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FINDING THE DICTIONARY FORM OF JAPANESE VERBS & Adjectives STEP ONE: Identify the verb s inflection To do this you need to be able to recognise all po

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(1)

How to recognize,

classify and use

the inflection patterns

of Japanese verbs and

Adjectives

If you want to find a verb or adjective in a dictionary or if

you want to inflect it correctly,

Your First Task is:

Identify Verb Types:

Ichidan?

Godan?

Irregular?

Adjective?

(2)

FINDING THE DICTIONARY FORM

OF JAPANESE VERBS & Adjectives

STEP ONE:

IIIIddd

deeeennnnttttiiiiffffyyyy tttthhhheeee vvvveeeerrrrbbbb’’’’ssss iiiinnnnfffflllleeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn

To do this you need to be able to recognise all possible inflections even if you have not yet learned what they mean. We have them listed on the chart called MAKING VERBS WORK and on the other two charts, THE GODAN DOSHI TREE and ICHIDAN VERBS ARE LIKE A BAMBOO. They are found on the computer programme by selecting VERB CHART, and in the stack UJVA INTRODUCTION.

They will also be listed following this explanation. (Pp123-124)

EXAMPLE:

inflected ending

いなかった (

居なかった

) +なかった

かかなかった(

書かなかった)

+なかった

STEP TWO::::

EEEExxxxaaaam

miiiinnnneeee tttthhhheeee pppprrrreeeecccceeeeddddiiiinnnnggg

m

m

g ssssyyyyllllllllaaaabbb

blllleeee....

Each possible inflection is added to a verb according to one of two sets of rules depending on whether the verb is an ICHIDAN (one row) verb or a GODAN (5 row) verb. If the verb is ICHIDAN, the vowel sound in the syllable before the inflection will ALWAYS be either an ‘e’ or an ‘i’

So, if that is what you find, simply replace the inflection with the ‘-ru’ syllable, because that is the inflection the verb uses to be listed in a dictionary.

Look again at the first example above:

い+なかった

居+なかった

The preceding syllable is “i’ so replace the inflection with

“-ru”

 

and you have:

the dictionary form of an ICHIDAN verb.

いる

居る

The next step is to look for it in a dictionary. If it is there, you know you got it right. If not, well, keep reading and we will look at other possibilities.

Using the same rule in reverse, you can now form all the inflected forms of this verb, merely by cutting off the -ru and replacing it with the chosen inflection. This is shown graphically on the bamboo chart.

(3)

The second example:

かか+なかった・

書か+なかった

STEP TWO::::

EEEExxxxaaaam

miiiinnnneeee tttthhhheeee pppprrrreeeecccceeeeddddiiiinnnnggg

m

m

g ssssyyyyllllllllaaaabbb

blllleeee....

The syllable before the inflection is -ka- , so we know that this is a GODAN verb. How do we know?

GODAN verbs are so called because each possible inflection is added to one of the 5 ROWS of the Japanese sound table. That is, if the syllable before the inflection contains or is the

-a, -i,-u, -e, or -o vowel, then the verb should be a GODAN verb. To explain this again,

each GODAN verb uses every one of the 5 syllables between its base form and the inflected endings. Your job is to learn which of the five syllables to use before each possible inflected ending. The chart THE GODAN DOSHI TREE shows which of the five syllables are used with which inflected endings. (P123, or Cards 9-16 of UJVA Intro.)

Now look again at the second example,

書か

かな

なか

かっ

った

Preceding the -nakatta is the syllable -ka- which you know is the a-row of the five syllable set かか・かか・・・きききき・・く・・く・くく・・・けけ・けけ・こ・・こここ . (a-i-u-e-o) Therefore we know that this verb is constructed like this:

bbbb aaaasssseeee 5555----rrrroooowwww lllliiiinnnnkkkk iiiinnnnfffflllleeeecccctttteeeedddd eeeennnnddddiiiinnnngggg

or

書 +

+  なかった

kkkk aaaa ++++ kkkk aaaa ++++ nnnnaaaakkkkaaaattttttttttttaaaa

From this we know that this is a GODAN verb. Why? Because if the inflected ending is preceded by the syllable containing the ‘a’ vowel, in this case, -ka- then we know it has to be a GODAN verb.

In this case the linking syllable is the first row of

か・

・き

き・

・く

く・

・け

け・

・こ

....

