A Comparative Study of Broadcasting English and Newspaper English: A New Approach to Analyzing Broadcasting News

A Comparative Study of Broadcasting English and Newspaper English: A New Approach to Analyzing Broadcasting News

著者別名 Yuri NONAMI

journal or

publication title

Otemae Journal

volume 16

page range 139‑152

year 2016‑03‑31

URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1160/00000997/

Creative Commons : 表示 ‑ 非営利 ‑ 改変禁止

AComparativeStudyofBroadcastingEnglish andNewspaperEnglish

ANewApproachtoAnalyzingBroadcastingNewsl

YuriNONAMI

Abstract

Thepurposeofthispaperistoexaminethestyleofbroadcastingnewsby comparingitwithnewspapernews.Newspapershavewell‑knownstyle

characteristicswhichenableustogetnewseffectively:namely,thèlnversepyramid type.'Asforradiobroadcasting,itseemsthecharacteristicshavenotyetbeen confirmedordelineated.Sekine(1988)indicatesthatthèDecreasingImportance' approachisusedwheneditorsreportnewsthroughnewspaperswhereasradio

reporterstendtousethèlncreasingImportance'(1988:45).

Inthispaper,radionewsiscomparedwiththenewspaperstylebyfocusingon threepoints.First,theimportanceofrelayinradionewsisanalyzed.Second,the linguisticdifferencesbetweenspokenandwrittennewsreportingisexplored.Third, myobservationsregardingtechniquesofintroducingtherelayareexamined.The materialsusedareBBCRadio4broadcastnewsandTheTimesintheUnited

Kingdom.Inconclusion,Isuggesttheimportanceofrelayinradiobroadcastingnews andintroduceàDouble‑PyramidType'approach.

Keywords:RadioBroadcastingEnglish,NewspaperEnglish, WrittenandspokenEnglish

1Thispaperisbasedonare

visionofapresentationatthe2ndInternationalConferenceon Speech,WritingandContextatKansaiGaidaiUniversityinAugust2003.

大 手 前 大 学 論 集 第16号(2015)

1.Introduction

ManyresearchersfocusonhowpeoplegetnewsfromtheInternet(e.g.Crystal 2001,Dimmicketal.2004,XuandIbrahim2004,Zillmanetal.2004).However,infact newspapersandradioremainasignificantsourceofinformation,andtheyalso deservetobestudiedinordertogainacompleteunderstandingofhownewsworks indifferentmedia.Especially,thesignificanceofthewayrelaynewsworksinaway theInternetdoesnotinordertoconveyimpactreports,aswellashowrelaynews areinsertedinthenewsreportshavenotbefullystudied.IcompareBBCRadio4 newstoarticlesofTheTirnesintheUnitedKingdominordertostudythedelivery ofnewsfromtheviewpointsofspeechandwriting.Tocomparewrittenandspoken newsaspreciselyaspossible,IutilizedradionewsbecauseTVhascomplicating factorssuchasvideos,photosandbilingualcaptions.

Newspapershavewell‑knownandrecognizedcharacteristicswhichenableusto getnewseffectively:namely,headlines,leads,andbody.Theoriesaboutattention‑

grabbingstrategiesinnewspapershaveexistedformanyyears.Straumann(1935) researchedthehistoryofheadlinesandMardh(1980)analyzedthestructureofthe headlinesofvarioustypesofnewspapers,frombroadsheettotabloidpapers.

However,inrecentyears,lessattractionhasbeengiventothedifferentregistersof English.

TurningtotheregisterofEnglish,Biberetal.(1999)classifiedtheEnglishinthem accordingtoseveralcategories:̀conversation,'̀fiction,'̀newspaperlanguage,'and

̀academicprose;'the

yresearchedthemwithregardtothegrammaticaldifferences intherespectivecategories,usingahugecorpusdata.Theyanalyzethemajor situationaldifferencessuchasinteractivenessandonlineproduction,shared immediatesituations,maincommunicativepurpose/context,audience,anddialect domain.Asaresult,foraneasyexample,theyexplainthedifferencebetween

conversationandnewspapersasfollows:

[C]onversationischaracterizedgrammaticallybyafrequentuseofthefirstperson pronounIandwe(referringdirectlytothespeaker)andthesecondpersonpronounyou

(referringdirectlytothelistener).Incontrast,newspaperarticlesarenotdirectly

interactive,arenotdirectedtoanyindividualreader,andoftenhavenoacknowledged

author.Sincethereisnospecificauthororreadertoreferto,newspapertextusefirst

personorsecondpersonpronounscomparativelyrarely(ibid.15).

