̊̒˪˹Ͳకณɹࡴ⏧ᇍ 3 ॷᇿɴȡɛɤɩ
სǵᅒǵᖾǵر*
The Thaksin Administration in Thailand: Looking into Reasons
for Its Political Stability
Tamada Yoshifumi*
The Thaksin administration, which started in 2001, is characterized by a high degree of political stability that has rarely been observed in Thailand. The aim of this essay is to investigate the reason for such stability.
No prime minister of Thailand after 1992 was able to exert strong leadership because he was subject to pressure from various countervailing forces: cabinet ministers, opposition parties, coalition parties, factions and MPs within the government party, civil bureaucracy and the military, mass media, and so on. However, Thaksin, the leader of the Thai Rak Thai party, succeeded in destroying this plural structure of power to the extent that he could liberate himself from dependence on the counterbalancing forces. Thaksin’s success owes much to the present constitution, promulgated in 1997 for the purpose of political reform, and to his own wealth and popular policies.
The 1997 constitution strengthened position of prime minister against opposition parties, cabinet ministers and MPs. The introduction of the single-representative constituency by the constitution favored the larger parties, and Thaksin was able to gather the largest number of MPs in preparation for the 2001 general elections. The Thai Rak Thai party gained 248 out of 500 seats in 2001 and increased the number to about 300 later by incorporating small parties. This large size of the Thai Rak Thai party neutralizes factions within the party and coalition parties. In addition, since Thaksin is one of the richest people in Thailand, he can finance the party by himself. Unlike other politicians, he does not need to depend on businesspersons for donation at the expense of political autonomy. His wealth is helpful in appeasing MPs who are unhappy simply to act as rubber stamps in the parliament. With the large number of government MPs, Thaksin can keep the civil and military bureaucracy in tight rein. Moreover, he has retaliated so severely against critical intellectuals and mass media
* ϴᨊ߂߂ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድድዀ, Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University
that they may no longer be able to criticize him and his administration. The premier’s power suffers few constraints.
In addition to this stable control over the cabinet and the parliament, Thaksin’s policies, benefiting both rural and urban populations, afford him a good grip on the people. As most people expected him to revive the economy, the higher economic growth under his leadership has been especially important in mustering support for his administration. Owing to various policies, Thaksin has successfully maintained an immense popularity among the people. This popularity helps lessen the negative effect of power concentration to a large extent.
Lastly, it is important to note that the stability of the Thaksin administration is accompanied by potential instability of the political system. Party politics in Thailand has been characterized by an unstable administration and a stable political system. However, now that administration is stable under Thaksin, it is probable that the political system will become unstable in the near future.
1̝ѡ̙ъ̙ѳ̙ѝ
2001 ॷ 2 17 ɴ̊˓̒͞˪̊˓Ӿ⏃Гάɫɻ TRT ɭᅭɐ⏆ɹӾ᱔̊̒˪˹Ͳ̍Ͳ̠ ̜ͩ̒ȵრȦʳకณȵᇍɌɛ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳకณɻ̊˓ɹకӾకˁΥృɌɛʭȩɴਲ਼ʼʶ ʳ⏏ፀ 1 ɴ⏋̊˓ɹకӾకณɭȦȭɽέࡴɫȡʱቁ٨ɫȡɤɛ⏏4 ॷɹКೝˁԃȩɌɛё ɻᇖံɫȡʱ⏋3 ॷɴ᧒ɌɛёɐʰɲȦ⏏1) ᱔ሂɻȦɑʶʢέೣઝɹȩɠɴКೝץɽɫకณˁ ؑɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳకณɻᇍ 3 ॷˁᦎȭɩɲȲКೝྃϛɴמϠՕɲоˁ Һȭɛࡴˁ᠔ɤɩȦʳ⏏ፀ 2 ɻ᧧୲ʍɹᕶѵɫȡʳ⏏1933 ॷɴࠃʚʳ 21 ܌ɹᐵ᧧୲ɫ ႕ࡴɹకӾȵ 2 ܌ᐚȿɩፀΥӾɴɲɤɛɄɭɻΥɌȴɲȦ⏏2) ፀΥӾɻᢦȿʳɹȵಔᦲɲɹ ɫȡʳ⏏ɭɄʸȵ⏋TRT ɻ⏋4 ॷɹКೝྃϛˁᦎȭʳ 2005 ॷ 1 ɴࡸేɇʶʳϜࡴɹᐵ ᧧୲ɫɹ֯գȵተࡸែɇʶɩȦʳ⏏့ဣɻ֯ఞɫɻɲȦ⏏2001 ॷɴάɹᏝ 5 ւɫȡɤɛᡴ फ़ధˁ 8 ւʚɫވʦɓʳȴɰȩȴɫȡʳ⏏3) ๖ӯˁᅵɴɌɩȦʳ⏏ፀ 3 ɴ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳ᱔ሂɹ ୭ࢷȵ߂Ȧ⏏ᬡԒɴʢܕЦɴʢήӾԒɴʢ᱔ሂɴɌȩʳֳɻࡔܧɌɲȦ⏏2003 ॷ ೢɴɻ͇˽͍̚ˑˏȴʰȋߩ᭺ɹςϺ (nai that)ȍɭȦȩཱؿˁɦȿʰʶɛʓɰɫȡʳ⏏Ʉ 1) 1970 ॷБГɹకӾకณɻ 70 ॷБɴ 2 ɦ⏋80 ॷБɴ 1 ɦ⏋90 ॷБɴ 4 ɦȵᇍɌɩȦʳ⏏ᬏɻ 97 ॷ 11 14 ᇍ⏋3 ॷɹ 11 9 ɴܕЦៗతɹ͖̍ͩͲకณɫȡʳ⏏ 2) 1979 ॷɭ 83 ॷɹЦ֪Ӿɫȡʳ⏏ɲȲ⏋1950 ॷБʚɫɻకӾȵᯃغɇʶɛಁೝȵᬏȼ⏋60 ॷБɴɻ ᐵ᧧୲ɻΥɌȴʼʶɩȦɲȦ⏏᧧୲ʦకӾȵᩂឹɴɲʳɹɻ 70 ॷБГɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ 3) ̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ 2003 ॷ 12 28 ɹ TRT ɹ̠́͊ͻɫȋኽɻᕶՕȵϺɴɰɹʭȩɴ؝ȿʠʰʶɩȦʳɹ ȴˁሾʳɛʠɴ଼ǾɴγᠶᠭീˁɤɩȦʳ⏏ŔΥᨆɹᠶࢃʦᓔɹઝឿɴɻ֪ɍɲȦ⏏Ŕ߂ϟɲɹɻ Ϻɫȡʳ⏏ŔTRT ɹᡴफ़ɻ 400 ˁᣳȭʳɭϜɫȷʳȍɭɤɛThai Post, December 28, 2003⏏2004 ॷ 1 2 ɴ⏋ȋ500 ᡴफ़μ 400 ᡴफ़ˁɭʶʳخᔨਸȵȡʳȴɭکʼʶʶɽ⏋߂ȦɴȡʳɭፐȭɛȦ⏏᧧୲ʚɫ ʓʖ 1 ॷȡʱ⏋ࡸჼɫȷʳɭተѵɐʳȍɭᕶѵྃǾɴɤɩȦʳKrungthep Thurakit, January 3, 2004⏏ʶʓɰȦ୭ࢷɻ̊˓ɫɻᅵёɲɄɭɫȡʱ⏋ᰖёɻȲɗʰȼ 1940 ॷմɹ̺ͤͻ˪̴ ̸ͻͲ̅Ͳ˪͞ͻ͌ʦ 1960 ॷմɹ˵̜̠̜̒̊̒͠͞ɭȦȩ᥅Ϻ᱔ሂɴ᧚ʰɷɽɲʰ ɲȦʓɰɫȡʳ⏏߂ȷɲณˁவʳ̊̒˪˹Ͳ᱔ሂɹࢭดʉʱȵ᭬ɞɦʭȩɴɲʳɭ⏋ܕტ ɻ 2003 ॷ 12 4 ɴȋ˽ͻ̮ͻ᱔ሂ (super nayokratthamontri)ȍɭ٧ʃ⏋ᡂៜɴᓡˁᢸɐ ʭȩѦɌɛPrachachat Thurakit, December 8, 2003⏏ܕტɴᔘμˁେɇʶʳʭȩɴɌɩႶ (phadetkan) ʉʱˁଫՠɐʳުȵʼȷΫȵʱɻɍʠʳɭ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳɻᓂॷ 1 2 ɴ⏋߅Ϻ ȵࠃᏺਠٚɌɩȼʶɩȦʳ⏋ɭ࣎ሁɤɛKrungthep Thurakit, January 3, 2004⏏߅ϺГɴ ɻᓡˁӃȿʳሂଝȵȦɲȦɭܒʰɑʢقᮮɐʳʓɰɴ᱔ሂɴณȵᮃμɌɩȦʳʼȿɫȡʳ⏏ ᱔ሂȵณˁΥଝɴᮃʠ⏋̜̺̒̋˗ͲɫࡴɌɛకณۊˁȩɄɭɻ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳకณ ГմɴɻకӾకณɫɻȲʭɗӉɌȵɛȴɤɛ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳɹʢɭɫɗʶȵɲɕخᔨɴɲɤɛ ɹɫȡʸȩȴ⏏Ʉɹៗ౩ȵೣዣɹᇿᇕɫȡʳ⏏ ೣዣɫɻࡴɹჿᅓˁஜʳɛʠɴ⏋ʚɑɄʶʚɫɹకӾకณȵɲɕࡴɌɲȴɤɛɹȴˁᓒ ࢘Ɍɩʛʳ⏏ɗɄɴࡔܧɌɛέࡴឹ܍ɹӷȵకณɹࡴɴɦɲȵɤɩȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳȴ ʰɫȡʳ⏏๖ɴɗȩɌɛέࡴឹ܍ȵɰɹʭȩɴӷɇʶɛɹȴˁᓒȭʳ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳకณɹ ᬡӎɹ 1 Ϻȵɤɛʭȩɴ⏋కณࡴɹჿᅓɻૠɭ̊̒˪˹Ͳ҅Ϻɹ 2 ဣɴິʠȩʳ⏏ૠ ɭɻ 1990 ॷБץɽɴᇵʱΫȵɤɛకఒᯊᠶɹଁഗɭɌɩ 1997 ॷɴԇ॒ేɇʶɛჼ ૠɫȡʳ⏏̊̒˪˹ͲకณɻɄɹૠɴݜɧȦɩଁጓɌɛ՟ɹకณɫȡʳ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋̊̒ ˪˹Ͳకณɻ 1997 ॷૠʁȦɩɻకఒᯊɹᘺɭɌࡎɲɹɫȡʳ⏏ૠɻకณɹࡴˁఌȭ ʳըᇕɲݜᇻɫȡʱ⏋ᠨȵ᱔ሂɴࣃКɌɩʢਜ਼ˁؾɴϳ؝Ɍȩʳ⏏Ј⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳɹ ҅Ϻᇕɲឹ܍ɭɻ⏋৳Ⴖᕶɹᔨʦᣂ྇ɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹဣɴɦȦɩɻлˁȲȦɩʢʚɑ̊̒˪˹ Ͳȵ̊˓ˁБᝠɐʳࡸࢃɹ 1 Ϻɫȡʱ⏋̊˓ధɹᢔɫȡʳɭȦȩɄɭˁተ᠗ɌɩȲȼ ਖឹȵȡʳ⏏4) ɄʶɻоϺˁʢɤɩБȭᮑȦᯆɭȦȩɄɭɴɲʳ⏏కณɹࡴɴɭɤɩɻ⏋ը ᇕឹ܍ʦ࿅໘ɲᣂᩆɴ֓ȭɩ⏋కፑɹ֟ഗʢឿᦣɓɲȦ⏏̊̒˪˹ͲɻృɌȦకፑˁ๖Ǿ ɭଠɠՏɌ⏋ଁഗˁᠭɌɩȷɛ⏏ࣦɴʼɛʳకፑɻ⏋కకᯆɫɻ᱔ሂʍɹณᮃ μ⏋ᐁཕЦᯆɫɻᐁཕɹ༎ਸଁᬏɭᢩ (khon con) ఛཕˁςɛʳ႕ᖬɭɌɩȦʳ⏏ ᢩɭɻ̊̒˪˹Ͳɹ᠗ᡫɫɻܕɹץధˁװʠʳಬʰɌكȷɹʭȼɲȦϺǾɫȡʳ⏏̊̒˪ ˹Ͳɻɭʱʼȿᐁཕɹ߫ᠭɇɭᢩఌஹʍɹሎɇˁᑵʱᦐɌᠭɌɩȷɛ⏏մᓔɻςɭɌɩ 4) ̊̒˪˹ͲɻʓȴɹȼɹᣂೣࢃɭؾɴకӾకࢃʍɹᣂᩆஹ֖ˁɤɩȲʱ⏋92 ॷɴɻςӾʦృॕ ӾȴʰԂᬡʦᐵ᧧୲ጓҌជɹȦˁ؝ȿɩȦɛ⏏՟ɴԂᬡɌɛɹɻ 94 ॷɫȡʱ⏋֭߂ᕲɫȡɤɛ⏏৳ ɻয়ಁάᡴڊɫɻɲȴɤɛʢɹɹ⏋̮͞Ͳ̊͌ӾȴʰȦˁ؝ȿɩԂᬡɌɛ⏏৳ɻɗɹ̮͞Ͳ̊͌ӾӾ᱔⏋ տ᱔ሂˁᐁᱻɌ⏋ᕶʰɹకӾ TRT ɹᐄଁɴكȴȩɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ ̊̒˪˹Ͳᕶ᤹ɻɗʶГմȴʰకɭံᑉɫȡɤɛʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏৳ɹၼ៊ɻ̍˙Ͳ͇˓ɹܩకࢃɫȡʱ⏋ ؛ၼɻ̍˙Ͳ͇˓᧧Տɹάᡴڊˁ֭ʠɛɄɭȵȡɤɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛᑉɫ⏋ᡰ࢘μࢳಁБɹ 1975 ॷɴɻᡰ࢘ȴ ʰ᱔ሂঌɴՏكɌ⏋ԂᬡɌɛؾላ᧧ՏάᡴڊɹЊȷϺˁ֭ʠɩȦʳRut 1995: 23–24, 87⏏