TT

T

Toooo ffffiiiinnnndddd tttthhhheeee ““““ddddiiiiccccttttiiiioooonnnnaaaarrrryyyy ffffoooorrrrm

m

m

m”””” ((((jjjjiiiisssshhhhooookkkkeeeeiiii////ggggeeeennnnkkkkeeeeiiii)))) ooooffff aaaa

G

G

G

GO

OD

O

O

DA

D

D

AN

A

A

N vvvveeeerrrrbbb

N

N

b,,,, ssssiiiim

mppppllllyyyy ccccoooonnnnvvvveeeerrrrtttt tttthhhheeee 55

m

m

5tttthhhh rrrroooow

5

w

w

w ssssyyyyllllllllaaaabbb

blllleeee ttttoooo tttthhhheeee

3

3

3

3rrrrdddd rrrroooow

w ffffoooorrrrm

w

w

m,,,, tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss,,,, ttttoooo tttthhhheeee oooonnnneeee ccccoooonnnnttttaaaaiiiinnnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ----uuuu

m

m

vvvvooo

ow

w

w

weeeellll....

So, to return to the example,

From

書か

かな

なか

かっ

った

Remove the inflection 

 

 

 

ーな

なか

かっ

った

Of

kkkkaaaakkkkaaaa----

convert the remaining last syllable

----kkkkaaaa

to the 3rd row ----kkkkuuuu

the result is:

tttthhhheeee ddd

diiiiccccttttiiiioooonnnnaaaarrrryyyy ffffoooorrrrm

m::::

m

m

(4)

A

A

A

A S

SLLL

S

S

LIIIIG

GH

G

G

HT

H

H

T

T

T C

CO

C

C

O

O

OM

MP

M

M

PLLL

P

P

LIIIIC

CA

C

C

AT

A

A

TIIIIO

T

T

ON

O

O

N

N

N

There are a few GODAN verbs using the the 5 rows,

ら・

・り

り・

・る

る・

・れ

れ・

・ろ

ろ 

 

 

 

(ra-ri-ru-re-ro)

but which happen to have the vowel sound ‘e’ or‘i’ in the preceding syllable. Think back to the rule for identifying a GODAN verb.

If the verb is ICHIDAN, the vowel sound in the syllable before the inflection will ALWAYS be either an ‘e’ or an ‘i.’

Unfortunately, it is also the case that some GODAN verbs using the syllables ra-ri-ru-re-ro have the ‘e’ or ‘i’ vowel in front of the 5 rows and can therefore in some inflected forms look just like an ICHIDAN verb. So how do you tell the difference?

Let’s add the inflected ending -tai (which needs to be added to the ‘i’ row of GODAN verbs) to one of these verbs and see what happens. e.g.

From ははしははしししりりたりりたたたいいいい  remove the -tai. This leaves hashiri- of which the last syllable contains   the ‘i’ vowel. So according to the rule it might be an ICHIDAN verb, in which case we would make the dictionary form by simply substituting -ru for the original inflection  -tai.  

DDD

Doooo tttthhhhiiiissss,,,, aaaannnndddd wwwweeee hhhhaaaavvvveeee aaaa ddddiiiiccccttttiiiioooonnnnaaaarrrryyyy ffffoooorrrrmm はmm はしははしししりりりりるるるる.... TT

T

Trrrreeeeaaaatttt iiiitttt aaaassss GGOGGOOODDADDANAAN,,,, tttthhhheeee ddddiiiiccccttttiiiioooonnnnaaaarrrryyyy ffffoooorrrrmNN m iiiissss はmm はははししししるる....るる

hhhhaaaasssshhhhiiiirrrriiiirrrruuuu or hhhhaaaasssshhhhiiiirrrruuuu????

HHH

Hoooowwww ttttoooo tttteeeellllllll wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh iiiissss rrrriiiigggghhhhtttt???? AAA

Annnnsssswweeeerrrr:::: LLLLooooooookkkk uuuupppp bbbbooootttthhhh ppppoooossssssssiiiibbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ddddiiiiccccttttiiiioooonnnnaaaarrrryyyy....ww

If you did this in the above case, you would find that there is no verb ははしははしりししりるりりる. But there isるる ははは

はししししるるるる which follows the GODAN rule. So, problem solved.