Thustheydemonstratedthatthelanguageofnewspapershasdevelopedregisters ofEnglishinrecentyears.

Ontheotherhand,thecharacteristicsofbroadcastnewshavenotyetbeen confirmedordelineated.Oneofthereasonsmaybeduetotheassumptionthatthe broadcastnewscanbeconsideredpartofthesamecategoryasnewspapers.

However,judgingfromthedistinctcharacteristicsofwrittenandspokenlanguage,it isonlylogicalthattheycouldbedifferent.

Thepapercompareslinguisticstyleofbroadcastingwiththatofnewspapersby focusingonthreepoints.First,theimportanceofrelayinginbroadcastingnewsis analyzed.Second,thedifferencesinbroadcastspeechandnewspaperreportingare explored.Third,Ilayoutmyobservationsregardingtechniquesofintroducingthe relayinbroadcast.

2.Previousworks

Regardingthedifferencebetweenspeechandwriting,thereismuchresearchin recentyears,suchasHalliday(1989),Hughes(1996)andBiberetal.(1999).Leech

(1982)analyzesthemodeofdiscourseasacontinuumfrom̀typical'speechto

̀t ypical'writinginthechapterentitled̀DiscourseAnalysis:SpeechandWriting'

(shownhereasFigurel)(1982:133‑144).Varioustypesofbroadcasting,suchas radiodiscussions,televisionadvertisementandtelevisionnewsdifferaccordingto thewaytheygivedetails.Asisclearfromfigure,televisionnewsandnewspaper articlesareinfactcloselyrelated.Leechmakesthiscomparisonbecausetelevision newsdoeshaveascriptalthoughitisspoken,therefore,heargues,reportednewsis differentfromnaturalconversation.

Sekine(1988)arguesthatbroadcastnewsandnewspapersaredifferentprimarily becausethèDecreasingImportance'approach,whichisalsodescribedasthe

̀ln versepyramidtype,'isusedinnewspapers,whereasradioreporterstendtouse

thèIncreasingImportance'approach(1988:45).AsFigure2shows,Sekinepoints

outthatnewspaperreportsbeginswiththeheadlineandlead,essentiallycreatinga

summaryofthearticle,whiledetailsarereportedinthebody.Readerscanthus

easilyobtainasummaryofthenews,eveniftheyonlyreadtheheadlineandlead.

大手前大学論集

̀Typical'speech

̀Typical'writing

第16号(2015)

Conversationinapub

Seminar

Telephoneconversation

Personalletter

Jobinterview

Radiodiscussion

Televisionadvertisement

Lecture

Sermon

Scriptofaplay

Televisionnews

Newspaper

Businessletter

Thisbook

Figure1(Leech1982:p.140)

ThisiswhytheleadofthenewspapersarticleisoftencharacterizedasàDetailed‑

Packedlead.'Ontheotherhand,SekinedescribedtheleadofradionewsasàSimple, SoftLead,'(ibid.:45).Inradio,reporterstendtoavoidthekindoflongsentencesthat appearinnewspaperleads,becausethereportisonlygivenonce.Inordertoclearly andeffectivelyconveytheinformation,radionewsusessimple,shortsentences.

Detailsarereportedgraduallyandthereisnoemphasisonasummaryofthestory.

AsFigure3shows,Sekinenamedhasdescribedthisconceptasoneof̀lncreasing Importance'(ibid.:45).

IncontrasttoSekine(1988),anotherapproachamongresearchers,intheanalysis ofradiobroadcasts,isutilizedbyOnodaandCooker(2003:viii)asFigure4shows.In theirwork,theytreatbroadcastingstyleandnewspaperstylewithoutdifference.

