RNAの分解系 正常な遺伝子 開始コドン 終止コドン ▼ ▼ 遺伝子 mRNA エキソン イントロン タンパク質 タンパク質に変換される 情報 正常なタンパク質 (DNA) (RNA) 機能の発揮 正常なはたらき ナンセンス変異を有する異常なmRNAを見つけて排除する品質監視の仕組み mRNAサーベイランス、NMD (Nosense-mediated mRNA decay)
変異した異常な遺伝子 ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ タンパク質に変換される情報 が縮小する 異常な小さなタンパク質 (終止コドンが異常な位置に出現) (多くの場合、検出されな い) もしも合成されると病気の原因となる mRNA上の異常な終止 コドンの有無を監視 異常な位置に生じた終止コドン 分解 (活性が保持されている場合もある)
遺伝子変異の二つの様式 機能喪失型 機能獲得型 Loss of function Gain of function Dominant active Dominant negative Recessive 劣性 優性 Dominant negative: 多量体、複合体として機能するタンパク質の異常は、 時として、正常なタンパク質の働きを押さえる 一つの対立遺伝子の変異が正常な対立遺伝子の働きを 押さえる 酵母:
(Losson and Lacroute, PNAS,1979)
Nonsense mutations of the yeast URA 3 gene reduce the messenger level without lowering its instantaneous rate of synthesis.
ヒト:
(Chang and Kan, 1979)
Homozygous beta 0 thalassemia with nonsense mutation. ナンセンスmRNAは寿命が短い Mutated allele PTC ▼ ▼ ▼ stop start
Wild type allele
PTC-mRNA
遺伝子変異
(nonsense, frame-shift, splicing site)
転写エラー、
mRNA プロセシングのエラー PTC (premature termination codon)
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ nonsense codon ナンセンスコドンを有するmRNAの選択的分解排除機構
NMD (Nosense-mediated mRNA decay)
mRNA surveillance
(mRNA の品質監視機構)NMD (Nosense-mediated mRNA decay)
mRNA surveillance
(mRNA の品質監視機構)(ナンセンス変異を有する異常なmRNAを識別し排除する普遍的な機構) 遺伝子変異、転写ミス、スプライシングミスに対する細胞の防御機構 遺伝子変異に起因する疾患(遺伝性疾患とがん)の症状に大きな影響 を与えていることが予想される 生理的に生ずる異常mRNA の排除機構と考えられる (T細胞、B細胞でのTCRやIg遺伝子組み換えに伴う異常mRNAの排除、免 疫系における役割) ナンセンスコドンを有するmRNAの選択的分解排除機構 酵母からヒトまで保存
(with nonsense mutation at the β-globin gene )
Wild Type
2 wild type alleles
no
symptom
intron exonNMD protects Family A from severe anemia
, β-thalassemiano
symptom
hetero Wild type allele Mutated allele Family A
▼
Nonsense mutation no PTC mRNA no truncated protein NMD is working
anemia
hetero Family B ▼ Nonsense mutationWild type allele Mutated allele
PTC mRNA truncated protein
NMD does not work
多量体、複合体として機能するタンパク質の異常は、 時として、正常なタンパク質の働きを押さえる 一つの対立遺伝子の変異が正常な対立遺伝子の働きを押さえる :優性に作用 正常な機能 機能抑制 正常対立遺伝子 変異対立遺伝子 正常対立遺伝子 正常対立遺伝子
優性抑制型変異、dominant negative mutation
exon2 exon3 exon1 exon3 Ter ATG ナンセンス変異が 存在すると不安定
>50 nt
β-サラセミアではNMDによりmRNAが
分解されないと重篤な疾患症状を示す
ナンセンス変異が存 在しても安定 短い タンパク質が発現するヘテロ体で貧血の
疾患症状が現れる
ヘテロ体は無症状
タンパク質が発現しないPIKKs and the cellular surveillance mechanisms
ATM DNA-PKcs ATR 1000aa Rad3 Rad3 PIKK PIKK PIKK genome surveillance hSMG-1 CeSMG1 Similarity (%) CR6 CR5 CR4 CR3 CR2 CR1 PIKK PIKK FRBH FRBH 64 44 51 32 49 64 mRNA surveillance mTOR FRBPIKK translational surveillance
mRNA surveillance
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, NMD
mRNAのどのような特徴が監視されているのか? (mRNA の品質監視機構) NMDの操作はどのような応用を可能とするか? 細胞はどのような機構でナンセンスmRNAを認識するのか? その生物学的な意義は? その医学的な意義は?
