$ + ' - )
"!" *[email protected];)42/3765:(-' +<>0,&-
-330â(ìÂ2â)LÑ-/|Ôlg¹tMÑ -¦Ý»9åç>["AMÔH"VIYg^½¼
@Z£9ò}>[B!I=\9"AMMzý×n QMãUÀþ^<G".,,1â(ìÂ-3â)MÔ lg¹tÝ»HNVIYgLWZzý×n^
áS"®ß¿O ¿$¿z"ür"wM®
¥¿Ép^Ø?B!
=M{LÔz"g^<BÀÏ9".,,2' .,-/âÚL8<GÐzQàz@Z=ILKZ9"A [9=MþëHþ@ZÀÏLÍm@Z!==H N"AMÀÏ^ÔºL=[8X-,â".,â^@
7GïQNWY5acfH"zèzÃ9Äõ
g^<ZBSLæúIKZ¿zM*°ÞLôÒ IKZó+^7GV:B5!FRY"hÚeasy Kg^¨¢?B¸"zÃMzý9M¾³RH vé@ZLN"ÈÛM¥{988ZIøÆ>[Z8 XH4Z!
RB"==H²>[Bzý×n9"VIYg
LC<÷û@ZTM8J68LF5GNþ?K 5!?8?"VIYgLF5GMÖ?AMËL F5GM=[8XM L=Mþë9k@ZqäÁ
^7"VIYgÀÏI56ù^çÒL¡@=
IL?B!=MþëHN"zý×n^j:~=?B
i òWYT"AM×n^:D_Iá§?"A[
LÍ?GÇKÍ´ð^7Z=IMï9ñCI
7G5Z8XH4Z!
"!# *1B@1A?/8=
=MþëMóÙN¦M.FH4Z!
-#ÌÙKµÜÙK¿zMôÒIA[LÍ@Zz ÃMuÝMîo^s/â{MacfHZ=I LWEG"zýM×n^yá@Z!
.#zýM×n^j:~=?G5Z¤íNµÜÙK
¿zLöKTMHNK;"©t9ÊÃL¯
ÙLSG5ZzèÄõg^<Z¸Læ úIKZÔ"ÚM¿z^üu@Z·HT¶xI KEG5Z¤íH4Z=I^ªÕ@Z!
zèMêüMzrQàz?GûZzÃL«E G"Äõ^zPBSL¿z9*¬Ó+I?G±
úH4Z=INþ^ÎBK5!W;][ZW6
.(1?8HK*D<W<I)B032G<[*YMP
!! D<WT<I,*%U=S9*F546)/2EROG<[&0*XJ !!
N Q C 9
7VL<L<: ZD<A>;"D<@#
Problems concerning abilities of elementary mathematics among students educated
by the system of ! relaxed education "
&& Analysis using same small tests during these five years &&
Kôichi T
SUDA#Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University$
$%
Ðzg¨Å`d%be Ñ3 .,--
Q"Ȥd¤#QäJL"þ¤T¿ôgBcG
\SÀM]3c@"¿ôgBc{g{6 L;dc²4roM3c!ï9"¿÷MTFd9 5Y;«X@L7aC"qSþ¤9_9\adG
¶M¤#S¤QE;@L@YJL4c!
>SiMT">>0VSU¤áSþ¤Q3Bc
¤Sýg"MøS9Mæ´MÍJG0V§PA w7Q3BcON45(®¦GP)z$v8a
%@õQ,N@L3=GvGgGF5N@L4 c!>>Mäbõ=L4céw7T"5¤/´á M3dU"i¹"¹gwfC"O>8M,LT
4G>N93c`5PªqGPéw7M3c8 a"^C@]Ȥdª,þ¤³Q¸fJL4P4 oQ]"77`FSh¬Tg8JL4GH<cT CM3c!µ2GPw7T">SiS-#,(QÖ DL4c&6,gSZ>>Q·ÖBc9"6-
7`V6.SgQK4LT(jHÛ)N@Lpdf
ik¶ßQLwebqk{&URLThttp : //we b.opar.ehime-u.ac.jp/books/'8awl$|M :YB'!YGäbõ=L4cñyt{MY@:
dL4P4þ¤QK4LT-#-(M@L4c!
>>MT>Sz$vSQIga8a½6L;cw 7Igg%Bc>NQiSvGgËb"õS-S vGQK4LT-#-(M¥8QùdcQOO\L4 c!YG">>Mäbõ=Gw7IQ3Bc3íp gÌ6cõS{S`5P]ST>SiSÔÄ SÙÌi¼Q°=L4c'>gÙÌQ?dG4!