S

S

S

So

om

o

o

me

m

m

et

e

e

tiiiim

t

t

me

m

m

es

e

e

s t

s

s

t

t

tw

w

w

wo

o v

o

o

ve

v

v

er

e

e

rb

r

r

bs

b

b

s c

s

s

c

c

ca

a

a

an

n t

n

n

t

t

th

hr

h

h

ro

r

r

ow

o

o

w u

w

w

up

u

u

p t

p

p

th

t

t

he

h

h

e

e

e s

sa

s

s

am

a

a

me

m

m

e iiiin

e

e

nf

n

n

flll

f

f

le

ec

e

e

c

c

ct

t

t

te

e

e

ed

d

d

d

f

f

f

fo

o

o

or

r

r

rm

m

m

m e

e

e

ev

ve

v

v

en

e

e

n

n

n t

th

t

t

ho

h

h

ou

o

o

u

u

ug

gh

g

g

h o

h

h

o

o

on

ne

n

n

e iiiis

e

e

s

s

s IIIIC

C

C

CH

H

H

HIIIID

DA

D

D

AN

A

A

N a

N

N

a

a

an

nd

n

n

d t

d

d

t

t

th

h

h

he

e o

e

e

o

o

ot

th

t

t

he

h

h

er

e

e

r

r

r iiiis

s

s

s G

GO

G

G

OD

O

O

DA

D

D

AN

A

A

N

N

N....

おり

りま

ます

Remove the inflection -masu and the last syllable now contains the vowel -i- so it could be ICHIDAN or it could be a GODAN verb using ra-ri-ru-re-ro. The only way to find out is to make the dictionary forms by both rules, and look them up to see if they both exist.

For a possible ICHIDAN dictionary form of おおおおりりりりまままますすreplace the inflection -masu with すす ---- rrrr uuuu.

RRR

(5)

For a possible GODAN dictionary form:

from

ooo

orrrriiiim

maaaassssuuuu

m

m

remove

----m

m

m

maaaassssuuuu

convert the preceding syllable

----rrrriiii

to the third row

----rrrruuuu.

RRR

Reeeessssuuuulllltttt:::: お

おる

IIIIffff yyyyooo

ouuuu llllooooooookkkk iiiinnnn aaaa ddddiiiiccccttttiiiioooonnnnaaaarrrryyyy yyyyoooouuuu ffffiiiinnnndddd::::

bbb

booootttthhhh

おり

りる

 

 

 

 

&&&&

おる

eeeexxxxiiiisssstttt....

So, the ICHIDAN verb

おり

りる

る 

 

 

 

and the GODAN verb

おる

る 

 

 

 

both produce the same

desu/masu form

おり

りま

ます

. Which one one is intended?

Well as they will mean different things you will know from the context which is meant. Then of course in written Japanese, kanji will mostly be used and you will know from the kanji which verb is used. e.g.

おり

りま

ます

(ICHIDAN))

 

 

 

 

will be written

降り

りま

ます

す 

 

 

 

or

 

 

 

 下

下り

りま

ます

す 

 

 

 

and,

おり

りま

ます

(GODAN) will be written

折り

りま

ます

す,,,, 居

居り

りま

ます

す 

 

 

 

or

織り

りま

ます

Yes, there are indeed three

おる

’s! But their meanings are quite different so in practice, no confusion will occur.

On the next 3 pages, there are charts which line up the dictionary form of GODAN verbs using the -i- and -e- vowels with potentially confuseable ICHIDAN verbs. You can see that if verb has more than 2 syllables, then the dictionary form shows reliably whether or not a verb is GODAN or ICHIDAN because,

after the kanji or stem of the verb,

GODAN

verbs aaaaddd

ddddd oooonnnnllllyyyy

----rrrruuuu

to the kanji,

ICHIDAN

verbs

aaaaddd

ddddd 22

2 ssssyyyyllllllllaaaabbb

2

blllleeeessss iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddiiiinnnnggg

g ----rrrruuuu.

