『ねじの回転』における曖昧性

著者 長谷川 和子

雑誌名 大手前女子短期大学・大手前栄養文化学院・大手前

ビジネス学院研究集録

巻 9

ページ 184‑192

発行年 1989‑12‑01

URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1160/00001698/

Creative Commons : 表示 ‑ 非営利 ‑ 改変禁止 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑nc‑nd/3.0/deed.ja

『ね じの 回 転 』

TheAmbiguityin

ゆ﹂こ

丁加

お け る曖昧性

丁π7η(ゾ 伽s6鮒

長谷川

禾

子

KazukoHASEGAWA

SincethepublicationofT勿Tz〃 難 ρプ 焼6S676ω,theambiguityinithasbeencriticized

anddrawndisputesastowhetheritisaghoststory"pureandsimple1)"orastorymore

complexthanthat.Inthispaper,Iclarifythattheambiguityisdesignedelaboratelyby

HenryJamesinordertofulfillhisaimthathisreadersshouldsupply"allblanks2)"with

theirimaginationsandexperience,bytryingpossibleinterpretations,mainlyapsycholog‑

icalone,andbysurveyingJames'theoryoffiction‑makinginhisdocuments.

Theambiguityintheworkmakesdiverseinterpretationspossible.Thesimplestone

isasaghoststory:thestoryisaboutheroicfightsofagovernessagainstevilghostswho

trytopossesstwoinnocentchildrennamedMilesandFlora.Inthisinterpretation,there

arisesacrucialproblemconcerningtheghostswhocannotbeseenbyanyoneexceptthe

governess.Butthequestionablepointcanbeattributedtoherspecialsensitivityto五 〇 〇k

throughevil,asadefenderofgoodoradaughterofaparson.Asaghoststory,itin‑

volvesreaders,withoutdoubt,inthesenseofhorrorfeltbythegoverness.Ifthechildren

havebeenalreadypossessedbytheghosts,themultipliedenemiesofthegovernessandthe

supremecontrastofinfernalevilinheavenlyinnocenceandbeautyincreasehorror.Their

denialofseeingtheghosts,theirterribleprecocity,Miles'dismissalfromschooLandhis

walkinginthemidnightgardenandstealingthegoverness'sletterareallreasonablefor

thisinterpretation.AndasMilesisaliveonlyasabodyoftheevilsouLhediesassoon

asithasbeenexpelledfromhisbody.Consequently,hisdeathdeepenstragedyincontrast

withthegoverness'sheroicfeat.

Themoreintellectualoneisasapsychologicalstoryofagovernessstrugglingwith

herhallucinationofghosts.Thisinterpretationseemstobemosttenableforthefacethat

onlythegovernessseestheghosts.Themostimportantviewconcerningtheinterpretation

iswhatdriveshertosuchabnormalmentalconditionastohallucinate.

Thefirstkeyissuggestedinherbackground.Sheattheageof20is̀̀theyoungestof

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severaldaughtersofapoorcountryparson"(295)3)with"theeccentricnature"(355).It

isnaturalthatgreatnessandrichnessofBlymakeherexultandstrainexcessivelyincon‑

trastwithherpoor,stiflingbackground.Itisalsonaturalthatherunworldlinessleadsto

ら  

herimmediateloveforheremployerwhohasimpressedherasagentlemanlnadreamor

anoldnovel"(295).Andhernervousnessorsusceptibilitymaybehereditary,judging

fromherfather'snature.Ifherhereditarytendencyisemphasized,herabnormalitycanbe

attributedtoherneuropathylikemaniaorinsanity.

Thesecondkeytoherabnormalityispreparedbyheremployer.Hismaincondition

offeredtoherishisabsolutedetachmentfromalltroubleswithhisnephewandniece.The

egoisticandstrangestipulationworkseffectivelytoaccelerateherabnormalityintwo

ways二itstirsherexcessivelystrongsenseofselfsacrificeanddrivesherintospiritual

isolationattimeofneed.

