* ౩߂ܕ᭬ᨆ⏋Faculty of International Studies, Meiji Gakuin University 2006 ॷ 7 31 ؝Њ, 2006 ॷ 11 7 ؝ჿ
ˏ̶͠ˡၖय़ᮒകɴȲȿʳႵჃᮃᅊ༎ɹᅊݜᇻɹԗද២
⏎ᩃᅊ͓͌ɹգᅎخᔨਸɭՕ॒িȴʰ⏎
ǵࣩǵǵٮ*
Rethinking Ecological Bases of Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence in
the African Rainforest: From the Analysis of the Availability
and Distribution of Wild Yams
Yasuoka Hirokazu*
The availability of wild yams (Dioscorea spp.) has been considered the key factor that determines the viability of hunting and gathering as a way of life in the African rainforests. Annual-stem yams (D. praehensilis and D. semperfl orens) in particular are the most reliable resource to support ample subsistence by foraging during the dry season, which has been considered to be extremely severe for a “pure” foraging life in tropical forests. An analysis of the canopy photographs indicates that “annual” yams favor habitats with sunlight, namely, forest gaps. The “annual” yams were, however, observed only in the limited areas presently situated far from the village, while forest gaps were omnipresent throughout the forest. The propagation of the “annual” yams thus seems to be restricted under natural conditions.
An old map printed in 1910 during the German rule shows that there had been in the area several village sites of the Bantu cultivators; and this fact suggests Baka camps were probably also distributed around these villages. Although the Bantu cultivators, who depended on bananas and cassavas, might have not grown wild yams in their fi elds, it is possible that the Baka made a positive impact on the formation of patches of plenty of “annual” yams, for example, through transplanting heads of yams into favorable habitats. If such a manner of “semi-cultivation” substantially increased the opportunity for the formation of yam patches, the framework of examination of the ecological bases of human subsistence of the African rainforests should be reconsidered.
1．序
ܩჽᄩޅ⏃global environment⏆ɭɌɩɹၖय़ᮒകɻϺᰖɴɭɤɩȴȿȵȭɹɲȦʢɹɫȡ ʳɭɹςȵϺؤɴᕣရɌɩȦʳΥɫ⏋Ϻᬚᅊ༎ɹݭɭɌɩɹၖय़ᮒകɹѝɻࡴʚɤɩȦ ʳɭɻȦȭɲȦ⏏μ߈ˏ̶͠ˡɹ˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩɴঃȵʳၖय़ᮒകܩݖɫɻ⏋Ϻؤࢌɻ 1 km2 ȡ ɛʱధϺዐɌȴɲȼ⏋Ɍȴʢ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɹзȵჼܧɫɻ᧑ᤉȦɴз˃ɫȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩ ɲဣɭᐻɫɌʠɇʶʳʭȩɲϺؤՕ॒ɻ⏋ɗɹȡȦɞɴঃȵʳၖय़ᮒകȵϺʃɭɹᅊ༎ɹݭɭ Ɍɩ߫᧟ɫɲȦɄɭˁઝ٢ɐʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ȦɤɛȦၖय़ᮒകɻϺᰖɹ࣎зܩɭɌɩ⏋ɰʶʓ ɰɹ࿃ܧ⏃potential⏆ˁʢɤɩȦʳɹɫȡʸȩ⏏ೣዣɫɻ⏋ၖय़ᮒകɴȲȿʳᩃᅊඨ႒ᣂ྇ ɹɲȴɫʢɤɭʢᩂឹɲʢɹɹʁɭɦɫȡʳ⏋ᩃᅊ͓͌ɹգᅎخᔨਸ⏃availability⏆ɭ⏋ɗɹ Օ॒িˁՖʱؤɭɌɩ⏋Ʉɹکᰍɴɭʱȼ˃ɫʛɛȦ⏏ ˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩɹၖय़ᮒകɴȼʰɐϺʃɭɹȼɻ⏋̫Ͳ̜˕Ꮩᦅᓚɭ̴˫͊ͻᏙႵჃᮃ ɴךՕɇʶʳ⏏1) θᓔȵԊࡔɐʳܩݖɫɻ⏋Υࡴɹᐳᬠѥˁɻʰʛɦɦʢࢌஞɲᐁཕᇕሂϣ ћࡔᬠѥȵʛʰʶʳȵ⏋ɄɹʭȩɲᬠѥȵɰɹʭȩɴɌɩ෯፷ɇʶɛɹȴɭȦȩဣɴɦȦɩɻ ድᓔɹȡȦɞɫឿៗȵࢪጓɌɩȦʳ⏏1980 ॷБʚɫɹድɫɻ⏋̴˫͊ͻɄɗȵˏ̶͠ˡ ၖय़ᮒകɹӴзɭɇʶɩȷɛBailey et al. 1989⏏ɦʚʱ⏋ၖय़ᮒകܩݖɴᦅᓚȵࢷԂɇ ʶʳГմɴ̴˫͊ͻᏙɹϺʃɭɞȿȵႵჃᮃᅊ༎ˁۊ˃ɫȲʱ⏋ɗɄɴᦅᓚᅊ༎ˁۊʞ̫Ͳ ̜˕ᡉᮃȵᦽԂɌɩ⏋ɌɞȦɴ˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩԃݖɴՕ॒ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶɩȷɛ⏏2) ɭɄʸȵ 1980 ॷБץɽɄʸȴʰ⏋ၖय़ᮒകɹɲȴɫᏤᎭɲႵჃᮃᅊ༎ˁɦɧȿʳɄɭɻ έخᔨɫɻɲȦȴɭςɐʳድᓔHart and Hart 