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RNAの分解系 正常な遺伝子 開始コドン 終止コドン ▼ ▼ 遺伝子 mRNA エキソン イントロン タンパク質 タンパク質に変換される 情報 正常なタンパク質 (DNA) (RNA) 機能の発揮 正常なはたらき ナンセンス変異を有する異常なmRNAを見つけて排除する品質監視の仕組み mRNAサーベイランス、NMD (Nosense-mediated mRNA decay)

変異した異常な遺伝子 ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ タンパク質に変換される情報 が縮小する 異常な小さなタンパク質 (終止コドンが異常な位置に出現) (多くの場合、検出されな い) もしも合成されると病気の原因となる mRNA上の異常な終止 コドンの有無を監視 異常な位置に生じた終止コドン 分解 (活性が保持されている場合もある)

(2)

遺伝子変異の二つの様式 機能喪失型 機能獲得型 Loss of function Gain of function Dominant active Dominant negative Recessive 劣性 優性 Dominant negative: 多量体、複合体として機能するタンパク質の異常は、 時として、正常なタンパク質の働きを押さえる 一つの対立遺伝子の変異が正常な対立遺伝子の働きを 押さえる 酵母:

(Losson and Lacroute, PNAS,1979)

Nonsense mutations of the yeast URA 3 gene reduce the messenger level without lowering its instantaneous rate of synthesis.

ヒト:

(Chang and Kan, 1979)

Homozygous beta 0 thalassemia with nonsense mutation. ナンセンスmRNAは寿命が短い Mutated allele PTC ▼ ▼ ▼ stop start

Wild type allele

PTC-mRNA

遺伝子変異

(nonsense, frame-shift, splicing site)

転写エラー、

mRNA プロセシングのエラー PTC (premature termination codon)

▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ nonsense codon ナンセンスコドンを有するmRNAの選択的分解排除機構

NMD (Nosense-mediated mRNA decay)

mRNA surveillance

(mRNA の品質監視機構)

NMD (Nosense-mediated mRNA decay)

mRNA surveillance

(mRNA の品質監視機構)

(ナンセンス変異を有する異常なmRNAを識別し排除する普遍的な機構) 遺伝子変異、転写ミス、スプライシングミスに対する細胞の防御機構 遺伝子変異に起因する疾患(遺伝性疾患とがん)の症状に大きな影響 を与えていることが予想される 生理的に生ずる異常mRNA の排除機構と考えられる (T細胞、B細胞でのTCRやIg遺伝子組み換えに伴う異常mRNAの排除、免 疫系における役割) ナンセンスコドンを有するmRNAの選択的分解排除機構 酵母からヒトまで保存

(3)

(with nonsense mutation at the β-globin gene )

Wild Type

2 wild type alleles

no

symptom

intron exon

NMD protects Family A from severe anemia

, β-thalassemia

no

symptom

hetero Wild type allele Mutated allele Family A

Nonsense mutation no PTC mRNA no truncated protein NMD is working

anemia

hetero Family BNonsense mutation

Wild type allele Mutated allele

PTC mRNA truncated protein

NMD does not work

多量体、複合体として機能するタンパク質の異常は、 時として、正常なタンパク質の働きを押さえる 一つの対立遺伝子の変異が正常な対立遺伝子の働きを押さえる :優性に作用 正常な機能 機能抑制 正常対立遺伝子 変異対立遺伝子 正常対立遺伝子 正常対立遺伝子

優性抑制型変異、dominant negative mutation

exon2 exon3 exon1 exon3 Ter ATG ナンセンス変異が 存在すると不安定

>50 nt

β-サラセミアではNMDによりmRNAが

分解されないと重篤な疾患症状を示す

ナンセンス変異が存 在しても安定 短い タンパク質が発現する

ヘテロ体で貧血の

疾患症状が現れる

ヘテロ体は無症状

タンパク質が発現しない

PIKKs and the cellular surveillance mechanisms

ATM DNA-PKcs ATR 1000aa Rad3 Rad3 PIKK PIKK PIKK genome surveillance hSMG-1 CeSMG1 Similarity (%) CR6 CR5 CR4 CR3 CR2 CR1 PIKK PIKK FRBH FRBH 64 44 51 32 49 64 mRNA surveillance mTOR FRBPIKK translational surveillance

(4)

mRNA surveillance

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, NMD

mRNAのどのような特徴が監視されているのか? (mRNA の品質監視機構) NMDの操作はどのような応用を可能とするか? 細胞はどのような機構でナンセンスmRNAを認識するのか? その生物学的な意義は? その医学的な意義は?