ManyotherkeysarefoundinBly.Aftershehadacceptedthework,shespent2

daysinthewavesofexcitementanddepression.Shemaynothavesleptthe2nights.Next

dayshecannotsleepeitheratBly,inspiteofherphysicalexhaustionafterthelongtrip

bybumping,swingingcoachandofherspiritualexhaustionafteranxietyandsuddende‑

light.Herinsomnia4)for3daysatleastinentirelynewenvironmentisaccountablefor

ざる り ら るる ウウ ら

herhallucinationoflessnaturalsoundslikeblrds',thecryofachildandlightfoot

step"(300)atBly.

OnthefourthdayatBly,aletterfromheremployer,includinganotherletterfrom

Miles'school,reachesher.Assoonasshelooksatit,sheisin"keenapprehension"(303),

inspiteofaletterfromherknightorherprince.ShedecidesthereasonofMiles'dismiss‑

alas"he'saninjurytotheothers"(304),withoutanylogicalbase,althoughitmaybefor 

histooyoungageasdescribed,thesmallboy,whohadbeenforatermatschoo1‑young ashewastobesent"(296),Hertendencytothinksomethingbadiscausedbyhersense ofisolationandrecognitionoftheimportanceofherwork,justasshecomparesherselfto ahelmsmanof"agreatdriftingship"(302).

Asthefirstimportantevent,amaleghostappearsonahightower.Itisclearthat herimaginationconcoctsandinvokeshimbecausesheexpects"tomeetsomeone"as̀̀ina charmingstory"(310),justbeforehisappearance.Speakingmorestrictly,shefanciesto meetheremployerwhomsheisinfatuatedwith.IfweapplyaFreudianinterpretationto this,theghostisaresultofhersexualrepression5),andthetoweristhemalesymbol.If weapplyaJungianinterpretation,thehighnessofthetowerishersubconsciousrecogni‑

tionofthesocialhighnessofheremployer,whichforceshertorepressherloveforhim.

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Theghosポsfacedifferentfromhimisalsothesameworkofhersubconsciousness.She

confessesofheriǹ̀bewildermentofvision"(310),andnoticesthedlsappearanceofall

sounds.Thisconditionreflectsherhypersensitivityorsuspensionofsenses.Theincredi‑

bilitytohisappearingisprovedbytheinconsistencybetweenthefactsthatshecanseehis

ざ る,,

eyesfixeduponherandthatthetoweritself,whereheappears,loomsthroughthedusk

(310)iǹ̀thefadinglight"(31ユ).

OneSundayevening,themaleghostappearsoutsideawindow.Theghostisidenti‑

fiedwithavaletnamedPeterQuintbyahousekeeper,Mrs.Grose,Heridentificationim‑

pressesunwaryreaderswiththerealityoftheghost.Butwemustnoticeheridentification

isdrawnfromrathersubjective,vaguedetailslike"nohat","1ikeanactor","no,nevera

gentleman",and̀̀insomebody'sclothes"(320)6).Shedoesnotreactimmediateiytoobjec‑

tivedetailsas,"redhair...close‑curling",̀̀redqueerwhiskers","particularlyarched"

"

eyebrows",̀̀widemouth"and"thinlips"(320).

OnthefifthdayatBly,thegovernessistoldvaguelythedeathofalategoverness

namedMissJesselandthedeathofPeterQuint.Itisnaturalthatvaguenessofthierdeath

increaseshersuspicionandtensionwhichmustbringhersleeplessnights(325).Herdes‑

centofself̲controlornormalityisshowninherillogicalwayofthinking:

"H

ewaslookingforlittleMiles."Aportentousclearnessnowpossessedme。

"Th

at'swhomhewaslookingfor.""Buthowdoyouknow?""Iknow,I

know,Iknow!"Myexaltationgrew."Andyouknow,mydear!"(322)

Aftertheevent,shespendsdayswith"anabsolutecertainty"(323)thatsheshould

seeagaintheghost̀̀inastifledsuspense,adisguisedexcitementthatmightwell,hadit

continuedtoolong,haveturnedtosomethinglikemadness"(326).Andweknowherin・

somniahasbecomeworse,judgingfromsuchsayingas̲̀̀itmaybeimaginedwhetherI

slept"orfromherlongmeditation"bythetimethemorrow'ssunwashigh"(325).Inthis

mentalcondition,afemaleghostappears.Itisprovedtobethegoverness'shaUucination

byobviouslyillogicalandinconsistentstatements.Sheassertsthatshè̀begantotakein

withcertitude,andyet痂 漉o魏4〃66'〃 ∫sゴoπ,thepresence...ofathirdperson"orshe"was

conscious‑stilleven卿 ゴ〃zoz6'Joo々 歪η9‑ofitshavinguponthecharacterandattitude"ofthe

ghost(327)[emphasismine].AndthenshetransfershereyesstraighttoFloraandfinds

thegirlhasturnedherbacktothedirectionoftheghost.Wearesureneitherthegover‑

nessnorFloraseestheghost.ButthegovernessreportsMrs.Grosethat"Florasaw!"

