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(2) . . . . Spatio-temporal patterns of neural activity for face processing Wataru S6ID The Hakubi Project, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University. Faces and facial emotional expressions can be detected rapidly and e$ciently. To understand the psychological mechanisms of such phenomena, studies of the spatio-temporal patterns of neural activity in response to facial stimuli are useful. For example, our intracranial field potential recording study revealed that the amygdala showed greater gamma-band activity in response to faces compared with mosaics at 200ῌ300 ms. Our results also showed that the gamma-band activity of the amygdala was more pronounced in response to fearful versus neutral facial expressions at 50ῌ150 ms. Other studies have revealed the spatio-temporal patterns of face-related activity in other brain regions, such as the fusiform gyrus, superior temporal sulcus, and inferior frontal gyrus. These neuroscientific data deepen our understanding of the mental mechanisms involved in processing faces and facial emotional expressions. Key words : Amygdala; Emotional facial expression; Face; Gamma oscillation; Intracranial field potential recording.. $ D$u;'! D D mn. ῎ῌ῏῍ . . DEFr s-.1%tR';/. ! " #$%&'()*+,-./ 0. -. ! 1eRTr s*S Dn. 1%-23456 78$9:;'<=>?@ABC!. X. $ CD D$EF<=G@HIJC/ K. 1eRT# X! DOP -.. #LB! MN OPQR'! S DQR. (Lindsay & Norman, 1977)/ ($! 1eRT@. TUVWXYZ[\@" <=] ^
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(73) (e.g., Fairhall & Ishai, 2007) . . !"#$ %. ῌ῏῎῍ &'()*+,- ./012 3 45 6789:;<=#$>% ?> @ *AB,- *+/*CD,- ./0 EF1 @*)G H=;I 9:1 JK L MNNO % PQ>*9:;R ST ./0. 3PUV . WXYZ[. T>\S](^ _O`P%. ῐΐῒῑ Adolphs, R. (2002). Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 12, 169ῌ 177. Amaral, D. G., Behniea, H., & Kelly, J. L. (2003). Topographic organization of projections from the amygdala to the visual cortex in the macaque monkey. Neuroscience, 118, 1099ῌ1120. Anderson, A. K., & Phelps, E. A. (2001). Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature, 411, 305ῌ309. Bayle, D. J., Hena#, M. A., & Krolak-Salmon, P. (2009). Unconsciously perceived fear in peripheral vision alerts the limbic system: a MEG study. PLoS One, 4, e8207. Bentin, S., & Deouell, L. Y. (2000). Structural encoding and identification in face processing: ERP evidence for separate mechanisms. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17, 35ῌ55. Breiter, H. C., Etco#, N. L., Whalen, P. J., Kennedy, W. A., Rauch, S. L., Buckner, R. L., Strauss, M. M., Hyman, S. E., & Rosen, B. R. (1996). Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron, 17, 875ῌ 887. Buccino, G., Binkofski, F., Fink, G. R., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., a Freund, H. J. (2001). Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: an fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 400ῌ404. Burrows, A. M. (2008). The facial expression musculature in primates and its evolutionary significance. Bioessays, 30, 212ῌ225. De#ke, I., Sander, T., Heidenreich, J., Sommer, W., Curio, G., Trahms, L., & Lueschow, A. (2007). MEG/ EEG sources of the 170-ms response to faces are co-localized in the fusiform gyrus. NeuroImage, 35, 1495ῌ1501. Fairhall, S. L., & Ishai, A. (2007). E#ective connec-. 29 . 2. tivity within the distributed cortical network for face perception. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 2400ῌ2406. Furl, N., van Rijsbergen, N. J., Kiebel, S. J., Friston, K. J., Treves, A., & Dolan, R. J. (2010). Modulation of perception and brain activity by predictable trajectories of facial expressions. Cerebral Cortex, 20, 694ῌ703. Gardner, H. (1985). The mind’s new science: A history of the cognitive revolution. New York: Basic Books. bcdefd H. (1987). ghijk hlm no pq rsk tuDvw Genetti, M., Khateb, A., Heinzer, S., Michel, C. M., & Pegna, A. J. (2009). Temporal dynamics of awareness for facial identity revealed with ERP. Brain and Cognition, 69, 296ῌ305. Ishai, A., Schmidt, C. F., & Boesiger, P. (2005). Face perception is mediated by a distributed cortical network. Brain Research Bulletin, 67, 87ῌ93. Johnson, M. H. (2005). Subcortical face processing. Nature Review Neuroscience, 6, 766ῌ774. Jones, E. G., & Burton, H. (1976). A projection from the medial pulvinar to the amygdala in primates. Brain Research, 104, 142ῌ147. Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 4302ῌ4311. Kreiman, G., Koch, C., & Fried, I. (2000). Categoryspecific visual responses of single neurons in the human medial temporal lobe. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 946ῌ953. LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Simon and Schuster. Lindsay, P. H., & Norman, D. A. (1977). Human information processing: An introduction to psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press. bxyz PH/{d| DA. (1983). [m}~ 1k h rsk z w Maratos, F. A., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Rippon, G., & Senior, C. (2009). Coarse threat images reveal theta oscillations in the amygdala: a magnetoencephalography study. Cognitive, A#ective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 133ῌ143. Mikuni, N., Nagamine, T., Ikeda, A., Terada, K., Taki, W., Kimura, J., a Shibasaki, H. (1997). Simultaneous recording of epileptiform discharges by MEG and subdural electrodes in temporal lobe epilepsy. NeuroImage, 5, 298ῌ306. Oya, H., Kawasaki, H., Howard, M. A. III, & Adolphs, R. (2002). Electrophysiological responses in the human amygdala discriminate emotion categories of complex visual stimuli. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 9502ῌ9512. Rossion, B., & Jacques, C. (2008). Does physical interstimulus variance account for early electrophysio-.
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(75) logical face sensitive responses in the human brain? Ten lessons on the N170. NeuroImage, 39, 1959ῌ1979. Sato, W., Kochiyama, T., Uono, S., Matsuda, K., Usui, K., Inoue, Y., & Toichi, M. (in press). Rapid amygdala gamma oscillations in response to fearful facial expressions. Neuropsychologia. Sato, W., & Yoshikawa, S. (2007). Spontaneous facial mimicry in response to dynamic facial expressions. Cognition, 104, 1ῌ18.. 175. Sato, W., & Yoshikawa, S. (2010). Detection of emotional facial expressions and anti-expressions. Visual Cognition, 18, 369ῌ388. Tong, F., Nakayama, K., Vaughan, J. T., & Kanwisher, N. (1998). Binocular rivalry and visual awareness in human extrastriate cortex. Neuron, 21, 753ῌ759. Tottenham, N., Leon, A. C., & Casey, B. J. (2006). The face behind the mask: A developmental study. Developmental Science, 9, 288ῌ294..
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