1986; Headland 1987; Bailey et al. 1989 ȵȡʰʼʶɻɍʠʳ⏏ᩃᅊɹᰩ႒ᣂ྇ɞȿɫɻॷᬚˁɭȲɌɩמՕɲˡͦ͠ͻˁʚȴɲȩɄɭ ɻɫȷɲȦ⏋ɭȦȩɹȵɗɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ගˁՖʱʁʰȦɩץࡴзᇕɲᮃᘺˁɦȼʳᦅᓚ ɹᦽԂɄɗȵၖय़ᮒകɴȲȿʳϺᬚᅊ༎ɹጩᐷɭɲɤɛɹɫȡɤɩ⏋ၖय़ᮒകɗɹʢɹɹգᅎ ɴћࡔɐʳႵჃᮃᅊ༎ɻ⏋ɗʶˁជȩሂয়ᩄɹᦅс႒ɹգᅎˁմரɭɌɩɻɍʠɩଁጓɌɛ ɹɫɻɲȦȴ⏋ɭȦȩɹɫȡʳ⏏ ɗʶʚɫɹᦲᠦɴ߂३ɲѹˁɓʚʳɄɹکᰍரᣱɴʭɤɩȡȷʰȴɴɲɤɛɄɭɻ⏋ၖय़ ᮒകɴȲȿʳႵჃᮃᅊ༎ɹᅊݜᇻɴɦȦɩ⏋ɍɤɇȦɹɭɄʸ⏋ɲɴʢៗ౩ɇʶɩȦɲ ȴɤɛɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏Headland1987ȵͩ˓̝͓͌͡˪˛˽͚̍Ͳ⏃The Wild Yam1) ̫Ͳ̜˕ɭɻៜᏙᐏɴʢɭɧȼՕᰖɫȡʱ⏋̴˫͊ͻɭɻ᤹кᇕ০ᣒȲʭʃయЦᇕਸᣒȵᰖаɐʳᡉ ᮃɴɦȿʰʶɛ٧ዌɫȡʳ⏏
2) ˡ͍͡ͻͲ⏋̠˓˻˙͠ˏܕޅȡɛʱɴՕ॒ɌɩȦɛ̫Ͳ̜˕ᡉᮃɻ 2,000⑯3,000 ॷմȴʰആȲʭʃ ɹගകܩय़ʍው֪ˁɻɍʠ⏋ঃȼആˏ̶͠ˡɴʚɫՕ॒ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏Ʉɹ߂ៀฐɲውзɻ̫Ͳ̜˕ ˛˪˽̮Ͳ˹͚ͲɭɌɩሾʰʶɩȦʳ⏏
Question⏆ɭʭ˃ɞʭȩɴ⏋Ʉɹکᰍரᣱɫɻ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲˡͦ͠ͻњᐌ྇ɹɲȴɫʢɭȼɴ ᩃᅊ͓͌ɹգᅎخᔨਸȵ߂ɹᠶဣɭɇʶɛ⏏Headland1987ʦBailey et al.1989ɻᕶᠦ ˁࣙᬖɐʳɴȡɛʱγᅠعܩɹၖय़ᮒകɴȲȿʳႵჃᮃЦɹድˁབჃɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ˏ ̶͠ˡၖय़ᮒകɴᬠɌɩɻςɭɌɩ Hart and Hart 1986ˁɭʱȡɁɩȦʳ⏏Hart ʰɻ̸͌ ̘ˑ̴˫͊ͻȵՕ॒ɌɩȦʳ˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩആᨆɫᰩ႒ᣂ྇ɹգᅎخᔨਸɴɦȦɩᠭീˁȲɄ ɲȦ⏋ɗɹᐄഗɭɌɩ⏋ᘺٞᦇɹ္ᅣᤄܩɲɰɴɌȴᩃᅊ͓͌ɻࡔܧɌɩȲʰɑ⏋ගകɹԒ ᨆɫɻ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɹᩃᅊഗࡸȵ༥߉ɐʳϗ࡚ȴʰᮒ࡚ɹɻɍʠɴȴȿɩ⏋ɐȼɲȼɭʢ 5 Ͷ ᬚɻႵჃᮃᅊ༎ˁᐣ୫ɐʳɛʠɴਖឹɲˡͦ͠ͻ྇ᰩ႒ȵέɐʳɭςɌɛHart and Hart 1986⏏3) Ʉ ȩ Ɍ ɛ ၖ य़ ᮒ ക ɫ ɹ Ꮴ Ꭽ ɲ Ⴕ Ⴣ ᮃ ᅊ ༎ ɹ خ ᔨ ਸ ʍ ɹ ᆄ ᒶ ɴ ɛ Ȧ Ɍ ɩ⏋Bahuchet et al.1991ɻ⏋ˏˡ̴˫͊ͻȵՕ॒ɌɩȦʳ˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩᨆȴʰីᨆɴɻᩃᅊ͓͌ȵᢌ ɴࡔܧɌɩȲʱ⏋ϗ࡚ɹȡȦɞɴᩃᅊ͓͌ˁգᅎɐʳɄɭɫॷᬚˁɭȲɌɩႵჃᮃᅊ༎ȵ خᔨɫȡʳɭςɌɛ⏏ɛɞ⏋ɗɹɭɲʳᅊᇕᣂషɻמՕɭɻȦȭɲȴɤɛɌBailey and Headland 1991⏋ɍɤɇȦɴɗɹʭȩɲᅊ༎ɹࡸȵݬٚɇʶɛʼȿɫʢɲȴɤɛ⏏ˏ ˡɹᰩᅊ༎ɹ࡚፲ɴᬠɐʳᏳɲݬٚKitanishi 1995: 116-117ˁʛɩʢ⏋ԃᖔᇕɴˏ ˡɻගകᣂ྇ɴȼћࡔɌɩȦʳʢɹɹ⏋Иȵ؏ɌȦɭɇʶʳϗ࡚ɹȡȦɞɴɻ⏋ʦɻʱˡ ͦ͠ͻ྇ɹȼˁᦅс႒ɴћࡔɌɩȦʳ⏏ ɗɹʭȩɲɲȴɫ Sato2001, 2006ɻ⏋̫ˡ̴˫͊ͻȵՕ॒ɌɩȦʳˡ͍͡ͻͲആᨆि ɹගകɫɻ⏋ਃഀᓒȭʰʶɩȦɛʭʱʢᩃᅊ͓͌ɹՕ॒ࢌȵ߂ȷȦɄɭˁɌʠɌ⏋Bahuchet ʰɹឿៗˁఌ୫Ɍɛ⏏ʚɛዣYasuoka 2006aɫɻ⏋Ȳɲɍȼˡ͍͡ͻͲആᨆिɹගകɴ ɻᩃᅊ͓͌ˁ߂ᩄɴؚዲɫȷʳȋᢌȴɲගȍȵࡔܧɌ⏋ɍɤɇȦɴ̫ˡȵ 100 ϺᦏȦᮃɫ ɗɹʭȩɲݭଘˁȲɭɑʶɩ⏋ϗ࡚ɹధͶɹȡȦɞᩃᅊ͓͌ɴћࡔɌɛᅊ༎ˁۊ˃ɫȦʳϟ ёˁݬٚɌɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ɐȼɲȼɭʢ˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩីᨆɹၖय़ᮒകɫɻ⏋ႵჃᮃɹᅋ႒ ɹʛɴћࡔɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩᅊ༎ɫȷʳخᔨਸȵᲞȦYasuoka 2006a⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲᩃᅊ͓ ͌ɹᮃμᇕՕ॒ܩȵ⏋ዷᬚᇕ⏋ɗɌɩಁᬚᇕɴ⏋ɰɹዐɹΥᖔਸˁʢɤɩࡔܧɐʳɹȴɭȦ ȩɄɭȵ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡၖय़ᮒകɴȲȦɩᩃᅊᣂ྇ɹʛɴћࡔɐʳႵჃᮃᅊ༎ȵخᔨȴɰȩȴ⏋ ȡʳȦɻخᔨɫȡɤɛȴɰȩȴˁໆࡴɐʳᫍɭᓒȭʰʶʳYasuoka 2006a⏏ ೣዣɫɻ⏋ʚɑᩃᅊ͓͌ɹգᅎخᔨਸɴɦȦɩ⏋̫ˡɹգᅎɭዛǾɹᩃᅊ͓͌ɹ႕ਐˁʢɭ ɴՕഓɌ⏋ɦɧȦɩᩃᅊ͓͌ɹᅊᔒᄩޅˁʈʚȭɲȵʰ⏋ɗɹՕ॒িˁȡȷʰȴɴɐʳ⏏ɇ ʰɴ⏋ᩃᅊ͓͌ɹᮃμՕ॒ܩɴȴɦɩࡔܧɌɛᮃᘺɭɹᬠᦹਸˁ୭Ɍɦɦ⏋ȋᢌȴɲගȍȵ 3) ̸̘͌ˑɻϗ࡚ɴȲȿʳˡͦ͠ͻ྇ɭɌɩ⏋ვᔀɭɹϯழʦᦅᓚɹଝШȦɲɰˁɭȲɌɩɛᦅс႒ɴௌ ˡͦ͠ͻɹ 6 ւГΫˁћࡔɌɩȦʳɭȦȩݬٚȵȡʳIchikawa 1983, 1986⏏
ʚɤɛȼɹᕶးႥɹʢɭɫ০ଁɇʶɛɹȴ⏋ȡʳȦɻɲ˃ʰȴɹϺᬚ༎֪ɹʢɭɫ০ଁɇʶ ɛɹȴ⏋ɭȦȩဣɴɦȦɩᓒ࢘ɌɩʛɛȦ⏏
2．対象と方法