(328).Andagainstherdoubt,thegovernessreplies̀̀Isawwithmyeyes二sawthatshe

wasperfectlyaware"(329).Weknownobodycanseeother'sperceptionasavisual

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thing.

AgaintheidentificationofthefemaleghostasMissJesselisincrediblebecauseitis

doneノ}ア ∫'bythegovernessasshowninthefollowingconversation:

Then,toshowhowIhadthoughtitallout:"Mypredecessor‑theonewho

died."[thegoverness]

"Mi

ssJessel?"[Mrs,Grose](329).

Butlatersheconfuseswhoidentifiedthefemaleghostfirstas,

Icametobeabletogive...aportraitontheexhibitionofwhichshe[Mrs.

Grose]hadinstantlyrecognizedandnamedthem"(333).

MoreoverthegovernessforbidsMrs.GrosetoinquirethefactofFlora,basedonthesup‑

positionthatshewilllie(329).Allofthemproveherabnormalityunlessshetellsliesin‑

tentionally.IfaJungiananalysisisapPlied7),thelakewherethefemaleghostapPearsis

thesymbolofamirrorreflectingthegoverness'ssubconsciousness,andtheghostisa

andthetensionbringshersleeplessnightsnaturally.Atdawnwhenshedoesn'tsleepall nightlong,sheseesQuintonastair.Obviouslyherinsomniahasaneffectonher.With hisappearance,sheshowsthemoreadvancedmorbidcase.Shenotonlyidentifieshimat aglarlce,butgoesintohisperceptionas"heknewmeaswellasIknewhim...heknewI hadnot"terror(342).Theunionwithherandhisperceptionispossiblebecausethe ghostisfiguredoutofherbrain.

Whensheseesthefemaleghostagain,itisinsuchanightassheissittinguptill shedoesnotknowwhen(345).Inthiscase,theinsomniaisagainafactorofherhalluci‑

nation.Theghost,unlikeherfirstappearance,seemsinwoe,becausethegovernesshas alreadyknownMissJesserstragedy.IfaJungiananalysisisapPliedhere,theghostisthe governess'sweepingfigureforherabsolutelyunrequited,unconfessedlove.

OnthellthdayaftershemetQuintfirst,thechildrenfrightenherbytheirmischief inmidnight.Theirbehaviormakesherbelievetheirintimaterelationwiththeghostsand plungesherintomania.Shesays̀̀theyaretalkingofthem̲Igoon,Iknow,asifIwere crazy"(351).Hermaniaistestifiedbyherbehaviorsafterward:herextraordinarysense ofself‑sacrifice(356),andchatteringmorethanever(357),andflingingherselfaboutin herroom(357).

WhenshedecidestoretreatfromBlywithadefeatedfeeling,thefemaleghost appearstochangeherplan.Itisalsoherhallucinationtofulfillherownheroicduty.The

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ghost's"weariness"(365)reflectsthatofthegoverness.Herpsychological,morbidcase

obviouslyadvances.WhenshereportstheeventtoMrs.Grose,shesaysthattheghost

spoketoher,"shesuffersthetorments"(367).Itisanevidentlietojustifyherabnormal‑

ity.Shemaynotbeawareofherlying.Forsheisobsessedbythefixedideaofthe

ghosts.

