᕶးˁࡪʳɹȴ—ܧഀᄩޅਲ਼ɴݜɧȦɛᕶးѳᡸɹخᔨਸˁஜ ʳ—ȍᩂᅒልᒶᑂȏˏ̶͠ˡɹȑϴᨊ߂ՏႆЦ⏏ ᣴǵៜጭӯॺഌ໘ڒᨀॺπ⏏1999⏏ȋ˧̢ˏԊٮܕ̓̒̅˗ɴȲȿʳ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻድ ࢸرȍȏᮠᬏᰖድȑ15(2): 101-114.