2.1 カメルーン東部州の地勢と調査村の概要 ˡ͍͡ͻͲആᨆिɻၖय़ᮒകɴȲȲʼʶɛฌᲞ 400⑯600 m ɹɲɞʰȴɲε᭙ܩय़ɫȡʳ⏏ ˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩɹីᑉɴеᒞɌɩȲʱ⏋˵Ͳˤाˁʍɩ˱Ͳ˳ाɴɦʰɲʳ̸Ͳ̫ा⏋˻͑ͻ ा⏋̾̒˪ाɹ 3 ອᏙɴךՕɫȷʳ⏃ܒ 1⏆⏏Ʉɹܩݖɹμਕᇕɲᅘ͜ˡ̝˕͇ɴȲȿʳຩᢒ ⏃1983⑯1993 ॷ⏆ɻ⏋ॶܯຩཧȵॷᬚˁɭȲɌɩ 25°C ዐ⏋ॷᬚᭇອᩄɻᏝ 1,500 mm ɭ ɲɤɩȦʳCameroon Environmental Watch n.d.⏏ᭇອᩄȵ 100 mm ೡྃɭɲʳ 12 ⑯2 ˁϗ࡚⏋100 mm ˁɄȭʳ 3 ⑯11 ˁᮒ࡚ɭᓒȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳȵ⏋ᭇອᩄʦᭇᮒ̮̊ͻ Ͳɻॷɴʭɤɩ֪ɐʳ⏏4) ඨᅊɻ।ᐶปക⏃evergreen forest⏆ȴʰץᘺᘽปക⏃semideciduous forest⏆ʍɹውय़ɴȡɛʱ⏋θᓔɹឹᏬȵཌྷܧɐʳውय़ɴՕᰖɇʶɩȦʳLetouzey 1985⏏ ̫ˡ̴˫͊ͻɻ⏋ˡ͍͡ͻͲ⏋˱Ͳ˳⏋ˤ̓Ͳ⏋μ߈ˏ̶͠ˡɹܕޅٞᦇɴՕ॒ɌɩȦ ʳ⏏ˡ͍͡ͻͲɴȲȿʳϺؤȵʢɤɭʢ߂ȷȼ⏋2 Ψ 5,000 Ϻȴʰ 3⑯4 ΨϺዐɭࡴɇʶ ɩȦʳHewlett 1996⏏1930 ॷБȲʭʃ 1950 ॷБɴ̶͞Ͳ˽ࠇКᐏకঌ⏋ɗɌɩႶጓ 4) 6 μȴʰ 8 μɴɻ⏋ሂࢪᇕɴᭇອᩄȵࢹɲȼɲʳɄɭȵȡʱ⏋ᦅᓚɻɄɹಁೝɴᅣɹФᬖсˁ ȲɄɲȩɄɭȴʰ܋ 2004⏋Ʉɹಁೝˁࢸϗ࡚ɭʛɲɐɄɭʢɫȷʳ⏏ʚɛ̸̒˹͖͇Ͳ˳ͻ⏃Irvingia gabonensis⏆ˁɻɍʠɭɐʳɇʚɊʚɲᩃᅊഗࡸȵࡸʳɹɫ⏋̫ˡɻ̸̒˹͖͇Ͳ˳ͻɹ࡚፲⏃soko pekie⏆ɭ ʭʉࣩ 2004⏏ 図 1 カメルーン東部州と調査地（ズーラボット・アンシアン）ɴɻˡ͍͡ͻͲకঌɴʭɤɩ̫ˡɹࡴзȵɐɐʠʰʶɛɛʠAlthabe 1965⏋ჼܧʓɭ˃ ɰɹ̫ˡɹᮃȵᦏ᭰ᦅᓚɹᘺɹᦏȼɴࡴзᇕɲᮃᘺˁɦȼɤɩᅊ༎ɌɩȦʳ⏏ ᠭീˁࡸేɌɛ̀ͻ̜̓̒͞ˏͲ˹ˏͲ5) ɻ⏋ˡ͍͡ͻͲആᨆिˁɴɻɌʳ 2 ೣ ɹ᧑ᤉɹɠʬȩɰʚ˃ɲȴɴеᒞɌɩȦʳ⏏ɴɻ 2 ɦɹᮃᘺȵȡʱ⏋Υɴ̫ˡȵ⏋Ј ɴ̫Ͳ̜˕Ꮩᦅᓚɹ˱̠̾Ͳ̾ȵ࣎ˁȴʚȭɩȦʳ⏏2001 ॷɹ̫ˡɹϺؤɻ 140 Ϻ⏋ 35 γय़⏃ࢃ⏆ɫȡɤɛ⏏Υ⏋˱̠̾Ͳ̾ɹϺؤɻ 1964 ॷɴ 152 Ϻˁధȭɛʢɹɹ ORSTOM 1966⏋2001 ॷɴɻ 2 γय़ 11 ϺɴʚɫཝࢹɌɩȦɛ⏏ϯᦲɹѤȵȷʼʠɩੲȴɤ ɛɄɭʢȡʱ⏋1970 ॷБץɽГᭇ⏋߂ץɹ˱̠̾Ͳ̾ȵ̸Ͳ̫ाɹആүɴȡʳ̀ͻ̜̓̒͞ ̤̓ͻɲɰɴውзɌɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹʭȩɴᠭീɫɻᦅᓚɹϺؤȵ̫ˡɭȼʰʏɩʁ ɍʬȩɴࢹɲȦɛʠ⏋̫ˡɹᅊɴɛȦɐʳᦅᓚɹᬠήɻᭉࡴᇕɫȡʳ⏏ 2.2 ヤムについて ͓͌ɭɻ Dioscorea ࣚ⏃̨͓͇˓͐ዀ⏆ɹඨ႒ɫ⏋ᗡˁʢɠॷᅊɫȡʳɄɭ⏋ᙶਸɫȡ ʳɄɭ⏋ᮇᮁᅵൎɫȡʳɄɭ⏋ዥႥᖽইɴࢸɇȼʠɞɛɲȦᖽˁధɦȿʳɄɭ⏋ഗࡸɻɇ ȼഗɫ⏋ᰟత॒݀ɹᓏɹȡʳዛࡎˁʢɦɄɭ⏋ɲɰɫ႕ਐɧȿʰʶ⏋γᅠμɹၖय़ȴʰཧय़ ɴȲȦɩ 500⑯650 ዛȵሾʰʶɩȦʳBurkill 1960; ࢩԒ 1991⏏ˡ͍͡ͻͲɹගകܩय़ɴɻ Dioscorea ࣚɹඨ႒ȵ 17 ዛ⏋͓͌ɴᰖаɌᰩᅎɭɌɩգᅎɇʶʳ Dioscoreophyllum ࣚ⏃̓
̶̖͞˻ዀ⏆ɹඨ႒ȵ 2 ዛ⏋ᕶᅊɌɩȦʳHladik and Dounias 1993; Dumont et al. 1994; Hamon et al. 1995⏏ᠭീɫɻ⏋ɗɹȩɠ 7 ዛɹ Dioscorea ࣚ⏃D. praehensilissapa⏃̫ˡ ⏆⏋D. semperfl orensesuma⏋D. mangenotianaba⏋D. burkillianakeke⏋D. minutifl ora kuku⏋D. smilacifoliabaloko⏋D. sp.njakaka⏆ɭ⏋Dioscoreophyllum cumminsiingbi
ȵᰩᅎɭɌɩ̫ˡɴᮃɇʶɩȦʳݭᯆȵ៎࢘ɇʶɛ⏏ɗɹЈɴʢᰩᅎɭɲʳᩃᅊ͓͌ȵȡʳ ɭȦȩȵ⏋ᠭീೝᬚɴɻᮃɇʶɲȴɤɛ⏏
Sapa ɭ esuma ɻΥॷɅɭɴᙶˁɦȿȴȭ⏋˓͐⏃ݳ⏆ɻΥॷٞೝɫᔋ߂ཝᝢˁȼʱȴ
ȭɐHamon et al. 1995; McKay et al. 1998⏏Ʉʶʰɻ⏋ᙶȵഞʶ⏋̚Ͳ̺Ͳᙢዩᩄɻ߂ ɴɲʳϗ࡚ɴʢɤɿʰᮃɇʶʳDounias 2001; Yasuoka 2006a⏏ʚɛ̫ˡɻ⏋Υॷ͓݀͌ ɹᮃಁɴᙶȵɦȦɩȦʳ˓͐ɹᰄɹᨆՕɻɌɩȲȼ⏏ɗȩɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ˓͐ȵԗᅊ Ɍ⏋ʈɛɛʃؚዲɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳDounias 2001⏏
Keke⏋kuku⏋baloko⏋njakaka ɹᙶɻׇɌ⏋ॷᅊɫ⏋˓͐ɹᔋ߂ཝᝢɹ˵˓˪͡ɻ
έࡴೝɫȡʳHamon et al. 1995⏏Ba ɹᙶɻϠॷᅊɫ⏋ሁጓɌɩകԢʚɫɹʃʳHamon
et al. 1995⏏Ʉʶʰɹ˓͐ɻॷᬚˁɭȲɌɩؚዲɫȷʳɄɭȴʰ⏋ᰩ႒ᣂ྇ɹ࡚፲ਸɭȦȩ
៎ဣȴʰɻ⏋Ȳɲɍ˫͡ͻ̺ɭᓒȭɩʭȦ⏏
Ʉɹʭȩɲᙶɹೃృ˵˓˪͡ɭ⏋ɗʶɴЊ᭦ɐʳ˓͐⏃ݳ⏆ɹᔋ߂ཝᝢɹ႕ਐˁʈʚ ȭɩ⏋ೣዣɫɻ sapa ɭ esuma ˁȋΥॷ͓݀͌ȍɭɌ⏋baɭkeke⏋kuku⏋baloko⏋njakaka ˁ ȋॷ͓݀͌ȍɭɌɩՕഓˁɐɐʠʳ⏏ 2.3 方法 1⏆ᰩᅊ༎ 2005 ॷ 1 27 ȴʰ 2 10 ʚɫᦅᓚ˥͑Ͳ̺ɴྡྷܧɌɛೝᬚ⏋Ȳʭʃ 2 22 ȴ ʰ 3 27 ʚɫᬏೝႵჃᮃ⏃͐ͦͲ˳⏆ɴؒ֓Ɍɛೝᬚɴᰩᅊ༎ɹᠭീˁࡸేɌɛ⏏Ʉ ɹɭȷɹᦅᓚ˥͑Ͳ̺ɴɻ 8 γय़ 40 Ϻմ⏃ధϺɹՏԂʱȵȡɤɛ⏆ȵᅊ༎ɌɩȲʱ⏋͐ͦ Ͳ˳ɴɻ߂ɫ 28 γय़ 110 Ϻȵؒ֓Ɍɛ⏏ʚɑ⏋ᦅᓚ˥͑Ͳ̺ɭ͐ͦͲ˳ɹ˥͑Ͳ̺ɴȲȦ ɩ⏋ᠭീೝᬚɴ˥͑Ͳ̺ɴ୫ɠȴȭʰʶɛɐʏɩɹᰩೳˁ៨᪼⏋ᩄɌ⏋ɦɧȦɩعᰩೳɹخ ᰩᨆɹᩂᩄປრɭеᩂᩄȡɛʱɹˡͦ͠ͻѝˁ֬൜Ɍɩ⏋˥͑Ͳ̺ྡྷܧᓔԃڊɴʭʳࡴˡ ͦ͠ͻௌᩄ⏃A⏆ˁ፤ՏɌɛ⏏ɦȹɴ⏋12 ГΫɹϺˁ 1 Ϻ⏋2 ȴʰ 12 ɹࡎњˁ 0.5 Ϻ⏋2 ೡྃɹϖॾӻˁ 0 ϺɭɌɩIchikawa 1983; Kitanishi 1995⏋ԃೝᬚɴɦȦɩዩ፤Ɍ ɩ༥ᢹϺధ⏃consumption-day⏆⏃B⏆ˁ፤ՏɌɛ⏏A ˁ B ɫւɤɛғˁ⏋1 Ϻ 1 ȡɛʱɹ ࡴௌˡͦ͠ͻ⏃kcal/consumption-day⏆ɭɌɛ⏏ɲȲعᰩೳɹخᰩᨆɹᩂᩄປრȲʭʃˡͦ ͠ͻѝɻ Yasuoka2006aɴʚɭʠɩȡʳɹɫؒ၇ɇʶɛȦ⏏ 2⏆ᩃᅊ͓͌ɹՕ॒ࢌ ͐ͦͲ˳ɹ৵ᤉɴȿɛ 9 ɦɹ˥͑Ͳ̺ɹȩɠ⏋5 ɦɹ˥͑Ͳ̺ɹٞᦇ⏃ȴʰ 13⏋17⏋ 22⏋28⏋33 km ɹеᒞ⏆ɴᒞɌɛᠭീך⏃ံсဤך⏆ɭ⏋sapa ɭ esuma ȵȼᅊᔒɌɩ ȦʳݭଘɴᒞɌɛᠭീך⏃sapa ךesuma ך⏆ɴɩࡸేɌɛ⏏ံсဤךɻ˥͑Ͳ̺ȴʰਂ 5 ՕɹݭଘȴʰɲȦɌɴʞȿɩ 20 mÌ500 m⏃1 ha⏆ɹᠭീךˁ 2 ɦɑɦᒞɌ ɛ⏏Sapa ךɫɻ 20 mÌ250 m⏃0.5 ha⏆ˁ 1 ɦ⏋esuma ךɫɻ 20 mÌ250 m⏃0.5 ha⏆ɹᠭീך ˁ 2 ɦᒞɌɛ⏏ᠭീךɻ 50 m ɑɦɴךՖʱ⏋5 Ϻɹᠭീ֖ଝ⏃̫ˡɹଁϺᅖਸ⏆ɭɭʢɴ 500 m/h ዐɹᦵɫȷɲȵʰᠭീךԒɴȡʳᰩᅎɭɲʳᩃᅊ͓͌ɹ stem⏃ᙶ⏆ధˁ៨᪼Ɍ ɛ⏏ᠭീμɴʛɦȿɛ͓͌ɻɗɹɹᰩ႒ɴɲʳɹɫ⏋ஜᏮઝ๙ɻᲞȴɤɛɭᓒȭɩʭȦ⏏ʚ ɛعᠭീךɫɻ⏋10 mÌ10 m ɹךᅙˁеɭɌɩ⏋ᠭീ֖ଝɴʭʳඨᅊಕ៎ɹ᠗ᡫ⏃ᦚ⏆ ˁ៨᪼Ɍɛ⏏ 3⏆͓͌ᅊᔒܩɹӵᄩޅ