Theydonotdistinguishbetweenbroadcastingandnewspapers,butanalyzenews

Detail‑PagkedLead

▼ 1

S'm魁Lead

O

i ^Headline i

1

Lead

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1

1 1 1 1 1

0口

^{1 1}

Decreasing‑lmportance Figure2Newspaper

[Sekine(1988),p.45]

Increasing‑Importance Figure3Broadcasting

[Sekine(1988),p.45]

0口

Decreasing‑lmportance Figure4Newsreports

[OnodaandCooker(2003),p.viii]

reportingasonecategory.Thisleadstoseveralproblems:dotheyhavedifferent stylesbetweennewspapersandbroadcastingintermsofwrittenandspoken English?Howistherelaynewsusedineachmedia?

3.Research

3.1.Therelayofbroadcastingnews

First,therelayisoneofthemostobviousdifferencesbetweenradiobroadcasting andnewspapers.Inbroadcasting,areporterstartswithashortreportfromthe studioandswitchestotherelayofthenewsfromthesitewherethenewsis

happening.Tounderstandhowtherelayworksdifferently,Icomparethesamenews itemreportedinTheTirnesintheUnitedKingdomandonBBCRadio4asbelow.

(la)showsthenewspapersampleandnumber(lb)showstheradiosample.The itemisthestoryofanaccidentonMountEverestinMayof2003.Ichosethisitem becausethestoryindicatesthecleardistinctionbetweennewspapersandradio broadcasting.

(la)Everesthelicoptercrashkillstwoasmasstourismmarsanniversary

ThemangledwreckageofahelicopterthatcrashedontotheslopesofEverestontheeve ofthefiftiethanniversaryofman'sfirstconquestwascitedbyveteranclimbersyesterday asatragicexampleofhowthemountainhasbeenturnedintoaholidayresort.

Thetwomenkilledinthecrashwillnotbeaddedtotherollofhonourofthosewholost theirlivesattemptingEverest,buttheirdeathshavemarredtoday'splannedfestivities.

TheRussian‑builtMi17isnowafamiliarsightatEverest'sBaseCamp,ferryingwealthy climberstothestartoftheirexpedition.Itisseenbycriticsasasymbolofhowpackage tourcompaniesaretryingtoconquerEverest.

Beforeyesterday'scrash,SirEdmundHillary,wholedthatfirstsuccessfulascent,argued thatthemountainisnoplaceforpeople"whopayafortunetohaveothersdragthemup themountain"andurgedtheauthoritiestocloseittoclimbersforawhile.TheNepalese authoritiesinsistedthatthecrashhadnothingtodowiththerecordnumbersatBase Camp.

Witnesssaidthattheblueandwhitehelicopterclippedastonebutasitcameintoland,

suggestingthatpiloterrorwastoblame.Manyofthetrekkers,whomSirEdmundargues

havenorighttobethere,wereamongthefirsttoreachthecrashedaircraft.Climbersand

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sherpasmanagedtopullfreesixofthoseonboard....(TheTirnes29,May,2003) (lb)Twopeoplediedandfiveotherswereinjuredwhenahelicoptercrashednearthebase

camponMountEverest.Theaccidentmarredpreparationstomarkthefiftieth anniversaryofthefirstascentofthemountain.Thehelicopterwasonitswayintothe camptopickupsomeclimberswhenitplungedintoaglacier.Ourcorrespondentat Everestbasecamp,JaneHughes,sawtheaccident:

SOUNDOFHELICOPTER

HUGHES:Wewatchedthehelicopterflylowoverbasecampbeforeitdisappearedbehind aridgeandcrashedintotheglacierinathickcloudofsmoke.

SOUNDOFVOICES

HUGHES:Miraculouslytheaircraftdidn'texplode.Itswheelshadapparentlycaughtthe edgeofastoneshelterasitcameintoland.Iarrivedonthescenetoseethehelicopter crumpledonitssidewithpartsstrewnacrosstheglacier.