1. Molecular Mechianism
2. Manipulation of NMD
4. Physiological Meaning
3. Pathological Meaning
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Translation and Splicing
(Maquat JCS, 2005)
The exon junction complex
Splicing
Transcription
(Maquat JCS, 2005)
Pioneer round of translation
NMD
Steady-state translation No NMD Surveillance complexTranslation
通常のmRNA分解経路 Non-stop decay UPF1 UPF2 UPF3EJC:exon-exon junction complex Surveillance complex
Nonsense mRNA
ribosome
Surveillance complex
recognize nonsense mRNA
in a manner dependent on translation and splicing
Splicing
Translation
mark protein
TPR SMG-7 SMG-7 TPR, PIN SMG - 6 SMG - 6 TPR SMG-5 SMG-5 NES, NIS hUpf3 SMG-4 Upf3p eIF4G homology hUpf2 SMG-3 Upf2p DNA/RNA helicase Upf1 SMG-2 Upf1p PIKK SMG-1 SMG-1 structure Human C. elegans S. cerevisiae SMG-2 SMG-2 SMG-1 SMG-3 SMG-4 SMG-5 SMG-6 SMG-7 P P Philip Anderson
Evolutionary conserved proteins required for NMD
TPR hSMG-7 SMG-7 PIN hSMG-6 SMG-6 TPR hSMG-5 SMG-5 NES, NIS hUPF3 SMG-4 Upf3p eIF4G homology hUPF2 SMG-3 Upf2p DNA/RNA helicase
hUPF1
SMG-2 Upf1p PIKKhSMG-1
SMG-1 structure Human C. elegans S. cerevisiaeSMG-1 phosphorylates UPF1
P P 1 1118 ATPase Helicase SQ richhUPF1
1116 1073 1078 1096 -S-Q-P -S-Q-P -S-Q-P -S-Q-P P P P P(Maquat JCS, 2005)
Pioneer round of translation
NMD
Steady-state translation No NMD Surveillance complexTranslation
Rate limiting Phosphhorylation of Upf11. Molecular Mechianism
2. Manipulation of NMD
4. Physiological Meaning
How prematue termination codon is recognized as “nonsense” ? During pioneer round of translation, ribosome finds PTC to form SURF.
If SURF is followed by EJC, SMG-1 phosphorylates Upf1.
Remodeling and dephosphorylation of the Upf1 complex. Degradation of RNA
3. Pathological Meaning
1. Molecular Mechianism
2. Manipulation of NMD
4. Physiological Meaning
3. Pathological Meaning
Strategy for the specific inhibition of NMD
1. Inhibitors of hSMG-1(Wortmannin, caffeine) 2. Dominant negative SMG/UPF mutants
Previous method
Protein synthesis inhibitors
3. siRNA-mediated depletion of SMG/UPF proteins
Specific inhibition of NMD permits us to clarify the physiological and pathological role of NMD
and provides novel applications to biology and medicine
Inhibition of NMD permits:
Enhancement of the stability of nonsense mRNA
Disease gene finding
Detection of nonsense mRNA
Nat Genet. 2004 Sep;36(9):937-8.
Nonsense-mediated decay microarray analysis identifies mutations of EPHB2 in human prostate cancer.
Huusko P, et al.
Nat Biotechnol. 2001 May;19(5):434-9.
A strategy for disease gene identification through nonsense-mediated mRNA decay inhibition.
Noensie EN, Dietz HC.
Oncogene. 2004 Jan 22;23(3):639-45.
Manipulation of nonsense mediated decay identifies gene mutations in colon cancer Cells with microsatellite instability.