2005 ॷ 2 ⑯3 ⏃ϗ࡚ೢ⏆ɴ⏋sapa ȵᅊᔒɌɩȦʳݭଘ 13 Ͷଘ⏋esuma 12 Ͷଘ⏋ba Ȳʭʃ keke 9 Ͷଘ⏋ံсဤך 20 ͶଘɴᠭീךˁᒞɌɛ⏏Sapa ך⏋esuma ך⏋bakeke ך ɻ⏋̫ˡȵɗʶʰɹ͓͌ˁᮃɌɛݭଘɴᒞɌɛ⏏ံсဤךɻ⏋ᩃᅊ͓͌ɹՕ॒ࢌˁ ཀྵɌɛΫ៨ɹᠭീךɴȲȦɩ 250 m ɅɭɴᒞɌɛ⏏ᠭീךɫɻ⏋Fisheye ͤͲ̀⏃FC-E8⏆ ˁខመɌɛ̢˱Ͳន̚˻̊͡ˡ͍͞⏃Cool-Pix4500⏆ˁܩΫ 60 cm ɹеᒞɴ᩹ሁكɴͤͲ
̀ˁكȿɩᒞɌɩ⏋հɭɌɩ˹͑̒̊ͻᦵ 1/500 ⏋ᐈʱ f/2.6 ɹࡴɫԃ߃Ԡሎˁ ৯Ɍɛ⏏ံсဤךɫɻμਕɫ৯Ɍɛ⏏͓͌ɹᠭീךɫɻ͓͌ɹᙶȵᅊȭɩȦʳݭଘɴɩ ৯Ɍɛ⏏ᠭീךԒɴភధɹ͓͌ȵᕶᅊɌɩȦʳݭغɴɻ⏋ɗʶəʶɹݭଘɫ৯ˁȲɄɲ Ȧ⏋ॶܯғˁᅎɌɛ⏏Ԡሎɹៗഓɴɻ Hemi View ̶̜̅˗˙ˏ⏃Delta-T Devices, Burwell, Cambridge, U.K.⏆ˁʢɠȦ⏋ᬖዷɹ୭ฌɭɌɩɻ ISF⏃indirect site factor⏆ˁᅎɌɛ⏏Ʉ ʶɻԃ߃ԠሎΫɹᬖዷݭଘ⏃ܩॶᦏȼȴ⏋߃᯳كȴ⏆ˁ֬൜Ɍɩ፤Տɐʳ୭ฌɫȡʳ⏏ᬖዷ ᨆՕɭ᧡ӵᨆՕɹᬫғɹࡴɻៗഓಁɴ̢͐̊ͻΫɴɩᇿែɫȲɄɲȩɛʠ⏋عԠሎɴɦȦɩ 3 ܌ɑɦៗഓˁ᠅Ɍɩμ߈ғˁᅎɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩᠡेˁᥐཝɌɛ⏏
3．バカによる野生ヤムの利用形態
̫ˡɹᅊ༎িɻ⏋1⏆ࡴзᮃᘺɲȦɌᦅᓚ˥͑Ͳ̺ɫɹᅊ༎⏋2⏆ϗ࡚ɴࡸేɇʶʳᬏೝ ႵჃᮃ⏃͐ͦͲ˳⏆⏋3⏆ᮒ࡚ɴᮃᘺɴᦏȦܩݖɴȿʰʶʳɻɷᒘჃ˥͑Ͳ̺ɫɹᅊ༎⏋ 4⏆ڧᇕɲ߂݀ვჃɴћࡔɌɛᅊ༎⏋5⏆Տዠȹʦ៊ࠑکɴɭʢɲȩЈɫɹᅊ༎⏋ ɹ 5 ɦɴʼȿʳɄɭȵɫȷʳࣩ 2004; Yasuoka 2006a, 2006b⏏ՏዠȹಁˁɹəȦɩ⏋ᩃ ᅊ͓͌ɻȴʶࢹɲȴʶգᅎɇʶʳȵ⏋ɭȼɴ͐ͦͲ˳ɴȲȦɩςˡͦ͠ͻ྇ɭɌɩᩂឹɭɲ ʳ⏏ 100 ϺԒɹϺʃɭȵؒ֓Ɍ⏋ధͶȴʰɭȷɴץॷɴȲʭʉ͐ͦͲ˳ɹೝᬚμɻ⏋ႵჃ ᮃɹᅋ႒ɴȼћࡔɌɲȵʰᅊ༎ȵۊʚʶʳ⏏͐ͦͲ˳ɻ 2 ɦɹೝᬚɴʼȿʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ ࡴзᮃᘺˁՏᇍɌɩɻɍʠɹȩɠɻΥɴ 5 km ȼʰȦɑɦ˥͑Ͳ̺ˁው֪Ɍ⏋ʁɭɦɹ˥͑ Ͳ̺ɴቁೝᬚ⏃1 ⑯ 1 ᦼᬚ⏆ྡྷܧɐʳ⏏ೣዣɫɻ⏋Ʉɹೝᬚˁȋ͐ͦͲ˳ᧉ֪ೝȍɭʭʉ⏏ ೣዣɫɭʱȡɁʳ 2005 ॷɹ͐ͦͲ˳ᧉ֪ೝɻ 15 ᬚɫȡɤɛ⏏2⑯3 ᦼᬚዐɹᧉ֪ೝɹȡ Ȧɞ̾̒˪ाȦɴው֪Ɍ⏋ࡴзᮃᘺȴʰആكɴ 30⑯40 km ʓɰάɤɛܩݖɴʚɫ᧒ɐ ʳɭ⏋ɗɄɴᬏೝᬚྡྷܧɐʳ⏏Ʉɹᬏೝྡྷܧɐʳೝᬚˁȋ͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥೝȍɭɐʳ⏏2005 ॷ ɹ͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥೝɻ 21 ᬚɫȡɤɛ⏏6) ͐ͦͲ˳ೝᬚμɹؚዲᩄˁʛʳɭ⏋Υॷ͓݀͌ɹ sapa ɭ esuma ɻɭʢɴ 1,200 kg ˁɄȭ ɩȲʱ⏋Ʉʶʰ 2 ዛɴʭɤɩ⏋͐ͦͲ˳ೝᬚμɴȲȿʳᩃᅊ͓͌ɹԃؚዲᩂᩄɹ 77⎾ȵװʠ ʰʶɩȦʳ⏃ᝠ 1⏆⏏͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥೝɴɻ⏋ȡʼɓɩ 1 1 Ϻȡɛʱ 1.75 kg ɹ˓͐ȵњᐌɇ ʶɛɄɭɴɲʳ⏏Sapa ɹॶܯؚዲᩄɻ⏋ɤɩᮃɇʶɛዴȡɛʱɴɌɩ 6.6 kg ɫȡɤɛȵ⏋ 6) Ʉɹ͐ͦͲ˳ɻፆᓔɹዩෑᇕɲᬠήɹʢɭɫȲɄɲʼʶɛ⏏য়՟ɻ⏋ᅊᠭീˁȲɄɲȩɛʠɴ⏋ʁɭɦɹᦅ ᓚ˥͑Ͳ̺ɴȦɛ 8 γय़ 40 Ϻɹ̫ˡɭɭʢɴ 2002 ॷɹ͐ͦͲ˳ɴɫȴȿɛܩݖYasuoka 2006a ؒ၇ɴʞ ȴȩᅙˁɛɩɛɹɞȵ⏋əȼəȼɭЈɹᦅᓚ˥͑Ͳ̺ɴȦɛ̫ˡʢغ༑ɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏ᬏೝྡྷܧɌɛ˥͑ Ͳ̺ɫɻ⏋ౖࠦᅖਸ 25 Ϻ⏋ౖࠦߨਸ 29 Ϻ⏋12 ГΫɹೡࠦɹᅖߨ 9 Ϻ⏋2 ГΫ 12 ೡྃɹࡎɰʢ 36 Ϻ⏋ 2 ೡྃɹϖӻ 12 Ϻɴ᧒Ɍɛ⏏ϖӻɴɻ᧑μɫᅊɌɛ 2 ϺɹߨӻȵʈȼʚʶɩȦʳ⏏Տᅋˁᬚᦏɴʁȴȭɛ ߰ࠨʢ⏋Ȧɭʢຩᥐɴ͐ͦͲ˳ɴؒ֓ɐʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ɭȷɴɻ 29.4 kg ɹ˓͐ȵ 1 ͶଘɫؚዲɇʶɛɄɭʢȡɤɛ⏏Esuma ɹᮃዴȡɛʱɹॶܯؚ ዲᩄɻ 3.1 kg ɫȡɤɛȵ⏋ᮃɌɛዴɹధɻ sapa ɹ 2 ҆ˁɄȭɩȦɛ⏏
ॷ͓݀͌ɹɲȴɫɻ⏋ba ɭ keke ȵȼᮃɇʶɛ⏏ؚዲᩄɻȡʼɓɩ 650 kg ɫ⏋sapa ʦ esuma ɹץՕዐ⏋͐ͦͲ˳ɴȲȿʳᩃᅊ͓͌ԃкɹᐵؚዲᩄɹ 20⎾ɴɲʳ⏏Ba ɹᮃ ܩɹధɻΫе 4 ዛɹɲȴɫʢɤɭʢࢹɲȦȵ⏋1 Ͷଘȡɛʱɹॶܯؚዲᩄɻ 3.2 kg ɫ⏋߂ ɫ 15 kg ɴ᧒ɐʳɄɭʢȡɤɛ⏏Kekeɻ⏋ᮃ܌ధɻ esuma ɴɦȦɫȦʢɹɹ⏋Υɴؚ ዲɫȷʳ˓͐ɻ 1 kg ዐɫȡʳ⏏ʼʱɭᰈᑢɴᮃɇʶʳɛʠ⏋ʓȴɹᩃᅊ͓͌ȵʛɦȴʰ ɲȴɤɛɭȷɹជ֖ᇕɲᰩ႒ɭɌɩᩂឹɫȡʳ⏏ɲȲ⏋kuku ɹᙶ⏃stem⏆ɴɻ˓͐ȵɦȦɩ ɲȦɄɭȵȼ⏋ᰩᅊ༎ɴɛȦɐʳᢨɻࢸɇȦ⏏ 表 1 モロンゴ遊動期および逗留期における野生ヤム採集の結果 ̫ˡؿ ̘͞Ͳؿ ᙶ˓͐ɹ ᅊ༎݀ ؚዲᩄ⏃kg⏆ ᮃዴధ ዴȡɛʱؚዲ⏃kg⏆ ᧉ֪ೝ ᦰᅥೝ ॶܯ ߂
sapa Dioscorea praehensilis Υॷ݀ 45.9 1,218.0 192 6.6 29.4
esuma D. semperfl orens Υॷ݀ 265.4 963.2 392 3.1 16.5
ba D. mangenotiana ॷ݀ 336.6 78.9 147 3.2 15.1
keke D. burkilliana ॷ݀ 163.7 66.9 228 1.0 8.5
kuku D. minutifl ora ॷ݀ 12.8 2.5 17 0.9 3.6
baloko D. smilacifolia ॷ݀ 1.5 1.4 2 0.5 —
njakaka D. sp. ॷ݀ 1.0 3 1.0 —
ngbi Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii — 12.7 7.4 38 0.5 2.8
Total 839.4 2,338.1 1,019