ThehallucinationbywhichthegovernessdrivesFloralntodeliriumisinvokedby

thegoverness'spreoccupationofanepisode8〕of.DavidandSaulassociatedwithMiles'play‑

ingthepiano,andbyherstrongdesiretoletMrs.Groseseetheghosttoo.Theevidences

forthedesireareprovedbythegoverness'"thrillofloy"(380),anda"messageofgrati‑

tude"(380)totheapPearanceoftheghost,

Nextmorning,Mrs.Grose'sreportthatFloraspokereallyshochlng"horrors"(388)

isincrediblebecauseofherfeverofdelirium.Hereisamisunderstandingbetweenthegov‑

ernessandMrs.Grose.The"horrors"toldbyFloramaybetherelationbetweenQuint

andMissJesselwhentheywerealive.Therefore,Mrs.Groseagreeswiththegoverness's

opinionofFlora'sleavingBly.Buttothegoverness,thè̀horrors"areofcouse,the

ghostsandshethinksMrs.Groseagreeswiththerealityoftheghosts.Hermisunder‑

standingisattributedtoMrs.Grose'smodestywhichpreventsherfromrehearsinghideous

languages.WhenQuintapPearslast,shefeeishimlike"asentineibeforeaprison"(398).

Aprisonerconfinedinaprisonofself‑repressionandobsessionisthegovernessherself,

orherlibidoinaFreudiananalysis,whoorwhichwantstobeunboundbyherlover.The

sentinelisatransformedfigureofherloverbecauseofherrecognitionthathecannotre‑

lieveher,andofcourse,amanoutofherworld.AndbyforcingMilestorecognize加7

sentinel,shefrightenshimtodie.

ThethirdinterpretationisasastoryofMrs.Grose'seviltrapasEricSolomon

asserts9):Mrs.GrosewithoutherownchildrenhaslovedFloraandMiles.Buttheywere

takenawaybyMissJesselandQuint.Totakethemback,shemurderedthemandmakesa

newgovernessmadbyusinghernervousness.Althougntherearemanyreasonablepoints

forthisinterpretatoin,aminortreatmentofMrs.Groseinthestoryseemsnottobe

apPropriatetothisinterpretation.

These3interpretationsarebasedonthepsychologicalambiguity.Besidesit,there

isstructuralambiguityincludingmainlytheframeandtimescheme.

Thisworkhasatriplenarrativestructure.Thefirstnarratoristhegoverness,the

experienceroftheevent,whotellsitinhermanuscript.OnaChristmasfamilyparty,af一

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ter20yearsfromherdeath,thesecondnarrator,amembero正theparty,calledDouglas

readshermanuscriptgiventohimbeforeshedied.AndmuchlaterfromtheChristmas,

̀̀r'

read"anexacttranscriptofmyownmade"(295),basedontheoriginalmanuscript

giventò̀me"byDouglasbeforehedied.

Generallywhenaneventisconveyedwithoutexaggerationordiminutionbyanar‑

rator,andahearerhasprejudiceneithertotheeventnortothenarrator,thehearer's

understandingoftheeventisidenticalwiththespeaker's.Butactuallyboththenarrator

andthehearerareinfluencedbytheiremotionorbackground.Forexample,thegoverness

maytellthestorytoexcuseherselfinherowndistrustofherjudgmentoftheevent,orto

leavethejudgmenttoDouglas,ortoaskforforgivenessbeingawareofherguilt,ortore‑

vealherownglliltinordertomakeyoungDouglasgiveuphislovetoher.Andthe

hearer,Douglas,mayseasonthestorywithhisloveandpityforher,ormayconceal

somethingdishonorabletoherforhissenseofshame.Suchemotionandbackgroundtrans‑

formtheoriginalstoryinahearer'sperceptionwhichwillbetransformedinthenexthear‑

er'sperception.Suchheareriseitheracharacterinthestoryorareader.Infact,Douglas

vouchesforthegovernessas̀̀shewasamostcharmingperson。..shewouldhavebeen

worthyofanywhatever...shestruckmeasawfullycleverandnice"(293>.Hisguaran‑

teeiseffectivetoinvolvereadersintothegoverness'sstorywithoutanysuspicion.But

paradoxicallyhissubjectiveobservationisacluetodoubthercredibility.Themorenarra・

torsandhearersincrease,themoreelementstotransformtheoriginalstoryincrease.For

example,"1"inthethirdframelaysemphasisonthe"exacttranscript."Wewonderwhy

̀̀1"d

oesn'treadtheoriginalmanuscriptandsuspectthepossibilityofatransformationof

thestorytoldbyDouglas.Butinthisstory,itisnotexpressedovertlyhowallcharacters

transformoneeventandhowtheyludgeit.Itisnotdecidedbyeventhegovernessandshe

leavesittoDouglas,andheto"1",and̀̀1"toreaders.