" ,!-280.+57)1$(%
&3/:*'#(+946
#!" 76-2:')50/1,(.4389-*
&+
_Nb³Q`JL¤9D@G>Ng®¦G Pz$v8aÞB>NT"àTS@4&kPOP 4N45½]3b5c&]uAç&-++-''!>>
MT"MøS9Mæ´MÍJG"ÀfUEI¦.N ]À6c(®¦GP)z$vgÚJLFSkg@
XLZG!GJG,KSvH<M¦.@Gz$v M3c9"(>hP¥8Pyt{8a]5&Pw7 I9c:?bQPJLìL:L4c)N45rM
¤#Sà4g_@Gz$vM3cNúAc]SM3 c!
gþ9ìP45¤#N45ÀN±Quu$
r}Qäbõ=adGz$vT"ãN@LºÕ
¤dS¤#SFdM3c&dÉÝ"Ã!úW"$
0z&,222'"Ã!úW"$0z&-++,''SQ 3@L">IaT¹S¤#SP}Pw7QK4L Sz$vNÀJL]`4!@8@":GQ¹S
¤#]PAHN3=Ka5S9>>MSvGMTP 4@">d9,++*Ȥd¤#Sþ¤g_@L4 cN]Ì6L4P4>NQ=@L7;&ó@;
T"-#-(gÙòS>N'!YC"äbõ=Géw 7S-"8a)tBc!
SAT&Scholastic Assessment Test'T"j
mÑêÒ9ÿ <O>Så¾#Q]5¤Qû¤Bc
×Qå¾?DL4c±Cyt{M3c!FS<S, KSvN@Lþ¤9UJL4L"FSG\Så¾ ÙÌð9ÙÌi¼&Lawrence S. Leff&-++0ed.'' QMGJL4c&+dM0++$sâ'!
>Si¼STA\S,++$sYMQÖJL4c îNGéw78a",#9\£GQ§4^B 4w7g.+7xnjx@LTqÅy@G]S 9">SiMBcîVܳvþ¤ñ yt{,%.Sw7M3c&6,gSZ>>Q·
ÖBc9"6-7`V6.SgQK4LT(j HÛ)N@L,#-(Q3cURL8awl$
|M:YB'!FSrMT"îNGPR|MT3 c9":IhN@GrS3céw7NÀ6c]
SM3c!
m~$BcZT"TqSþ¤³FMÀ5N
<¤#8aÏÊ,VFLYMM¤W>NM3JL"
Fd]&È´ÏÊ^FS1S'bCNTÁaP4 ÏÊM]^C¤WZSw7M3b"8KYGTq Å9g8c ¤#PaU>SFLT+M:P<d U4<P4w7N]PJL4c!
w7iT+d0V§PS]SgÚ~@L4c!
ÂüönSlÆ]3b";f@4ntSönQK 4LTð8P49"ȤdSf¹S¤S,#
Sæ´M"+åÎáx2+sS5I-#õSÓ
è#TD4E40"1üN4JGN>eM"[a]
©hHz$vM3c9"77[R"FSVLQU¤
@G¤#Sz$vN½P@L`4!
p$tîm¤évN@L"ë,p ¡Î@L4 cæ´S<M"/»8a0»¯t<YMS/ëQ KJLoS`:o8aTA\L"Ø¢¨þ"3 þ¨þ"e-þQK4L"5¤Må<cþ¤Sæ´
B J Ç
$% 5¤³à*s$} 62Ð -+,,
W0M0JXZj"ôçZĸn6ÐJV>j!O
\?S\5EAh7E\6Ñ["TV"<37Ï
¨\ÁÆ[½ý437"å\WC«»n¯ZBh ð>ÆW537ª>Æ¡nËTVG\×wtx[%
INV>j!
ñ\Æ¡\½Ö[]0M+Õ/ñï,nJQ
@B=j!=j>]"¹µ\\Æ¡\ÁÆ[
r''{qnÀTV.æSÐnJQd\R B"O\g?ZÕ/&e®ZhJ[$Qjd\X
±TVdg>Rl?!
÷[WdÒJ[D>e4ú=aiÀmZ>\W
©i[D>tsB=jg?["GGWËiÝFQF ö]±m^4=þ[¡>eL>Fö^AiW=j Ah"2äÊ\73],#[gTV];mhZ>
Rl?X¶@V>Q\W"GGW¯hkjPý
]"Gî\GXW=TQ!
¾!JQ% ]"Ç\×wtxÆ[È[<¥
JV>j!×wtx]A43FAhZi"5!B!