Awitness:...Thisisareallyterriblescene.1'mstandingnexttooneofthewheelsofthe helicopterandjustdownbelowmeit'scrashedinthesortofGlacialriver.Thereare peoplestretcheringpeopleoutofthehelicopterandthenoiseyoucanhearbehindmeisa secondarmyhelicopterwhichishovering,itcan'tactuallyland,andtherearesome Sherpascarryingsomebodyovertothathelicopter....(BBCRadio4,28,May,2003)

Thefirstlineof(la)istheheadlineandthesecondlineisthelead.Thislong sentencecontinuesintothebody.Incontrast,(lb),theBBCRadio4broadcast, beginswithshortsentencesgivingthedetailsofthestoryfromthestudiobefore switchingtorelayfromtheaccidentsite.Inthisrelay,JaneHughes,the

correspondent,reportstheaccidentandfurthermoreawitnessspeaksaboutthe terriblescene.

Presently,almostallradionewsitemsbroadcastincludearelay.Figure5shows therateofthenewsreportsthatincluderelaysandthosewithoutrelays.The materialswerecollectedfromBBCRadio4,twicedailyfromtheir8AMnewsand6 PMnewsbroadcastforamonthin2003,beginningonMayllthandendingonJune

10th.Idividedallnewsineachbroadcastintoitemsaccordingtotheirtopics.There are714itemsintotal,andofthese508includerelays.Thisaccountsfor71percentof allnewscollectedandanalyzed.Thereareonly206itemswhichdonotinclude

relays,andthoseareprimarilytheregulardailyCityandDowJonesfinancialreports.

Asisclear,relayappearstoplayasignificantroleinradiobroadcasting.In

0%20%40%60%80%100%

●Newsincludingrelays  Newsnotincludingrelays

0%20%40%60%80%100%

■Newsfromthestudio図Therelaynews

Figure5NewsincludingrelayscomparedFigure6Rateoftheaverageofthewords tonewswithoutrelaysfor

amonthinBBCRadio4

oftherelayofonearticlein508 newsitemsbroadcaston BBCRadio4

newspapers,ofcourse,reportsfromthenewssiteoftenappear,buttheyareutilized tocreateaneye‑catchingheadlineorinexplanationofthedetails.Theroleofrelay newsinnewspapersisthusmuchdifferentfromtheintegralroleplayedbyrelay newsinradiobroadcasting.Iwillexaminehowrelaynewsisdifferentfromandwhy itisusedbelowin3.2.

Inaddition,inFigure6,the508radionewsitemswhichincludedrelaysinFigure5 areanalyzed.Thewordsarecountedandthestoriessegmentedintonewsfromthe studioandrelaynews,andthentheaveragenumberofwordspersegmentaregiven.

Thenumberofwordsinnewsitemsfromthestudiois700naverage,accountingfor roughly23percentoftotalwordsineachstory.Thus,thenumberofwordsinthe relays,1930naverage,accountsfor77percentofallwords.Thisgraphindicatesthe importanceoftherelayandtheprominenceitisgiveninbroadcastnews.Infact, broadcastingnewsdependsontherelaybecausesuchreportagehasaneffectof repetitionandconfirmationoftheimportanceofthenewsthroughthepresenceof thereporteronthescene.Listenershearelementofthestorywhichtheymightfail tocatchduringthereportfromthestudio,butatthesametimethematerialisnot repeated.

3.2.SpeechandWriting

Inthissection,thestory(la)and(lb)areanalyzedtocomparespeechand writingbyusingconceptsfromHughes(1996).Hughesdrewacomparisonbetween speechandwritingcommentariesonaboxingmatch.Sheconceptualizestwo

samplessheusesintermsof̀actionversusevaluation'(1996:105),andrephrases

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theconceptas̀immediacyanddistance'(ibid.:107).Hughesexplainsthemas follows.In(2),sample25isaspeechsample,andsample25aisawritingsample.

(2)Sample25givesastrongersenseofindividualactionhappeningthroughtimeinalinear manner,whereasthewrittenversion,Sample25a,incorporatesevaluativestatements withinthepresentationoftheaction.(ibid.:105)

Thisideaof̀actionversusevaluation'appearstocorrespondtothecontrasts betweenbroadcastingandnewspaperreports.Inthesamples(la)and(lb)Ihere introduce,similaranalysiscanbedone.Theitalicizedpartsof(la)shoẁdistance' fromtheaccidentandtherearèevaluativestatements'inthearticle.Ontheother hand,therelaypartof(lb),especiallyafterlinefive,createsimmediacybyusingthe soundofthehelicopterandthevoicesofpeopleonthescenewhowitnessedthe

accident.Example(lb)isclearlyfocusedontheaction.