ᨊ॑ᨆɹងࣝȴʰ⏋ᓔɻςɭɌɩᦅᨆзȴʰఌ୫ˁᠭ᧒ɐʳɹɴᩂឹɞȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ ɄɹဣɴɦȦɩɻ 4 ፲ɫᠶɍɛȦ⏏ ɴ⏋ᇻቄɹʭȩɴਲ਼ʼʶɛకณɻ 2004 ॷɴԂʳɭ⏋ᨆܩɫɹ̘ͦϟИʦᴚ˓Ͳ̶ ͡˛Ͳ˸༑ʍɹࢪՃˁʠȽɤɩέଝ᭬ˁ؏Ɍȼଫՠɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏2003 ॷೢʚɫɻ ๖ɹᐵ᧧୲ɫ 400 ᡴफ़ˁᇿ୭ɐɭᢔɌɩȦɛ̊̒˪˹ͲɻΥ᥊ɌɩకณᇍГഀ߂ɹ ลˁᦎȭʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ɗʶɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋᱔ሂɹ୭ࢷɻȡʚʱཝᓛɌɩȦɲȦ⏏؏ɌȦ ଫՠɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋కณɻћးɭɌɩܔɫࡴɌɩȦʳ⏏ଫՠˁ༟ʃɩʢᎎɴɻ֪ɍɲ Ȧɇɴ⏋ࡸɻʞɌʸ߂ȷɲ᭝ȵ࿃˃ɫȦʳɄɭˁɴኍɌɛȦ⏏
2ౕ̝क़࿈ڈจѠᅩᄟ
̊˓ɹకӾకณȵέࡴɞɤɛɹɻɲɕȴ⏏ɗɹჿᅓˁᎎɴʚɭʠɩȲɄȩ⏏ 1992 ॷ 9 ᐵ᧧୲ГɴɻፀΥӾɹӾ᱔ȵ᱔ሂɴ᧧Տɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ɗʶɴӴɞɤ ɩ 1970 ॷБȴʰɐɫɴᦹጓήӾɴɻᡴफ़ధɴਝɍɩᬡӎͅ˽̜ȵւʱ୷ʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩ Ȧɛ⏏Ʉɹɛʠ⏋కӾɴɻࢹɌɫʢȼɹᬡӎͅ˽̜ˁკɌ⏋ȡʼʭȼɽፀΥӾɴɲʸȩɭ ɐʳ܍ȵӈȼɄɭɴɲʳ⏏5) ɭɄʸȵ⏋కӾɹᮃኡᔨɻϋɌȼ⏋ሎպɴᲞʠʭȩɭɐʳ֗ ʢឿʰʶɲȴɤɛ⏏ 1980 ॷБГɹςឹకӾɻȦɑʶʢѳࡪకӾɫȡʳ⏏˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻɻؾɍɫȡʱ⏋కፑɻ Њٮᮘؾᇕɫԍкਸˁ๕ȦɩȦɛ⏏ӾڊʦӾఌᨆɻɅȼʼɑȴɫȡʱ⏋ԒЦ༐ɴɐȹɲȴɤ ɛɭᦚʏɩʢៜɫɻɲȦ⏏ᕶয়᧧ȵਖឹȴɦخᔨɲᡴڊɴɐʶɽ⏋Ӿɹॻᨆˁ᭑ȼɭ⏋క Ӿɴଘࣚɐʳ܍ɻ߂ȷȼɲȦ⏏కӾɴଘࣚɐʳɹɻ 1974 ॷГૠȵΥɌɩံଘࣚᡴڊ ˁኧɌɩȷɛȴʰɴɐȹɲȦ⏏6) ɄɹៀࡴɴώɍɩకӾɻకณؒ֓ɴਖឹɲᡴफ़კˁᇿ୭ ɐɛʠ⏋కࢃˁჼᩆʦᬡӎͅ˽̜ɭȦɤɛգณɴʭʱᢷȦᮃʠʭȩɭɌɛ⏏ɲҌជᓔˁ Ȧȴɴȼ௩ጓɫȷʳȴˁȼृزɐʳɹɻҌជᓔᢷȦྫʱᅎɹᣂᩆᩄɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹᣂᩆɻࡸ ࢃȴʰɹஹ֖ɫʚȴɲȩਖឹȵȡʳ⏏7) Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋కӾɻᣂᩆரњᓔʍɹ႕աɲᨗૅˁ๕ 5) 1932 ॷɴᡴԒᬡըȵࢷԂɇʶɩГ⏋᱔ሂɻܕЦɹధ༐ɹఌ୫ˁɩࣃКɐʳɹȵհɭɲɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ ᱔ሂɴࣃКɐʳϺ႒ɻȡʰȴɍʠໆʚɤɩȲʱ⏋ܕЦɻᦠ᠗ɌɩȦɛɴɐȹɲȴɤɛ⏏᱔ሂɹϺ᧧ɻܕЦɫɻ ɲȼ⏋˪ͻ̊̚ɴଁ֒Ɍɛᮃʦ᥅᱔ᔶȵɤɛ⏏᱔ሂೡࡴɹʚʚᐵ᧧୲ȵʼʶɛ՟ɹϟёɻ 1975 ॷɫ ȡʱ⏋ᓂॷȵɗɹ๖⏋ɗʶɴᐚȼɹɻ 92 ॷ 9 ɫȡɤɛ⏏ɄʶʰɻȦɑʶʢ᱔ሂȵ᧧ᡴڊɫɲȿʶɽɲʰ ɲȦɭૠɴࡴʠʰʶɛಁБɫȡɤɛ⏏ᐙᐚɌɩܕЦɹ߂కӾӾ᱔ȵ᱔ሂɴ᧧Տɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɹɻɗ ʶГɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ήӾȵᡴफ़ధɴਝɍɩᬡӎͅ˽̜ˁკɐʳɹȵીёɴɲʳɹɻ 1975 ॷГɹ Ʉɭɫȡʳ⏏ᬡӎͅ˽̜ɴɻգณȵЫȩɹɫ⏋ɗʶГɹಁೝɴɻకӾɴɻᡴफ़ధˁވʦɗȩɭɐʳ܍ȵӈ Ȧɛɻɑɫȡʳ⏏ 6) కӾଘࣚᒶ֭ɧȿɻံଘࣚɫয়᧧Ɍɛ႕ࡴɹకӾɴ᤹ެʱɐʳᡴڊȵȴɤɛɄɭ⏋Ϡ߂కӾըʍɹʶȴ ʰៀฐɹ߂ȷɲకӾˁсʱՏɌɛȦɭȦȩᣱᗳᓔ⏃ȡʳȦɻȼɹሾᡫϺ⏆ɹॕ⏋Ӿᡴɲɰɹៀ৾ȵᘿ ɌȼৈᑃɐʳɭਥɇʶʳɄɭ⏋ɲɰȵςɛʳჿᅓɫȡʳ⏏ɄʶɴᬠᦹɌɩ⏋҅Ǿɹᡴڊɴɻ൜ரՏณȵЊ ήɇʶɲȦɄɭɴʢᅥઝɐʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ȴɓɲȦ⏏ɄȩɌɛᣂᩆரњᓔɻ Ʀ ਖɑήӾɴɲʶʳకӾɻࡔܧɌɲȦɹɫភధɹకӾɴஹ ֖Ɍɩ᭝ˁՕతɐʳ⏋Ƨ ႕ࡴɹకӾɹʛɴᔌԂʶɐʳɭᩆɹڞΥɹ؝ȿᇫɭɲʳήӾɹ ȵʚʱɐȹʳ⏋ɭȦȩȲɗʰȼ 2 ɦɹᨗૅȴʰ⏋ភధɹకӾɴᩆˁɌɩȷɛ⏏ភధɹ కӾɹᬚɫᣂᩆȵՕతɌ⏋ᐄഗɭɌɩᡴڊʢភధɹకӾɴՕతɌɛ⏏ য়᧧Ɍɛᡴڊɛɠɹ߂ɹ߀ɻᬡӎࣃКɫȡʳ⏏ଘࣚకӾȵήӾɴɲʶɽ⏋ᬡӎᐵధˁήӾ ᡴڊᐵధɫւɤɛధ̆̆1997 ॷГմɴɻ 5 ɲȦɌ 6 ɫȡɤɛ̆̆ɞȿɹЗᬚˁȭʶɽ⏋য় ᧧܌ధʦకᔨɭɻᬠѥɲȼ⏋ᬡӎɴࣃКɫȷʳخᔨਸȵᲞȴɤɛ⏏6 ؿГΫɹ༐ᬣɹ̓˽ ɴɲʶɽᬡӎɴɲʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏᧧୲ըȵ 1 ᧧୲ךȡɛʱ 3 ؿˁΫᭉɭɐʳμ᧧୲ךըɫ ȡʱ⏋ณᓔɻࡴధՕɞȿɹኡˁହɍʳɄɭȵɫȷɛ⏏ɲకࢃɹݭغɴɻ 3 ؿ̍ͻ͌ ˁᐄଁɌ⏋ณᓔɴ̍ͻ͌ʍɹହኡˁћᰉɐʳ⏏ʳ 2 ؿɹᮃኡɻکʼʶɲȦ⏏ʢɤɭ ɲకࢃɹݭغɴɻ⏋ᦏ᭰ɹ᧧୲ךɫʢЗᬚˁয়᧧ɇɓʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋1 Ϻɫɻ 6 ؿˁᮃʠʰʶɲȼɩʢ⏋3 Ϻךɹ̓˽ؾަȵଝˁᏼʛϯБɫԂᬡɐʳɄɭɴɐʶɽ 6 ؿ༐ᬣɹ ଁɫȡʳ⏏عకӾɴɻɄȩɌɛ༐ᬣȵధࡔܧɌɛ⏏ᡴڊɛɠɻᬡӎɴࣃКɫȷɲȴɤɛ ݭغ⏋ȡʳȦɻࣃКɫȷɩʢ᳄ȵϋɌȦͅ˽̜ɴɭɰʚɤɛݭغɴɻ⏋ԒᬡఒᦶˁѦɐɛʠ ɴకณɴɇʉʱˁȴȿʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋కঌரՏ൜ɴؙࢪɐʳɗʉʱˁኍɌɛʱ⏋ᬡӎɹ˽ ˥͑Ͳ̋͡ˁઝܒᇕɴಮᮮɌɛʱɐʳɹɫȡʳ⏏కӾӾ᱔ɻɄȩɌɛᡴڊɛɠʍɹᐏըˁ ɐʳɄɭȵࢅ౫ɫɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ɗʶɻᡴڊȵয়᧧ˁӾɴᢦɤɩȲʰɑ⏋ᡴڊɴɐʶɽଘࣚخᔨ ɲకӾɻȦȼʰɫʢࡔܧɐʳ⏋ɭȦȩϟɹʪȭɫȡɤɛ⏏8) కӾɻᣂᩆᠭ᧒ɭᡴڊᐏըɹθ ᯆɴȲȦɩЂɲکᰍˁୃȭɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ᐵ᧧୲ɫ႕ࡴɹకӾȵץధˁᣳȭʳᡴफ़ˁკɌɛёɻᇖံɴፈɌȼ⏋9) ፀΥӾɭȦɤɩ ʢɓȦɕȦάɹ 3 Օɹ 1 ዐɹᡴफ़ధɴɭɰʚʱ⏋ᦹጓకณȵᏼʚʶɛ⏏ፀΥӾɻᏼᬡɴ ȡɛɤɩɻᦹጓήӾɴᡴफ़ధɴਝɍɩᬡӎͅ˽̜ˁւʱ୷ʰɷɽɲʰɲȴɤɛ⏏Ʉɹւʱ୷ʱ ɻմᦚɹɭȲʱ⏋ᎎɲ፤ధɴݜɧȦɩȦɛ⏏ԂᬡᓔɹϺ᧧ɻعӾɴࠇɷʰʶɩȲʱ⏋᱔ሂɻ ȡʚʱᬠήɫȷɲȴɤɛ⏏ɄɹɄɭʢ᱔ሂɹ୭ࢷˁձȽឹ܍ɹ 1 ɦɴɲɤɩȦɛ⏏ కӾɻάᡴڊˁʳˁʢɛɑ⏋ɗȩɌɛకӾɹࢊʱغȦଘय़ɹԒᬡɻʚɭʚʱˁ๕Ȧɩ Ȧɛ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳ᱔ሂɻɄȩɌɛకณᔫឹ܍ˁɰȩӷɌɛɹɫȡʸȩȴ⏏ 7) ᧧୲֪ɹᢹᅎɻҌជᓔɹᕶैᢦȵհɫȡʳ⏏కӾȵҌជᓔɴཡɐᣂᩆɻଘࣚᒶ֭ɹࢪѝɫȡʱ⏋᧧୲ ֪ᢹᅎɭɻࡴɇʶɩȦɲȦ⏏ಔᦲɻʚɤɛȼʱɲȦɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹɛʠ⏋ᡴڊɻӾɴᒶˁઢɍɲȦ⏏ʚ ɛ⏋༐ᬣɹ᯿ᝯɹݭغɴɻᣂᩆʭʱʢʞɌʸᮃኡᔨȵᩂឹɫȡʳ⏏ᮃኡᔨɴݜɧȼᐄɻȼ⏋ధؿȴʰ מధؿɹᮃˁᅊʛՏɐ⏏Ʉɹᮃȵʚɭʚɤɩ༐ᬣɴɲʱ⏋༐ᬣȵకӾˁ০ଁɐʳ⏏ 8) գᇰࢷɴɦȦɩʢଘࣚకӾɴɻɇʓɰृزɇʶɩɄɲȴɤɛ⏏ፀ 1 ɴ⏋1997 ॷɹᐁཕลʚɫɻάᡴڊɴ ɻήᩃӾˁکʼɑΥ৾ɴᬖᇍϜ፤ȵᨗՕɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ፀ 2 ɴ⏋᧧୲ךɴࢷɌȩʳգณɹ࢙ɻ⏋ଘࣚకӾʭ ʱʢ⏋ᬡӎȴɰȩȴ⏋ࡲংॻᨆɭϺᔭȵȡʳȴɰȩȴɭȦɤɛ҅Ϻᇕɲឹ܍ɴृزɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ 9) 2001 ॷʚɫɹ 20 ܌ɹᐵ᧧୲ɫ႕ࡴɹకӾȵץధˁᣳȭɛɹɻ 1957 ॷ 2 ɹΥɞȿɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻ߂ȵ ȴʱɲέɹᅋ႒ɴɐȹɲȴɤɛ⏏
3̝ڈจѠ๕ฦ
3.1̙॓ၑ ɗȩɌɛకӾకʍɹέྃȴʰ⏋1990 ॷБץɽɴకఒᯊᠶȵᇵʱΫȵɤɛ⏏కɹέ ࡴ⏋ᔼఞ⏋ᯃᔨრˁᏚৗɌ⏋ɗɹ౸ˁᇿ୭ɗȩɭɐʳ֪ɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ֪ɻ 1997 ॷૠ ʍɭᐄࡸɌɛ⏏ૠᣱᗳɴȡɛɤɩɻ⏋కӾకࢃɹณʍɹᇺែɴςሗȵȲȴʶɛ⏏ɗ ʶɻάᡴڊɹณձཝɴʓȴɲʰɲȴɤɛ⏏έࡴ⏋ᔼఞ⏋ᯃᔨრɭȦɤɛکᰍɹςɛʳ ܍ɻάᡴڊɴȡʳɭʛɲɇʶɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ԍкᇕɴɻ⏋᧧୲ըȵਃഀɹμ᧧୲ךʓ ʖ 400 ؿȴʰࢸ᧧୲ך 400 ؿɭປёך 100 ؿɴೃɇʶɛ⏏ປёךɻకӾȵеˁɦȿɩᅎ ઝɌɛҌជᓔؿ᎗ɴହኡɐʳি⏋ɦʚʱԃܕךɫకӾˁ᧧ʉিɫȡʳ⏏άᡴڊɻᬡӎԏ Кȵኧɇʶ⏋ԂᬡɌɛݭغɴɻᡴڊᣂൔˁۅ߉ɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏Ԓᬡఒᦶɫᬡɴؑʶɽ ȋ༛ϺȍɭɲɤɩɌʚȩ⏏ԂᬡɴЫȩዷफ़ɹជӱɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ࢸ᧧୲ךᡴڊɻជ๕᧧୲⏋ປё ךᡴڊɻؿ᎗๖еᓔɹᑵʱΫɁয়᧧ɫʼʶʳ⏏ࢸ᧧୲ךᡴڊȵᬡӎɴࣃКɌɛʰ⏋ជ๕᧧ ୲ɴʭʱϟࡸΫភధɹȋჼᓷȍᡴڊȵᇎݭɐʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ࢸ᧧୲ךᡴڊɹԂᬡ๙ˁɇʰɴཝ ᦡɇɓʳɛʠ⏋2000 ॷɹ᧧୲ఒɴȡɛɤɩ⏋ᬡӎࣃКɴЫȩជ๕᧧୲ɹࡸేᢹᅎɻয়᠍ ᡴڊɭଘࣚకӾȵᢦɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦɭȦȩѹˁΫɻ֓ȭɛსᅒ 2003: 296–297⏏ Ʉɹըೃɹ֟ഗɻ߂ȷȦ⏏ςɛʳԂᬡҌជᓔȵࢸ᧧୲ךᡴڊɫɻɲȼ⏋ປёךᡴڊɴɲɤ ɛ⏏য়᧧ˁӾɴɇʓɰᢦɤɩȦɲȦɛʠӾɹᐏըɴɗȩɭɌɲȦࢸ᧧୲ךᡴڊɭɻᅵɲʱ⏋ ປёךᡴڊɻয়᧧ˁӾɴԃᯆᇕɴᢦɤɩȲʱӾɴਃɫȡʳ⏏ɗȩɌɛປёךᡴڊςкɹᏼᬡ ˁȭɽ⏋ԒᬡɻάᡴڊȴʰɹዺȷΫɁɴੱʚɇʶʳɄɭȵࢹɲȼɲʳ⏏ɗʶɭᬠᦹɌɩ⏋ 3 Ϻךȵ 1 ϺךɴɲɤɛɄɭɴʭʱ⏋3 Ϻ༐ᬣɹᬏɴɲʱɴȼȼɲɤɛ⏏ɄʶɻӾʦԒᬡɭɹ ϯབɹᲞȦᡴڊȵཝʳɄɭˁઝ٢ɌɩȦʳ⏏ ɗʶɴ֓ȭɩ⏋άᡴڊɻጓҌជᣂൔɭɌɩឹິɇʶʳకӾଘࣚధȵ⏋άɹКೝྃϛȡ ʳȦɻៗతȴʰᐵ᧧୲ʚɫɹధʭʱʢȼɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦɭૠɴៀࡴɇʶɛ⏏ਃഀɹʭ ȩɴᐵ᧧୲ሁմɴʓȴɹకӾɴଘࣚˁೃɐʳɄɭȵέخᔨɴɲɤɛ⏏ჼᓷᡴڊɹݭغɴɻК ೝμɫᓷɌɲȦᭉʱ⏋ଘࣚకӾˁೃɫȷɲȦɄɭˁઝ٢ɐʳ⏏కӾɻᦶؙˁᣱɄɌȵɠ ɲᡴڊɴࢪɌɩᯃԇ᠗ɭȦȩՃՕˁάɌɩጓҌជɹ᧑ˁᬔɊɌȩʳ⏏ૠɻకӾɴଘࣚᡴڊܑ ȦᦉʛˁخᔨɴɌɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹɄɭʢάᡴڊɴࢪɐʳకӾʁȦɩɻԒᬡɹᐏըˁ߂Ȧ ɴʠɛ⏏ ɄȩɌɛ᧧୲ըʦጓঌకঌᬠѥɹೃɴ֓ȭɩ⏋᱔ሂɴࢪɐʳέѵК൜ɹரՏȵᮑ ɌȼɲɤɛɄɭʢᩂឹɫȡʳ⏏ΥᖔɹᬡӎʍɹέѵК൜ɹரՏɴɻ 100 ؿГΫɹάᡴڊɹ ᣊؾȵਖឹɫȡʳ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋᱔ሂɴᭉɤɩɻ 200 ؿɹᣊؾᓔȵਖឹɭɇʶɛ⏏ʢɌή Ӿ᭐ۊɹᡴफ़ధȵ 300 ˁᣳȭʶɽ⏋άɴȲȦɩ᱔ሂʍɹέѵК൜ɻரՏɫȷɲȦ⏏ᩃӾȵॷμϟɹʭȩɴέѵК൜ˁரՏɌ⏋ήӾɹΥᨆέྃՕࡎȵᣊؾɹ෯ȭˁឿɓɩ᱔ሂˁɇʉ ʳɄɭɻᮑɌȦ⏏ 3.2̙үҔәҳҟүҔ๚ 3.2.1̙ृ๚ TRT ɻ 1998 ॷ 7 14 ɴకӾᇎ᪼ɇʶɛృӾɫȡʳ⏏Ӿؿɻԇֱɫໆࡴɇʶɛ⏏ࢹɲȼ ɭʢςឹకӾɫɻӾؿˁԇֱɌɛմёɻɲȼ⏋15,000 ؿГΫȴʰਝֱȵȡɤɩ⏋Ӿʍɹᬠਕ ˁᲞʠʳΥ֖ɴɲɤɛ⏏ᅎɇʶɛؿዌɻ 97 ॷɹᐁཕลɹகςᒶᇕɲ̠˹͚̠̀͌͠ ઝᡫˁؙɌɩȦɛNichapha 2003: 21–22⏏10) TRT ɻᧆȼɭʢ 2000 ॷೢȴʰ 2001 ॷ՟ʠʚɫɴɻࡸేɇʶʳϜࡴɹᐵ᧧୲11) ɴҌជᓔ ˁ௩ጓɐʳɛʠɴᐄଁɇʶɛ⏏᱔ሂɹҌជɭɲʳςឹకӾɹӾ᱔ɻ 3 ؿȵɐɫɴ᱔ሂˁ ᐁᱻཕʛɫ⏋ʳ 1 ؿɻᔨȵᆄکែɇʶɩȦɛ⏏Ҍជɻ 1997 ॷ 11 ȴʰకณˁ য়ɐʳςӾɹჼᓷ͖̍ͩͲɫȡɤɛ⏏TRT ȵୱʞʏȷሂଝɻςӾɫȡɤɛ⏏͖̍ͩͲɻ ያҫѳࡪᇕɫȡʱໆుࡸȵᧆȦɭȦȩɄɭɫᝓᇿȵΥᕹɌɩȦɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛςӾʍɹଫ ՠɭɌɩȋ̊˓ϺԃڊɹɛʠɴృɌȼᓒȭృɌȼ֪ɐʳ (khit mai tham mai phua thai thuk khon)ȍɭȦȩ TRT ɹ˽ͦͻˤͲɻ֟ɫȡɤɛNichapha 2003: 31⏏ʚɛ⏋ಕຩɻ 1999 ॷץɴɻ܌ɹʱȵᩞʱɻɍʠ⏋2000 ॷץɴɻάᭇ࣌ᯆɴԂɤɛ߂ 2003: 49– 50⏏ృɛɲࢪፑȵ৺ɇʶʳႥɴȡɤɩ⏋TRT ɻςӾɴБʼʳ᧧ିᔊɭɌɩ༝ΫɌɩȷ ɛ⏏ 3.2.2̙ુࣜლѠຢᅳ 1997 ॷૠɻకӾɴకᩆˁຘ࣑ȿՏʳɄɭˁᒶ֭ɧȿɛ⏏᧧୲፬ჿࠇڊЦʍɹ࣑ȿ Տɴʭʳɭ⏋TRT ʍɹ߂ɹᩆᓔɻӾ᱔̊̒˪˹Ͳɹ߅Ϻ͇̒̍͑ͅͻͲɫȡʳ⏏৳ߨɻ ᐵ᧧୲ɫᩆᰎȵᕛʶȡȵɤɛ 2000 ॷɴɻ 79⎾⏋2001 ॷɴɻ 86⎾ˁװʠɩȦɛ⏏12) ৳ߨʍ ɹɹћࡔˁኍɐధࡓɻкȵʭȼɲȦ⏏ɗʶɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ɄȩɌɛధࡓȵԇᝠɇʶɩ Ȧʳɹɻɲɕɫȡʸȩȴ⏏عӾɻᩆˁༀȦɊʰȦ࣑ȿՏɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȦɹɫ⏋13) Ʉɹధ ࡓˁԇᝠɐʳɄɭɴዩෑᇕɲઝᒶˁᠧʛʳʏȷɫȡʸȩ⏏̍Ͳ̠̜ͩ̒ΥɻൎিᬏᓔᅱЊ
10) ̢̍͑ͻ̮ͻɴʭʶɽ⏋ؾӾɻয়՟ɻᗔؿˁ Thai Patriot Party ɭɌɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋ɴ Thai Rak Thai Party ɴೃɌɛɭȦȩNichapha 2003: 22⏏ؿዌɹໆࡴɴȡɛɤɩɻ⏋̊˓̒͞˪̊˓ɭ̒͞˪̊˓ɹ 2 ൜ȵ ɭɲʱ⏋ᗔ៱ܐᮑɲմᓔɭᅵɲʱ⏋Thai Patriot Party ɭ៱ɓʳᓔˁఌ୫ɐʳઝឿʢȴɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌɄɹ ᗔ៱ɻɲகςᒶˁᦹɇɓʳɭਥɐʳઝឿʢȡɤɛ⏏ହኡɹᐄഗ 8 ኡɑɦɹؾధɭɲʱ⏋Ӿ᱔ɹ̊̒ ˪˹Ͳȵ̊˓̒͞˪̊˓ˁ᧧ିɌɛBangkok Post, July 16, 1998⏏
11) 1996 ॷ 11 ɴ᧧ՏɇʶɛάᡴڊɹКೝɻ 4 ॷɫȡʱ⏋2000 ॷ 11 ɴɻྃϛˁᦎȭʳϜࡴɴɲɤɩȦɛ⏏ 12) Ʉʶɻ᧧୲፬ჿࠇڊЦɹ web ˵˓̜ECT 2001b; 2002a; 2002bɫԇᝠɇʶɛధࡓȴʰ፤ՏɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ 13) ͇̒̍͑ͅͻͲȴʰɹᩆʢɐʏɩȵԇᝠɇʶɩȦʳɭɻుៜɫȷɲȦ⏏
ɫ̊˓ 3 еɹᢔɫȡʳ⏏14) ɗɹΥȵઃɌʛɲȼᣂᩆˁହԂɌɩȦʳɄɭˁ౩ኍɐʶɽ⏋࿃ ܧᇕɲࢪᓔʍɹࠓ۵ɭɲʱ⏋ୱઝ๙ˁᭀۅɇɓȩʳ⏏ȡȭɩؾӾɴࢪɐʏȼʓȴɹకӾ ɴॅᰎɹᩆˁȲȩɭɐʳʢɹɻՏɩȷɴȼȦ⏏֯ᢦˁɐʳɲʰ⏋̍Ͳ̠̜ͩ̒Υʭʱʢ ᰎɹᣂᩆହԂˁȦɭʼɲȦៅ੬ȵਖឹɞȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ ɗʶɭι˃ɫ⏋͇̒̍͑ͅͻͲɻ TRT ˁᣂᩆரњᓔʍɹਃࣚȴʰៗఔɌɛ⏏కӾɻɄʶʚ ɫధɹࡸࢃȴʰɹᣂᩆரњɴఌȭʰʶɩȷɛ⏏ᣂᩆˁ؝ȿʶɽకፑɴᬠɐʳؤՏɌˁ؝ ȿɛ⏏TRT ɹݭغʢ⏋ᰎɹᣂᩆˁரњɌɛɭɇʶʳ͇ͻ͠ͻ̨ͲΥ⏋CP ᢧᬣ⏋͖̍Ͳ͡ Ͳ͡ˏͲ˥̜̒Υɲɰɻᬡӎͅ˽̜ˁʳɄɭȵɫȷɛ⏏15) ɌȴɌ⏋৳ʰɹܩеɻᬡԒɫʢ ӾԒɫʢ̊̒˪˹ͲʭʱʢൔຍɴжȦ⏏ؾӾɻᬠѥˁʓʖᦥ᥊ɇɓɩɌʚɤɛɭɭʰȭȩʳ⏏ ʦʦᏤɌɩᦚʏʶɽ⏋ӾɹүȵࡸࢃɴᣂᩆˁՏɐʭȩɴᦗʶʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ரњɌɛɭɄ ʸɫਖɑɌʢמՕɲឿᦐʱˁೝ৺ɫȷʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏Տɇɲȿʶɽ࠶ȵʰɓˁ؝ȿʳੇʶȵ ȡʳ⏏̊˓߂ɹˏ͡˱ͻ͡ᰰషនᦶެᓔɫȡʱ⏋ȴɷɩȴʰకᣂᩆரњᓔɭɌɩᘿؿ ɫȡɤɛ̍͑͡ͻͲɻᨙᰖɹ TV ঃٚɴըᭉˁᠩɇʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏ភధɹకӾʍɹᣂᩆர њʪȭɹ࠶ȵʰɓɭឿɲɌȩʳ⏏аᦲɤɛϟёɻʓȴɴʢȡʳ⏏16) ɄȩɌɛϟИˁᇿɹয়ɛʱ ɴɐʶɽ⏋ࡸࢃɻரњˁ୕ʛɴȼȦ⏏ᩂឹɲɹɻ⏋գᇰˁೝ৺Ɍɩዩෑᇕɴரњɐʳɹɫɻ ɲȼ⏋έգᇰˁ܌᧫ɐʳɛʠɴʦʞɲȼரњɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɭȦȩɫȡʳ⏏ គˁᦐɓɽ⏋TRT ɻӾ᱔ΥɴɴћࡔɌਃࣚɌɩȦʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏TRT ȵ̊̒˪˹Ͳ ɹ҅ϺకӾɫȡʳɄɭɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ؾӾɹͦ˳͇ͻ˪ɴᝠʶɩȦʳ⏏̊˓ɹ T ɭȦȩయࡓ ˁ̚˸˓ͲɌɛͦ˳͇ͻ˪ˁភధɹ˻͑ͻ̠͠˽̜ȵ๖ɹʭȩɴɭʰȭɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ̊˓ ̒͞˪̊˓ɹ T ɫȡʳɽȴʱɫɻɲȼ⏋ؾಁɴ̊̒˪˹Ͳɹ T ɫʢȡʳ⏏ȋӾؿɴᅓഀɐ ʳɹȴ⏋̊̒˪˹ͲɹؿմɴᅓഀɐʳɹȴʼȴʰɲȦ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳ̊˓̒͞˪̊˓⏋̊˓ ̒͞˪̊˓̊̒˪˹ͲɭᓒȭɩɹɄɭȴʢɌʶɲȦȍɭȴ⏋ȋȏ̊˓ȑʢȏ̊̒˪˹Ͳȑʢɰ ɠʰʢ୭ɌɩȦʳȍɭȴ⏋ȋȏ̊˓̒͞˪̊˓ȑȴȏ̊̒˪˹Ͳȑȴɰɠʰȴɞʸȩ⏏ɄɹకӾ ɻ̊̒˪˹ͲɹȲȴɁɫᅊɌ⏋̊̒˪˹ͲɹȲȴɁɫࡔᐚɫȷʳȍɭȴɭɤɩȦʳɄɭɴ ኍɇʶʳɭȲʱɫȡʳNichapha 2003: 25–27⏏ؾӾɻ̊̒˪˹Ͳɹ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳɴʭʳ⏋ ̊̒˪˹ͲɹɛʠɹకӾɲɹɫȡʳ⏏ؾӾɻ 2001 ॷᐵ᧧୲ɫ֯գˁȲɇʠ⏋Ӿ᱔ˁ᱔ሂɴࣃ 14) Ʉɹɻ IT ಕຩɹᅋ႒ɫȡʱ⏋1980 ॷБȴʰɹ 20 ॷᬚ⏋ʭʱᭉࡴɐʶɽ 1980 ॷБץɽȴʰɹ 10 ॷᬚɫ፷ ȷΫɁʰʶɛ⏏కঌɭொय़ᮚ᠌ϟˁ⏃য়՟ɻႶװᇕɴ⏆ࣙᬖɐʳߕᏝˁᐿᐄɌɛ AIS ȵଠՏɹࢸɫȡɤ ɛ⏏ቁೝᬚɴࢅ౫ɴკɌɛɫȡʳɄɭȵ⏋కɴઃɌʛɲȼହᣂɫȷʳΥ܍ɫȡʸȩɭӉɇʶʳ⏏ 15) ̊̒˪˹ͲకณɹᬡӎɴɻងɲʢɹȵȦPrachachat Thurakit, December 22, 2003⏏ਃഀɹకӾకณɭɹ
߂ȷɲ᧓Ȧɹ 1 ɦɻᦲᢪลɴʭʱкˁжάɇɓɛᩆᜨᣂೣɹ৯ȵᚚȼɲɤɛɄɭɫȡʳ⏏
16) ɛɭȭɽলᅠፀ 2 еɹ͚̍ͻˡͻͲ̍͑ͻͲȵᔵዒɹᇍˁ؝ȿ⏋ᇑᢪঊᅠ߂ଝɹ́Ͳ̜͞͡ȵ ܕᩮȴʰɹܤܩᣀҏߕᏝឿሁɌˁᦗʰʶɛ⏏ᠶˁሄɴɭʳకঌɹઝܒɻਖɑɌʢ౩ተɫɻɲȦʢɹɹ⏋ᯃת ᓔʍɹʛɓɌʠɭɌɩɻמՕɴ֟ɫȡɤɛɄɭɻوࡴɌȭɲȦ⏏
КɇɓʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ 3.2.3̙ࡈოѠᆙ TRT ɻ 2001 ॷᐵ᧧୲ሁɴɻ 248 ᡴफ़ɫȡɤɛ⏏ؾӾɻకณᇍմɴ́ͻ͠ͻ̊͌Ӿˁ ُؚغшɌ⏋17) 262 ᡴफ़ɭႶץధˁװʠʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏ؾӾɻ 41 ᡴफ़ɹ̍͑ͻ̜̊˓ Ӿ⏋36 ᡴफ़ɹృॕӾɭᦹጓˁᏼ˃ɫకณˁᇍɇɓ⏋2002 ॷɴԂʳɭృॕӾˁُؚغш Ɍɛ⏏18) ؾӾɹᡴफ़ధɻ 2002 ॷ 8 14 ಁဣɫɻࢸ᧧୲ך 240⏋ປёך 53 ɹ 293 ᡴफ़ɭ ɲɤɩȦʳECT 2002g⏏ɄɹధɹɄɗ⏋TRT ɹɇ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳɹ୭ࢷɹ߂ɹ྇ ɫȡʳ⏏ ᇍಁɴ 300 ᡴफ़ˁᣳȭɩȦɛ TRT ᦹጓకณɻ 2002 ॷ 3 ɴɻɇʰɴᩃӾ̍͑ͻ̜̮̒ ̠̊ͻӾˁᦹጓɴ֓ȭʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ 300 ᡴफ़ˁɻʳȴɴᣳȭʳᡴڊˁήӾ᭐ۊɴተѳɌɛ ᐄഗ⏋కঌரՏ൜ɹخໆɻɛʦɐȦɄɭɴɲʱ⏋19) ᱔ሂʍɹέѵК൜ȵரՏɇʶʳخᔨਸȵ ʓʖɲȼɲɤɛ⏏ɗʶɭȦȩɹʢ⏋ૠȵ᱔ሂʍɹέѵК൜ரՏɴɦȦɩɻάᡴڊ 200 ؿ ГΫɹᣊؾȵਖឹɭៀࡴɌɩȦʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏̊˓ɫɻέѵК൜២ᠶɻᅊμᐙɇʶ⏋ᡴڊɴ ɭɤɩɻณᓔʍɹ߂ɹឿɓݭɹ 1 ɦɭɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ᩃӾȵ᱔ሂʍɲଫՠˁ༟ʃɓ⏋ ήӾȵ֪Ɍɩ҉ᬡɴɦɲȵʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ଫՠˁӹʶʳɛʠ⏋᱔ሂȵܕЦˁៗతɌɛɄɭʢ ȡʳ⏏̊̒˪˹ͲకณɫɻɗȩɌɛਥȵɲȼɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᩃӾ᭐ۊɫᦹጓɴ֓ʼ ʳخᔨਸȵʓɭ˃ɰɲȦɹɻፀϠӾɹςӾɹʛɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹᡴफ़ధɻ 100 оʱɴɭɰʚʳ⏏ Ʉɹɛʠ⏋̊̒˪˹ͲɴɭɤɩɻᩃӾɻέឹ܍ɭɻɲʰɲȦ⏏ᩃӾ᭐ۊɻ TRT ʍɹࢪֳ ɰɄʸȴ⏋႖ըɐʳɐʰϋɌȦ⏏ ᩃӾɹʛɲʰɑ⏋ᦹጓήӾʢʚɛ TRT ɴࢪɌɩɻံɫȡʳ⏏TRT ɻႶץధˁᣳȭɩ ៀฐȵዺՏɌɩȦʳɛʠ⏋ᦹጓήӾɴࢪɌɩȦϯབˁҺȭɛ⏏ਃഀɫȡʶɽ⏋ፀΥӾɻᦹ ጓήӾɴւʱ୷ʳᬡӎͅ˽̜ˁໆʠʳɴɭɰʚʱ⏋ᠨȵࣃКɐʳȴɴɻؤˁ୳ʠɲȴɤɛ⏏Ɍ ȴɌ⏋TRT ɻЈӾȴʰɹԂᬡᓔɴయˁɦȿʳɄɭȵɫȷɛ⏏Ԏ݀ɻ̍͑ͻ̜̊˓Ӿɫȡʳ⏏ ؾӾɹ 3 ߂༐ᬣɻȦɑʶʢ႕ࡴɹላˁܩᇻɭɌɩȦɛ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ͚̍Ͳ̸͠ͻɭ̸͠ͻ ͌͞ɹ 2 ላɴɗʶəʶˁཉȼʳ༐ᬣɹ᯿ᝯɴՕɹͅ˽̜ˁήȭɛ⏏θ༐ᬣɹৄȷାȷ⏋ ɦʚʱؾӾɹៗкُؚˁែᩃɴԂʶɩɹɄɭɫȡɤɛ⏏20) ӯ᱔ሂɫʢȡʳؾӾӾ᱔ɻకณɴ ؒ֓ɐʳɛʠɴɄʶˁᅆ؝ɓɊʳˁȭɲȴɤɛ⏏ Ԓᬡɴᇿˁكȿʳɭ⏋ᬡԒɫ̊̒˪˹Ͳ᱔ሂɴࢪɌȩʳϺ႒ɻࡔܧɌɲȦ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ 17) ଝᐚȷɭɌɩɻ⏋́ͻ͠ͻ̊͌Ӿȵ 2001 ॷ 6 24 ɹᕵಁӾ߂Цɫ TRT ʍɹغшˁ⏋TRT ȵ 7 14 ɹ Ӿ߂ЦɫُؚˁໆࡴɌɛ⏏Ʉʶˁ 9 6 ɴૠՠଘȵᦠ᠗ɌɛCCT 2001⏏ 18) ృॕӾɻ 2002 ॷ 1 24 ɹᕵಁӾ߂Цɫ TRT ʍɹᐏغˁໆࡴɌ⏋TRT ɻ 1 27 ɹӾ߂Цɫ؝Ԃʶˁ ໆʠɛ⏏ૠՠଘɻؾॷ 3 28 ɴృॕӾɹៗతˁিɴໆʠɛCCT 2002⏏ 19) ɛɞɌ⏋ᦚɹʭȩɴ⏋൜خໆɴɭɤɩɻࡴధɹተѳɲʰʃɴᠡʱɹɲȦᣱᗳȵ̩ͻ̝͡ɭɲʳ⏏