ICHIDAN GODAN

 

 

 

  

 換

 

 

換え

える

る(

(か

かえ

える

る)

返る

る(

(か

かえ

える

る)

ka + eru kae + ru

(6)

O

O

O

Ok

ku

k

k

ur

u

u

riiiig

r

r

ga

g

g

an

a

a

na

n

n

a w

a

a

wiiiit

w

w

th

t

t

h

h

h

v

v

v

ve

e

e

er

r

r

rb

bs

b

b

s o

s

s

of

o

o

f 3

f

f

3 o

3

3

or

o

o

r

r

r m

mo

m

m

or

o

o

re

r

r

e

e

e s

sy

s

s

ylll

y

y

llll

la

ab

a

a

blll

b

b

le

es

e

e

s

s

s

IIIICC

C

CH

H

H

HIIIID

DA

D

D

AN

A

A

N

N

N

(adds 2 syllables)

GO

G

G

G

O

O

OD

DA

D

D

AN

A

A

N

N

N

(adds one syllable)

信じ

じる

る(

(し

しん

ん+

+じ

じる

る)

弄る

る(

(い

いじ

じ+

+る

る)

代え

える

る(

(か

か 

 +

 

 

+え

える

る)

替え

える

る(

(か

か 

 +

 

 

+え

える

る)

帰る

る(

(か

かえ

え+

+る

る)

換え

える

る(

(か

か 

 +

 

 

+え

える

る)

返る

る(

(か

かえ

え+

+る

る)

v

v

v

ve

er

e

e

r

r

rb

bs

b

b

s o

s

s

of

o

o

f o

f

f

on

o

o

nlll

n

n

ly

y 2

y

y

2

2 s

2

sy

s

s

ylll

y

y

llll

la

ab

a

a

b

b

blll

le

e

e

es

s

s

s

As you can see from the chart, this handy rule does not help to distinguish verbs of either kind if they have only 2 syllables including the final -ru, to start with. With two syllable verbs, you have to look in the dictionary for a clue as to whether it is ICHIDAN or GODAN.

WWW

Whhhhaaaatttt cccclllluuuueeeessss mmiiiigggghhhhtttt yyyyoooouuuu ffffiiiinnnndddd????mm

Look at the examples of usage. (If your dictionary gives no examples, throw it away and get

one that does.) The easiest clues will be given by the negative form or the -te or -ta forms.

1

1

1

1.... LLLLooooooookkkk ffffoooorrrr aaaannnn eeeexxxxaaaam

m

m

mpppplllleeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee nnnneeeeggg

gaaaattttiiiivvvveeee ffffoooorrrrm

m

m

m::::

There should be an example using the plain negative. Suppose the verb is

いる

る 

 

 

 

(say, either

居る

or

 

 

 

 要

要る

る)

if the vowel in the syllable before the negative ending

-nai

is -a- as in

-ra, then you know it is a GODAN verb of the ra-ri-ru-re-ro type.

The problem is solved BUT, if the syllable before the -nai ending is the base of the verb itself,

as in

居る

る 

 .

 

 

. 

 居

 

 

居+

+な

ない

then you know it is an ICHIDAN verb.

2

2

2

2.... LLLLooooooookkkk ffffoooorrrr aaaannnn eeeexxxxaaaam

mpppplllleeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee ----tttteeee ffffoooorrrrm

m

m

m

m

m oooorrrr tttthhhheeee ppppllllaaaaiiiinnnn ppppaaaasssstttt,,,,

----ttttaaaa ffffooo

orrrrm

m

m

m....

These inflections of GODAN verbs always look like,

ーっ

って

て、

((((----tttttttteeee)))) or

ーっ

った

((((----ttttttttaaaa)))) therefore if you see

いっ

って

て 

 い

 

 

いっ

った

た 

 

 

 

you know the verb is GODAN. If you see

いて

OR

いた

((((----iiiitttteeee oooorrrr iiiittttaaaa,,,, ----eeeetttteeee oooorrrr ----eeeettttaaaa))))

you know the verb is ICHIDAN.

(7)

G

GO

G

G

OD

O

O

D

DA

D

AN

A

A

N v

N

N

ve

v

v

er

e

e

rb

r

r

bs

b

b

s e

s

s

ea

e

e

as

a

a

sy

s

s

y t

y

y

t

to

t

o

o

o

c

c

c

co

on

o

o

nf

n

n

fu

f

f

us

u

u

se

s

s

e w

e

e

wiiiit

w

w

th

t

t

h IIIIC

h

h

CH

C

C

HIIIID

H

H

DA

D

D

AN

A

A

N v

N

N

ve

v

v

er

e

e

rb

r

r

bs

b

b

s

s

s

V

V

V

Veeeerrrrbbbbssss eeeennnnddddiiiinnnngggg ----iiiirrrruuuu

2

2

2

2:

:/

:

:

/,

/

/

,9

,

,

9 aaaaPPPP]]]]MMM

9

9

M^^^^ PPPPYY

YOO

Y

OTTTTYY

O

YRRRR

Y

®

®

®

®®

®®

®

®

®

®

®TTTTYY

YTTTT

Y





lj

lj

lj

>TTTTX

>

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>

>

P]]]]MMM

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X

X

M^^^^ QQQQZZ

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.