Otherdevicetomakethestoryambiguousisatimescheme.Theeventoccurred50

yearsbeforetheChristmasparty.Itisambiguouswhenthegovernesswrotethemanu‑

script.Ifshewroteitjustaftertheevent,themanuscriptisasdoubtfulashermentalcon‑

dition.IfshewroteitattimebetweenhermeetingwithDouglaswhichoccurred10years

aftertheevent,andherdeath,themanuscriptisalsodoubtfulforherfadedmemoryor

hermodifiedremembrance.AndDouglas'40yearsilenceofhermanuscriptisalsosignifi‑

cant・Isitforhislovetoconcealherguilt,orforhisrespectforherheroicexperience

whichcannotbeunderstoodexcepthim?Andthetimewhen"1"narrateisambiguous:how

̀̀ リ リ

muchlongeritisaftertheChristmas.Thestoryveiledsothickincreasesthebeautyof

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romance.

Thethirdstructuralambiguityisanonymousnessoftheheroineand"1."Their

anonymousnessmaybeadevicetocutoffanassociationwithHenryJamesandAliceJames

whosufferedfromneuropathyasOscarCargillpointsoutlo),ormaybeforDouglas'10veto

concealhislover'snamebasedonhisjudgmentthatshewasguilty,ormaysuggestan

allegorythateverybodymayexperiencewhatthegovernessdid,iftheghostsrepresent

generalevil.

Thereislexicalambiguityinusingthethirdpersonpronounlikeaspelloflanguage.

Thiskindofambiguityisrelatedclosewithpsychologicalambiguity.Onesays"he"and

theotherperceives̀̀he"as̀̀anotherhe".Thetechniqueisoftenusedinacrucialpoint.

Forexample,inthebeginningofChapter23,Milessays"Wehavetheothers"(394).He

mayrefertoservantsortheghosts.Theambiguityofthereferentsproducesthenext

ambiguityastowhetherheisinnocentorthreatening.TheambiguitybetweenMilesand

thegovernessis,atthesametime,theambiguitybetweentheauthorandreaders.

Anothertechnicalambiguityissomeobjectivefactsmixedsubtlyinprevailingmyste‑

riousmoodmainlyproducedbythegoverness'ssubject.Theyareherobviouslies(328,

367),herconfusedmemories(333),"theappallinglanguage"usedbyFlora(388),Miles'

undeniableprecocityseenin"Iwanttoseemorelife"(361),thegoverness'skeepingof

Miles'letterpleadingtohisuncle(358),andherlettertohiminwhich"nothing"iswht‑

ten(399)inspiteofherpromisewithMrs.Grose(369).Someoftheseobjectivefacts

makereaderssuspectthegoverness'scredibilityandsometimestheymakeusagreewith

herperception..

TheambiguitywhichmakesdiverseinterpretationspossibleisdesignedbyJamesin‑

tentionally.Inthebeginnigofthework,severalpeoplearetalkingaboutthestorywhich

isgoingtobegin.Butbeforethestoryistold,}adiesincludingawomanwhosays"That's

theonlyway[vulgarway]Ieverunderstand"(294)haveleft.Thenthenarratorde‑

scribes,"Thedepartingladies̲didn't,ofcourse,漉 α多￠んh6α 彬7z,stay"[italicsnotinthe

original](295)。Thisisanironytothosewhocannotunderstandastorytoldambiguousl‑

y.Thenarrator'sironyistheJamesianone.HesaysintheNewYorkPreface:

̲itisapieceofingenuitypureandsimple,ofcoldartisticcalculation,an

α〃z%s6#o,tocatchthosenoteasilycaught...thejaded,thedisillusioned,the

fastidiousユ1).

Ifweinterpretthestoryliterally"pureandsimle",hewouldgloatoveroureasinesstobe

caught.Hehasaconvictionthathehasdescribedthoroughlythegovernessinspiteofsu一

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perficialambiguity.Hecomments:

...pleasebelieve,thegeneralpropositionofouryoungwoman'skeepingcrys‑

tallineherrecordofsomanyintenseanomaliesandobscurities̲bywhichI

don'tofcoursemeanherexplanationofthem,adifferentmatter;...Wehave

surelyasmuchofherownnatureaswecanswallowinwatchingitreflecther

anxietiesandinductions12).