Ionov Y, Nowak N, Perucho M, Markowitz S, Cowell JK.
Emetine
Emetine and actinomycin D
hSMG-1 inhibitor
can suppress the degradation of nonsense mRNA Calu6 196PTC N417 298PTC ATG TER 500 bp
p53 gene
N417 298PTC A549 WT Cont. Wort. CHX Cont. Wort. CHX p53 allele Cell lines p53 mRNA GAPDH mRNAp53 tumor suppressor protein
Inhibition of NMD permits:
Enhancement of the stability of nonsense mRNA Disease gene finding
Enhancement of the expression of truncated protein Detection of nonsense mRNA
Detection of mutated protein
Estimation of the molecular weight of the truncated protein
Estimation of the position of mutation
p53 wt p53 1-297 50 36 30 (kDa) N417 298PTC A549 WT CBB actin p53 1-195 Calu6 196PTC Cont. Wort. CHX Cont. Wort. CHX Cont. Wort. CHX p53 allele Cell lines p53 protein hSMG-1 inhibitor
can enhance the expression of the truncated protein encoded by the nonsense mRNA
p53 tumor suppressor protein
Hela Cells
1. Molecular Mechianism
2. Manipulation of NMD
4. Physiological Meaning
3. Pathological Meaning
Inhibition of NMD causes:Change recessive phenotype to dominant one Exploration of the hidden mutation
NMD is primarily a cellular defence mechanism
WT allele Mutant allele
Family A(No symptom)
NMD protects cells from the truncated globin chain in most of the b-thalathemia families
Nonsense codon
▼
mutation
No abnormal globin protein No abnormal globin mRNA
Family B(β-thalathemia)
Nonsense codon
▼
mutation
Abnormal globin chain NMD does not work depending on the position of nonsense-codon ・globin gene
NMD
Escape NMD
Some families show severe phenotype caused by the dominant negative effect of the truncated globin chain
Dominant negative WT allele
Mutant allele
Recessive
Dominant
NMD mitigates (weakens) dominant phenotype in C. elegans Wild type Nonsense mutation in Myosin HC, muscle: Recessive smg(-)mutant Sometimes Dominant
depending on the position of the mutation
UNC-54 (Myosin HC, muscle)
Not specific for UNC-50
NMD
Mice showing defects in NMD might be used for
Can be used for saturation mutagenesis
changing the recessive phynotype to dominant one
Might provide a novel strategy for the generation of disease model
Inhibition of NMD changes
recessive phenotype to dominant one
Exploration of the hidden mutation
NMD is primarily a cellular protective mechanism
against a dominant negative truncated protein
However, NMD can increase the severity of genetic
diseases when the truncated protein retain partial
activity.
Inhibition of NMD might
partially rescue the mutant phenotype
Ullrich Disease
(Ullrich muscular dystrophy )
Collagen type VI α 2 chain gene Frame-shift ---> PTC
Triple helix domain
453-515
255-361 1019
R498
Collagen TypeVI α2 chain
α 1 chain α 2 chain α 3 chain collagen typeVI triple helix Secretion and Incorporation into ECM Integrinβ1α5
Cell-ECM attachment α 2 mRNA
#21q22.3 collagen, type VI, α2 gene
NMD strengthens the phenotype of Ullrich disease
fibroblasts
α 1 chain α 2 chain α 3 chain collagen typeVI triple helix Secretion and Incorporation into ECM Integrinβ1α5
Cell-ECM attachment α 2 mRNA
#21q22.3 collagen, type VI, α2 gene