⏆ᮃዴధɴɻ⏋ᮃɌɲȴɤɛዴɻيʚɲȦ⏏ɲȲᧉ֪ೝɻ 2 24 ⑯3 10 ɹ 15 ᬚ⏋ᦰᅥ ೝɻ 3 11 ⑯27 ɹ 17 ᬚɹ̚ͻ̊⏏
図 2 農耕キャンプ，モロンゴ遊動期，逗留期のキャンプに持ちこまれた食材から得られた 1 人 1 日あた りの摂取カロリー
Ёɹ̫ˡɹᅊ༎ɴȲȦɩࡴз⏋ᦅᓚȵɐɐ˃ɫȦʳɄɭɻΫᦚɌɛȵ⏋ᇿɐʏȷɄ ɭɴ͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥೝɴȲȿʳ 1 Ϻ 1 ȡɛʱɹᐵௌˡͦ͠ͻ⏃2,773 kcal/consumption-day⏆ ȵ⏋ᦅᓚ˥͑Ͳ̺ɴȲȿʳɗʶ⏃2,373 kcal/consumption-day⏆ʭʱʢ߂ȷȦ⏏ᰩᅊ༎ɴװʠ ʳᩃᅊ͓͌ɹປრ⏃ˡͦ͠ͻ̾ͻ˽⏆ɴᇿɐʳɭ⏋ᦅᓚ˥͑Ͳ̺ɫɻ⏋ɐʏɩɹᩃᅊ͓͌ ˁغɌɩʢ 10⎾ˁװʠɩȦʳɴɐȹɲȦ⏃ܒ 2⏆⏏Υɫ͐ͦͲ˳ᧉ֪ೝɴɻԃкɹ 32⎾ ˁॷ͓݀͌ȴʰ⏋19⎾ˁΥॷ͓݀͌ȴʰɩȲʱ⏋͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥೝɴɻԃкɹ 61⎾ˁΥॷ ͓݀͌ȴʰ⏋4⎾ˁॷ͓݀͌ȴʰɩȦɛ⏏ȡȷʰȴɴΥॷ͓݀͌ɹࡔܧȵ⏋͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥ ೝɹᢌɲˡͦ͠ͻњᐌˁɇɇȭɩȦʳ⏏߂ᩄɹΥॷ͓݀͌ɹؚዲȵʛɄʠʳɹɻϗ࡚ˁɻɇ ʞ 12 ȴʰ 3 ɹȡȦɞɫȡʳȵ⏋Υᖔɴᰩ႒Иȵ؏ɌȦɭɇʶɩȦʳϗ࡚ɴ⏋ᦅᓚܩٞ ᦇɫɹᅊ༎ʭʱʢᢌȴɲᰩ႒њᐌȵȡʳဣɫ⏋͐ͦͲ˳ɹᅊ༎ɻȷʼʠɩᖂ٢ཉȦɭȦȭʳ⏏7) ɌȴɌ͐ͦͲ˳ɹɛʠɴɻ⏋ࡴзᮃᘺȴʰȴɲʱᮐʶɛܩݖ⏃ᠭീɹݭغȲʭɗ 40 km⏆ɴ ʚɫȲʢʞȼਖឹȵȡʳɄɭɴઝɌɩȲȷɛȦ⏏
4．野生ヤムの分布様式と生育環境
ᠭീɹϺʃɭ⏋ɭȼɴᓑॷɹߨਸɻ⏋ؑɹᮃɹᐁᱻȴʰΥॷ͓݀͌ɹᮃμܩˁၓሾɌ ɩȦʳ⏏ೣዣɫɻ⏋20 m ܋ዐɹɗɹʭȩɲ͓͌ɹᮃμܩˁȋ͓̮͌̒̍ȍɭʭʉ⏏͓ ̮͌̒̍ɻ 1 ha ዐɹ፴ܑɴភధ҅⏋ᦏஞɌɩՕ॒ɌɩȦʳ⏏͓͌ɹᮃμႥɴᬠɐʳȲ ʭɗɹ˓͍ͻ˻ˁɦȴʞɛʠɴ⏋Ȧȼɦȴɹ̮̒̍ɴȲȿʳؚዲ̚ͻ̊ˁȡɁʳɭ⏋sapa ɹ ̮̒̍⏃13 ҅⏆ɫɻ⏋ཉɇॶܯ 110 cm⏃40⑯180 cm⏆ɹᮃዴ 2.6 ҅⏃1⑯4 ҅⏆ȴʰؚዲɇ ʶ⏋esuma ɹ̮̒̍⏃12 ҅⏆ɫɻ⏋ཉɇॶܯ 100 cm⏃30⑯200 cm⏆ɹᮃዴ 5.1 ҅⏃2⑯8 ҅⏆ ȴʰؚዲɇʶɛ⏏Ʉʶʰɹ̮̒̍ 1 ҅ȴʰɹؚዲᩄɻ⏋θɹ˓͐ɭʢ 15 kg ዐɴɲʳ⏏ ᮒ࡚ɹɻɍʠɴຘॷᙶˁɦȿȴȭʳ sapa ʦ esuma ȵᅊᔒܩˁᐣ୫ȡʳȦɻୟ߂ɐʳɛʠɴ ɻ⏋ᙶɹԗᅊಁɴ˓͐ɴᙢȭʰʶɛՕɴʭɤɩ⏋ӵغଁȵخᔨɲɭɄʸʚɫᙶˁɹɽɐɄɭ ȵɫȷʳȴɰȩȴ⏋ɭȦȩɄɭȵᩂឹɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹИɴሁஞᇕɴᬠѥɐʳɹɻ⏋Ȧȩʚɫʢ ɲȼ͓̮͌̒̍ɹӵᄩޅɫȡʳ⏏ ܒ 3 ɴ⏋ံсဤךɭΥॷ͓݀͌ɹᮃμךɴȲȿʳᬖዷ⏃ISF⏆ˁཀྵࡴɌɛᐄഗˁɌʠɌɛ⏏ ᬖዷȵ 0⑯5 ɫȡʶɽകԢȵᬔɍɛගക⏋5⑯10 ɫȡʶɽᓑೠȵ҉ʶɛɭȷɲɰɴᅊɍʳࢸ ɇɲ˧̺͑̒⏋10⑯20 ɫȡʶɽዺᰟɲɰɴʭɤɩភధɹ߂ೠȵɄɗȹ҉ɇʶɛɭȷɲɰɴ 7) Υॷ͓݀͌ɹؚዲȵʛɄʠɲȦᮒ࡚ɴගɹ˥͑Ͳ̺ɴྡྷܧɐʳɭȷɴɻ⏋ॷ͓݀͌ȵ⏋ᜂᜍɭɲʰ˃ɫςɛ ʳˡͦ͠ͻ྇ɴɲʳ⏏ܒ 2 ɴɌʠɌɛ͐ͦͲ˳ᧉ֪ೝɴȲȿʳௌˡͦ͠ͻᩄȴʰࡴɐʳɭ⏋ॷ͓݀͌ ⏃585 kcal/consumption-day⏆ɭᜂᜍ⏃645 kcal/consumption-day⏆ɴ⏋ᮃݭɫᰩʏʰʶʳɫȡʸȩᜂᜍʦ⏋ᮒ࡚ ɴᐄࡸɐʳഗࡸዛࡎ⏋ɇʰɴვᔀɲɰȵȼʼʼʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋жᭉɹˡͦ͠ͻˁʚȴɲȩɄɭɻخᔨɫ ȡʸȩ⏏ɛɞɌᮒ࡚ɴɦȼʰʶʳ˥͑Ͳ̺ɻᮃᘺɴᦏȦɛʠ⏋Ёɫɻᦅс႒ȵȴʰ୫ɠɄʚʶʳɄɭȵ ȼ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹȋᏤᎭɲႵჃᮃᅊ༎ȍɹࡸˁද២ɫȷʳמՕɲᣂషɻʰʶɩȦɲȦ⏏ᅊɍʳ߂ȷɲ˧̺͑̒⏋20 ГΫɫȡʶɽകᑉʦᅣɲɰɹȴɲʱᬖȿɛݭଘɭᓒȭɩʭȦ⏏ ံсဤךɫɻ⏋കԢȵᬔɍɛගകȵ 65⎾⏃13/20⏆⏋ࢸ˧̺͑̒ȵ 30⎾⏃6/20⏆⏋߂˧͑̒ ̺ȵ 5⎾⏃1/20⏆ɫȡɤɛ⏏Sapa ȵᮃμɐʳךᅙɫɻ⏋കԢɹᬔɍɛගകȵ 15⎾⏃2/13⏆⏋ࢸ ˧̺͑̒ȵ 46⎾⏃6/13⏆⏋߂˧̺͑̒ȵ 39⎾⏃5/13⏆ɫ⏋esuma ɹךᅙɫɻ⏋കԢɹᬔɍɛ ගകɻɲȼ⏋ࢸ˧̺͑̒ɭ߂˧̺͑̒ȵɭʢɴ 50⎾⏃6/12⏆ɫȡɤɛ⏏ʚɛॷ͓݀͌ɹ ba ʦ kuku ȵ៎࢘ɇʶɛךᅙɫɻ 89⎾⏃8/9⏆ȵകԢɹᬔɍɛගകɫȡɤɛ⏏Υॷ͓݀͌ɻȲʢ ɴ˧̺͑̒ɴՕ॒ɌɩȲʱ⏋ॷ͓݀͌ɻകԢɹᬔɍɛݭଘɴᮃμɌɩȦʳ⏏ ̫ˡɻ⏋കԢȵᬔɍɩകআሂȵᇍ᧒ɌɩȲʰɑȷʦɐȦݭଘˁ manja⏋കԢȵᬖȦɩȲ ʱᙶʦဌೠȵɌɁɤɩȷɴȼȦݭଘˁ bi ɭʭʉ⏃ᬖዷ 0⑯5 ȵ manja⏋5⑯20 ȵ bi ɴሂ য়ɐʳɭᓒȭɩʭȦɞʸȩ⏆⏏ᝠ 2 ɴ⏋ঃݖɴᒞɌɛᠭീךɴȲȿʳᩃᅊ͓͌ɹՕ॒ࢌ ɭ⏋ᠭീ֖ଝɹ̫ˡȵඨᅊಕ៎ˁ bi ɭՠుɌɛךᅙ⏃10 mÌ10 m⏆ɹւغˁɌʠɌɛ⏏Υॷ ͓݀͌ɹᮃμՕ॒ܩˁดుɐʳʭȩɴᒞɌɛ sapa ךɭ esuma ךɫɻ⏋ᐵךᅙɹ 70⎾ɲȦ Ɍ 80⎾ɭȦȩᲞȦւغȵ⏋bi ɭՠుɇʶɛɄɭˁᓒȭɩʢ⏋ɛɌȴɴΥॷ͓݀͌ɻ⏋bi⏋ɐ ɲʼɠ˧̺͑̒ɴՕ॒ɌɩȦʳᰈȵᲞȦ⏏ ɌȴɌ⏋ᦥȵɲʱɛɦɭɻᭉʰɲȦ⏏ံсဤɴᒞɌɛᠭീך⏃1⑯5⏆ɫɻ⏋ॶܯɌɩ 45⎾ɹךᅙȵ bi ɭ᠗ᡫɇʶɛɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥܩݖɴȲȦɩɇȭʢ⏋sapa ɻ ʚɤɛȼʛɦȴʰɲȴɤɛɌ⏋esuma ɹՕ॒ࢌʢࢸɇȴɤɛ⏃ᝠ 2⏆⏏15 ᬚɹᧉ֪ೝɴȲ ȿʳ esuma ɹؚዲᩄɻ ba ɹɦȹɴȴɤɛȵ⏃ᝠ 1⏆⏋ba ȵຘɹʭȩɴᮃɇʶɛɹɴɛ ȦɌɩ⏋ؚዲɇʶɛ esuma ɹ 75⎾ȵ 4 ᬚɴᮃμɌɩᮃɇʶɛɄɭȴʰ⏋esuma ɻ͐ͦͲ ˳ɹᧉ֪ܩݖɴʚ˃ʏ˃ɲȼՕ॒ɌɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȦɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏8) ̫ˡᕶ᤹ʢ⏋Ʉɹʭ 8) ̫ˡɻ⏋ɗʶəʶɹᩃᅊ͓͌ɹᅊᔒݭଘɴɦȦɩ⏋ȋba⏋keke⏋kuku⏃ॷ͓݀͌⏆ɻ⏋bi ɴʢ manja ɴʢගɹ ɲȴɴʚ˃ʏ˃ɲȼՕ॒ɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ᙶˁʛɦȿɩʢΥɴؚዲɫȷʳɹɻ⏋ɛȦɩȦʁɭɦɑɦɫȡʳȍɭ ȦȦ⏋ȋsapa ɭ esuma⏃Υॷ͓݀͌⏆ɻ⏋bi ɴȡʱ⏋ᙶˁʁɭɦʛɦȿʳɭ⏋ɗɹٞᦇɫɛȼɇ˃ɹ˓͐ˁؚዲ ɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳȵ⏋႕ࡴɹܩݖГɴɻʚɤɛȼɲȦȍɭȦȩ⏏