Thestorytoldbythegovernessgivesus̀̀different"stories.ItisJameselaborate

̀̀

calculation."Therefore,asforthehauntingpair,hedoesnotwanttodefinethequality

ofevilbecausehisideaofevilshouldnotbediminishedtò̀theimputedvice,thecited

act,thelimiteddeplorablepresentableinstance13)."Thenhesays"Makehim[reader]

功 伽 んtheevil,makehimthinkitforhimselfl4}."Thisisthemeaningofhisambiguity.

Conclusion

TheambiguityinT勿Tz6〃zρ プ 動6Sc7召"elicitsdiverseinterpretationssuccessfullyas

theauthorwanted.Itconsistsoftwokindsofdevise.Thefirstisthepsychologicalambi‑

guitywhichdemandsdeepinsightofreaders.Thesecondoneisthestructuralambiguity:

thetripleframework,thetimescheme,andtechnicaldevises.Whenweclearlygrasphis

designedambiguity,weknowthemeaningofthetitle.Ascrewhasaninvariantsectional

diagrarnevenifitisseenfromanysi(ies.Thatis,̀̀thescrew"isthesymboloftruthof

theevent,And"turn"meansthereaders'pointofview.HenryJamesmusthaveusedthe

  り

termspureandsimpletrickily.Theyareliterallypureandsimpleforunwaryreaders andlogicallysimpleifcarefulreadersfollowthecourseofpsychology.

Acknowledgement

Iwouldliketoexpressmygrat三tudetoDr.C.Davidson,

sity,forhercriticalreadingofthispaper.

ProfessorofDukeUniver・

Notes 1)HenryJamesusesthewords,̀̀afairy‑talepureandsimple"in"AnExerciseof

theImagination."SeeRobertKimbough,ed.,η36丁 雄 η げ 伽S6㎎"(NewYork:W.W.Norton&

Company.Inc。,1966),p.119.

2)Jamesexplains"Myvaluesarepositivelyallblankssaveonlysofarasanexcited

horror,apromotedpity,acreatedexpertness"inhisPreface.SeeKimbough,τ 肋 η 魏6ゾ 醜 θ

Sc76zθ,p.233.

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『ね じの 回転 』 に お け る曖 昧 性

3)Eachpagenumberistakenfromthetextbook,丁 加7協7η(り ぐ〃3θSo76ω α7￠40地75海07̀

!Vω4spublishedin1962byNewAmericanLibraryinNewYork.

4)Concerningtheapproachfromclinicaldiagnosis,seeKimbough,η36Tπ 挽0〆 醜6

S6兜z{ノ,pp.154,159,180,186.

5)OscarCargillintrcducesWilson'sarticle,"TheAmbiguityofHenryJames"inhis

article,"TheTurnoftheScrewandAliceJames."SeeKimbough,η3εT%ノ η ρプ'加5672",p.150.

6)HaroldC.GoddardstatesMrs.Grose'ssubjectivewayofindentificationinhis

article,"APre̲FreudianReadingofη3θ7'z〃%ρ ゾ 云加Sc7θzo."SeeKimbough,η3θT%γ η(ゾ 翫 θ ∫676zσ,

pp.192‑193.

7)TheJungianinterpretationwasintroducedbyDr.C.Davidsoninherlectureat

KobeCollegeinJanuary1988.

8)ThefirstSamuelxvi14‑24dealswiththeepisodethatanevilspiritdepartedfrom

SaulwhenDavidplayedhisharp.

9)EricSolomon,"TheReturnoftheScrew."SeeKimbough,丁 海6乃 〃 πqズ 焼 θS6㎎ ω,

pp.237‑245.

10)Cargill,(4》.6云'.,p.164.

11)HenryJames,"AnExerciseoftheImagination",ψ.c髭.,p.120.

12)∫ わ∫dl.,p.120‑121.

13)∫ ∂ゴ4.,p.122.

14)ガ δ∫4.,p.123.

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