ᏼᬡɴȡɛɤɩɻࢸ᧧୲ךᡴڊɹԂᬡˁȦɤɇȦ᠗ʠɲȴɤɛ⏏ᬡӎ 36 ؿɹԒ៱ɻປёךɫ ɹয়᧧ᓔ 27 ؿ⏋ᘺ᧧ᓔ 7 ؿ⏋ᯃጓҌជᓔ 2 ؿɫȡɤɛსᅒ 2003: 297–298⏏ɄʶГ̊̒ ˪˹Ͳɻ 2004 ॷ 3 ʚɫɴ 7 ɹࢸ३ɲԒᬡఒᦶˁᑵʱᦐɐɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ࢸ᧧୲ך ᡴڊȴʰɹԂᬡᓔɻ 1 ؿɛʱɭʢȦɲȦ⏏ປёךᡴڊɻয়᧧ˁӾɴᢦɤɩȲʱ⏋Ӿɹᐏըɴ Ɍʦɐȼ⏋̊̒˪˹ͲɹៜȦɲʱɫȡʳ⏏21) ᯃᡴڊᬡӎȵ᱔ሂʦӾ᱔ɴࢪɌɩɲȲΥࣝਃ ɲɹɻȦȩʚɫʢɲȦ⏏ ᦹጓήӾȴʰɹԂᬡᓔɹʛɲʰɑ⏋TRT ȴʰɹԂᬡᓔʢȦ⏏TRT ɻకఒᯊГմȴʰɹ ᡴڊ༐ᬣɹࢊʱغȦଘय़ɫȡʳ⏏ԂᬡɴҺȭɩປёךȴʰጓҌជɌɛ༐ᬣॻᨆɛɠȵᬡӎɹ ధ༐ˁװʠɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶʰ༐ᬣॻᨆɹณɻμ᧧୲ךಁБʭʱʢ߂३ɴжάɌɛ⏏ፀ 1 ɴປ ёךᡴڊɫȡʳȵʪȭɴ⏋కᅊ٨ˁृزɐʳӾԇ᠗ʦປёךؿ᎗еɻӾ᱔๖ፀɫȡʳ⏏ፀ 2 ɴ⏋ȴɦɩɻ 50 ؿʢɹᡴڊˁ௩ɐʶɽ⏋ɰɄɹకӾɫʢయئɲɌɴ߂༐ᬣɫȡʱ⏋᯿ᝯ ɴɻ߂ȷɲᇍៜȵȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋TRT ɴȲȦɩɻ 50 ᡴफ़ዐɫɻӾ᱔ɹմɫɻᯃɴɭ ɰʚʳ⏏ፀ 3 ɴ⏋̊̒˪˹ͲɻሁᏙɹ༐ᬣˁୃȭʳ༐ᬣ᯿ᝯɹ 1 Ϻɲȵʰ⏋Јɹ༐ᬣ᯿ᝯɭ ؾ՞ɫɻɲȦ⏏৳ɻ༐ᬣˁดుɌɩᡴڊɴଝয়ˁఌᐌɐʳΥ⏋༐ᬣᬚɹଵըܯˁΥຍᲞȦ ɭɄʸȴʰܒɤɩȦʳ⏏22) ᱔ሂɭᬡӎɹᬚɴ߂ȷɲɹेȵࡔܧɐʳɄɭɻ̊̒˪˹ͲɹᇍៜȴʰጋȦሾʱȩʳ⏏৳ ɻ 2003 ॷ 10 ɴ⏋ԒᬡఒᦶˁʠȽɤɩȋȡʶɴɲʱɛȦ⏋ɄʶɴɲʱɛȦɭኽɴӈȷȴȿ ʳʢɹɻȦɲȦ⏏ɗ˃ɲ֦ຩɻȡʱɻɌɲȦ⏏ᬡӎɭ˳̶͡ɴՏȴȿɩʢ⏋ͅ˽̜ˁ᠌ᰍɴɌ ʭȩɭɐʳʢɹɻȦɲȦȍɭɤɩȦʳPrachachat Thurakit, October 27, 2003⏏৳ɻɇʰ ɴ 2004 ॷ 3 ɹԒᬡఒᦶሁɴ⏋Ԓᬡɻ˵̒ˡͻ̍ͻ͌ɹʭȩɲʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ᆌ֝Ɍɛʱ ఖ᭭Ɍɛʱɐʳ᧧ଝȵȦʶɽϯБɇɓʳɹɞ⏋ɭᦚʏɛMatichon, March 12, 2004⏏̊̒ ˪˹Ͳɻ᧧ଝɫɻɲȼᇺሞɲɹɫȡʳ⏏ᇺሞɹ୭ኍʦ٨Вɻᐓࢪɫȡʳ⏏᱔ሂɭᬡӎɹᬠѥȵ 20) ͚̍Ͳ̸͠ͻላ᧧Տɹࢸ᧧୲ךᡴڊ 6 ؿˁμਕɭɐʳ༐ᬣɹ͠ͻ̋ͻɻປёךɫয়᧧ɌԂᬡɌɛ̅Ͳ͓̊ͻ ɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ༐ᬣɹሎɹఌᨗᓔɻ̅Ͳ͓̊ͻɹࡸၼˡ̠͌Ͳͅ⏃̅͌̍͑ͻ˓⏆ɫȡʳ⏏ˡ̠͌Ͳͅ༐ɻ 1980 ॷБГഀؾላɹάᡴफ़ˁʓʖႶװɌɩȷɛ⏏Ʉɹ༐ᬣɻకӾɴɭɤɩɻʚɭʚʱʦ᧧୲ɫɹɇȵ᳄ ᇕɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ⴖᕶɹณݜᇻʦᣂᩆ྇ˁʢɤɛˡ̠͌Ͳͅˁʱᦉʞɹɻࢅ౫ɫɻɲȦ⏏ɗɄɫ⏋̊̒ ˪˹Ͳɻ 2003 ॷɴˡ̠͌ͲͅˁຏϺࢅᆄɫᦻᣱ៲Ɍ⏋࣐ɇɓʭȩɭ᠅ʛɛ⏏ˡ̠͌Ͳͅɻ॰ˁ ᳞౩ɴɌɩɻȦɲȦʢɹɹ⏋2004 ॷ 3 ɹላᕶк᧧୲ɫɻ TRT ҌជˁఌஹɌɛ⏏ 21) ປёךᡴڊɻ 4 ዛɴ߂աɌȩʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ፀ 1 ɻࢸ᧧୲ךᡴڊˁɷʳ༐ᬣ᯿ᝯɫȡʳ⏏ԂᬡˁՖɐʳ༐ᬣ ᯿ᝯɻࢸ᧧୲ךɫɻɲȼປёךɫጓҌជɌɛ⏏ፀ 2 ɻԂᬡˁॕɐʳ߂ؤɹᣂᩆரњᓔɫȡʳ⏏ፀ 3 ɻࡸᅠ ʦࡲᅠɫɹᔨʦࡸᑡˁѝɇʶ⏋ሾؿɹʪȭɴປёךɫɹᮃኡɴࢊήɌȩʳϺǾɫȡʳ⏏ፀ 4 ɻӾ᱔ɹү ᦏɫȡʳ⏏Ȧɑʶɹ̊˓̺ɴɌɩʢ⏋Ӿ᱔ɴȲȲʞɷਃɴɲʰɊʳˁȭɲȦ⏏ 22) ࢸ᧧୲ךᡴڊɻᕶɫয়᧧ɌɩȦʳɛʠ⏋ଘࣚకӾȴʰɹᐏըˁ࠶ȩ⏏༐ᬣɻɗȩɌɛᕶ৾ᇕɲᡴڊˁʚɭ ʠΫɁʳ৲ւˁഗɛɌɩȦʳ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳɻࢸ᧧୲ךᡴڊʍɹሁஞఌᨗˁᇿ୭ɌɩȦʳʢɹɹ⏋ʚɞଁ֒Ɍɩ ȦɲȦ⏏Ӿɹᮃኡᔨȵ҅աɹҌជᓔɹᮃኡᔨɴɻʚɞؖɽɲȦȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹɄɭɻ⏋ᦚɹʭȩɴ⏋ TRT ȵជ๕᧧୲ɫȼɲȦɄɭɴኍɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
ࢪፈɴᦏȦᬠѥȴʰ౩ተɲςਃᬠѥʍɭɌɛɭȦȭʭȩ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳȵ 2001 ॷ 10 ɴ ȋ᱔ሂȵЇϟˁɐʏɩտ᱔ሂɴࠇɷʳɹɻرΫ՟ʠɩɹɄɭȴʢɌʶɑȍ⏋ȋЇϟɹւ୷ʱɻ కɹհɫɻɲȼకɹհɴݜɧȦɩȦʳȍɭᦚʏɛʭȩɴSKSLN n.d. 1.: 181⏋ณᭉ ˁࠇᡶɌɛʱᓷ֭ˁБɇɓɛʱɌɩʢ⏋ɗʶɴʭʱᬡӎȵకᣂ྇ˁᙢዩɌ⏋᱔ሂɴؙˁ ᓎɐɄɭˁਥɐʳɴɻؖɽɲȼɲɤɛ⏏ కӾʦԒᬡɹʛɲʰɑ⏋άᡴڊʢ᱔ሂɭɹᬠѥɴȲȦɩˁሂࢪᇕɴжάɇɓɛ⏏Ӿ᱔ɴ ࢪɐʳປёךᡴڊɹጓݭɻΫᦚɹʭȩɴȦ⏏༐ᬣɹ᯿ᝯɻɛȦɩȦȵປёךᡴڊɴɲɤɩȦ ʳ⏏᯿ᝯȵӾɴࢪɌɩȦᇍៜˁʢɩɲȿʶɽ⏋ᨗάɹࢸ᧧୲ךᡴڊɛɠɻɲȲȦ⏏Ʉɹ ဣɴɦȦɩᩂឹɲɹɻ 1997 ॷૠɹៀࡴɴᬠᦹɌɛ๖ɹ 2 ဣɫȡʸȩ⏏ፀ 1 ɴ⏋ૠɻࢸ᧧ ୲ךᡴڊɹԂᬡˁኧɌɛʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ᬐକˁႷʠɛɴɐȹɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋కӾɹӾ ᱔ʦ༐ᬣ᯿ᝯɻࢸ᧧୲ךᡴڊɹԂᬡɻέخᔨɫȡʳȴɹʭȩɲៜ֪ˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏23) ؑɴక Ӿɹᐄˁϕɐς܍ȵᬡӎͅ˽̜ˁʠȽʳάᡴڊɹࢪጓɫȡɤɛɄɭˁᣱɐʳɲʰɽ⏋ή Ӿᡴڊɹ 8 ւˁװʠʳࢸ᧧୲ךᡴڊȴʰԂᬡลЦˁռߥɐʳɄɭɻӾԒॶٮɴɭɤɩʚɄɭ ɴ߫ᨊغɞȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ፀ 2 ɴ⏋ჼᓷᡴڊɻଘࣚకӾೃȵܐᮑɭɲʱ⏋ܑȦᦉʚʶɛӾɫ ɹԇ᠗ˁʰʶʳȴɰȩȴɭȦȩᅊ٨ᐻˁӾ᱔ʦ༐ᬣ᯿ᝯɴவʰʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏ᦶؙȵέ ԇ᠗ɴɦɲȵʳɄɭɻȦȩʚɫʢɲȦ⏏ TRT ɹάᡴڊɻӾ᱔ɴɇʉʱˁȴȿʳɰɄʸȴ⏋కঌரՏ൜ᕶ֪خໆลɹɭɲɤ ɛ⏏1976 ॷГഀΥɌɩάᡴڊɹ൜ரՏณȵըᭉɇʶʳΥ⏋24) ᓏᣊᡴЦᡴڊɹɅɭȼ ˳͌ɭɐɄɭˁິʠʰʶɩ⏋ؾӾᡴڊɻጓ༎֪ʍɹަຩˁжάɇɓɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹɛʠ⏋ ̊̒˪˹ͲకณάɫɻܕЦɫɛʃɛʃࡴధέȵᅊɍɩȦʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽȼʢ 2001 ॷ 8 ɴɻɗȩɌɛϟȵᅊɍɛ⏏̊̒˪˹ͲɻȋకঌɻᩃӾɴתˁິʠɩᠭɌʭȩɭɌɛȵ⏋ ᎎɫɻɲȴɤɛ⏏కɻకɞȴʰɞȍɭ͞˻ˠɫɤɩSKSLN n.d. 1.: 110⏋ᦡफ़Ɍɛ ᩃӾɴКˁ᥊࠲ɌʭȩɭɌɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ࡴధέɹᯃȵႶץధˁᣳȭʳήӾɴʢɤɿ ʰȡʳɄɭɻ౩ʰȴɫȡɤɛ⏏ άᡴڊɭȦȩᓷɹ᳄ȵឡɓɛɄɭˁʭȼኍɐɹɻ⏋2004 ॷɹᐏΥܩ᧧ɴάᡴ ڊˁᓷɌɩጓҌជɌɛᓔȵȦʳɭȦȩϟࡸɫȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽςӾɫɻປёךᡴڊȵ̺ͻ ˭̜̒ላᬏ᧧୲⏋̅Ͳ˪͞ͻ 3 ך᧧Տᡴڊȵ̩ͻ̜͓˓॑ᬏ᧧୲ɴጓҌជɌɩয়᧧Ɍɛ⏏ʚ ɛ⏋TRT ɫʢ̠˱ͻͲ̮̜͌ላ᧧Տɹࢸ᧧୲ךᡴڊȵᓷɌɩላᬏ᧧୲ɴጓҌជɌɛ⏏25) Ʉɹ TRT ᡴڊɻ⏋ഗɛɌɩ๖ɹᐵ᧧୲ɫӾɹԇ᠗ȵʰʶʳȴɰȩȴࡴȴɫɻɲȦɛʠ⏋ᕶೣ 23) ɄʶɻకӾॻᨆɹʛɲʰɑ߂ɹሾᡫϺɴʢԊᦲɌɩȦʳ⏏ሾᡫϺɹݭغɴɻᠡៗȴ⏋ࢸ᧧୲ךᡴڊᙵែȴɹ Ȧɑʶȴɴᣱ܍ɌɩȦʳ⏏ 24) άᡴڊȵ҅Ϻɫ൜ˁரՏɐʳɄɭɻ 1976 ॷૠɫኧɇʶɛ⏏1997 ॷૠɻଘࣚకӾɲʰʃɴ 20 ؿГ ΫɹάᡴڊɹᣊؾɭȦȩ 1978 ॷૠГഀɹៀࡴˁᤑ឴ɌɩȦʳRangsan 2003: 252–256⏏
ᰔɹላᬏ᧧୲ɴȩɤɩՏɛɹɫȡɤɛ⏏26) ȴɦɩɻჼᓷɹάᡴڊȵܩకɴ᥊ɍʳɄɭɻ ʚɑȡʱȭɲȴɤɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛȵᅊɍɛჿᅓɭɌɩɻ⏋ܩՕณɴʭʳᕶкɹณᭉ ɭι˃ɫ⏋ᩃӾɹံʦ⏋ήӾᡴڊɹӾʍɹ᭺ࣚȵᦽ˃ɫȦʳɄɭȵᩂឹɫȡʳ⏏ TRT ɻɄȩɌɛᡴڊɴֵ֧ໍᶏਠɲɰˁೝ৺Ɍɩଝয়ˁఌᐌɌɩȷɛ⏏͇̘ˑ ͚̍Ͳȵ 2003 ॷ 12 ɴݬɍɛɭɄʸɴʭʶɽ⏋ؾӾάᡴڊɻຘకঌȴʰᐌήɭଝয়ˁ ɗʶəʶ 38,500 ̫ͻ̓⏃1 ̫ͻ̓ɻᏝ 2.9 ԓ⏆ɑɦɹغ 77,000 ̫ͻ̓ˁఌᐌɇʶɩȦʳʓ ȴ⏋༐ᬣ᯿ᝯɭӾȴʰຘ 50,000 ̫ͻ̓ɑɦˁఌᐌɇʶɩȷɛ⏏2003 ॷ 11 ȴʰɻӾɹଝ য়ȵ 100,000 ̫ͻ̓ʍɭ҆ވɌɛ⏏͇̒̍͑ͅͻͲɹؾઝʢɩ⏋2004 ॷ 1 ȴʰɻɇʰɴ 200,000 ̫ͻ̓ʍވᰎɇʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏Ӿȴʰɹຘɹଝয়ɻӾೣᨆɫɻɲȼ̊̒˪˹Ͳ Υଘɹ̍Ͳ̠̜ͩ̒ፀ 3 ̲͡ɹ 14 ᭥ɫఌᐌɇʶʳMatichon, December 4, 2003⏏̊̒ ˪˹ͲɻЈӾɴປʏɩൔຍɴ࿅໘ɲଝয়ɴʭɤɩ⏋ჼᓷᡴڊˁৄȷᅥʠ⏋ЈӾᡴڊʦృϺҌជ ˁৄȷࢊɓʭȩɭɌɩȦʳʼȿɫȡʳ⏏ ̊̒˪˹Ͳɻؾɲ֟ഗˁႰɤɩ⏋๖ɹ᧧୲ɫɹᇿฌᡴफ़ధˁ 400 ɭɛʃɛʃࡺៜɌɩȦ ʳ⏏άɹ 8 ւˁװʠʳɭᦚʏʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ឿȴȿΫɹ᧧ିᔊˁࢹɲȼɌɩ⏋ጓҌជϜࡴ ᓔˁʱᦉ˃ɫɌʚȲȩɭɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ॅ߂కӾʍɹ॒ቄɭɌɩ⏋2003 ॷɴɻ̍͑ͻ ̜̮̠̒̊ͻӾʍɹшغܦˁʠɛʱ⏋ࢸ᧧୲ךជ๕᧧୲ɫɹᦹጓήӾؾަ២ɠˁ᧫ȿɛʱ ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛ⏏27) ̊̒˪˹Ͳɴɭɤɩɻ⏋๖ɹᐵ᧧୲մɴɻ߂కӾ TRT ɹԇ᠗ˁ ʭȩɭɐʳɲጓҌជॕᓔȵˁᐓɛɲȦɭȦȩႥȵᅊʚʶʳɄɭ28) ȵڵɫȡʳ⏏ ߂ᭉ 500 ɹњᐌˁᮛឹȵΫ܌ʶɽ⏋2001 ॷᐵ᧧୲ɹʭȩɲᲞᰎɹҌជᓔᢷྫʱᣂᩆȵέឹ ɭɲʱსᅒ 2003: 287–290⏋άᡴڊɴࢪɐʳӾ᱔ɹఌᨗȵᲞʚʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏
25) ላᬏ (nayok ongkan borihan suan cangwat) ɻላሾϟ (phu wa ratchakan cangwat) ɭɻաɫȡʳ⏏ላɴɻᕶк ɭμ߈కঌܩՏӴลᬠɹ 2 ɦɹᰑȵȡʱ⏋ᓔɹᬏɻԒ֭ࡲӎɹላሾϟɫȡʱ⏋ᬏʰȼɄɹላሾϟȵᕶк ɹᬏˁԏКɌɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋1990 ॷБȴʰᦽʛɻɍʠɛܩՕณɴʭʱ⏋ላᬏȵաȲȴʶʳɄɭɴɲʱ⏋ зɴʭʳሁஞ᧧୲ȵ 2004 ॷɴ՟ʠɩࡸేɇʶɛ⏏ 26) ৳ɻላᬏɫᘺ᧧Ɍɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ជ๕᧧୲ࡸేȵໆʚʳɭ⏋TRT ɫɻປёךᡴڊɹ 1 ϺȵጓҌជɌʭȩɭɌɩેᅥ ɇʶɛ⏏৳ɻմ܌ɹປёךؿ᎗еȵ 49 еɫȡɤɛʢɹɹ⏋๖ɹ᧧୲ɫɻлеɴɲʳɹȴ⏋ȡʳȦɻɗʢɗʢ ປёךҌជɴɲʶʳɹȴɰȩȴ⏋ԃȼࡴȴɫɻɲȦɛʠ⏋ʭʱተࡸɲࢸ᧧୲ךͅ˽̜ɹተѳˁᇿ୭ɗȩɭɌɛ ɹɫȡʳMatichon, February 9, 2004⏏ 27) 2004 ॷɴԂʳɭ⏋᱔ሂɻԒ֭ህɴకɹೢጩˁȩᬏʦˡ̠͌Ͳ⏃ךᬏ⏆ˁ᧧୲ըȴʰК٨ըʍೃɐʳɄ ɭˁᬡᡴɴர൜ɇɓɛ⏏К٨ըɴɲʶɽ⏋ᬏˡ̠͌ͲɻԒ֭߂ᕲᐁᅓɫШȭʰʶʳ᱔ሂȴʰɹ୭ኍɴਝɍ ɩ᧧୲֪ˁɓɊʳˁȭɲȦ⏏᧧୲ɹ᭬ɴᬏךᬏˁգᅎɌɩȷɛࢸ᧧୲ךᡴڊɴɭɤɩɻӾʍɹћࡔȵ ʚʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ɗʶʪȭ⏋ܩՕณʦςɴᦥɐʳɭȦȩؙࢪɹުȵঃ፴ɴཻȷᣱɄʱ⏋Ԓ֭ህȵர൜ ܌ɴᦠȦᦉʚʶɛɹɻ⏋άᡴڊɴɭɤɩɻ߫ᨊغɲɄɭɫȡɤɛ⏏ 28) 2004 ॷ 3 ɴࡸేɇʶɛላᕶкɹᬏɲʰʃɴᡴڊɹ᧧୲ɫɻ⏋ధɹላɫភధɹҌជᓔȵ TRT ɹԇ᠗ʦఌ ஹˁʭȩɭɌɩˁձɤɛ⏏
4̝ڈจѝ࠱ᄫыѽౕ੨