.

3

3

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/

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[

,9

,

,

9

9

9

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Z

Y

Y

弄る

る(

(い

いじ

じる

る)

) 

 

 

 弄

弄ら

らな

ない

 

 

 

  

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 弄

 

 

弄っ

って

参る

る(

(ま

まい

いる

る)

) 

 

 

 参

参ら

らな

ない

 

 

 

  

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 参

 

 

参っ

って

過る

る(

(よ

よぎ

ぎる

る)

) 

 

 

 過

過ら

らな

ない

 

 

 

  

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 過

 

 

過っ

って

遮る

る(

(さ

さえ

えぎ

ぎる

る)

)遮

遮ら

らな

ない

 

 

 

  

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 遮

 

 

遮っ

って

入る

る(

(は

はい

いる

る)

) 

 

 

 入

入ら

らな

ない

 

 

 

  

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 入

 

 

入っ

って

走る

る(

(は

はし

しる

る)

) 

 

 

 走

走ら

らな

ない

 

 

 

  

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

  

 

 走

 

 

走っ

って

て 

  

 

 

 

 

  

  

 

 

 

 

 

信じ

じる

る(

(し

しん

んじ

じる

る)

)信

信じ

じな

ない

 

 

 

  

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 信

 

 

信じ

じて

強い

いる

る(

(し

しい

いる

る)

) 

 強

 

 

強い

いな

ない

 

 

 

  

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 強

 

 

強い

いて

過ぎ

ぎる

る(

(す

すぎ

ぎる

る)

) 

 過

 

 

過ぎ

ぎな

ない

 

 

 

  

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 過

 

 

過ぎ

ぎて

起き

きる

る(

(お

おき

きる

る)

) 

 起

 

 

起き

きな

ない

 

 

 

  

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 起

 

 

起き

きて

降り

りる

る(

(お

おり

りる

る)

) 

 降

 

 

降り

りな

ない

 

 

 

  

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 降

 

 

降り

りて

生き

きる

る(

(い

いき

きる

る)

) 

 生

 

 

生き

きな

ない

 

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 生

 

 

生き

きて

て 

 

 

 



 ^^^^ddddWWWWWWWWLLLLMMM

MWWWWPPPP aaaaPPPP]]]]MMM

M^^^^  ZZ

Z]]]] aaaaPPPP]]]]MMM

Z

M^^^^

b

b

b

bTTTT____SS

S LLLL ZZ

S

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Y

MWWWWPPPP MMM

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要っ

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ちる

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(8)

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Z

M^^^^

b

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S LLLL ZZ

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(9)

LLL

Liiiis

st

s

s

t o

t

t

of

o

o

f IIIIn

f

f

nf

n

n

flll

f

f

le

ec

e

e

ct

c

c

tiiiio

t

t

on

o

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ns

n

n

s

s

s

w

w

w

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th

t

t

h LLL

h

h

Liiiin

nk

n

n

kiiiin

k

k

ng

n

n

g S

g

g

Sy

S

S

ylll

y

y

llll

la

ab

a

a

blll

b

b

le

es

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a

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co

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V

V

Ve

er

e

e

rb

r

r

b T

b

b

Ty

T

T

yp

y

y

pe

p

p

e....

e

e

(See following 3 pages)

G

G

G

GO

OD

O

O

DA

D

D

AN

A

A

N V

N

N

VEEEERRRRBBB

V

V

BSSSS

On page 123, the tree shows how the inflections are attached to a GODAN verb. Each inflection can only be attached to a specific syllable. You have to learn this pattern in order to find the Dictionary Form or go from the form you find in the dictionary to other forms.

The lopped-off top of the main trunk represents the

"sentence-end

form"

or

"Shuushi" (終止形)

It is also referred to the

“plain form”

or

“dearu-cho."

It is the most common form of the verb for ending sentences and clauses in written Japanese, and is normal too in spoken Japanese except for the the final verb of a sentence when the “desu/masu-cho” will often but not necessarily be used.