図 3 各ヤムが観察された場所の開空度（ISF）
ȩɲᩃᅊ͓͌ɹՕ॒̮̊ͻͲˁၓሾɌɩȦʳȴʰɄɗ⏋ࡴзᮃᘺȴʰ 40 km ʢᮐʶɛܩݖɴ ʚɫ͐ͦͲ˳ɴȲʢʞȼɹɫȡʳ⏏9) ГΫȴʰ⏋˧̺͑̒ɹɲȴɫʢ႕ࡴɹܩݖɹɅȼᭉʰʶɛݭଘɴ⏋͓̮͌̒̍ȵ০ଁɇʶ ɩȦʳɭᓒȭɩʭȦɞʸȩ⏏ɄɹʭȩɴᭉࡴᇕɲՕ॒ɹȡʱɻ⏋ᓑೠȵ҉ʶɩᅊɍɛృɌȦ ࢸ˧̺͑̒ɴѢԂɌ⏋Јɹ᭞ਸඨ႒ɭɹጫϝˁ֯ɠɵȦɩ⏋ɦȹɦȹɭ͓̮͌̒̍ˁ০ଁɐ ʳʭȩɲᲞȦՕతᔨˁ⏋Υॷ͓݀͌ȵʢɠȡʼɓɩȦɲȦɄɭˁኍڗɌɩȦʳ⏏
5．考察―歴史生態学（Historical Ecology）の視点から
ɄɄʚɫɹද២ɴʭɤɩ⏋͐ͦͲ˳ೝᬚμɴȲȿʳᢌȴɲᰩᅊ༎ɻΥॷ͓݀͌ȵᒴᅊɐʳ͓ ̮͌̒̍ɹࡔܧɴʭɤɩخᔨɴɲɤɩȦʳɄɭ⏋ɗɌɩΥॷ͓݀͌ɻ౩ʳȦᄩޅˁ߫ʞȵ⏋ Օతᔨɻȼ⏋͓̮͌̒̍ȵ০ଁɇʶɩȦʳݭଘɻᭉࡴɇʶɩȦʳɄɭ⏋ɹ 2 ဣȵȡȷ ʰȴɴɲɤɛ⏏ ˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩីᨆɴȲȿʳᩃᅊ͓͌ɹՕ॒ࢌɴɦȦɩɻ⏋Ʉʶʚɫ Hladik et al.1984 ɭ Sato2001ȵࡴɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ɗɹᐄഗɻೣዣɹံсဤךɴȲȿʳࡴɭؾɫ⏋Υॷ݀ ͓͌ɹՕ॒ࢌɻȷʼʠɩࢸɇȼɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋մ፲ɫʛɛʭȩɴΥॷ͓݀͌ɻ ံсဤɴᒞɌɛ 10 ha ዐɹᠭീךɴʓɭ˃ɰȡʰʼʶɲȦɭɌɩʢ⏋ᠭീךɴঃȵʳග 表 2 遊動地域，逗留地域，一年型ヤムの多い地域における野生ヤムの分布密度 ⏃stem/ha⏆ ံсဤך 1 ံсဤך 2 ံсဤך 3 ံсဤך 4 ံсဤך 5 sapa ך esuma ך ȴʰɹᤂᮐ 13 km 17 km 22 km 28 km 33 km 37 km 32 km bi ɹւغ⏃⎾⏆ 40 62 23 37 62 80 70 sapa 28 esuma 1.0 2.5 21 ba 3.5 1.5 0.5 1.0 6.0 2 7 keke 9.5 5.5 6.0 2.0 3.5 6 8 kuku 51.5 151.0 98.0 112.0 175.5 102 133 baloko 2.0 13.5 12.5 11.0 15.0 12 5 njakaka 7.5 0.5 4.0 1.0 2.0 0 2 ngbi 8.0 18.0 8.0 3.0 13.5 10 2 Total 83.0 190.0 129.0 130.0 218.0 160 178 注）ံсဤך 1⑯4 ɻ͐ͦͲ˳ᧉ֪ܩݖɴሂয়Ɍ⏋ံсဤך 5 ɻ͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥܩݖɴሂয়ɐʳ⏏ɗʶə ʶɹံсဤךɴȲȦɩ 20 mÌ500 m⏃1 ha⏆ɹᠭീךˁ 2 ɦɑɦᒞɌɛ⏏Sapa ךɫɻ 20 mÌ250 m ⏃0.5 ha⏆ɹᠭീךˁ 1 ɦ⏋esuma ךɫɻ 2 ɦᒞɌɛ⏏Bi ɭɻ⏋കԢȵᬖȦɩȲʱ⏋ᙶʦဌೠȵᗛɤ ɩȷɴȼȦݭଘ⏃˧̺͑̒⏆ɫ⏋عᠭീךɴȲȦɩ 10 mÌ10 m ɹ̢̜̒͘Ʌɭɴᠭീ֖ଝɴʭʳ ඨᅊಕ៎ɹ᠗ᡫˁ៨᪼Ɍɛ⏏9) ͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥܩݖɭᧉ֪ܩݖɴȲȦɩႵჃ֟რɴेɻɲȦɹɫ⏋͐ͦͲ˳ˁ᧙ȼɫࡸేɐʳɹɻვᔀɹؚዲᩄ ɲȦɌ֟რˁȡɁʳɛʠɫɻɲȦYasuoka 2006a, 2006b⏏
കɹᭉʰʶɛݭଘɴɗʶʰȵᮃμՕ॒ɌɩȦʳɄɭȵȦɹɫȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩ ីᨆɴȲȿʳᩃᅊ͓͌ɹգᅎخᔨਸɻ⏋Hladik et al.1984ʦ Sato2001ɹࡴʭʱʢȴɲ ʱ߂ȷȦɭʛɩʭȦ⏏ ɍɤɇȦ Sato2006ɻ⏋͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥܩݖȴʰ 50 km ʓɰɴеᒞɐʳ̾̒˪ɭʭ ɽʶʳε᭙ܩɴ⏋1 ha ГΫɹᯆዩɴʼɛɤɩ⏋145 stem/ha ɭȦȩᲞࢌɫ sapa ɹᒴᅊɌɩȦ ʳݭଘȵȡʳɄɭˁݬٚɌɩȦʳ⏏͐ͦͲ˳ɴؒ֓ɌɛϺʃɭɴʭʶɽ⏋͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥܩݖȴ ʰࢹɌɴʢ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ sapa ɹ߂ᒴᅊܩȵȡʳɭȦȩ⏏Ʉʶʰɹ߂ᒴᅊܩɭ⏋ೣዣɫᦚ ʏɛʭȩɲປᥒᇕࢸɇɲ͓̮͌̒̍ˁيʠɛ⏋ঃݖɴȲȿʳ̮֪̒̍ˁៗ౩ɐʳɄɭɻ⏋ Ёɹᠩᰍɫȡʳ⏏ ɄɄɫɭȼɴᇿɌɛȦဣɻ⏋͐ͦͲ˳ɹೝᬚɴ̫ˡɻᦅᓚܩٞᦇɫɹᅊ༎ʭʱʢᢌɲᰩ ႒ˁʳɄɭȵɫȷ⏋Ɍȴʢ⏋ɗɹᢌȴɲᅊ༎ˁ 100 ϺԒɹϺʃɭȵధͶɴʼɛɤɩᐙᐚ ɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏋ɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏10) ၖय़ᮒകɴȲȦɩ⏋Ʉʶʓɰ߂ៀฐȴɦᬏೝᬚɴȲ ʭʉႵჃᮃᅊ༎ɹϟёɻ⏋ЈɴݬٚȵɲȦ⏏ዣYasuoka 2006aɫɻ⏋Ʉɹ͐ͦͲ˳ɹ ϟёˁ⏋ၖय़ᮒകɴȲȿʳȋᏤᎭɲႵჃᮃᅊ༎ȍɹϟёɭɌɩՕഓɌɛȵ⏋Ʉɹȋᢌȴɲ ගȍȵʚɤɛȼɹᕶးႥɹʢɭɫ͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥܩݖɴ০ଁɇʶɛ⏋ɭံИɴࡴɐʳɄ ɭɻ⏋ၖय़ᮒകɴȲȿʳϺᬚᅊ༎ɹȡʱɴɦȦɩɹჿៗˁ⏋ȴȭɤɩߺɁʳȲɗʶȵȡʳ⏏ ɍɤɇȦᦏॷ⏋رᅊɭʭɽʶʳែএɹʢɭɫ⏋Ϻᬚ༎֪ɭɹᬠᦹɴȲȦɩᄩޅ᧦ˁᠧ ʞ᠅ʛȵɲɇʶɻɍʠɩȦʳ⏏ʞʸ˃⏋͓̮͌̒̍ɹ০ଁʦᐣ୫ɴɛȦɌɩɻ⏋ඨᅊʦຩ Ҍ⏋ܩ০⏋ܤޚɲɰ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲឹ܍ȵ৯ᯱˁؖʖɌɩȷɛɴɠȵȦɲȦȵ⏋Ʉʶʰᕶးᄩޅ ឹ܍ɭ͓̮͌̒̍০ଁɭɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩɹՕഓɻաዣɴʪɑʱ⏋ɄɄɫɻϺᬚ༎֪ɹ৯ᯱɴ ᇿɌɩ⏋͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥܩݖɴ͓̮͌̒̍ȵᢌɴՕ॒ɌɩȦʳឹ܍ɴɦȦɩද២Ɍɩʛɛ Ȧ⏏ ፀΥ๖γᅠ߂Гմɹ̝˓̓ඨܩᐏೝɴсଁɇʶɛܩܒMoisel 1910ɴɻ⏋ᇿɐ ʏȷɄɭɴ⏋͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥܩݖɴEsielɭʭɽʶʳϺʃɭɹᮃᘺȵȦȼɦȴ៨ᥔɇʶɩȦʳ⏃ܒ 4⏆⏏ɹ˻͑ͻा༑ݖɴ࣎зɐʳ̫Ͳ̜˕Ꮩᦅᓚɹ̫˪˛ͤɹΥᨆɻ˛́͡⏃Essel⏆ɭ ᕶዌɐʳJoiris 1998ȵ⏋Ʉʶɻܩܒɴ៨ɇʶɛ Esiel ɭᓒȭɩʭȦɞʸȩ⏏Υ⏋ჼܧɹ ࡴзᮃᘺٞᦇɴɻ̀ͻ̜̓̒͞ɭȦȩؿɹᮃᘺɻʛʰʶɲȦʢɹɹ⏋ჼܧɹࡴзᮃᘺɹٞᦇܩ ݖɴ˱̠̾Ͳ̾ɹភధɹᮃᘺȵ៨ᥔɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȴʰ⏋ჼܧɹࡴзᮃᘺȡɛʱɴয়ಁɐɫ ɴᮃᘺȵࡔܧɌɩȦɛɄɭɻɛɌȴɫȡʳ⏏11) ʚɛ⏋̀ͻ̜̓̒͞ˏͲ˹ˏͲɹჼܧɹᬏ 10) ᮒ࡚ȵɻɍʚɤɩ͐ͦͲ˳ȴʰɴȴȭʳɭȷ⏋ȡʳᅖȵȋɴȴȭʳɭᰩʏ႒ȵɲȦɹɫ⏋Ȧʚɹȩɠɴᰩ ʏɩȲȿȍɭ⏋᫂ȦɤɿȦɹ sapa ˁʢɤɩȷɛɹȵᢒᇕɫȡɤɛ⏏ 11) Joiris1998ɴʭʶɽ⏋ͦ͊˛ܩݖ⏃ܒ 1 ˁؒ၇⏆ɭᠭീܩݖˁɦɲȽ᧑ᤉɹলɹɛʠɴ⏋̝˓̓ɹᐏಁ БɴȼɹϺʃɭȵը֝ӈɴȴʱɞɇʶɛɭȦȩШମȵɹɄɤɩȦʳɭȦȩ⏏
⏃˱̠̾Ͳ̾⏆ɴʭʶɽ⏋ȴʶʰɹኘӴɻʢɭʢɭჼܧɹɹɴз˃ɫȦɛȵ⏋ˡ͍͡ͻ Ͳആᨆिȵ̝˓̓ɭ̶͞Ͳ˽ɹݭɭɲɤɛፀΥ๖γᅠ߂ɹ⏋ჼܧɹᮃᘺȵȡʳȡɛʱɴ ውɤɩȷɛɭȦȩ⏏ГΫȴʰ⏋ፀΥ๖γᅠ߂մʚɫ⏋͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥܩݖɴɻ˱̠̾Ͳ̾ɭᦏ ᑉȴ⏋ɗɹΥᨆˁ෯ଁɐʳ˛́͡ɭʭɽʶʳϺʃɭȵз˃ɫȲʱ⏋̶͞Ͳ˽ɴᐏณȵ ውɤɛɭȷ⏋ᮃзకፑɹʢɭɫ⏋ΥᨆɻΫɌɩ̀ͻ̜̓̒͞ʦɗɹٞᦇɴᮃзɐʳʭȩɴ ɲʱ⏋ЈɹΥᨆɻ˻͑ͻा༑ݖɴάɌɩ̫˪˛ͤɭغ༑Ɍɛ⏋ɭȦȩɄɭʢמՕɴᓒȭʰʶ ʳ⏃ɍɤɇȦ⏋ჼܩɹϺʃɭɹȡȦɞɫɻ⏋˱̠̾Ͳ̾ɭ̫˪˛ͤɻᦏᑉɫȡʳɭ᠗ᡫɇʶɩ Ȧʳ⏆⏏ ܒ 4 ˁʛʳɭ⏋͐ͦͲ˳ɫգᅎɌɛ͓̮͌̒̍ɻ⏋ȦȼɦȴɹإȦᮃᘺᤄɴܑʚʶʳʭ ȩɴՕ॒ɌɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏য়ಁɻЁɹʭȩɴᮃɌɩȦɲȴɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳɹ ɫ⏋ࢸɇɲᮃᘺȵՕతɌ⏋ʚɛɗʶʰɹው֪ਸʢᲞȴɤɛɻɑɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɫʢ⏋͓̮͌̒ ̍ȵՕ॒ɌɩȦʳܩݖɹඨᅊɻ⏋ᦅᓚˁɻɍʠɭɐʳϺᬚ༎֪ɹ৯ᯱˁࢹɲȴʰɑ؝ȿɩȦɛ ɴɠȵȦɲȦ⏏ ͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥܩݖɴȡʳ⏋ፀΥ๖γᅠ߂ɴఔඉɇʶɛɭȦȩᮃᘺᤄɹʁɭɦˁȲɭɑʶ ɛɭɄʸ⏋Ȧʚɞɴᇍ᧒Ɍɛගകɻ০ଁɇʶɩȲʰɑ⏋കԢȵᬖȦɛ౩ʳȦᄩޅɫȡɤɛ⏏Ɍ ȴɌ⏋ɗɄɫɻ sapa ʦ esuma ɻ៎࢘ɇʶɲȴɤɛ⏏մ፲ɫɻ⏋Υॷ͓݀͌ȵ˧̺͑̒ˁ߫ʞ 図 4 モロンゴのキャンプ，ヤム・パッチ，および第一次世界大戦前の集落跡
ɭᦚʏɛȵ⏋കԢɹᬖȿɛዷᬚȵ߂ȷȿʶɽ߂ȷȦʓɰΥॷ͓݀͌ɴɭɤɩ߫᧟ɴɲʳȴɭ Ȧȩɭ⏋ɗȩȦȩʼȿɫʢɲȦɹɫȡʳ⏏ᅣʦᮃᘺᤄɹʭȩɴ⏋കԢȵȴɲʱ߂ȷȼᬖȦɛݭ ଘɴɻဌೠʦᙶඨ႒ȵᅊȦᗛɤɩȦʳɄɭȵȦȵ⏋ɗʶʰȵᇵɴᑢᗛɌ⏋ࢌᅊɌɩȦʳɭ Ʉʸɴɻ⏋Υॷ͓݀͌ɻࢹɲȦ⏏͓̮͌̒̍ɹ০ଁʭʱӴɴᙶඨ႒ȵᑢᗛɌɩܩᝠᦏȼɹӵ ᄩޅȵੲȼɲʳɭ⏋ዛࡎɴʭɤɩᑢຂɐʳΥॷ͓݀͌ȵȴʰѢԂɐʳɄɭɻܐᮑɴɲʳɭᓒ ȭʰʶʳ⏏12) ͓̮͌̒̍ɻ⏋ܩᝠʚɫӵȵɭɰȼʭȩɲ⏋കআɹඨ႒ሂȵʚɽʰɲ˧̺͑̒ ɴ০ଁɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȵȦ⏏ගകɴȡʚɷȼࡔܧɐʳ˧̺͑̒ɹȩɠ⏋Υॷ͓݀͌ɹՕతᔨ ʦ⏋˧̺͑̒০ଁɹඨᅊ᧦ውɹ⏋ɭȦɤɛըᭉɹʢɭɫ⏋Ʌȼᭉʰʶɛܩݖɴ͓͌ ̮̒̍ȵ০ଁɇʶʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ˡ͍͡ͻͲആᨆिɴзʞᦅᓚɹᰩᅊ༎ɴɦȦɩɹݬٚˁʛɩʢ⏋ȴʶʰɻ̫̠̠ʦ˥͑̒ ˵̫ˁςᰩɭɌɩգᅎɌɩȲʱKomatsu 1998; ܋ 2004⏋ɫᩃᅊ͓͌ˁᰩʏʳɹɻ̫ ˡɴʢʰɤɛݭغɲɰɴᭉʰʶʳ܋ ኽѵ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᦅᓚɹᅣɴ߂ᩄɹᩃᅊ͓͌ȵᅊᔒɌ ɩȦʳɭɹ៨ᥔʢɲȦࢸഌݺ 2000; ܋ 2004⏏˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩីᨆɴ̫̠̠ȵШഀɌɩ 2,000 ॷГΫ⏋˥͑̒˵̫ȵШഀɌɩధᇑॷȵᐁɌɩȦʳɄɭˁᓒȭɩʢ⏋13) ɛȴɞȴ 100 ॷմɴᦅᓚȵᩃᅊ͓͌ɴȼћࡔɌɛᅊ༎ˁۊ˃ɫȦɛɭɻᓒȭɴȼȦ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋Ʉʶ ʰɹ͓̮͌̒̍ȵᦅᓚɴʭʳሁஞᇕ⏋ઝܒᇕɲ৯ᯱɹʢɭɫ⏋ɐɲʼɠᦅᓚɹଝɴʭɤ ɩ͓͌ȵᅣɴඨȭʰʶɛɲɅʱɭɌɩ০ଁɇʶɛɭᓒȭʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦ⏏ Υ̫ˡɫȡʳȵ⏋ȴʶʰɻ⏋ᦅᓚȵ᧑ᤉȦɴᮃзɌɻɍʠɛ⏋ȴɲʱᧆʶɩࡴз Ɍɻɍʠɛʭȩɫȡʳ⏏ᠭീɹॷᨗɹ̫ˡɴʭʶɽ⏋ȴʶʰɹኘၼທɻගɹɲȴɫᅊ༎Ɍɩ ȦɛɭȦȩ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ࡴзȵɻɍʚɤɛ 1950 ॷ⑯1960 ॷɅʸ14) ɴɻ⏋ɐɫɴЁ܌ɹ͐ͦ Ͳ˳ᦰᅥܩݖɫႵჃᮃᅊ༎ˁۊ˃ɫȦɛɭȦȩYasuoka 2006a⏏15) ɗʶГմɹȴʶʰɹᅊ ༎ɻ⏋Ёɭȼʰʏɩᧉ֪ਸȵȼ⏋ʭʱঃȦܩݖˁգᅎɌɩȦɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳȵ⏋য়း⏋͐ ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥܩݖɴ࣎зɌɩȦɛᦅᓚɭʢϯ༑ɌɛɫȡʸȩɌ⏋ɗɹܩݖɹගകᣂ྇ɴɦȦɩ ʢȼʼɌȼሾɤɩȦɛɴɠȵȦɲȦ⏏͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥܩݖɴ͓̮͌̒̍ȵȦɭȦȩɄɭɻ⏋ 12) ͓͌ɻዛࡎɴʭɤɩᑢຂɐʳȵ⏋Hamon et al.1995ɴʭʶɽ⏋esuma