4.1̙үҟҧҾӏҟҩ ̊̒˪˹Ͳకณɻᐁཕ܌ʍɹೝ৺ˁᔘᢦɤɩᅊɌɛ⏏̊̒˪˹ͲɻɗɹဣˁמՕɴମ ሾɌɩȲʱ⏋2002 ॷ 7 27 ɴɄȩɤɛ⏏ȋɄʶʚɫɻకࢃȵకፑˁፑࡴɐʳɄɭɻɲ ȴɤɛȍɲɕɲʰ᧧୲ɹ᭬ɴȋకፑɫఌ୫ˁ៲ȭʳɄɭȵɲȴɤɛȴʰɫȡʳȍɌȴɌ⏋TRT ɻᅊ༎ఒڵɹɛʠɹకፑˁரኍɌɩ᧧୲ˁȦ⏋֯գˁȲɇʠɛȴʰɴɻȋɗɹకፑˁࡸేɌ ɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦȍSKSLN n.d. 3.: 122⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ 2001 ॷ 2 27 ɹేకᩍྲᠦɫ 9 ᇿˁᐳਸ਼కፑɭɌɩɁɩȦɛ⏏ࢸៀฐᦅӁ֭ᦐཕ 3 ॷᬚϜ⏋ᘺᨊ॑ܩݖԊؾк ݜᩆᒞ⏋Ϻ᪃ᒞ⏋μࢸНكȿ᪃ᒞ⏋έᖪӁณ፬ჿล෯ᒞ⏋ܕۊНఒᯊ⏋ܕ ᇖכᆹѳ᭝հɹተጓ⏋ᶁᚫࢪፑ⏋ູᓷࢪፑɫȡʳSLKRM 2002: 91–95⏏Ʉʶʰɹకፑ ɻᐁཕ܌ɭɰȩᬠᦹɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʸȩȴ⏏ ৳ɻకณᇍȴʰʓɰɲȦ 2001 ॷ 4 28 ȴʰຘᦼܤɹ 8:00 ȴʰܕۊ͞˻ˠఔ ᦢ࣌ɹ FM 92.5 ɫȋ̊̒˪˹Ͳ᱔ሂȵϺɴʳ (nayok thaksin khui kap prachachon)ȍɭ ᰍɐʳఔᦢˁࠃʠɛ⏏৳ᕶ᤹ȵ 2001 ॷ 6 30 ɴᅎȦɛᝠჼˁҏʱʳɭ⏋ȋకঌȵɗɹ 1 ᦼᬚɴɰ˃ɲɄɭˁɌɛɹȴˁຘᦼʛɲɇ˃ɴȲሾʰɓɐʳȍɛʠɫȡɤɛSKSLN n.d. 1: 66⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳȵఔᦢ 2 ٞॷɴȡɛʳ 2003 ॷ 4 26 ɹఔᦢɫɤɛɭɄʸɴʭʶɽ⏋ μɻΥʢɲȼ⏋˽˭˻͖ͻ͡ɹᨊغɫధ܌᪼ᯭఔᦢˁɌɛɄɭȵȡʳʢɹɹ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɻ ᅊఔᦢɫʼʶɩȷɛSKSLN n.d. 4.: 267⏏̊˓ɫ᱔ሂȵɄɹʭȩɴᐙᐚᇕɴঃȼϺɴ ʱȴȿʳɹɻ՟ʠɩɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏29) Ʉɹ᱔ሂྲᠦɻץॷՕɅɭɴʚɭʠɩթՏႆɇʶ⏋ံ Ӥɫ॒ᨗɇʶɩʢȦʳSKSLN n.d. 1; n.d. 2; n.d. 3; n.d. 4⏏30) Ʉɹྲᠦɻ̊̒˪˹Ͳɴɭɤɩ ɻᩂឹɲࡺШଝຍɫȡʳɽȴʱɫɻɲȼ⏋ՕȴʱʦɐɇɭᅊǾɌɇɹʪȭɴɗɹకณˁჿៗɐ ʳɛʠɴᇰɲᣂషɫʢȡʳ⏏ፀ 1 ɴ⏋కঌˁެʱᦉʞɛʠ⏋ɦʚʱకঌʍɹఌ୫ˁᠭ᧒ɐ ʳɛʠɴ⏋᱔ሂȵΥᖔওɴʢჿៗɫȷʳʭȩకፑˁȴʛቊȦɩᠦ౩ɌɩȦʳ⏏ፀ 2 ɴ⏋̊̒ ˪˹Ͳȵлˁ́ͻ͡˽ͅ˓Ͳ̜ɭᓒȭɩȦʳɹȴȵʭȼՕȴʳ⏏ፀ 3 ɴ⏋కঌɴɭɤɩᨊ غɹੲȦɄɭɴɦȦɩؤˁɦȽʛȩʳʢɹɹ⏋ຘᦼɭȦȩʓʖ͠ˏ̊͡˓͌ɫɹఔᦢʪȭɴ⏋ ߂३ɲᎬᰴɻܐᮑɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹఔᦢ៨᪼ȴʰ̊̒˪˹Ͳᕶ᤹ɹᠦ౩ˁଢ଼ᓵɌɩʛʭȩ⏏ ̊̒˪˹ͲȵᑵʱᦐɌᝠ౩ɐʳ᠗ᡫɴʭʶɽ⏋̊˓ɻ 2 ɦɹЦȴʰ෯ଁɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ᢩ 29) ᱔ሂɹྲᠦᡙ᠌ᠰ᠌ȵ༎ࡓɴɲɤɛёɭɌɩؿɲɹɻ˵̜̒͠ʦ̺ͤͻ͌ɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋߂ץɻ႕ࡴ ɹᓵᝓˁሂଝɴɤɛʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ঃȼϺԃкɴʱȴȿɛʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋͞˻ˠɫɌɽɌɽʱȴ ȿɛ᱔ሂɹӴёɻմɹ̺ͤͻ˪⏃̴̸ͻͲ̅Ͳ˪͞ͻ͌⏆ɹʛɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋৳ɻຘᦼɤɛʼȿɫɻ ɲȴɤɛ⏏ɗʶʪȭ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳɹ᠅ʛɻీృɲʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ 30) 2003 ॷՕȴʰɻڧՏႆೣʢᇎݭɌɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋᱔ሂঌɹ web ˵˓̜ɫʢຘᦼᠧʞɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ɌȼఠᔒອྈɹжȦᦅЦ⏋ɗʶʭʱʢᢌȴɫఠᔒອྈʢᲞȦᨊ॑Ц⏋ɫȡʳSKSLN n.d. 1.: 32, 41; n.d. 3.: 159–160; n.d. 4: 262⏏31) Ʉʶʚɫɹకณɻᨊ॑ЦˁӦӴɌ⏋ధ༐ɹ ᦅЦˁᥐែɌɩȷɛ⏏ɗʶȵ 1997 ॷɹᐁཕลɹឹ܍ɭɲɤɛSKSLN n.d. 1.: 93⏏2 ɦɹЦɹکᰍˁؾΥɹʦకፑɫៗໆɐʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦɹɫ⏋ɗʶəʶɹЦɴࢪਝ Ɍɩȋ2 ɦɹᩍˁᅎȦʳȍSKSLN n.d. 1.: 41⏏ɗʶȵ̊˪˹̨͊˪˽ (Thaksinomics) ɫ ȡʳ⏏32) ̊̒˪˹Ͳᕶ᤹ȵʳɭɄʸɴʭʶɽ⏋ᨊ॑ᨆɭᦅᨆɹθˁࢪᢒɭɐʳθᯆకፑ (dual track policy) ɫȡʳ⏏ȋΥɫɻ⏋ᥥՏςࢷɹᐁཕᨆᬐˁɐʳᒞȵᡙɍʰʶɷɽɲ ʰɲȦ⏏ܕɹହᣂࢃˁਕɇɓʳɛʠɴᦲᢪɹࡴȵܒʰʶɷɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ܕȴʰɹҏԂ ʶʦᥥԂˁཝʰɐʭȩɴ֗ʠɷɽɲʰɲȦ⏏៎ӵ⏋ᥥՏ⏋ܕȴʰɹହᣂˁވʦɇɷɽɲʰɲ Ȧ⏏ᩆᜨลᬠɹӁ֭ʦगޙȴʰᅊɍɛکᰍɹៗໆɴሎպɴʱᏼʚɷɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ؾಁɴ⏋ ɲᐁཕሂଝɭɻϠܕᬚʦܕᬚɹᕶᅓᢼ౫תࡴˁᐄɽɷɽɲʰɲȦ⏏Ϋܕɭɻ⏋Ŕ॑ݭˁ ᬖୖɌ⏋ဤ್ѝൔʦᎦ̝͡ћࡔɴᅓഀɐʳ͠˽˪ˁᥐཝɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ЈɴȲȦɩ⏋ ᐁཕɹݜᇻ⏋ᦅᨆз (grassroots)⏋ԒᮛςࢷᐁཕଁᬏˁɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏θᯆక ፑɹȩɠɄɹᯆɻᦅᨆзɴˁήȭ⏋ᣂೣʍɹˏ˪́˽ˁரњɐʳȍThaksin 2003a⏏ ̊̒˪˹Ͳɻθᯆсɹȩɠ⏋ᦅᨆɹᩂែˁᑵʱᦐɌɩʦʚɲȦ⏏৳ɹᝠჼˁҏʱʳɭ⏋ ȋకঌɻᢩɹکᰍៗໆˁӦӴɐʳ⏏ɴອˁʦʶɽӴጩʚɫ࣑ȼʢɹɹ⏋Ӵጩɴອˁʦɤɩ ʢɴɻ࣑ȴɲȦɭᓒȭʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶʪȭ⏋కঌɻʚɑᢩɹکᰍៗໆȴʰʱᏼʞȍ SKSLN n.d. 4.: 125⏏ៜȦழȭʳɲʰɽ⏋ȋᦅЦɹᐁཕȵΫكȿɽᨊ॑Цɹᐁཕʢᕶɑ ɭΫكȼ⏏ᨊ॑ЦɹᐁཕȵΫكȦɩʢᦅЦɹᐁཕɻΫكȴɲȦɹɫ⏋ൔेȵୟ߂ɐʳ ɽȴʱɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶʪȭ⏋ᦅЦɹᐁཕɹ࿃ܧᇕɲخᔨਸˁᲞʠɩൔेˁᑘʠʳɄɭȵᩂ ឹɫȡʳȍSKSLN n.d. 3.: 162⏏ȋЁ̊˓ɹϺؤɻ 6,300 ΨϺɫȡʳ⏏ȩɠ 900 ΨϺȡʚʱ ɻᢩɫȡʳ⏏ᢩܐɫɻɲȦʢɹɹȡʚʱᖾɌȼɲȦʢɹȵ 2,000 ΨϺȦʳ⏏ɗɹ߂ץɻᦅ ɫȡʳȍȋЁʦ 1,000 ΨϺȵȲᗼ႒ (phara) ɫȡʳ⏏2,000 ΨϺɻȲᗼ႒ɭʚɫɻȦȴɲȦ⏏ Ʉɹ 1,000 ΨϺɭ 2,000 ΨϺˁغʼɓɛ 3,000 ΨϺˁɴȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʶɽ⏋ᐁཕɻଁ ᬏɐʳɞʸȩ⏏ࡸჼɹɛʠɴହᣂˁɌɩʛʳɴғɐʳȍSKSLN n.d. 4.: 108⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ 2001 ॷ 4 28 ɴȋӦӴᠩᰍɻᢩܐៗ༥ɫȡʳȍɭ⏋ؾॷ 6 30 ɴɻȋ՟ɹ 1 ॷ ᇿˁܕɹݜᇻɹ߂ៀฐɲఒᖪɴȡɩɛȦ⏏Ŕᢩܐៗ༥కፑȵܕɹݜᇻఒڵɫȡʳȍɭɤɩȦ ɛSKSLN n.d. 1.: 2, 62⏏33) కณᇍȴʰʓʖ 2 ॷˁᦎȭɛ 2003 ॷ 3 1 ɴ৳ɻɄȩɤɛ⏏కณᇍГഀ 3 ɦɹ 31) ɲȲ 2 ɦɹᅵɲʳЦȴʰଁʱጓɤɩȦʳɭȦȩɭʰȭɻ̊̒˪˹ͲႶᕶɹʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏ɐɫɴˏ̦ͻ˪ ɹᘿсAnek 1995ȵؿɫȡɤɛ⏏
32) Ʉʶɻ̢̋˛͡͠ˏͲ (Daniel Lian) ɭȦȩ͐͡ˤͲ˽̊Ͳͤͻ (Morgan Stanley and Co. (Singapore)) ɹ˛ ˱̨͊˽̜ɹᦶɭݬɍʰʶɩȦʳThe Nation, June 27, 2001⏏
ϝˁɤɩȷɛ⏏ᢩܐ⏋ᶁᚫ⏋ູᓷɭɹϝɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹȩɠȋᢩܐࢪፑˁӦӴɌɩȷ ɛȍSKSLN n.d. 4.: 177⏏ԍкᇕɴɻ⏋ᦲ 1 ܌ȡɛʱ 30 ̫ͻ̓ɹכᆹը࣬ؿ 2003: 161–162⏋ᦅɹӁ֭ᦐཕϜ⏃2001 ॷ 4 1 ȴʰ 3 ॷᬚ⏆⏋34) 100 Ψ̫ͻ̓ɹᘺݜᩆ ⏃2001 ॷ 7 Ԃᩆᬖࠃ⏆ೢধ 2003b: 96–97⏋35) ȋΥΥڃȍϟ36) 2003: 106⏋˳͌ʦ Ꭶɲɰɹѝൔᐣ୫⏋37) Ϻ᪃⏃2001 ॷ 6 ᇍ⏆38) ɲɰɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɹϟɻ⏋ᦅᨆз ɹᮄᅎօՏ⏋ଘވ֓⏋༥ᢹވ֓ˁɷʰɤɩȲʱ⏋ɗʶɴʭʱܕɹᐁཕˁଁᬏɇɓʭȩɭઝ ܒɌɩȦɛ⏏ɄʶʰɹϟɹɛʠɴకঌϜ፤ɹʓȴɴ⏋ܕۊɹᢱᙢ᪃ʦᦅᦅתؾᏼغ ᪃ɹᣂᩆȵହԂɇʶɛ⏏2004 ॷ 1 ɴԂʳɭ⏋մɴ᠅ᱻᇕɴࢷԂɌɛᢩᇎ᪼ˁԃܕɫ ࡸేɌɻɍʠɛ⏏ɄʶɻᢩܐࢪፑፑࡴɹɛʠɹؒᓒݬˁʳɄɭˁᇿᇕɭɌɩȲʱ⏋ؾॷ 3 ʚɫɴ 721 ΨϺʓɰȵᇎ᪼Ɍɛ⏏39) ̊̒˪˹ͲɻకঌެᦉʛɹɛʠɹᔨೆȷɭɌɩధࡓ⏋ɭʱʼȿᐁཕଁᬏრɴݚመɌɩȷɛ⏏ μ߈᪃ɭܕࢃᐁཕЦᬖᇍࠇڊЦȵ 2002 ॷɹᐁཕଁᬏრˁ 2⎾ɭடȭʠɴϜཀྵɌɩȦɛɄ ɭˁ 2003 ॷ 1 ɴଫՠɌɩ⏋ȋኽȵ 2⎾ɭៜɤɛɭȷɴ 2⎾ɭϜཀྵɐʳɄɭɻ෯ʼɲȦ⏏Ɍ ȴɌኽɻ 5⎾ɴɌɩʛɓʭȩɭɌɛȍ⏏2002 ॷˁᏺʼɤɩʛʶɽ 5⎾ɫȡɤɛ⏏2003 ॷɴɦ Ȧɩθลᬠɻଁᬏრˁ 3.5 ȴʰ 4.5⎾ɭϜཀྵɌɛ⏏ȋኽȵɰʶɞȿɴɌʭȩɭɌɩȦʳȴࢵɷ ɩȦɲȦ⏏כᓔɴɰɹʭȩɴᆹɐʳɹȴࢵɷʳɄɭɲȼ⏋੮ᓔɹᆖႥˁϜཀྵɐʳʭȩɲʢɹ ɞ⏏ϟմɴכᓔɴکȦغʼɓʳʏȷɞȍSKSLN n.d. 4.: 111⏏ଁᬏრˁໆʠʳɹɻ᱔ሂɞɭ Ȧȩʼȿɫȡʳ⏏ ɄɹధࡓʍɹɄɞʼʱɹʪȭɴ⏋ᦅᨆɽȴʱɴӃɌɩȦʳʼȿɴɻʪȴɲȦ⏏ɗɄɫ Ԓᮛୟ߂ɹፑɭɌɩ⏋έ֪ᅋѝൔʦൎѝɹΫˁʢȼʸʞɄɭɴɲʳ⏏2001 ॷೢɴɻԇ֭ ڊكȿɴᰄᩆɲɌ⏋жᩆգɹзࡨᣂᩆᜨᣂϟˁࠃʠSKSLN n.d. 2.: 68⏋2002 ॷ 1 ɴɻܕϺɹܤܩଘˁ᠗ʠʳፑɹද២ɴώʱՏɐSKSLN n.d. 2.: 103–104⏏ɇʰɴ 33) ᦅɹᢩܐఛཕకፑɻ 1970 ॷБГɹకณɻȦɑʶʢ߂ɲʱࢸɲʱࡸేɌɩȷɛ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳకณɹ႕ᖬɻ ዷմɹៀฐɭሁɭ٧ʃȩʳଝɴȡʳ⏏ᓔɻ⏋ᦅࢪፑɭᡡȦɲȵʰࡸɻс႒༑ᦲᓔʦ CP ⏃̍͑͡ͻͲ ͅͻˡ̮Ͳ⏆ɴБᝠɇʶʳ߂ៀฐᅊᅋᓔɲɰˁఌஹɐʳɄɭȵȴɤɛਃഀɹకณɭɻᅵɲʱ⏋҅Ǿɹᦅ ɴਜ਼ȵሁஞɴȦȷʼɛʳʭȩɴᨗૅɌɩȦʳɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ሁিȵ⏋TRT ᕶкɹᮃኡˁᲞʠɩࢸ ᧧୲ךᡴڊʍɹᐏըˁɌʭȩɭɐʳᅭɭغᕹɐʳɄɭɻȦȩʚɫʢɲȦ⏏ 34) ܕۊɹᦅᦅתؾᏼغ᪃ȴʰɹҏԂʶȵࢪᢒɭɇʶɛ⏏ 35) িؿዌȵȋᘺᨊ॑ܩݖԊؾкݜᩆȍɭɲɤɩȦʳɄɭɴኍɇʶʳʭȩɴ⏋ᨊ॑ᨆʢࢪᢒɫȡʳ⏏1 ܩך ⏃⏮ᮃᘺ muban⏆ȡɛʱ 100 Ψ̫ͻ̓ȵᜨᣂɹᣂɭɇʶɛ⏏ 36) ࡸేеɻך (tambon) ɲȵʰ⏋ೣɹϟёˁ͐̚͡ɴɌɩȦʳɄɭʢȡɤɩ⏋ೣɫɻȋΥΥڃȍɭ٧ʃ ᓃʼɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ 37) ܕԒɫᅊᅋᓔѝൔˁᲞʠʳ֗ɹʓȴ⏋ܕ᭬ᇕɴɻςឹᅊᅋܕɫѝൔˡ̘͡͡ˁᐿᐄɌʭȩɭɌɩȷɛ⏏ 38) ܕۊᢱᙢ᪃ɹ 578 ఌঊɐʏɩɫ 15,000 ̫ͻ̓ˁΫᭉɭɐʳံѳᜨᣂˁʼɓʳϟɫȡʱ⏋ѳ៷ϺɻӁ ֭ᓔؾަɫʢخᔨɭɇʶɩȦʳSKSLN n.d.1.: 28, 42, 59⏏ᲞգᢸɌȴʰɹఛཕȵᇿฌɫȡʳ⏏ 39) ᢩᇎ᪼ɻ TRT ɹ᧧୲ࢪፑɴգᅎɇʶʳɭȦȩਥʢȡʳMatichon, January 6, 2004⏏