W=j!4FaSB?HX[3#8!MU°!J"7 öÝ¡@jXR!XZj)5339,)9ã4;,*
#\õ4ERE]¾!£ÕBØJ?B"ÜJD ]5#5èn¿Ù\GX*!
6U\×wtx\*#]`XoY'KW"ì
ηJV>Z>XFö\)HBMWCMÇ\×
wtxW!BËkZ>X>?ÍQ\d\W]Z>!
õ4Fö8\Û\²["GG8,\(!\7 31npzJQànÀTVéDLjGX[L j!
>F=:56G@9"C$8#?324)õ5X õ6\×wtx]:ÿÃO**
4# äJ>%@n+(/\?SAh4UëoW2W
¤º+(/nc!
! 93-5-7;-6 8330
+ 93#589 , 95#76 - 95#839 . 95#86 / 95#893
" N/:450: 45/6
47 Zh^ 4 N = + ; , 47
6 - 45
: . 6
47 / 4
9
# n05#8/4358 Zh^ !n0
+ 3#8/438 , 3#8/4345 - 3#8/43!57
. 8/438 / 8/4345
$ "]ÉáW"0!.5
!-6W=jXLjÆ"!]Ç
\Y\áW=TV]ZhZ>A!
+ .6 , .5 - 3
. 5 / 6
% ;@+i9<\IÂuvxX"45@+i<8
\IÂuvxB=j!í5W7;@\IÂn-?
Þ»"í545@+in-TQ>B"í5;@+in -?gi>DhDZjA!
+ 57 , 65 - 67
. 7; / 89
& Ô × á3#64:8503#64:8564:85###[ ] á Å +64:85,B¬i<J1kjB"Øá!õ<9;[
KjáÅ]%
+ 4 , 5 - 6
. 8 / :
'(*\ûnOkPk¦cg!
' 57/75049!Zh^!0
( )".4*60;Zh^)"-4*50 ) 6!.40<AU7"-5097Zh^!
"=
* p-p-p
p$p$p045AUp13Zh^p0
%!% +-'F-;7*/<)1.,0:5AB-
@9I-HDE
aM"ø[?[GoZFödWCZ>åB+
JV>j\RX>?g?Z|tr}¢Ê[=i BSZùLþZ¯>[U>V\üAhÓ_Q>!
ìÚ[AAFQ×wtxFöB+WCV>Z>å, ]"à4[¯@jg?[¹&"íñ\5aWW=
j!O\CW]5\å\b\FöW"ô57
\å]¹(!nËTV>j\WÄò]ß¼X]±
@Z>!JAJ"OkZhÌ´Z[dEDKhnN VjGX]=ja>X JV]>EZ>!Äò]
Ok`YøZGXW]Z>!
GGWËiÝFV+>Z>,FöW]=jB"³
5åXJV/@V>ZEk^>EZ>ĸná fXi§âó\³5å[¯hkjáP\Fö!
&(
ô§Éês~'y õ<º 5344
¤Vé\[QôCP\a:!p}hñ=Jda :Tw=_",>w=QWT@òwry</Vw
=!+"Va:UR;hágQ¼OBP@dw=>
KeQ8d!KebhÝyUXeP`Rc´ÿ:
Vþ¤hÉ;LöÏUW"Þ9WùÐQ8d!
l]gV¹ØWï~d>"l]gh±]P9dª þz=!/+!0+"0 >û¸RGPpZ²h^GP9 dDR>g=bT9¤$>µ@YS2;P9d'L MG"DeUO9PW"KehàH°¨KTx%t hPøWïGP9T9(!ÊV%híNP"¶7 KU{;beL0OVÊV%WS:U=Q?d
>"1OVÊV%hwgedRS:GLba9V
=É;dDRHbQ?T9¤$Vþ^µ@YS69 'ágQÉ;P"þVR?UWS:GL=R9NL
ü=bR;hHdDR>Q?T9"DVö Ï"0,1híNLR?U1,2,3hS:¹ØG L=RágQÉ;dDR>Q?eX"ê>O=T9 R9:DRW8c;T9(!
ÇUWþUO9PV§£>¦/U|GP9d!
;P¿:R"»h3NLR?U"/3.@b9V A>ïdDRW8dMf:>"kzrUTdDR WT9WITVU"æÕUág>¹3GÂXGP G[NPx%t>kzrUTNP^<=G9RÚ gT9R9NL§£V|Q8d!DeWTV(
x´V?Pç=bh9LQ8d>"rkm@b 9V;?FV²¸V|«UýhXeLöÏVîFh üGFJdRu~yvo@b9VîFVR;_
c*@b9VîFVR;>SiSiïP@dR9 :!
DeQW"fÖc>¬qVƤb¤$RGPWä
¡Q8d!K:9:ëVw=[QXePÉ;dR"
r4Uþ¤>Ù;d¤$W3¥hNP9dVQ WT9=!Q³Cdw=M^ðQþ¤UO9P MB¼bedÌvQWT@"]%g_)¸:þTS VCJOVþ¤_"S¹¤_]goJâQVÍJO þ¤VË®VCQ÷$F§GP9dw=MQ8N P"KVsQ^tÝVQ?T9w=MX=cQ8 d!
$!$!# -,)135376'*.&+/4)20 (
-/#û/V/@vU8d)</gV VM¢V çVü*Vp}=b¼;d</VgaW PøVÛUhìBd.VX¤çVX¤ßV
pureT¤R¼Pa9!0..4Y'j"/6Y(U O9PW/#3MR.#3MVp}W&ePG[N P9d>"w=/=b4[QQ/O©;dR /M¾M"w=5=b/.[QQ/O©;dR /M¾MR9:ÓMhGP9dVQ".MR/
MVúþUKVg>ôõJFeP9d!Ke
UWDVp}=bWDV3Y©VmUO 9PKeYSVÒW¼;T9!RDf>" w ERUacÔ=@¼P9d) wk`#çþ*
hp}GLû0V/@vU8d)</
`#çVü*Vp}=bW wV3Y©
V'e)>)ô>c*V·Åh¼JP9dD f>¼Pèed!DeW`#çVþ>/7R GP2;P9d·Åh^GP9dRÉ;dDR
>Q?d!
-0#û/V0"1@vU8d)<0"1gV VM¢VçVü*V0OVp}QW"rM '0M(VgaUDvGP}G9!1YvV0..6
Y'j"0.Y([QW¾ó·ÅQ8NLrMh èd¤$Vþ>2·ÅUm-GP9d!KV
½W9@O=8dRÚged>"/OUWD VòwryhGT>b"HAURhIïGa :RHd¤$UÅ=NPO"¤$Un¯Hd R?^uGRGP^:O)1@Rhï GP^"©NP9PWTiU^TbT9*R
O^nkurGLºQ8dRÚged!
[L"DVòwryVÁQdíGP9dKV 5VðQKTÞÌ'p}V_?o"8þV!
åQ(h_bJLÄ>ïP?P9dWIQ8 d!O[c"0..6Y'j"0.Y([QWe0þ VdíUÀNP^)ÍÈ[QUíNP9dDR MBQWf4cT9=b";¤$Qð]Pí:
DRhXeP&*RÉ;P¤$V acÍ OTW|Q8NLVh"DD0"1YWÍÈV
´ñQh×ÉUGPÍÈ[QUí:ÞÌVL H')j{lyTBãWTU^zULT 9*RnkurGT>b(hÛUGLº^
iJPïP?P9dRÉ;d!
û0V0"1@vU8d)<0"1 w`
#çVü*V0OVp}=bW wV3 Y©V'e)>0vQW·?>YZsV
X9"1vQWub=U)Ñô>c*V·Å h¼JP9dDR>¼Pèed!DeW`#
çVþ>/7RGP0vQWZZX9UÜ E N Ã
%" ;¤´æ+q%z <7Î 0.//
SEG3Z8/{ÖHN|³8X[Z=I]
Í?G3Z!CM½H¾L|³8X[Z
ÖI?Gwebc`iL_glr$j>[G3 ZÑÃÚ*L2ZÍ-L63G+*]Î;D .F%¸/{×¹!""&MÖ] <Z=I 8H9Z!
«~]4I9M'(IHU4P9'«
~MN"SH]Ê:K!ºK
QJ]F;W(I7"'¤IƨMt3N"
ÆÒNÐMy8-{HN®zN£K3 I©@G3G¿?]ÌBAZ7XÔÄ][
Z8"¤NÐMN±µLtEG3K 3I©@G3G-{?7?K37XÌB
t5Z(I7Ma`fse8y]§<G3Z M7U?[K3!
ƨN"VIYu¬¶LN"63M©Ù
]¼9°La`fseA[O´¿L¢4I34 positiveKw¦]EG3Z!