Iturnnowtoadetailedanalysisofthewordsusedinthenewsof(la)and(lb).As Figure7shows,in(la),thereporterbeginstoexplaintheaccidentbyusing descriptivewordssuchas̀helicoptercrash'and̀kill,'butgointomoredepthand analysisbylookingatthereasonsandramificationsoftheaccident.Forexample, theyevaluatethescenewithobjectivedistance,stating,̀ltisseenbycriticsasa symbolofhowpackagetourcompaniesaretryingtoconquerEverest.'The

newspaperreport(la)clearlyshowsmorèdistance'and̀evaluation.'

Figure7Actionversusevaluationinthenewspaperarticleof(1a)

Ontheotherhand,asFigure8shows,in(lb),thestudioannounceralsoexplains theaccidentusingthewordssuchas̀died,'̀injured'and̀ahelicoptercrashed'but sheprovidesverylittleevaluation,sayingonlỳmarspreparation.'Shesimplygives thedetailsofthehelicoptercrashandthenswitchestotherelay.Intherelay,the correspondentreportsbydescribingthescenewithwordssuchas̀watchedthe

helicopter,'̀crashed'and̀crumpled'andsheaddsextradetailslikèthickcloudof smoke,'̀itswheels'and̀withparts.'Next,theyswitchtoawitnesswhoretellsthe storybyrepeatingthewords̀terriblescene,'̀crashed'and̀thewheelsofthe

helicopter.'Asforadverbs,in(lb),̀miraculously,'̀apparently'and̀actually'areused, buttherearenosuchwordsin(la).Thusinradiobroadcasting(lb)focusonwhat

washappeningatthesiteoftheaccidentanddescribesthesceneitselfindetailby theuseofboththespeechofacorrespondentandawitness.Theadverbsusedalso givesthefeelingofimmediatelivereports.

Both(la)and(lb)quotethecommentsofthewitnesses,however,thewaythey usesuchquotationsisdifferent.In(la),theyuseindirectspeechandprovide

evaluationwiththequotations,saying̀Witnesssaidthat...,suggestingthatpiloterror wastoblame.'In(lb),theybroadcasttherealspeechofawitnesswhorelatestheir

experiencewithoutascript,sosheusesnaturalconversationmarkerslikèthesortof or̀peoplestyetcheringpeople'whicharetypicalpatternsofcasualconversation, whichaffectonreportingofthescene.Theword,stretchering,isnottypicalbut actuallyimproperEnglishanexampleofnounusedasaverb.Theuniqueuseofa nounthatshouldnotreallybeaverbsuggeststheexcitementofthewitnessinthe

speaker action evaluation

thestudio diedwereinjured

announcer ahelicoptercrashed

Theaccident marspreparation

thecorrespondent Wewatched

thehelicopterdisappearedcrashed thickcloudofsmoke

didn'texplodecrumpled itswheelswithparts awitness terriblescene

it'scrashedhovering stretcheringpeople thenoise

Figure8Actionversusevaluationinbroadcastnewsof(lb)

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factthatherwordsstarttofailandshecreatednewlanguageusagetodescribethe scene.Thewordsinthenewspaperreportimplỳdistance',whereasthewordsin broadcastingimplỳaction'and̀immediacy'.Vocabularyusedineachstylethusalso hascharacterssharedwrittenandspokenEnglish.

Thespokentechniqueiseffective.Infactradionews,unlikenaturalconversation, bothfromthestudioandviarelay,havescriptsthatarewrittenbyspecialists.

However,thescriptsaredifferentfromthearticlesofthenewspapers.Furthermore, inradiotheysometimesusewitnessesreportingwithoutscripts,creatingmorevivid anddynamicimagesofthescene.Radionewsdiffersgreatlyfromnewspaperreports infocusingoǹimmediacy'or̀action.'Halliday(1989)showsthedifferencebetween speechandwritingas̀oneofDENSITY,'saying̀writtenlanguageisdense,spoken languageissparse'(1989:62).HealsocomparesthemaseitheràSYNOPTICview' oràDYNAMICview'shownas(3)below.