2003 ॷɴԂʳɭ⏋жଘᓔكȿзࡨˁ 5 ॷᬚɫ 100 ΨକњᐌɐʳɭᡡȦɻɍʠɛ⏏зࡨԇ ȵ 60 Ψକˁњᐌ⏋ᢱᙢ᪃ȵ 40 ΨକՕɹᣂᩆˁжգᜨᣂɐʳɭȦȩɹɫȡʳSKSLN n.d. 4.: 127, 156, 167, 176, 188, 244⏏2003 ॷೢɴɻ߂ᚁህᢧ֭࣌ɻ 2004 ॷȴʰ 07 ॷɴȴ ȿɩɹԃܕɹܩѝѝᰎˁࡸֳѝൔˁؙɇɓɩ 14.44⎾ৄȷΫɁʳɭᇍᝠɌɛKrungthep Thurakit, December 25, 2003⏏ɄʶɻకঌɹɷʰȦɰȲʱɴܩѝȵΫɌɩȦʳɄɭˁኍɌ ɩȦɛ⏏ൎѝʢ 2001 ॷೢɴ 304 ɫȡɤɛ୭ధȵ 2002 ॷೢɴɻ 356 ʍɭވɌ⏋2003 ॷೢ ɴɻ 1 ॷմɹ҆ГΫɹ 772 ʍɭᤊɷΫȵɤɩȦɛ⏏40) ɄȩɌɛɻ⏋ᦽ᥅̮̒͞ʭʸɌȼɛ ȭɑຩɹಕຩឿᦲɌˁɛɩɩ༥ᢹˁլɌʭȩɭɌɩȷɛ̊̒˪˹Ͳɹೝ৺ɴ᧓ʼɑ⏋ܕԒ ༥ᢹɹୟ߂ˁʢɛʰɐɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ 4.2̙үҳҟҧӣౕक़Ѡకࡀ ̊̒˪˹ͲɻΥɫɻ߂ᝓᦎغᇕɭɹଫՠˁʢɹɭʢɓɑᢩఛཕፑˁ๖ǾɭଠɠՏɌ⏋Ј ɫɻ 2001 ॷɴɻ 1.9⎾ɴɭɰʚɤɩȦɛᐁཕଁᬏრˁ 2002 ॷɴɻ 5.3⎾⏋2003 ॷɴɻ 6.7⎾ʍɭᲞʠɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛకፑȵకঌʍɹఌ୫ᠭ᧒ɴɰɹዐɦɲȵɤɛɹȴˁ⏋̊˓ˁБ ᝠɐʳЦᠭീลᬠɹ 1 ɦɭɲɤɩȦʳˏ̒˵͌̍͑Ͳ߂ ABAC γᠶᠭീድଘɹᠭീᐄ ഗȴʰተ᠗ɌɩȲɄȩ⏏ ؾድଘɻ̊̒˪˹ͲకณɹςឹకፑɴɦȦɩ⏋ೝ৺ɌɩȦʳȴɰȩȴ⏋ଁഗȵΫȵɤɩ Ȧʳɭਲ਼ȩȴɭȦȩᠭീˁץॷɅɭɴɤɩȷɛ⏏కณᇍȴʰץॷɹಁဣɫɻȦɑʶɹకፑ ʢᐷɴɦȦɛɽȴʱɫȡʱଁഗȵȡȵɤɩȦʳɭȦȩ܌ፐɻࢹɲȴɤɛʢɹɹ⏋1 ॷץᇿɴɻ ȋ1 1 ڃȍ⏋30 ̫ͻ̓כᆹ⏋ᘺݜᩆɹ 3 ϟɴɦȦɩɻ 7 ւГΫȵଁഗˁ᠗ʠʳʭȩɴ ɲɤɩȦɛ⏏ɇʰɴ 2 ॷᇿɴɲʳɭᶁᚫᐿʢ 8 ւˁᣳȭʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏃ᝠ 1 ؒ၇⏆⏏కณᇍ ȴʰ 3 ॷᇿɹ 2004 ॷ 2 ɹγᠶᠭീɫɻ⏋ςឹకፑɴྃɌɩȦʳʢɹɹւغɻᶁᚫᐿ 40) Ɍȼɻ̊˓៷ժৄଘɹ WEB ˵˓̜ˁؒ၇ɇʶɛȦSET 2004⏏ ྱ 1 ̙үҳҟҧӣౕक़Ѡକᅃౕ੨Ѡ૰౹ໟඎ๕ కǵፑ ࡸᑡ᠗ሾ⎾ ೝ৺ ⏃2 ॷץᇿ⏆ ץॷ 1 ॷ 1 ॷץ 2 ॷ 2 ॷץ ᶁᚫᐿ 61.2 45.1 49.0 81.5 88.7 92.4 ȋ1 1 ڃȍ 36.7 59.7 75.9 83.9 85.4 87.8 30 ̫ͻ̓כᆹ 63.3 72.0 79.0 80.6 79.1 79.0 ᘺݜᩆ 50.1 66.1 75.7 78.8 77.2 76.1 ູᓷᐿ 26.0 22.5 23.5 38.7 44.8 75.4 Ӂ֭ᦐཕϜ 41.6 42.4 50.1 58.1 56.0 65.4 Ϻ᪃ 42.3 39.1 41.9 40.5 39.8 64.2 ܕۊНఒڵ 21.5 23.7 27.3 35.3 38.3 66.7 Տଘ⏧ABAC Poll2003a; 2004
80.4⎾⏋ȋ1 1 ڃȍ78.8⎾⏋ᘺݜᩆ 64.1⎾⏋30 ̫ͻ̓כᆹ 61.2⎾⏋Ӂ֭ᦐཕϜ 57.8⎾ ɭȦɤɛԍغɴȴɲʱᲞȦABAC Poll 2004⏏ɐʏɩɹకፑɫଁഗȵȡȵɤɩȦʳɭ᠗ʠʰ ʶɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ȲɗʰȼˁɐȹɛɄɭȵΥ܍ɭɲɤɩѝˁάɁɩȦʳకፑʢȡʳ ʢɹɹ⏋కঌɹࡸᑡȵȴɲʱᲞȼѝɇʶɩȦʳɭȦʼɷɽɲʰɲȦɫȡʸȩ⏏ ؾድଘɻ߫ȷɲకࢃɹᠭീʢᐙᐚᇕɴɤɩȷɩȦʳ⏏కณᇍሁմɹ 2001 ॷ 2 ɴ ɻ̊̒˪˹Ͳˁఌ୫ɐʳʢɹɹւغɻ 29.7⎾ɫȡʱ⏋ςӾɹ͖̍ͩͲɹ 24.0⎾ˁʼɑȴɴ Ϋ܌ɤɩȦɛɴɐȹɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳɹఌ୫რɻؾॷ 4 ɴɻ 51.0⎾⏋ᓂɴɻɇ ʰɴ 71.9⎾ʍɭᤊɷΫȵɤɛABAC Poll 2003b⏏̊̒˪˹ͲɹϺຩɻɄʶˁ᯳ဣɭɌɩά ȵʱɻɍʠ⏋2002 ॷ 6 ɴɻ 38.9⎾ʚɫάȵʳ⏏ɗɹ 2003 ॷɴԂɤɩ⏋1 ɴ֤ᇍɌɛ ˡͲ̓˻ˏɹ᱔ᨊ̨̺Ͳ̿Ͳɹ̊˓߂ь᱅ɲɰ္ȷ២ɠϟИɫɹుܔɛʳࢪՃ⏋2 ȴʰɹၘ ဦɲᶁᚫᐿ41) ɴʭʱ⏋కঌʍɹఌ୫ɻᲞʚɤɩʪȷ⏋10 ɹ̫Ͳ˱˪ɫɹ APEC Цᡴɹ ॷೢɴɻ 6 ւˁᣳȭʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏃ܒ 1 ؒ၇⏆⏏42) жᦜೝɹ 2002 ॷɴʢ⏋մᦚɹʭȩɴకፑ ʍɹѝɻᲞȼ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳɹఌ୫რɻᩃӾɹ͖̍ͩͲɹ҆ГΫɫȡɤɩ⏋ਖɑɌʢжȴɤɛ ɭɻȦȭɲȦ⏏ 2003 ॷ 2 ɴ᱔ᨊܞɫࡸేɇʶɛγᠶᠭീɫɻ̊̒˪˹Ͳకณȵ 4 ॷɹКೝˁԃȩɐʳ ɭᓒȭʳʢɹȵ 57.9⎾Ȳʱ⏋ɇʰɴʢȩ 1 ೝয়ɇɓɛȦʢɹȵ 74.5⎾ʢȦɛABAC Poll 2003d⏏ఌ୫რȵΫȵɤɛ̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ TRT ȵ 20 ॷᬚɴʼɛɤɩకณˁয়ɐʳɭᢔɐ ʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏Ʉɹᬏೝకณ෯ɴɦȦɩɹ᱔ᨊܞɫɹγᠶᠭീɫɻ⏋ᬏೝకณɴɲʶɽక ঌᬠѥᓔȵգณˁᦠິɐʳɭਥɐʳʢɹȵ 62.7⎾Ȧʳɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ᬏೝకณ෯ɴᣊ ଁɐʳʢɹ 52.1⎾⏋ࡸჼخᔨɞɭਲ਼ȩʢɹ 50.7⎾ɭɲɤɩȦɛABAC Poll 2003c⏏̊̒˪ ˹ͲȵᩂဣˁȲȦɩȦʳɭ౩ៜɐʳᦅᨆɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ᨊ॑ᨆɹປᩂȵᲞȦ᱔ᨊܞɫʢ̊̒ ˪˹Ͳʍɹఌ୫ɻᲞȴɤɛɄɭȵʭȼʼȴʳ⏏ 41) ᶁᚫ⏃ɭʱʼȿៅᨮջ⏆ɻ 1990 ॷБץɽГ।ᅎᓔȵਸ਼ᦵɴୟ߂Ɍ⏋ോɹμɴʢঃȵɤɩ⏋ȷʼʠɩཉխ ɲЦکᰍɴɲɤɛ⏏కঌɹᐿȵ֟ഗˁȡɁɩȦɲȴɤɛɛʠ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ 2003 ॷ 2 ȴʰ 3Ͷɴʼ ɛɤɩঈᇕɲஏ២сˁࡸేɌɛ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳȵೝᬚμɹ 3 1 ɴɤɛɭɄʸɴʭʳɭ⏋2 ɹ 1Ͷ ᬚɫؤࢬɍɹɛʠɹЗᬚɴʭʳຏϺ 1,100 ؿ⏋ᡰ࢘ࡲɴʭʳຏࢀ 28 ؿ⏋ᡰ࢘ࡲɹᓔ 4 ؿɫȡɤɛSKSLN n.d.4.: 180⏏ధࡓɻ 2,500 ؿʍɭᕛʰʛΫȵɤɩʪȼɄɭɴɲʳ⏏႞႓ɹ߂ȷɇˁϺณ௩ᡸ༐ɲɰȴʰଫՠɇ ʶ⏋ܕტȴʰʢઝˁ؝ȿɛɛʠ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ 2003 ॷ 12 6 ɴȋ2,500 ؿɭȦȩɹɻᇴɲɰɹʓȴɹ ϟИɫɹᓔʢي˃ɞధࡓɫȡʳ⏏ךաˁɐʶɽ 1,000 ؿȡʚʱɴɐȹɲȦȍɭষ౩ɌɛThaksin 2003c⏏ៅ ᨮջެϺɹȼȵˁӹʶʳɛʠɴᕶ᱔ɌɛɭȦȩઝ٢ɫɻᐿɹ֟ഗɻ߂ȷȴɤɛ⏏ 42) 2004 ॷɴԂɤɩఌ୫რɻжάɐʳ⏏ᦚɹʭȩɴ⏋2003 ॷೢȴʰᓂॷॷᰄɴȴȿɩሂ๖Ȧɫکᰍȵᅊɍɩଫ ՠˁ༟ʃɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɫʢ 2004 ॷ 2 ᠭീɫɻ̊̒˪˹Ͳˁ߫ȷɭ܌ፐɐʳʢɹȵ 60.1⎾Ȳʱ⏋ɇʰ ɴ TRT ɹఌ୫რɻᨆˁ᭑Ȧɩ 5 ւГΫˁᐣ୫Ɍ⏋2 еɹςӾɴ߂ेˁɦȿɩȦʳABAC Poll 2004⏏
5̝ჲ̙̙ൌ̙̙
5.1̙ଡ೮ѪѠक़ᆙୄඦ ̊̒˪˹ͲɻȋȦకȍȋᯁȴɲకȍˁჿɭɌɩȦʳSKSLN n.d. 2.: 157⏏৳ɻ 2001 ॷ 11 24 ɴɄȩᦚʏɛ⏏ȋ˹Ͳˤͅͻ͡ɻࢸɇɲܕɞ⏏ɗʶɲɹɴɲɕȴӁ֭ɻɲ Ȧ⏏ᣂ྇ʢɲȦɹɴ⏋ɲɕɲɹȴ⏏ჿᅓɻకȵᯁȴɞȴʰɞ⏏కȵʭȦ⏏ɗɹకɻ 100 Ψ⎾ςకɭɻȦȭɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ьȦ႒ɴɲʳςకɫȡʳ⏏ܕɹᐁཕᇕܩеɻᲞȼ⏋ ܕɻॺክɫᢌȴɲಬʰɌˁɌɩȦʳ⏏ᓎɤɩ⏋̊˓ɻᣂ྇ȵȦ⏏ɰɠʰˁكȦɩʢᐶᖬɫ ȡʳ⏏ɗʶɲɹɴɲɕȴʚɞᢩɌȦ⏏תɌɩলᇕɴᓒȭɛʰʭȦɹɞ⏏ᕶՕɛɠɫɦʉɌ غȩਖឹɻɲȦȍSKSLN n.d. 2.: 35⏏ȋకȵȦɭɄʸɫɻŔకӾɻȦȼɦɴʢՕȴʶɩ ɻȦɲȦȍ⏋ɗȩɌɛܕɹ 1 ɦɫȡɤɛೣɻకӾȵӾɌ⏋ȋకɹࡴȵாɲʼʶ⏋ک ᰍៗໆᔨˁжάɇɓɛȍSKSLN n.d. 2.: 112⏏̊˓ɹݭغɴɻਃഀɻȋకȵᦹጓకณɫ ȡɤɛ⏏ɄʶɻኽɹʱՕ (cake)⏋ȡʶɻȡɲɛɹʱՕɭᓒȭȵɠɫȡɤɛ⏏ɄʶȵχɌȼ ̊˓ɹʛɫȡɤɛȍSKSLN n.d. 2.: 39⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴȋకȵέࡴɫȡɤɛɛʠ⏋лɅɭ ɴɦȿᬏೝᇕɴᓒȭʳɄɭȵȡʚʱɲȴɤɛȍSKSLN n.d. 4.: 144⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋ȋకȵ ࡴɐʶɽܕɹᦍᦵȴɦᔨრᇕɲᬖᇍȵخᔨɴɲʳȍSKSLN n.d. 2.: 157⏏ɗɹɛʠɴ⏋ȋ̊ ˓ɻకӾɹధȵཝʳʏȷɫȡʳ⏏ࢪጓˁཝʰɌɩܕɹکᰍៗໆˁᇿ୭ɐʏȷɫȡʳȍSKSLN ద 1 ̙үҳҟҧӣଡ೮ѪѠ્ᅲn.d. 2.: 112⏏ ̊̒˪˹Ͳɴʭʶɽ⏋కᇕɲࢪጓɻࢀံᇰɫȡʱࢸɇʶʳʏȷɫȡɤɛ⏏৳ɻ 2003 ॷ 3 8 ɴɄȩɤɛ⏏ȋకঌɹК֭ɻܕɹకɫȡʱ⏋కɻܕЦɭకӾɭ᧧୲ ֪ೝᬚɴࣚɌɩȦʳȍ⏏᧧୲ȵᏺʼɤɛʢȋకˁᐚȿʳɲʰɽŔံᇰɫȡʳ⏏ృᓬˁᠧʞ ɭຘ⏋ᩃӾȵకঌɭۂ۟⏋కঌȵᩃӾɭۂ۟⏋కঌȵᩃӾˁᒡ҉⏋ᩃӾȵకঌˁᒡ҉ɭȦɤ ɛకɹ̢͖ͻ˽ȵȡʳ⏏ံᇰɫȡʳ⏏Ŕᮾࢹॷȵృᓬˁᠧ˃ɞʰ⏋Ʉɹܕɹ߂Ϻɻۂ۟ɽ ȴʱɌɩȦʳɭਲ਼ȩɄɭɞʸȩȍSKSLN n.d. 4.: 193⏏ȋኽɻЇϟȵɌɛȦ⏏Їϟμɻకˁ ɌɛȼɲȦ⏏కˁɐʳɹɻ᧧୲ೝᬚμ⏋ܕЦɫɹፐষɞȿɴɌɛȦ⏏కঌࡲ᧽ɫɻЇϟˁ ɌɛȦȍSKSLN n.d. 4.: 194⏏৳ɻ 2001 ॷ 12 15 ɴɻȋኽɻకʭʱʢЇϟˁᩂែɌ ɩʪȷɛȦȍSKSLN n.d. 2.: 57ɭʢᦚʏɩȦɛ⏏ɗʶʪȭ⏋৳ɻȋ͡ͻ͡ɻໆʚɤɩȦʳ⏏ 4 ॷɭៀࡴɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ᩃӾɹʛɲɇ˃ɻ 4 ॷ৺ɦɄɭɴɲʳ⏏4 ॷᬚɴకঌɹࡸᑡȵੲ ȿʶɽ⏋᧧୲ɫȩ⏏Ϻȵໆࡴᓔɫȡʳ⏏ςకɹ͡ͻ͡ɻȴɲʱ౩ተɫȡʳȍSKSLN n.d. 1.: 104ɭȴ⏋ȋЁлȴ 1 ɦɞȿ͡ͻ͡ˁ᠗ʠغȩɭɐʶɽ⏋ϺȵЇϟˁɇɓʭȩɭ Ɍɩ᧧˃ɞʢɹɻԃˁ୲ɁɩЇϟˁɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦɭȦȩ͡ͻ͡ɞȍSKSLN n.d. 1.: 115ɭȴɭςɐʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ కˁ᧧୲ɴᭉࡴɌɛʱܕЦɴେɌᦉʠɛʱɫȷʶɽ⏋᱔ሂɻᕶᅓɴɲʳ⏏ȋኽɻ፬ჿᓔ ⏃nakborihan⏋ᐁۊᓔɹઝ٢ʢȡʳ⏆ɲɹɫ⏋కࢃɹែဣɴҥʱɐȹɩȦɲȦȍSKSLN n.d. 2.: 112⏏ȋకঌˁకɭឿɩ๙ɌȼɲȦȍ⏋ȋకঌɻลඁɹ௭сᓔɫȡʳȍSKSLN n.d. 2.: 46–47⏏̊̒˪˹ͲȵɄȩʳɭȷɴࡴɌɩȦʳɹɻ⏋కȴʰɹៗఔɫȡʳ⏏ଫՠ⏋ؙ ࢪ⏋ୱɲɰȴʰɹᕶᅓɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶʰˁࢬɍᦉʠʳɛʠɴ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ᱔ሂʍɹณᮃ μˁܒɤɩȷɛ⏏ܕЦɭԒᬡʍɹࢪਝɭɌɩήӾɹ߂ˁ᠅ʛɛ⏏ਃഀɫȡʶɽάɹ ץధˁࢹɌᣳȭʳዐɹᦹጓకณȵᏼʚʶɩȷɛ⏏ήӾᡴڊȵވȭɐȹʳɭ⏋ᬡӎͅ˽̜ɹ ʱՕȵཝʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳɹݭغɴɻ TRT ɹៀฐȵᦹጓήӾᬚɴȲȦɩዺ ՏɌɩȲʱ⏋ɌȴʢؾӾᡴڊɴࢪɌɩȦᐏըˁተѳɌɩȦʳɛʠ⏋ήӾᡴڊᐵధȵވȭʳɄ ɭɻ᱔ሂɹᕶᅓɹᑐɴɻɲʰɲȦ⏏ɗɄɫ⏋৳ɻᐵ᧧୲ɴ́ͻ͠ͻ̊͌ӾɭృॕӾˁш غɌ⏋̍͑ͻ̜̊˓Ӿɭ̍͑ͻ̜̮̠̒̊ͻӾˁᦹጓɴᦎȭɛ⏏ήӾɹៀฐȵᕛʰʞʓɰ⏋ܕ ЦɹήᩃӾؘʦԒᬡɴࢪɐʳ̊̒˪˹Ͳɹఌᨗɻɇʶɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ̊̒ ˪˹ͲɻຘᦼတɴᬖҼɌɩȦʳᬡᡴˁ 2004 ॷ 1 13 ɴ̊˓ɹرΫ՟ʠɩ TV ɭ͞ ˻ˠɫᅊμᐙɌɛ⏏Ʉʶɴʭɤɩ⏋᱔ሂȵᬡӎɹᇍៜˁ᧙ૅɲȼμɫ᧡ʱ⏋صВࡲʦఠढ़ɹ ʭȩɴ୷ʳᖏɤɩȦʳɄɭȵ౩ᇐɴɲɤɛMatichon, January 14, 2004; Krungthep Thurakit, January 14, 2004⏏
̊̒˪˹ͲʍɹณᮃμɻɄʶɞȿɴɻɭɰʚʰɲȦ⏏৳ɻ 2002 ॷ 10 ɴࡲংɹԗᑂˁ ుɌɛ⏏15 ህংˁ 20 ህʍԗᑂଁɐʳ 19 γᏛೢГഀɹ߂ៀฐɲఒᯊɫȡɤɛೢধ 2003a:
100–105⏏Ʉɹԗᑂɹకᇕɲઝᒶɻϟ֭๖ࡲʦ࣌ᬏɭȦɤɛకॻᨆȵ߂३ɴϯБɌɛɄ ɭɴȡʳ⏏̊˓ɫɻࡲংɹకᇕႶጓਸȵШᐏᇕɴᲞȦɭɻȦȭ⏋ॻᨆɻК٨Ɍɩȼʶɛకณ ɴਃɴɲʱȵɠɫȡʳ⏏ԗᑂɴЫȦࡲংɴࢪɐʳ᱔ሂɹᐏըȵʚɤɛɄɭɻوࡴɌȵɛ Ȧ⏏ ᡰ࢘ɭ᥅ɫɻΥຍɭᰒᘿɫȡʳ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ᥅Ϝዀോ⏃10 ೝᅊ⏆ȴʰᡰ࢘ަࡲോ⏃ᡰ ަ 26 ೝᅊ⏆ˁרɌɩȦʳ⏏ϜዀോɹؾᏩᅊɹȼɻ᥅ަࡲോ⏃᭜ަɫɻ 21 ೝᅊ⏆ʍ ᦽɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹɛʠ⏋ᡰ࢘ɭ᥅ɹࢰോɴɻؾೝᅊȵధȦʳ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ᱔ሂɴࣃК ɐʳɭᦵ 2002 ॷ 10 ɹ᥅ࡴೝϺϟᅵ֪ɫ᭜ަ 21 ೝᅊˁፀ 1 ढ़ɭፀ 2 ԋढ़ɹढ़ ᬏɴା௵Ɍɛ⏏θढ़ȵ᱔ᨊɭᦏ᧿ɴᱦ࣡Ɍ⏋˪ͻ̊̚ɹໆʦᭀɹᫍˁவɤɩȦɩ⏋క ᇕɴʢɤɭʢᩂឹɞȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ГɹϺϟᅵ֪ɫʢؾೝᅊˁመǾɭᩂឹɲͅ˽̜ɴК٨Ɍ ɩȷɛ⏏ɗʶɴ֓ȭɩ⏋2003 ॷ 10 ɴɻ᭜ަ 16 ೝᅊɹਃӰ̍͑˓͓˹̜̒ˁȷʼʠɩ ৄɲଝɫ᭜᥅ᐵصВࡲɴК٨Ɍɛსᅒ 2003: 143–144⏏᱔ሂఌ୫༐ɹା௵ȵΥࣝࢅ౫ɴ ɲʱ⏋᭜᥅ˁ᱔ሂɹᐏըάɴȲȷʦɐȼɲɤɛ⏏Ј⏋ᡰ࢘ɴɦȦɩɻ᱔ሂ߅ϺɹӰ̺͠ˠ̮ Ͳ̋ͻ͇ͻͅͲˁࢰഀɹᬏࡲҌជɭࡴʠ⏋2004 ॷ 2 ɴɻտᬏࡲɴା௵Ɍɛ⏏៊ɭι˃ ɫؾೝᅊʢመǾɭᩂឹɲͅ˽̜ɴК٨ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ᡰަ 26 ೝᅊɻᶁᚫᬿᐿࠇڊЦϟ֭࣌ ᬏ⏋ܕࢃᠹݬϟ֭ଘᬏ⏋ܕࢃࡷȼɍϟ֭ଘᬏɭȦɤɛకᇕɴᩂឹɲᨆᒠɹᬏɴՏكɌɩʢȦ ʳ⏏43) కᅠɭࡲᅠˁᐏըάɴȲɇʠʶɽ⏋̊̒˪˹ͲɴࢪɐʳઝɲଫՠֳɭɌɩʳɹɻ͇ ˽͍̚ˑˏɭሾᡫϺɫȡʳ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ͇˽͍̚ˑˏɴɦȦɩɻʚɑঃٚˁܦɴᅎȦ ɛ⏏᱔ሂΥɹ୫ൎЦ SHIN ɻҹάɴధɹНˁୃȭɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹμɫʢ AIS ɻ̊ ˓߂ɹொय़ᮚ᠌Цɫȡʱ⏋ᰎɹࡺШᢹˁьɤɩȦʳ⏏44) ɗʶɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ࡲংʦܕۊН ʢ߂Ֆɲঃٚςɫȡʳ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ৳ɴଫՠᇕɲ͇˽͍̚ˑˏɴɻঃٚˁћᰉɌɲȦɭȦ ȩըˁዺȷɦȿʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ଫՠᇕɲݬ᧑ˁࢬɍᦉʠɩȷɛ⏏ፀ 2 ɴ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳɻᐁ ۊ᭐ɴܦˁȴȿɩᑂᮃয়ᓔˁೃᦘɇɓɛ⏏2004 ॷ 2 ɴɻ̊˓៨ᓔתЦЦᬏɫʢȡɤɛ ᗔࡓᏨ̫Ͳ˱˪ͅ˽̜ɹᑂᮃᓔȵᑂᮃ֭ȴʰɇʶ⏋ᓑᖋɹᦼ᠖˵͓ͻ̜͌̒͞ɹᑂ ᮃᬏȵᓷʍᦠȦᦉʚʶɛThe Nation, February 25, 2004⏏ፀ 3 ɴ⏋కঌɴଫՠᇕɲ˻͑ͻ ̠͠˽̜ʦ NGO ༎֪ࢃɴࢪɌɩ⏋έᣂᩆༀ༒ᆄɫஃീˁ֓ȭʳʭȩɛʃɛʃ٨ɍɩȷɛ 43) ህংԗᑂɫ֭ህɴృɇʶɛ႕ஃ࣌ɹ࣌ᬏʦ⏋1999 ॷᒞɹέᣂᩆༀ༒ᬿᐿϟ֭ଘɹଘᬏʢᡰ࢘ࡲȵ К٨ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɹลᬠɹᬏɻᡰ࢘ॻᨆɹ୭ࡴफ़ɭɲɤɩȷɛʼȿɫɻɲȦɹɫ⏋ᡰ࢘ᏼᑩɻֳܞˁ ୟ߂ɌɛɄɭɴɲʳ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳɻᡰ࢘ɴˁެʳΥ⏋кɹʭȦՏكӴˁተѳɐʳɄɭɫᡰ࢘ԒᨆɹϺϟᅵ ֪ȵࢅ౫ɴɲɤɛ⏏ 44) 2003 ॷɴɦȦɩʛʳɭ⏋AIS ɹࡺШᢹɻ 18.4 Ӝ̫ͻ̓ɫȡʱ⏋̢͘͠ͻʹˎɹ 31.2 ӜɴɦȦɫ 2 ᅱᇿɫȡʳ⏏ ɠɲʛɴ 3 еɻ P & G ɹ 13.0 Ӝ⏋Ꮩɫɻ̜̊͜ȵ 8.8 Ӝɫ 7 е⏋٢ɹᏬȵ 8.1 Ӝɫ 9 е⏋ᖽტȵ 7.4 Ӝɫ 10 еɫȡʳ⏏AIS ɻܩݭНɫɻΥеɫȡʳKrungthep Thurakit, January 15, 2004⏏
Bangkok Post, March 7, 2002; Thai Post, March 10, 2004⏏45) ɴ⏋ሾᡫϺɴɦȦɩɻ̊ ˓ˁБᝠɐʳଫࢃɫᓔɹ̘ˑͻ̸̜̒͘͞Ͳ͊ͻȵ 2003 ॷ 5 ɴ᱔ሂɹณրˁଫ ՠɐʳɭ⏋ᬡӎʦήӾᡴڊɻɲؙˁ֓ȭɛBangkok Post, May 14, 2003; The Nation, May 14, 2003⏏̊̒˪˹ͲˁଫՠɐʳሾᡫϺɻ⏋ჼࡸˁሾʰɲȦ⏋إȼɇȦೣɌȴᠧ˃ɫȦ ɲȦɭȦȩଫՠˁ༟ʃɓʰʶɩȷɛPrachachat Thurakit, December 4, 2003⏏కঌɻɄɹʭ ȩɲᯡɽȴʱɫɻɲȼ⏋ຩմɹʭȦድ֖ଁɭȦȩᰱʢரњɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ؤȩʳɇȦድ ᓔȴʰɹଫՠˁଵɌʭȩɭɌɩȷɛ⏏ ณˁመǾɭɐʳ̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ 2003 ॷ 4 27 ɹӾ߂ЦɫȋɐɫɴᦚʏɩȦʳɭȲ ʱኽɻ᱔ሂˁ 2 ೝ֭ʠʳ⏏ܕЦៗతɻȡʱȭɲȦɹɫ⏋8 ॷ᱔ሂˁʦʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ኽȵᦡ᭐ ɐʶɽ⏋TRT ɹృɌȦӾ᱔ȵ 8 ॷ᱔ሂˁ֭ʠʳ⏏ 16 ॷɞ⏏Ϻɻɇʰɴ 4 ॷЭɽɌɩȼ ʶɩ⏋20 ॷɴɲʳ⏏ኽɻɗȩɲɤɛʰ⏋ᬏȦᬚ৺ɠʖȩȿˁᰩʼɇʶɩȷɛЈɹకӾˁ᧧ʉ ʭȩϺɴȲᰔȦɐʳȍɭɤɛNation Sutsapda, May 11, 2003⏏৳ɻᎦμɹ 2003 ॷ 6 12 ɴͦ˵Ͳ̄͡˽ɫʢ̊˓ϺɴȋʢȩΥೝ᱔ሂˁɐʳ⏏๖ೝɻʓʖᬚ᧓Ȧɲȼ TRT ɹႶకณɴɲʳɞʸȩȍɭɤɛMatichon, June 13, 2003⏏৳ɻᕶѵྃǾɫȡɤɛ⏏ 5.2̙૨੨њཹནကଡ଼ ଫՠɌɴȼȦᩂᗑɌȦᮕܑຩɹμɫ⏋ԛᰄɴЂɌɛʭȩɴܕტɻ 2003 ॷ 12 4 ɴ ̊̒˪˹Ͳɴᡰٚˁήȭɛ⏏46) ɗɹሁɴ 12 10 ɹૠ៨ਥȵᦏɧȦɩȼʳɭ⏋᱔ሂʍ ɹณրᮃμɹΥ܍ɭɲɤɩȦʳ 1997 ॷૠɹఒˁឹɐʳުȵሾᡫϺʦήᩃӾȴʰȡ ȵʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ 12 10 ɴɄȩؙᠶɌɛ⏏ȋኽʍɹέѵК២ᠶȵʦʱɛȦ ɹɞʸȩȍȋЁఒʠʳʏȷɻ⏋ϺɹಬʰɌɫȡʱܕɹᦽɞ⏏ςςᒶɻᒭɌȼʭȦʢɹɞ⏏ ɌȴɌ⏋ܕకɹᏺᇿᇕɫɻɲȼ⏋ଝຍɴɐȹɲȦ⏏ܕకɹᇿᇕɻϺɹಬʰɌˁʭȼɌ⏋ॺ ክɴɌ⏋ܕˁᦽɇɓʳɄɭɞ⏏᧑ԍˁද២ɌɲȦɭȦȿɲȦ⏏ᕶ֪ɹ᥊ɭؾɍɞ⏏ᦅ ᨆзɹکᰍˁៗໆɐʳɴɻ̴̒˪ˏ̺̒ʦˠ̶ͦͻ̝ᅎȵكȦɩȦʳ⏏ͦͻ͡˽ͦ˓˽ ˁ୫ɠᦉʞɴɻؖɽɲȦ⏏ࢀɴɌȴɲʰɲȦȍMatichon, December 11, 2003⏏ӴɴЂɌ ɛ˹Ͳˤͅͻ͡ɹకˁᣌᣊɐʳᇍៜɫᝠ౩ɌɩȦɛɹɭؾɲςςᒶʍɹᅥѳȵɄɄɫʢ ᝠ౩ɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ 2004 ॷɹॷᰄɴ߂ᝓᏨ̚˓͠ͻ̢͖ͻ˽ɻ๖ɹʭȩɲᠶˁᥔɌɛ⏏ȋ2003 ॷɹక ˁ୷ʱᦐʳɭ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳ̍Ͳ̠̜ͩ̒ᡰ࢘μиɻ 2002 ॷɴࡲ᧽៨ᓔȴʰʢʰɤɛȏኜ ȑɭȦȩȡɞؿɴ᧓ȩɄɭɲȼ⏋ံᡠɹȏȑɹʭȩɴ୷ʳᖏȩɄɭɫ᱔ሂɹ৲ւˁഗ 45) కঌɴଫՠᇕɲ NGO ʍɹஹ֖ˁଠɠՖʳʭȩܕకঌɴឹᠱɐʳʭȩకঌȵ֭ህɴ 2001 ॷೢɴ୭ኍɌɩ ȦɛɄɭȵ 2003 ॷɴ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɩʢȦʳThe Nation, May 9, 2003⏏
46) ɗȩɌɛႥɫɹᇍៜʪȭɴ⏋ܕტʍɹదડɹਥȵΥࣝᲞʚʰɑɴɻȲȴɲȦɄɭɴઝɌɩȲȼਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ Ԓࢅɹʛɲʰɑಁลʢ፤ɇʶɛᇍៜɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏
ɛɓɛ⏏క⏋Ц⏋ᐁཕɹณˁΥଝɴவʳɄɭɴଁ֒ˁȲɇʠ⏋̊˓ɭȦȩܕˁ CEO ɦ ʚʱɅςϺ (nai) িɹᐁۊȵʼʶʳНɴаɓɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹЦɫɻਃڊɻ๖ ɹ 3 ɦɹൔៜˁៅȭɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏Ʀ ɅςϺɴᅵᡴˁڟȭɲȦ⏋Ƨ ɅςϺɻȦɦʢ ɌȦ⏋ƨ ɅςϺȵʢɌᬚ᧓ȦˁႢɌɛʰ Ʀ ˁᠣɐʳ⏏Ʉɹɛʠ⏋2003 ॷɹ̊̒˪˹Ͳ Ŕకณάɫɻᬡӎɻ৯ȵᚚȼɲɤɛ⏏лϟɴɦȿ᱔ሂȵॵབɐʶɽଝɹʁʰˁᦐɐʭȩɴុɇ ʶɩɌʚȩȴʰɫȡʳȍ⏏̊̒˪˹ͲʍɹณᮃμȵᘿɌȼᦽ˃ɞᐄഗ⏋ȋήӾʢ⏋ᩃӾʢ⏋ ᓔʢ⏋ณᇺീᅎɴૠɴݜɧȦɩᒞɇʶɛႶጓลᬠʢ⏋ᶁᚫᐿɴᬠᦹɌɩؤࢬ ɍɴຏɇʶɛϺʢɓȦɕȦᅊȿᣚɹᒫȴ̊˓ܕൎিЦɹਃڊɴɐȹɲȼɲɤɛȍDaily News, January 1, 2004⏏ ̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ 2003 ॷ 11 ɴਲ਼ʼɵ᭭ࢀɴሁᯆɐʳ⏏ܕЦɫخໆɇʶɛకঌரՏ൜ɹ خˁܕტɴິʠɛɭɄʸៀࡴԒࢅɹέҺȵᮮ٘Ɍ⏋خˁʰʶɑԇ॒ɫȷɲȴɤɛ⏏ఠڊ ൜ɭტ߮៨ਥ͍̋͡൜ɫȡʳ⏏ܕЦɫخໆɇʶɛ൜ɹخȵʰʶɲȦɹɻ⏋1946 ॷɴ ࠃʚʳჼܕტγάɫɻ՟ʠɩɹ߂߉ɫȡɤɛ⏏ढ़፴ോˁ߂ɴൔΫɁɐʳ൜ʢܕЦɫ خໆɇʶɩȦɛɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ϟɹࢠീɫៀࡴԒࢅɴᠡʱȵឿɦȴʱ⏋ܕტɴخˁິʠ ʳɄɭˁుਥɓɊʳˁȭɲȴɤɛ⏏းɭɌɛ๕᭒ˁୃȭɛʚʚخˁʳɲʰɽ⏋ܕტˁᠡ ʱɴᦹএɇɓʳɄɭɴɲʱ⏋߂ɲέదဤɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶʪȭ⏋కঌɻ؏ɌȦଫՠˁ༟ʃʳɄ ɭɴɲɤɛ⏏47) ଫՠɴɇʰɇʶʳ̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ 2003 ॷ 11 29 ɴȋΥᖔওɻթ͊˽ɲ ʰѹɌɛʰʭȦɫɻɲȦȴɭਲ਼ȩɞʸȩ⏏ɌȴɌ৾ɹѹɻܕЦˁᦲɍɷɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ ܕЦɹଝᐚȷɴਃʼɷɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ΥɞȿɫʢܕЦˁᦲɍɷɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ܕЦɴʭʰɷɽɲ ʰɲȦɭȦȩکᰍ (panha) ɲɹɞȍɭɤɩȦʳThaksin 2003b⏏ᯆ҉ɫЇȵɲȦɭȦȩ ̊̒˪˹ͲɹೣᯭȵྯʶɩȦʳ⏏ కӾɻጓсɴɌȦάᡴڊɴ൜ᗳዣɹࢠീˁࠇɷʳɹȵಔᦲɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ TRT ɴɻᓔʦষᡸަɭȦɤɛ৾ɹࢭᬐࢃȵధȦʳɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳɻɗ ȩɌɛয়ᓔˁȲȦɩɄɲȴɤɛ⏏48) ̊̒˪˹Ͳȵᬠਕˁكȿʳɹɻ൜ɹخໆɫȡʱ⏋ԍк ᇕɲៀࡴԒࢅɫɻɲȦȴʰɫȡʸȩ⏏̊̒˪˹ͲɻᕶӾᡴڊɹɭʱʚɭʠɭЈӾɭɹϯབɹК ɴয়ɛʳܕЦࢪፑয়ᓔ (whip) ɴܕЦۊˁࠇɷɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ήӾȵధˁװʠʳɛʠ⏋ ൜ɹخໆɻࢅ౫ɫȡʳ⏏մᦚɹʭȩɴ⏋൜خໆลɹɴɲʳɄɭˁೝ৺ɇʶʳήӾᡴڊ ɹަຩɻжȦ⏏ʚɌɩʦ⏋๕᭒ȵឿɦȴɤɛ൜ɻȦɑʶʢకณɴɭɤɩɇʓɰᩂឹɲ৾ɫ ʢɲȴɤɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋Кɻ᱔ሂɹጓዐᥐែɭάᡴڊɹަຩжάɹθɴິʠʰʶ 47) ɇʰɴ 2004 ॷ 2 ɴʢជϜ፤൜ɹέҺˁܕЦɫ୭ɇʶ⏋܌ɐʳᒽᇿɴ᭒ɤɛ⏏ 48) 2004 ॷ 3 5 ɴ͇̊͌˵ͻ̜߂కᨆɹ̠ˡ͠Ͳྈఠஐȴʰఠኍˁ؝ȿɛ⏏ؾລɴʭʶɽ⏋൜ɹଯ ᇕɲࢠീˁȩʏȷըࠇڊЦ⏃ը࣌ɴሂয়⏆ɻᔨɲμݠГΫɹᓷڊȵకՠଘɹᒞɴ᭬Ɍɩᐌή ɹᲞȦՠϟɴɄəɤɩ᥊КɌɩɌʚȦ⏋ᏼᑩɭɌɩɹᔨˁжάɇɓɩȦʳɭɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏
ʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ɭʱʼȿ⏋൜ˁரՏɌɛకঌɹᬏɫȡʳ̊̒˪˹ͲɻКˁӹʶʳɄɭɻɫ ȷɲȦ⏏ 2003 ॷ 12 ɴɻᵋɹ߂ᩄȵݬ᧑ɇʶ⏋܍ȵعܕɫ༑ɐʳᴚ˓Ͳ̶͡˛Ͳ˸ɫɻɲ Ȧȴɭ୭ɐʳުȵՏɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳకณɻ 1 21 ɴɲʳʚɫᴚ˓Ͳ̶͡˛ Ͳ˸ɹઢയˁ᠗ʠʭȩɭɻɓɑ⏋ԃɫȡʳɭςɌɩ༥ᢹˁַʠɩȦɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛࢪਝɹᧆ ʶɹɛʠɴᴚʍɹઢയȵᙶযɌ⏋ϺᬚɴʢઢയᓔʦᓔˁՏɐɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏ࢀɹୟ߂ȵక ঌɹࢪਝɹέଝ᭬ɴȡʳɄɭɻ౩ʰȴɫȡɤɛ⏏Ɍȴʢ⏋కঌȵઢയˁিɴ᠗ʠʳɹȵȡʚ ʱɴᧆȴɤɛɛʠ⏋ઝܒᇕɲ᭯ᚂɭ؝ȿʠʳʢɹȵȼ⏋కঌɻҙჿˁکʼʶɩѵᰉˁໆࡴ ᇕɴாɷʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏49) μᨆܩˁμਕɭɌɩᴚ˓Ͳ̶͡˛Ͳ˸ɹઢയȵঃȵɤɩȦʳɭȷ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏɭܕޅˁஞ ɐʳ̮̒̊ͻ̢ͻ⏋̠͞ͻ̘ˑͩͻ̜⏋͓͞ͻɹᨆ͌˽͌͠ 3 ላɫɻ 2004 ॷ 1 4 ˁ ᇤՖʱɴ⏋᥅ݜܩ⏋ᡰ࢘ᒠ⏋ോ⏋ᩮ᧑ɲɰȵ឴ɇʶɛʱ⏋ఔတɇʶɛʱɐʳϟИȵຘɹ ʭȩɴ֤ᇍɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏1 4 ɹ᥅ݜܩ឴ɫɻ M16 ͞˓̶͡ʦ M60 ลᬠ᪄ˁي ʠɩ 100 Φɭʢ 400 ΦɭʢȦʼʶʳ᪄۬ȵᅭߥɇʶɛɭݬɍʰʶɛ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳ᱔ሂɻ⏋ᶁ ᚫᐿɫଠˁ؝ȿɛ৯ᯱᓔȵᮾࢹॷˁڗɌɩቑޙ༎֪ˁɤɩȦʳɭᠦ౩Ɍ⏋ೣᇕɲ ܍ɻᢩܐɴȡʳɹɫॅᰎɹᬖᇍᣂᩆˁହԂɐʳɭᑵʱᦐɌᝠ౩Ɍɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋3Ͷɛɤɩʢ ϟໍᯁɹຩᨗɻឿʰʶɑ⏋ɗʶɰɄʸȴ⏋ᐣ୫ɹɛʠɴᨆ 3 ላʍధɹ᥅Ϻʦᡰ ࢘ࡲȵହԂɇʶɛᐄഗ⏋ܩӯɫɻకঌʍɹੇਯઢʦؙᇍȵᲞʚɤɩȦʳʭȩɴਲ਼ʼʶɛ⏏̊̒ ˪˹Ͳɻࢅ౫ɴៗໆɫȷʳɭȦȩຩɹࠒֳˁगɇɲȴɤɛʢɹɹ⏋ሎሂȵέ౩ɹʚʚ឴ȵ ᑵʱᦐɇʶ⏋ႢϺɹᦻɴɻᐄʃɦȴɲȴɤɛ⏏ϟɹೝଠᬖʍɹೝ৺ȵគՖʰʶ⏋కঌʍ ɹଫՠɻɌȼɲʳΥɫȡɤɛ⏏ɹੲɫᨆɹ៎ӵɻཉխɲଠˁɤɛ⏏1980 ॷБɹԊᅋӾࢪፑɴɲʰɤɩ᥉θɹࢪਝˁɐʏȷɭᓒȭʳϺǾɻ̊ˡ༐కፑˁଫՠɌɛ⏏ ʚɛ⏋͌˽͌͠༎֪ࢃɹষᡸˁয়ɌɩȦɛষᡸަȵ᱔ᨊɫᡰ࢘ɴʭɤɩɇʶຏࢀɇʶʳ ɭȦȩ 1950 ॷБɹ̊˓ˁᣱɇɓʳʭȩɲϟИȵ 2004 ॷ 3 ɴᇍៅɌɩ⏋కঌʍɹଫՠȵ ΥࣝᲞʚɤɛ⏏̊̒˪˹Ͳɻᡉکᰍʍɹᦍᦵɴࢪਝɐʳ CEO ݀ɹ୭ࢷˁެʱ႒ɴɌɩȷɛ⏏ 49) ɭʱʼȿ 2 ɴԂʳɭ⏋ɗȩɌɛᆄਥȵཉʚɤɩȦɤɛ⏏ᐁཕᏨ̺̍͑͞ͻ̍͑ͻ̜̜˕͞˥̜̒ȵݬɍɛ ɭɄʸɴʭʳɭ⏋ɐɫɴ 10 ɴ߂ᩄȵᇍᅊɌɻɍʠɩȲʱ⏋11 ɴɻᅨᅋ࣌ᓷڊʦ͖̍͞ͻͦͲ˱ͻͲ߂ ვכᨆɹ˽̶̊̒ȵᴚ˓Ͳ̶͡˛Ͳ˸ɹઢയˁተ᠗ɌɩȦɛ⏏ృɹҺˁҺȭʳ߂ଝᵋНȵɄɹ ϟࡸɴຩɧȴɲȴɤɛɭɻզঈᓒȭʰʶɲȦ⏏2003 ॷɹ 11 ɭ 12 ɴɻ̊˓ȴʰɹᵋᔀᥥՏᩆᰎɻ 44.2 Ӝ ̫ͻ̓ɫȡʱ⏋մॷؾೝɹ 31.1 Ӝ̫ͻ̓ˁ 13.1 Ӝ̫ͻ̓ʢΫ܌ɤɩȦɛ⏏Ɍȴʢёॷɲʰɽॷೢɭᩂɲɤɩ 11 ʭʱʢཝʳɻɑɹ 12 ɴȴȭɤɩވ֓ɌɩȦɛ⏏ؾᏨɻ⏋ɗɄɫ⏋ᴚ˓Ͳ̶͡˛Ͳ˸ɹᇍᅊˁ࢘ሾɌɛ ߂Нȵకঌɹিᇍᝠմɴᱤᦉʛᇕɴ߂ᩄɴެʱɇɽȼɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ϟʍɹଠˁ܌᧫Ɍɛɹɫȡʸȩɭ ࡴɌɩȦʳPrachachat Thurakit, February 5, 2004⏏ɗȩɌɛЦɻకঌɭɹᬠѥȵᐳࢌɫȡʳɄɭȵʭȼ ሾʰʶɩȦɛɛʠ⏋కঌɻϺɹҫঔʭʱʢᵋᔀᅊᅋެЦʦᵋᦅࢃɹգᇰˁӦӴɌɛɭଫՠɇʶʳɄɭ ɴɲɤɛ⏏
ɗʶʚɫɻៜࡸɹʪȭɴᲞȦѵᰉˁ֯ɠɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌɄɄɴȷɩ⏋֟ɲࢪፑˁΥك ɴଠɠՏɓɑᔨˁᆄʼʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ҙჿɴᐚȦɩᔨʍɹѵᰉʢ߉ʼʶʳɄɭɻ̊̒ ˪˹Ͳకณɴɭɤɩཉխɲลɫȡɤɛ⏏ 5.3̙ڈจщёౕक़ ̊̒˪˹Ͳకณɻ 2004 ॷɴԂʳɭᦥᰟɴሁᯆɌɻɍʠɛ⏏కณɹϺຩʦఌ୫რȵжάɌɛ ɫȡʸȩɄɭɻӉɴᮑȼɲȦ⏏̊˓ɫᅎȦʰʶʳᝠჼˁьȭɽȋάᭇೝ (kha long)ȍɴԂɤ ɛɭȦȩɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ᰟكȷɹˁؙɌɩకঌʍɹଫՠȵሂ๖Ƚʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ɛɭȭɽ కᔼఞࢪፑɹᧆʶɻ⏋2003 ॷʚɫɻᐁཕଁᬏʦᢩࢪፑʦᶁᚫࢪፑɭȦɤɛଁഗɹʪȭɴ⏋ ߂ᇿɴឿʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳ᱔ሂɴᬠʼʳܕᇰɭኽᇰɹዺȵ 2003 ॷГଫՠ ˁ༟ʃʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏̍Ͳ̠̜ͩ̒Υɹ SHIN ɹҹάНɴѤᇰˁܒʳ৾ʦకፑȵ ๖ǾɭଠɠՏɇʶɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏৾ʦకፑɴ᧓ؙɌɛգᇰᦠິɫɻɲȼ⏋కፑɴݜɧȦɛέ য়ɲգᇰᦠິɭȦȩઝ٢ɫకፑᇕᔼఞɭ٧ɽʶʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ԍкᇕɴɻ⏋ொय़ᮚ᠌Ц AIS ɴգɲዒըఒᯊ⏋жѝൔᖒዷЦ Air Asia ɴգɲៀըឿሁɌ⏋UHF ɹ TV ࣌ iTV ȵకঌ ɴࢪɌɩᣱɄɌɛாࢀᣍӤឹິɴգɲໆࡴ⏋̊˓᥅Ϻ᪃ɹЈɭɹᐏغໆࡴɲɰɫȡʳ⏏ SHIN ɹᑡȵ߫ᠭɲɄɭʢɄȩɌɛଫՠɴˁȴȿɩȦʳ⏏ ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ଫՠɹᲞʚʱɴʭʱ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳɹᦡ᭐ȵែᩃɴԂɤɩȷɛȴɭȦȭɽໆ ɌɩɗȩɫɻɲȦ⏏TRT ȵɇʚɊʚɲଫՠɴሁᯆɌɲȵʰʢ⏋๖ɹᐵ᧧୲ɫፀΥӾɴɲʳɭ ȼɹʢɹɻᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏2004 ॷɴԂɤɩᮑ࣌ˁᦎȭʳɭ⏋TRT ɹάᡴڊɹᬚɫɻʓȴɹ కӾʍɹውȵ᠌ᰍɴɲʱɻɍʠɛ⏏ɐʳɭ⏋2003 ॷʚɫɻ 4 ॷɹКೝྃϛˁ౩ៜɌɩȦɛ ̊̒˪˹Ͳȵ⏋ܕЦៗతɹخᔨਸɴៜؖɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ؾӾᡴڊɹᦣϭˁᭀɐʳɛʠɫ ȡʳ⏏߂ᩄᮐӾȵʼʶʶɽɛɞɠɴܕЦˁៗతɌ⏋ᮐӾᡴڊɹጓҌជɹ᧑ˁᬔɍɩɌʚȲȩ ɭȦȩʼȿɫȡʳ⏏50) ɄʶɻؾӾᡴڊɴɭɤɩɻ֟ɲᑐʱɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ɐɫɴ 300 ؿᦏȦ ჼᓷᡴڊˁୃȭᦉ˃ɞ TRT ȵᐵ᧧୲ɫ߂ఞɐʳɄɭɻʚɑȡʱȭɲȦ⏏ץధˁᣳȭʰʶɲ ȼɩʢፀΥӾɴɲʳɄɭɻᬚ᧓Ȧɲȼ⏋̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ᱔ሂᐚହɭȦȩɄɭɴɲʳ⏏51) 2004 ॷɴԂɤɩሾᡫϺɹᬚɫɻȋፀΪɹӾȍɹਖឹਸȵڟȭʰʶɻɍʠɛ⏏ήӾ TRT ɫ ʢᩃӾςӾɫʢɲȦృɌȦӾȵਖឹɞɭȦȩɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗȩɌɛకӾɹᅊɻȷʼʠɩܐ 50) TRT ɻࡸɻࢸ᧧୲ךɫɻਲ਼ȦɹʓȴȦ⏏2001 ॷᐵ᧧୲ 2004 ॷ 1 ೢʚɫɴ 26 ᧧୲ךɫជ๕᧧୲ʦԗ ᧧୲ȵࡸేɇʶɛ⏏TRT ɻ 10 ֯ 12 ఞ 4 έఞɫȡɤɛ⏏2002 ॷ 9 Гɻ 3 ᦹ֯ɌɩȦʳʢɹɹ⏋ɗʶГ մɴᭉʶɽ 7 ֯ɴɐȹɲȦ⏏ჼᓷᡴڊȵఞɌɩᡴफ़ˁ߉ɤɛϟёȵ 5 ɦʢȡʳECT 2001a; 2002c; 2002d; 2002e; 2002f; 2003a; 2003b⏏ɄɹӃكɻɐɫɴ 2001 ॷᐵ᧧୲ɫჼʶɩȦɛ⏏1 6 ɹହኡɫ᱔еɴɲʱɲ ȵʰ⏋1 29 ɹԗହኡɫ 2 еГάɴ᥊ᘺɌɛҌជᓔ 16 ؿμ 11 ؿɻ TRT Ҍជᓔɫȡɤɛ⏏Ʉɹɛʠᐵ᧧ ୲ȵᦏɧȦɩȷɛ 2003 ॷɴ̊̒˪˹Ͳɻ̍͑ͻ̜̮̠̒̊ͻӾˁৄɴшغɌʭȩɭ᠅ʛɛ⏏̍͑ͻ̜̊˓ Ӿʍɹܦʢʠɩʪȼɫȡʸȩ⏏ࢪకӾˁ༥ؑɐʳɹȵࢸ᧧୲ך֯գʍɹᦏ᧑ɞȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ 51) ̊̒˪˹Ͳᕶ᤹ʢຩɹࠒֳˁगɌɩȦɲȦ⏏2004 ॷ 2 29 ɹӾ߂Цɫʢ̊̒˪˹Ͳᕶ᤹ɻ 2 ೝ 8 ॷ⏋ TRT ɻ 20 ॷᬚకณˁয়ɐʳɭᑵʱᦐɌɩȦʳMatichon, March 1, 2004⏏
ᮑɫȡʱ⏋కณɹკɭɲʳɭʓʖέخᔨɫȡʳ⏏ɗȩɌɛخᔨਸɹϋɌȦ᧧ିᔊȵ᠌ᰍɴ ɲʳʓɰ̊̒˪˹ͲకณɻࡴɌɩȦʳɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶɻࡴɹݜᇻɭɲʳૠɹៀ ࡴɭ҅Ϻᇕឹ܍ȵɭʢɴҫܧɞȴʰɫȡʳ⏏2003 ॷɴᇎݭɌɛૠఒឹິˁ̊̒˪˹Ͳȵ ٜʞخᔨਸɻɲȦ⏏TRT ȵధ༐ˁװʠʳᭉʱఒɻέخᔨɫȡʳ⏏ᣂᩆ྇ɹ SHIN ɻୟ ߂ˁᐚȿɩȦʳ⏏Ȧɩέឹ܍ˁஜɓɽ⏋ᇿృɌȦకፑȵឿɦȿɴȼȼɲɤɩȦʳɄɭɫȡ ʸȩ⏏ɌȴɌɛɭȭᇿსɴɲʳృకፑˁଠɠՏɓɲȼɩʢ⏋ਃഀɹకณɭؾፈɴɲʳɴɭɰʚ ʱ⏋ɛɞɠɴ᧧୲ɫɹ߂ఞʦకณगޙɴɦɲȵʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ ̊̒˪˹Ͳకณɻ 1997 ॷૠᣱᗳᓔɹೝ৺ɴ᧓ʼɲȦࡴˁ᠔ɤɩȦʳ⏏ૠᣱᗳᓔɻЈ ɴȲȦɩΫ⏋ૠՠଘ⏋᧧୲፬ჿࠇڊЦ⏋ູᓷᬿᐿࠇڊЦɲɰɴ᱔ሂˁᐏըɐʳ ৲ւˁೝ৺ɌɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌɄʶʰɹᇺീลᬠɻ֟ɴลᔨɌɩȦɲȦ⏏᱔ሂȴʰɹႶጓਸˁ ተѳɫȷɩȦɲȦȴʰɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹᐄഗ⏋̊̒˪˹ͲకณɻࡴГΫɹࡴˁ᧒ଁɐʳɄɭɴ ɲɤɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛకณɹࡴɻਖɑɌʢకкըɹࡴˁઝ٢ɐʳʼȿɫɻɲȦɄɭɴઝɐ ʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ਃഀɹకӾకณɫɻకณɻέࡴɫȡɤɛʢɹɹ⏋కкըɗɹʢɹɻࡴɌ ɩȦɛ⏏ᐵ᧧୲ɫɰɹకӾȵ֯գɐʳɹȴ⏋ᠨȵ᱔ሂɴɲʳɹȴɭܔڣˁٜ˃ɫឿࡪʳਖឹɻ ɲȴɤɛ⏏ɰɹӾȵ֯գɌɩʢ߂ेȵɲȴɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴʢଫՠˁȦɛέɲకӾɻ ఞɌɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋̊̒˪˹ͲкըɫɻႥȵΥɌɛ⏏కณɴέྃˁୃȦɩʢ᧧୲ɫక ณˁϯБɇɓʳɄɭɻࢅ౫ɫɻɲȦ⏏᱔ሂɴณȵᮃμɌ⏋ณ෯ᦶɹӯਸʦര᥉ਸȵ߉ʼ ʶɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛкըɻቁೝᇕɴɻࡴɌɩʢ⏋ሁɌɩᡉکᰍʍɹര᥉ɲࢪՃᔨˁжάɇɓ ɩʪȼخᔨਸȵᲞȦ⏏ଫՠɴᓡˁᢸɗȩɭɓɑ⏋ʞɌʸࢬɍᦉʠʭȩɭɐʳɹɻɗɹᝠʶɫȡ ʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋μᬏೝᇕɴɻకᇕᅊ႒ᇕɲˁӹʶɲȦ୭ࢷᓔɴࡔᐚȵћࡔɐʳɄɭɴɲʱ⏋ ᥉መ᭜ȵᮑɌȼɲʳ⏏ ۀ̙ᄽ̙ည̙ज़
ABAC Poll (ABAC Poll Research Center). 2003a. ŋPhon kanwicai phaksanam ruang nayobai khong ratthaban thaksin nai khwamkhatwang lae kanrapru khong prachachon nai phonngan,Ō http://168.120.31.165/webbase/2546/0913.html ⏃2004 ॷ 3 10 ⏆
. 2003b. ŋPhon kanwicai phaksanam sanyan tuan phai to sathieraphap khong ratthaban ruang 6 duan khangna khong ratthaban phantamruattho thaksin nai saita prachachon lae priapthiap naeonom khwamniyom khong prachachon to phantamruattho thaksin chinnawat kap chuan likphai,Ō http://168.120.31.165/webbase/2546/0329.html ⏃2004 ॷ 3 10 ⏆
. 2003c. ŋPhon kanwicai phaksanam ruang samruat thatsanakhati khong prachachon to ratthaban 20 pi khong phantamruattho thaksin lae phaplak khong wutthisapha,Ō http://168.120.31.165/webbase/ 2546/0503.html ⏃2004 ॷ 3 10 ⏆
. 2003d. ŋPhon kanwicai phaksanam ruang samruat khawamniyom khong prachachon to ratthaban phaitai kannam khong phantamruattho dr. thaksin chinnawat,Ō http://168.120.31.165/webbase/2546/