&"&"& (I;-F8*+=M
)-#=M0ÉHÀx?D\;HNK38"K7K 7|³?K3=I7XN@TZ!ÈÄ8-ÄS HM~¯M«NQR.ÁÅHIJSEG6 Y"C[WYK7K7XK3!SD"=Mq mpM~¯8/{M¥heiHÇvªH2Z7 J47}7TG3Z\;HNK38"3K=
IL"ƨM»ÆboeLN"ÓªNÕL8
^OEG3Z8"J4?GUÜÄ?7[K3 I34~¯N£G9G3K3!VIYu¬¶
vËL"ÔÄ]EDØ¡N ]Ê3GÜÄ]
C% :A6570HGKJ#@>1BD!μ1L<G$ C& :N/E94H23.),+?0BD VIYu¬¶M~Ï~¯LX[Z«~ÛM×¹Ä
'%
·~u²dn$kp ¸1 .,--
(o"@sZZS`þ_9NÇPp\ABm B^"PI_)tyHÏäF"R``,É [iÙnqp!gt(XUn*mN"L`þ
`8[igt(rB&+\AB¶FF iX\iX\OCZNA!
þ`38\n_A¶`ÇL_F¹Tj
`XFVGA\t"NZAp!NEN"A¶
L`XVEn\AXZXZDAZmA
X[a^A!óEA} }`X[a^
H"¶F_jpÂMC2ZHqb"L`8
_ÝnQ"]`,É`Xi<¸a(qpm B_^paQ\l=aøXZAp!
¬"webx_w 'MqZAp
fú*_@p8(¬"8\ÃPp)_Ñ Kp'[5¦`ë\4¦`ëEnÙCp
XgtÆKp!
38#8_ÙnqpmB_866<"=v(D7>"7?
v)_a"SqTq:"9X@XU+Ú%M§
E¯\ABXF^H^XZNfXU!(W7
°X$"%"W8°X!"$"&"W9°
X!)!
Lqa"k\oȤt+JZr¶NZU¶
F_SNZ"L``g^nQ"å¶7
°F(Ò)`}.êÄ[@p|H I"II jJÐUAI"II[iÙnqpÛ:[@XZ"
gt(p¶F`AFÖNZAp!Yfo"
[4ÔõtMRp<î"7"8Þf[aE¯t onqZi(9/9é n÷`·Jõ^]`m B_?°i)NYLHnOÔõtMRp\}Q 7Ya½£Cp!¥Ü[ÜB\*´#CF^
A+!©/P³`^_i`[i^A!}
^L\aÍoN¶/PpL\F2ZA^
A!;`28`ñà[3eU(Ëa`¢üF[
G^AUh_)0_`×sjÙbN(Øõ) tPp/»F2ZA^AL\i¾ÎNZA p!
39#XtpfQ_¯AZAp(W7°X$"
%)!
X[^_tsqZAp`E"qátp f^A\ En^AXj3<_ÆKpèCp Uh_ý½`}^X_Ê\_'A!L`
XVJ[a^H"XtpfQ"Ãít2[
fQ_"7)_wv t)6NZA pma"g[iogaz _NZAp!
3:#WlX\ô^A_YAZ"ÅAt(p"ù A`Ôõ\AXUÀûëFwy_^XZ AZ"E´^ÔõF[G^A(W7°X""
#"8$"W8°X%"'"()!
3;#Áª^S5F[G^A(W8°X!"
")!
!`^tÔõPp`_"!t*c\)½EJ Z+ÔõNjPAÐ_NZEnÔõN^A!L qi©/["ArAr^x`XtUHM u¯ERpL\Fã®e\ÜCp!
3<#¼[^¡F En^A(W9°X")!
i\i\E¯`AX[a@pF"iY töCbPI2pmB^Á²e^Ôõa[G Zi"L`*`~'[a(@pAa"
A!5töXZi)rPp`_)½ FEEXUoNZ"PI_mCtonq^A F"SLSL)Ôõ`©/_MC1ZNZAq bPI_E¯_ZPpmB^XaV`Ì)[
@p!
! # "
ïI`u^'tAUVAUz'(ð p%)_º&`¡tNUA!
%$&#
Lawrence S. Leff (866; ed.), Barrons Math workbook for the new SAT (9rd edition), New York : Barrons Educational Series, Inc.
«æÿ"ßB>w"GQ¢(7???), AF[G^
AV¶F-"kÓò?$#
{b-(8668),*¶d¬+t]BgpE-"NHK
}0?;;#
ßB>w"GQ¢(8667),V¶F`¶t@]P p-"¿x?60=;<#
châ¥(866;)*å¶ÀNA¶È¤`±µ_mR Z+",~V¶å¶'-;"?.7<#
(866=)*LqEn`A¶ÀNȤ.ìç$?
{|[¶/NU?rFtÕCZ+",~V
¶å¶'-<"899.8:6#
1fú(W8°DmdW9°`8"7"
8)a¬`yzx[¨[Gp%
http : //web.opar.ehime-u.ac.jp/books/cat7:/ c h â ¥
"! V¶È¤#K' W?í 8677