ɲɰɻᘺഗɌɛჳᗂ⏃ʞȴɅ⏆ɴʭɤ ɩʢՕతɐʳɭɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ 13) ˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ʍɹ̫̠̠ɹШഀɴɦȦɩɻᩂᅒ2002⏋˥͑˵̫ɹШഀɴɦȦɩɻཙ2003ȵؒᓒɴɲ ʳ⏏ 14) ̫ˡɻ̶͞Ͳ˽ᐏ՟ೝɴɻకลᬠˁෑɴੇʶɛɛʠ⏋য়՟ɻ᧑ᤉȦɴውзɌɛᦅᓚɹᮃᘺˁʶʳ ɄɭɇȭɌɲȴɤɛȵ⏋1950 ॷБȴʰࡸేɇʶɛɇʚɊʚɲࡴзɹ᠅ʛɴʭʱ⏋ɌɞȦɴ̫ˡɹࡴзȵೣൔ ɌɻɍʠɛɭȦȩJoiris 1998⏏ 15) Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ࡴзɌɛȡɭɴᮃᘺɴᦏȦܩݖɫᮃܦȵᲞȼɲɤɩ⏋Υॷ͓݀͌ȵഞཔɌɛɄɭȵ܍ɫ⏋ ɗʶʭʱʢ᧙Ȧܩݖɫ͐ͦͲ˳ȵȲɄɲʼʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɹɫɻɲȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᠭീɹϺʃɭȵ͐ͦͲ˳ɴ Տȴȿʳܩݖɻភధࡔܧɐʳȵ⏋ೣዣɫɭʱȡɁɛ͐ͦͲ˳ʦ 2002 ॷɴࡸేɌɛ͐ͦͲ˳ɫգᅎɌɛ⏋ࡴз ᮃᘺɹആك 35⑯50 km ɴеᒞɐʳܩݖȵʢɤɭʢᰈᑢɴգᅎɇʶʳYasuoka 2006a⏏
40 kmᮐʶɛჼܧɹࡴзᮃᘺȴʰՏᇍɌɛஜᏮᓔȵᇍឿɌɛʢɹɫɻɲȦɹɫȡʳ⏏ࡴзГ մ⏋ᦅᓚˁȲɄɲɤɩȦɲȴɤɛ̫ˡɴɭɤɩ⏋Υॷ͓݀͌ɻЁɴȲȦɩʭʱʢɇʰɴᩂឹ ɲᰩ႒ᣂ྇ɫȡɤɛɄɭɻʚɠȵȦɲȦ⏏Ȳɗʰȼ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹȡȦɞࢸɇɲᮃɫঃȼՕతɌɩ ᅊ༎ɌɩȦɛϺʃɭȵ⏋ϗ࡚ɴɲʳɭ͓̮͌̒̍ȵᮃμɌɩȦʳܩݖɴȡɦʚɤɩȷɛɭᓒ ȭʰʶʳ⏏ ɗɹɭȷ⏋˥͑Ͳ̺ˁɦȼɤɛʱ⏋ᮃɹɛʠɴܑٞɹᚼˁՖʱʁʰȦɛʱɐʳဤȵ⏋͓ ̮͌̒̍ɹᐣ୫ɴᢨɌɛɭȦȩɄɭʢמՕᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɄɄɫɻɭȼɴ⏋ɄȩɌɛᯃઝܒ ᇕɲᬠήɴȼʼȭɩ⏋̫ˡᕶ᤹ɹઝܒᇕɲဤɴʭɤɩ⏋͓̮͌̒̍ɹ০ଁȵѦᦽɇʶɛخ ᔨਸˁ୭ɌɩȲȷɛȦ⏏Dounias2001ɻ⏋͓͌ˁᮃɌɛȡɭ˓͐ɹᰄᨆˁݏʠɲȲɐ Ʉɭɴʭɤɩ⏋̫ˡȵ˓͐ɹԗᅊᅋˁជ֖ɌɩȦʳ⏃ɛɞɌ⏋ውඨɐʳɄɭɻɲȦ⏆ɭᦚʏɩ Ȧʳȵ⏋ፆᓔȵؒ֓Ɍɛ͐ͦͲ˳ɫɻ⏋sapa ɹᰄᨆɹውඨˁ᠅ʛʳɛʠɴភధɹߨਸȵɗʶ ˁɴ୫ɠȴȭɤɛɄɭȵ៎࢘ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏16) ՕతᔨɴȲȦɩ႕ຍɴɐȽʶɩȦʳʼȿɫʢ ɲȼ⏋ӵᄩޅɹᖪ߫ɲ˧̺͑̒ɫɌȴᅊᔒɌɲȦΥॷ͓݀͌ȵ⏋ɄɹʭȩɲȋץൕݛȍᇕɲϺ ᬚɹᬠήɹʢɭɫ⏋ගകܩݖɹߡཉȼɴʚɫѢԂɌɛɭȦȩخᔨਸɻ⏋ද២Ɍɩʛʳѝғȵȡ ʳɞʸȩ⏏ȡʳዐɹᮃܦȵ⏋ԗᅊជ֖ʦ⏋Υॷ͓݀͌ɹᅊᔒɴ߫᧟ɲݭଘʍɹውඨˁѦ Ɍ⏋͓̮͌̒̍ɹ০ଁɴᔐࡴᇕɲ৯ᯱˁؖʖɌɛɭᓒȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏
6．結 論
ɻɍʠɴᦚʏɛʭȩɴ⏋ᩃᅊ͓͌ɹգᅎخᔨਸɻၖय़ᮒകɴȲȿʳᏤᎭɲႵჃᮃᅊ༎ɹخ ᔨਸɴᬠɐʳᡴᠶɴȲȦɩ߂ɹᠶဣɭɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ɲȴɫʢΥॷ͓݀͌ɹᮃμՕ॒ܩȵ⏋ɰ ʶʓɰɹΥᖔਸˁʢɤɩࡔܧɐʳɹȴɭȦȩɄɭȵکᰍɫȡʳYasuoka 2006a⏏ೣዣɫʛ ɩȷɛʭȩɴΥॷ͓݀͌ɻ⏋100 ϺԒȵؒ֓Ɍ⏋ధͶɴʢȲʭʉʭȩɲႵჃᮃᅊ༎ˁఌ ୫ɐʳʓɰɹᢌȴɲᰩ႒ᣂ྇ˁњᐌɐʳȵ⏋ɗɹՕ॒ɻȷʼʠɩ႕ਐᇕɫȡʳ⏏Ʌȼᭉʰʶɛ ݭଘɴΥॷ͓݀͌ȵᒴᅊɌ⏋͓̮͌̒̍ȵ০ଁɇʶʳ⏏ɗɹ͓̮͌̒̍ȵᮃμɐʳȋᢌȴ ɲගȍɻ⏋ЁɫɻගɹߡཉȼɴеᒞɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ɗɹܩݖɹٞᦇɴɻ⏋ȴɦɩɻᮃᘺȵȡɤ ɛɄɭȴʰ⏋ɲ˃ʰȴɹϺᬚ༎֪ȵ͓̮͌̒̍ɹ০ଁʦᐣ୫ɴɛȦɌɩ৯ᯱˁؖʖɌɩȷɛ خᔨਸȵ߂ȷȦ⏏ Ʉʶʰɹჿៗˁʈʚȭɩ⏋1⏆ɇʚɊʚɲඨᅊ̊˓̺ɴȲȿʳඨᅊ᧦ውɭɹᬠᦹɹʢɭɫ͓ ̮͌̒̍০ଁɹ͍ˡ̢̀͌ˁჿៗɌ⏋ঃݖ⏃ɛɭȭɽ͐ͦͲ˳ᦰᅥܩݖԃк⏆ɴȲȿʳɗȩ Ɍɛ̮̒̍ɹ֪ˁៗ౩ɐʳɄɭ⏋ɗɌɩ⏋2⏆ঃݖ⏃ɛɭȭɽ˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩីᨆ⏆ɴȲȿʳ إȦᘺᤄɭ͓̮͌̒̍ɭɹеᒞᬠѥˁவɌɲȵʰ⏋͓̮͌̒̍ɹ০ଁ⏋ᐣ୫ɴɛȦɐ 16) ɛɞɌ⏋ࡴзᮃᘺᦏȼɫɻᮃܦȵᲞȼɲʱɐȹʳɛʠȴ⏋͓̮͌̒̍ɻʓɭ˃ɰʛʰʶɲȦ⏏ʳ̫ˡɭᦅᓚɗʶəʶɹ༎֪ɹ৯ᯱˁៗ౩ɐʳɄɭ⏋ɹ 2 ဣȵয়ᯆɹᠩᰍɫȡʳ⏏ ʢɠʸ˃⏋ȡʰʪʳ͓̮͌̒̍ɹ০ଁɴȲȦɩ⏋Ϻဤɹ৯ᯱȵȼсᅎɌɛʼȿɫɻɲȦ ɫȡʸȩȵ⏋ೣዣɹςɹឹဣɻ⏋ɛɭȭɗʶȵȋႵჃᮃȍɴʭʳȋץൕݛȍᇕɲᬠήɫ ȡɤɩʢ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡၖय़ᮒകɴȲȿʳϺᬚᅊ༎ɹᅊݜᇻɹօՏɭȦȩ៎ဣɴȲȦɩ⏋Ϻᬚᕶ ᤹ɹ༎֪ɹ৯ᯱˁံែɐʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ɭȷɴᦅᓚᅊ༎ˁɌɹȽʓɰɹ ᰩ႒ˁњᐌɐʳȋᢌȴɲගȍȵ⏋̫ˡɹȋץൕݛȍᇕɲဤɴʭɤɩ০ଁ⏋ᐣ୫ɇʶɩȷɛɭ ɐʶɽ⏋ɗʶɻ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡၖय़ᮒകɴȲȦɩȋᏤᎭɲႵჃᮃᅊ༎ȍȵخᔨȴɰȩȴ⏋ɭȦȩ ዣYasuoka 2006aɹکᰍࡴɹ౸ᯃˁृزɐʳکᰍɭȦʼɷɽɲʰɲȦ⏏͐ͦͲ˳ɹϟ ёɻ⏋ʞɌʸ⏋ႵჃᮃȴᦅᓚȴ⏋ɭȦȩʼʶʼʶɹઝᇕɲךՕˁံ֟ɴɐʳʢɹɭɌɩ⏋ ၖय़ᮒകɴȲȿʳϺᬚᅊ༎ɹȡʱˁჿៗɐʳȩȭɫኍڗᇕɲёɭɲʸȩ⏏ 謝 辞 ೣድɻ 21 γᏛ COE ̺ͦ˫͌͞ȋγᅠˁӴࢷɐʳᐵغᇕܩݖድဣɹ০ଁȍ⏋ዀድᢹជ֖ᩆ ݜᇻድ⏃A⏆⏃2⏆ȋᅊ༎ᄩޅɭɌɩɹˏ̶͠ˡၖय़ᮒകɴᬠɐʳϺᰖᇕድȍ⏃ᠩᰍᅱش 12371004⏋Б ᝠᓔ⏧॑ाӵᮁ⏆⏋ȲʭʃᢧϺ߂ؾᅊ٨ܕ᭬యݜᩆȋॶଁ 13 ॷድ֖ଁȍɴʭʳᣂᩆஹ֖ɹʢɭ ɫࡸేɇʶɛ⏏͓˗Ͳ̚ɹإయೆ᱅ɫᇍឿɌɛإܩܒˁரњɌɩȦɛɞȦɛ॑ाӵᮁӴᅊɭ⏋͐ͦͲ˳ɴ ؾɌɛ܋፻ɇ˃ɹɅת⏋ɗɌɩ̀ͻ̜̓̒͞ˏͲ˹ˏͲɹϺʃɭɹ৺ɲɌɴೣድɻɲɌȭ ɲȴɤɛɄɭˁ⏋ᡚઝɭɭʢɴ៨ɌɩȲȷɛȦ⏏ 引 用 文 献
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