(3)ThewrittenlanguagepresentsaSYNOPTICview....thewrittenlanguageencodesitasa structureor,alternatively,asachaos‑buteitherway,asathingthatexists....The spokenlanguagepresentsaDYNAMICview....Inthespokenlanguage,phenomenado notexist;theyhappen.(Hallidayl989:97)

Theideaofdynamicandsynopticviewalsocorrespondstothecontrastbetween broadcastingandnewspaperreports.Thusbroadcastnewsandnewspaperarticles differgreatlybecauseofthenatureofspeechandwriting.

3.3.Introducingtherelay

Here,thetechniquesusedforintroducingtherelayareanalyzed.Inline40f(1b), thephrase,̀OurcorrespondentatEverestbasecamp,JaneHughes,sawtheaccident' offersadiscerniblepatternofintroducingtherelay.Example(4)isanotherexample ofapatternoftenutilizedtointroducetherelay.

(4)ThePrimeMinisterhasemphaticallydeniedallegationsthatheauthorisedtheleakingof

DrDavidKelly'sname,asthemainsourcefortheBBC'sreportsaboutthegovernment's

handlingofintelligencedossiersbeforethewarinIraq.MrBlairwasspeakingto

journalistsonboardhisplane,onthelatestlegofhisAsiantour.Earlier,he'dfacedmore

questionsaboutDrKelly'sdeath,fromuniversitystudentsintheChinesecapitalBeijing.

Our‑PoliticalCoyyespondent,五auraTyevelyan,istyave〃ingwiththe‑Pri〃aeMinister,and

sentthisreportfromHongKong.

TREVELYAN:AnenthusiasticcrowdofstudentsatTsinghuaUniversityinBeijing

greetedMrBlairthismorning.Hetoldthemnottobeafraidandtoaskwhateverthey likedinthequestionandanswersession.And,unusedtoquestioningtheirownleadersin

thisway,theytookhimathisword.Thiswasthepolitebutpointedquestionposedbyone

journalismstudent.(BBCRadio4,22,July,2003)

ThisnewsisaboutPrimeMinisterTonyBlair'svisittoHongKong,asreportedby thecorrespondentwhoaccompaniedhim.Theitalicizedpartof(4)showsa discerniblepatternwhichalsoappearedin(lb).Newspapershaveeye‑witness reportsofthecorrespondentaswell,buttheytypicallyuseverbssuchas̀report'or

̀sa y'inordertofactualizethenews.Newspaperreportersareexpectedtouse

vocabularymeasurablydifferentfromthetextinbroadcasting.Inbroadcasting,if onlyneutrallanguageisused,listenersmayloseinterest.Theythusaresignalstothe presenceoftheeye‑witnessreportersonthenewssite.

Below,in(5),(6),and(7),aregivenotherexamplesofintroducingrelaysinthe samehour'sBBCRadio4news.Theyclearlydemonstratethevariouspatternsused tointroducerelaywithinthesamebroadcast.Collectively,therelayintroduction patternsconveythereporters'presenceatthescenebyusingverbslikèlisten,'̀talk,' and̀lookat,'inthepresentperfectprogressivetense.Thisgrammaticaltense

indicatesthatthecorrespondentshavecontinuedtowatchorlistentothescenesin thesitesandthattheyconveythelatest,hotnewsfromrealimmediatescenes.It giveslistenersashareofthefeelingofbeingatalivescene.

(5) (6) (7)

...Ourcorrespondent,DavidBamford,hasbeenlisteningtothedebateattheUN:...(ibid.)

...Ourcorrespondent,JonBrain,hasbeentalkingtopassengers....(ibid.)

...OurdiplomaticCorrespondent,JamesRobbins,hasbeenlookingatthehistoricalreasons

/orthecountry'∫co〃apse:...(ibid.)