(Usuki F et al., Ann Neurol, 55(5), 740-744, 2004)
Wild type fibroblasts
α1and α3 chains are not expressed at all
Ullrich Disease fibroblasts
collagen typeVI triple helix Secretion and Incorporation into ECM Integrinβ1α5
Cell-ECM attachment #21q22.3 collagen, type VI, α2 gene
Frame-shift α 2 mRNA α1 chain α3 chain PTC NMD
collagen typeVI triple helix Secretion and Incorporation into ECM Integrinβ1α5
Cell-ECM attachment
#21q22.3 collagen, type VI, α2 gene
α 1 chain α 2 chain α 3 chain α 2 mRNA PTC Frame-shift NMD
(Usuki F et al., Ann Neurol, 55(5), 740-744, 2004)
Inhibition of NMD partially rescues the phenotype of
Ullrich disease fibroblasts
collagen typeVI triple helix Secretion and Incorporation into ECM Integrinβ1α5
Cell-ECM attachment #21q22.3 collagen, type VI, α2 gene
Frame-shift α 2 mRNA α1 chain α3 chain NMD PTC hSMG-1 inhibitor(Wortmannin, caffein) hSMG-1 siRNA
Ullrich Disease fibroblasts
no n-silen cing hUPF 1 si RNA hSM G-1 siRN A 0 100 200 300 400 500 * * * p<0.001 Cell-EC M attachment 0 50 100 150 200 250 no n-silen cing hUPF 1 siR NA hSM G-1 siRN A CO La 2 (V I)/ G 6 P D H (% o f n o n -silencing) COLVI Non-silencing hUPF1 siRNA hSMG-1 siRNA
Col α2(VI) mRNA Col VI protein Cell-ECM attachment Inhibition of NMD partially rescues the defects of Ullrich’s disease fibroblasts
1. Molecular Mechianism
2. Manipulation of NMD
4. Physiological Meaning
3. Pathological Meaning
mRNA quality control mechanism
regulation of gene expression ? (natural target ?)
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TCR and Ig gene rearangements frequently generate nonsense codons
Mutated allele
▼
▼ ▼
start codon Wild type allele
nonsense-mRNA
Gene mutation
Errors during transcription Errors during splicing
nonsense codon ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
How nonsense mRNAs are generated?
exon intron
nonsense codon
stop codon
stop codon
Truncated protein
(nonsense, frame-shift, splice sites) NMD
However, we now have a variety of tools that
can specifically suppress NMD, and it is
possible to examine the contribution of NMD
in a variety of physiological and pathological
states
Very little is known about the role of NMD
in human physiology and diseases
応用(1) ナンセンスmRNAを生ずる未知の変異遺伝子の探索 (疾患の責任遺伝子探索の新手法) 応用(2) dominant negativeに作用する異常タンパク質を 発現する遺伝子変異の場合(SMG-1 KOマウスを 用いた疾患モデルマウス作成の新戦略?) NMDの抑制により、本来分解排除されるmRNAを安定化 NMDの抑制により、本来合成されない異常タンパク質を発現 応用(3) 異常タンパク質が正常な活性を示し、本来排除 される必要のないmRNAが排除されている場合 (NMDが有害な作用を及ぼしている遺伝性疾患の克 服?) 応用(4) 遺伝子変異が集積し、細胞の防御システムとして のNMDの必要性が高い細胞の場合 (がん細胞? → 制がん?) 変異遺伝子に由来するmRNAの増加 transcriptome解析(DNAアレイ)による検出 変異遺伝子の発見 本来排除されるmRNAを安定化 疾患(変異体)の責任遺伝子探索の新手法 mRNAサーベイランス系の抑制 (ナンセンスmRNAを生ずるタイプの遺伝子変異) mRNAサーベイランスの操作技術の応用可能性 遺伝子変異の1/4〜1/3は ナンセンスコドンを生ずるタイプである (遺伝性疾患、がん) 個別の診断が可能に
mRNA surveillance
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, NMD
mRNAのどのような特徴が監視されているのか? (mRNA の品質監視機構) ナンセンスコドンを特定の位置に有するmRNA その生物学的な意義は? 異常タンパク質の持つ毒性から細胞を守る 生理的な遺伝子発現制御機構の一端ともなっている? その医学的な意義は? 様々な遺伝子疾患の症状に大きな影響を与えている NMDの操作はどのような応用を可能とするか? サーベイランス複合体、 Upf, SMG遺伝子群、 細胞はどのような機構でナンセンスmRNAを認識するのか? スプライシング、翻訳の最初の段階