IIIICC

CH

C

HIIIID

H

H

DA

D

D

AN

A

A

N V

N

N

VEEEERRRRBBB

V

V

BSSSS

Page 124 shows the same inflections and how they are attached to ICHIDAN verbs. Note that instead of the five options of

GODAN verbs, they all attach to the same syllable, except those in the top boxes which follow the

“dearu-cho,”

(plain form) or,

either the

“dearu-cho”

or the

“desu/masu-cho”

(formal form.)

You can use these charts (which are also available as wall charts)to help you find the Dictionary Forms in the practice exercises which follow, and then we suggest you go to the stack, “First Practice” before doing Exercises A and B of UJVA, the computer programme.

(10)

tabe-owaru, hashiri-dasu, fuki-komu;

e,g, machi ni iki, kaimono shimashita

* It is not always obvious that these forms are added to the "i-row" of GODAN verbs. Apparent contradiction occurs with verbs based on the a-, ka-, ra-, na-, and ma-rows because of the gradual dropping of a sound between the stem and the ending.

These words are added to finite forms of Japanese verbs, and can be added to either the present or past tense , "desu/masu-cho" or "de/aru-cho" depending on specific rules of usage for each word. Refer to Bamboo chart and grammar texts also.

SSS Seeeeeeee BB B Baaaammbbbmmboooooooo cccchhhhaaaarrrrtttt ---- rrrr eeee bbbb aaaa ,,,, ---- rrrr aaaa rrrr eeee rrrr uuuu uuuusssseeee bbbbaaaasssseeee ffffoooorrrrmmmm,,,, nnnnoooo iiiinnnnfffflllleeeeccccttttiiiioooo nnnn....

----ssssaaaasssseeeerrrruuuu//// ----ssssaaaassssuuuu,,,, ---- rrrr aaaa rrrr eeee rrrr uuuu

-nai,-naku,-nakute,-naide,-nakatta,-nakattara, -nakereba,-nu,-zu,-zaru(o enai)

-seru, -su, -reru

masu,masen,mashita,mashite;tai,takunai, -takatta(ra),-takute,-takunakute-takunaide, -takunakatta(ra),-takereba,-takunakereba; -ta(ra)*,-te*,-de*; -nagara,-tsutsu,-yasui, -nikui,-zurai; compound verbs, e.g.

connective form at end of clause, no inflection,

nouns, pronouns; rashii, sooda, mai, to, noni, ga, kara, node, keredomo, shi, shika, made, bakari, dake, hodo, gurai, yooda.

-(e)ba "if" (conditional)

-(e)ru add to GODAN verbs to mean "can" imperative form, no added inflection. -u UUUUSSSSEEEE """"aaaa----rrrrooooww""""ww ((((mmiiiizzzzeeeennnn))))mm UUSSSSEEEEUU """"iiii----rrrroooowwww"""" ((((rrrreeeennnnyyyyoooo)))) UUSSSSEEEE UU """"rrrreeeennnnttttaaaaiiii"""" ooo orrrr nnnnoooouuuunnnn----llll iiii nnnn kkkk iiii nnnn gggg ffffoooorrrrmm mm aaaaccccccccoooorrrrddddiiiinnnngggg ttttoooo rrrruuuulllleeeessss ffffoooorrrr eeeeaaaacccchhhh w w w woooorrrrdddd.... U U U USSSSEEEE eeee----rrrroooowwww A A A

Adddddddd ----rrrruuuu ttttoooo ----eeee---- aaaannnndddd G G G GOOOODDADDAAANNNN vvvvbbbb bbb beeeeccccoooommmmeeeessss IIIICCC HCH IIIIDHH DDD AAAA NNNN ----oooo---- bbb beeeeccccoooommmmeeeessss ----yyyyooo UUSSSSEEEEUU """"oooo----rrrroooowwww""""

auxilliary (jodoshi) of supposition or intention added to "o-row" of verb. Romanisation obscures its presence but the kana for "u" is used in Japanese. GGGGOOOODDADDANAANNN NNNNOOTTTOOTEEEESSSS IIIICCCHCHIIIIDHHDDADAANANNN N N N NOOOOTTTTEEEESSSS

T

T

T

Th

he

h

h

e IIIIn

e

e

nf

n

n

flll

f

f

le

ec

e

e

ct

c

c

tiiiio

t

t

on

o

o

ns

n

n

s y

s

s

yo

y

y

ou

o

o

u

u

u

n

ne

n

n

ee

e

e

ed

e

e

d t

d

d

to

t

t

o k

o

o

kn

k

k

no

n

n

ow

o

o

w

w

w

参照

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