InfacttheBBCRadioCorporationhasanewsstyleguidewhichcanbeaccessed

throughtheInternet2.Thisguideemphasizesspecificskillssuchasutilizingvoice

reports.Example(8)isextractedfromthesectioǹlntroducingtherelay'oftheStyle

Guide.Astheitalicizedpartof(8)indicates,̀Anintroductionshouldstimulatethe

大 手 前 大 学 論 集 第16号(2015)

appetite'.Itisclear,then,thatthisisakeypointofbroadcastingnews.

(8)Aswemakemoreandmoreuseofvoicereportsandactuality,sotheskillofintroducing thembecomesmoreimportant.Anintroductionshouldstimulatetheappetite,makingit easytounderstandtheaudiowithoutstealingitsthunder(BBCNews,RadioNewsStyle Guide).

Thistechniqueofintroducingtherelay,usedespeciallyinradionews,isquite unlikethetechniquesusedinBBCtelevisionnewsbroadcasting.Introducingthe relayinradio,astheexcerptabovedemonstrate,aimstohavetheeffectof

stimulatinglisteners'interestandencouragetheirimaginationofthenewssite.Thus, inradiothetechniqueofintroducingtherelayplaysasignificantroleinconnecting studionewsandtherelayfromthenewssite.ThisanalysisisintegralwithHughes' conceptsof̀immediacy'and̀action.'Thistransitionisespeciallyimportantwhenitis unaccompaniedbyimages,whichintelevisioninstantlyshiftsthestory.

3.4.Thestyleofbroadcasting

AcomparisonofthedatacollectedbytheauthorwithSekine(1988)andOnoda

andCooker(2003)revealsseveralimportantfeatures.Sekinesuggestedthematerial showninFigure2and3,statingthatthestyleofnewspapersisDecreasing‑

ImportancewhereasthatofbroadcastingisIncreasing‑lmportance.Inbroadcasting, however,asshownabove,therelayisasignificantaspectofreporting,whichserves torepeatthenewsinanotherwayandconfirmit.InFigure30nbroadcasting

approaches,itseemstherelaysareunderestimatedandtheyhavethusbeenthe subjectofscantattention.Ontheotherhand,Figure4,drawnfromOnodaand

Cooker(2003),suggeststhatthebroadcastingstyleisequivalenttothenewspaper style,thisapproachneglectscharacteristicsofspeech,suchasthelengthofsentences or̀immediacy'describedbyHughes(1996).

Frommyanalysis,itisclearthereisanotherpatterninbroadcastnews,which consistsoftwoparts.IdescribethisasDoubleIncreasingImportanceoraDouble Pyramid(showninFigure9).Inthisstyle,listenerscanstoplisteningtopartofthe

zBBCNews

,RadioNewsStyleGuide,

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/radionewsroom/1099302.stm, accessed26December,2015.

Simple,SoftLead

畠

D _{やN・w・ 丘・m・h・・血…}

i i

0

i i

i i

i i

DoubleIncreasing‑Importance(Double‑PyramidType) FiguregBroadcasting

story,asreaderscanskiminthenewspaperstyle,andtheycanalsocontinue

listeningiftheyareinterested.Radiobroadcastingstylehasapatternsimilartothe characteristicsofanaturalconversation,inwhichthetopiciscoveredfromavariety ofangles,inordertoenablethelistenertounderstandthekeyfeaturesofthestory withorwithoutdetails.Thisisquitesimilartothefunctionoutlinedearlierfor headlineandleadsinthenewspaper.

4.Conclusion

EvenwiththeheavyrecentfocustheInternetasanewsource,thecharacteristics ofbroadcastnewsarebeginningtobeconfirmedanddelineated.Broadcastnewshas measurablecharacteristicsdifferentfromnewspapersonthepointofthewaysin whichspeechandwritingareintegratedandutilized.Inradionewstherelayin particularhasanintegralrole.Itfocusesonimmediacyandaction.Thetechniqueof introducingtherelayplaysasignificantroleinconnectingstudionewsandtherelay fromthenewssite.UtilizingpreviousconceptsdescribedbyHughes,Ihavehere outlinedafurtheranalysisofthestyleofbroadcastingEnglishandIhavedescribed anadditionalnewsconcept,thatof,tobedesignatedasDoubleIncreasing

ImportanceortheDoublePyramid.

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