1. Molecular Mechianism

2. Manipulation of NMD

4. Physiological Meaning

3. Pathological Meaning

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NMD requires

Translation and Splicing

(Maquat JCS, 2005)

The exon junction complex

Splicing

Transcription

(5)

(Maquat JCS, 2005)

Pioneer round of translation

NMD

Steady-state translation No NMD Surveillance complex

Translation

通常のmRNA分解経路 Non-stop decay UPF1 UPF2 UPF3

EJC:exon-exon junction complex Surveillance complex

Nonsense mRNA

ribosome

Surveillance complex

recognize nonsense mRNA

in a manner dependent on translation and splicing

Splicing

Translation

mark protein

TPR SMG-7 SMG-7 TPR, PIN SMG - 6 SMG - 6 TPR SMG-5 SMG-5 NES, NIS hUpf3 SMG-4 Upf3p eIF4G homology hUpf2 SMG-3 Upf2p DNA/RNA helicase Upf1 SMG-2 Upf1p PIKK SMG-1 SMG-1 structure Human C. elegans S. cerevisiae SMG-2 SMG-2 SMG-1 SMG-3 SMG-4 SMG-5 SMG-6 SMG-7 P P Philip Anderson

Evolutionary conserved proteins required for NMD

TPR hSMG-7 SMG-7 PIN hSMG-6 SMG-6 TPR hSMG-5 SMG-5 NES, NIS hUPF3 SMG-4 Upf3p eIF4G homology hUPF2 SMG-3 Upf2p DNA/RNA helicase

hUPF1

SMG-2 Upf1p PIKK

hSMG-1

SMG-1 structure Human C. elegans S. cerevisiae

SMG-1 phosphorylates UPF1

P P 1 1118 ATPase Helicase SQ rich

hUPF1

1116 1073 1078 1096 -S-Q-P -S-Q-P -S-Q-P -S-Q-P P P P P

(6)

(Maquat JCS, 2005)

Pioneer round of translation

NMD

Steady-state translation No NMD Surveillance complex

Translation

Rate limiting Phosphhorylation of Upf1

1. Molecular Mechianism

2. Manipulation of NMD

4. Physiological Meaning

How prematue termination codon is recognized as “nonsense” ? During pioneer round of translation, ribosome finds PTC to form SURF.

If SURF is followed by EJC, SMG-1 phosphorylates Upf1.

Remodeling and dephosphorylation of the Upf1 complex. Degradation of RNA

3. Pathological Meaning

1. Molecular Mechianism

2. Manipulation of NMD

4. Physiological Meaning

3. Pathological Meaning

(7)

Strategy for the specific inhibition of NMD

1. Inhibitors of hSMG-1(Wortmannin, caffeine) 2. Dominant negative SMG/UPF mutants

Previous method

Protein synthesis inhibitors

3. siRNA-mediated depletion of SMG/UPF proteins

Specific inhibition of NMD permits us to clarify the physiological and pathological role of NMD

and provides novel applications to biology and medicine

Inhibition of NMD permits:

Enhancement of the stability of nonsense mRNA

Disease gene finding

Detection of nonsense mRNA

Nat Genet. 2004 Sep;36(9):937-8.

Nonsense-mediated decay microarray analysis identifies mutations of EPHB2 in human prostate cancer.

Huusko P, et al.

Nat Biotechnol. 2001 May;19(5):434-9.

A strategy for disease gene identification through nonsense-mediated mRNA decay inhibition.

Noensie EN, Dietz HC.

Oncogene. 2004 Jan 22;23(3):639-45.

Manipulation of nonsense mediated decay identifies gene mutations in colon cancer Cells with microsatellite instability.

Ionov Y, Nowak N, Perucho M, Markowitz S, Cowell JK.

Emetine

Emetine and actinomycin D

hSMG-1 inhibitor

can suppress the degradation of nonsense mRNA Calu6 196PTC N417 298PTC ATG TER 500 bp

p53 gene

N417 298PTC A549 WT Cont. Wort. CHX Cont. Wort. CHX p53 allele Cell lines p53 mRNA GAPDH mRNA

p53 tumor suppressor protein

(8)

Inhibition of NMD permits:

Enhancement of the stability of nonsense mRNA Disease gene finding

Enhancement of the expression of truncated protein Detection of nonsense mRNA

Detection of mutated protein

Estimation of the molecular weight of the truncated protein

Estimation of the position of mutation

p53 wt p53 1-297 50 36 30 (kDa) N417 298PTC A549 WT CBB actin p53 1-195 Calu6 196PTC Cont. Wort. CHX Cont. Wort. CHX Cont. Wort. CHX p53 allele Cell lines p53 protein hSMG-1 inhibitor

can enhance the expression of the truncated protein encoded by the nonsense mRNA

p53 tumor suppressor protein

Hela Cells

1. Molecular Mechianism

2. Manipulation of NMD

4. Physiological Meaning

3. Pathological Meaning

Inhibition of NMD causes:

Change recessive phenotype to dominant one Exploration of the hidden mutation

NMD is primarily a cellular defence mechanism

(9)

WT allele Mutant allele

Family A(No symptom)

NMD protects cells from the truncated globin chain in most of the b-thalathemia families

Nonsense codon

mutation

No abnormal globin protein No abnormal globin mRNA

Family B(β-thalathemia)

Nonsense codon

mutation

Abnormal globin chain NMD does not work depending on the position of nonsense-codon ・globin gene

NMD

Escape NMD

Some families show severe phenotype caused by the dominant negative effect of the truncated globin chain

Dominant negative WT allele

Mutant allele

Recessive

Dominant

NMD mitigates (weakens) dominant phenotype in C. elegans Wild type Nonsense mutation in Myosin HC, muscle: Recessive smg(-)mutant Sometimes Dominant

depending on the position of the mutation

UNC-54 (Myosin HC, muscle)

Not specific for UNC-50

NMD

Mice showing defects in NMD might be used for

Can be used for saturation mutagenesis

changing the recessive phynotype to dominant one

Might provide a novel strategy for the generation of disease model

Inhibition of NMD changes

recessive phenotype to dominant one

Exploration of the hidden mutation

NMD is primarily a cellular protective mechanism

against a dominant negative truncated protein

However, NMD can increase the severity of genetic

diseases when the truncated protein retain partial

activity.

Inhibition of NMD might

partially rescue the mutant phenotype

(10)

Ullrich Disease

(Ullrich muscular dystrophy )

Collagen type VI α 2 chain gene Frame-shift ---> PTC

Triple helix domain

453-515

255-361 1019

R498

Collagen TypeVI α2 chain

α 1 chain α 2 chain α 3 chain collagen typeVI triple helix Secretion and Incorporation into ECM Integrinβ1α5

Cell-ECM attachment α 2 mRNA

#21q22.3 collagen, type VI, α2 gene

NMD strengthens the phenotype of Ullrich disease

fibroblasts

α 1 chain α 2 chain α 3 chain collagen typeVI triple helix Secretion and Incorporation into ECM Integrinβ1α5

Cell-ECM attachment α 2 mRNA

#21q22.3 collagen, type VI, α2 gene

(Usuki F et al., Ann Neurol, 55(5), 740-744, 2004)

Wild type fibroblasts

α1and α3 chains are not expressed at all

Ullrich Disease fibroblasts

collagen typeVI triple helix Secretion and Incorporation into ECM Integrinβ1α5

Cell-ECM attachment #21q22.3 collagen, type VI, α2 gene

Frame-shift α 2 mRNA α1 chain α3 chain PTC NMD

collagen typeVI triple helix Secretion and Incorporation into ECM Integrinβ1α5

Cell-ECM attachment

#21q22.3 collagen, type VI, α2 gene

α 1 chain α 2 chain α 3 chain α 2 mRNA PTC Frame-shift NMD

(Usuki F et al., Ann Neurol, 55(5), 740-744, 2004)

Inhibition of NMD partially rescues the phenotype of

Ullrich disease fibroblasts

collagen typeVI triple helix Secretion and Incorporation into ECM Integrinβ1α5

Cell-ECM attachment #21q22.3 collagen, type VI, α2 gene

Frame-shift α 2 mRNA α1 chain α3 chain NMD PTC hSMG-1 inhibitor(Wortmannin, caffein) hSMG-1 siRNA

Ullrich Disease fibroblasts

no n-silen cing hUPF 1 si RNA hSM G-1 siRN A 0 100 200 300 400 500 * * * p<0.001 Cell-EC M attachment 0 50 100 150 200 250 no n-silen cing hUPF 1 siR NA hSM G-1 siRN A CO La 2 (V I)/ G 6 P D H (% o f n o n -silencing) COLVI Non-silencing hUPF1 siRNA hSMG-1 siRNA

Col α2(VI) mRNA Col VI protein Cell-ECM attachment Inhibition of NMD partially rescues the defects of Ullrich’s disease fibroblasts

(11)

1. Molecular Mechianism

2. Manipulation of NMD

4. Physiological Meaning

3. Pathological Meaning

mRNA quality control mechanism

regulation of gene expression ? (natural target ?)

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TCR and Ig gene rearangements frequently generate nonsense codons

Mutated allele

▼ ▼

start codon Wild type allele

nonsense-mRNA

Gene mutation

Errors during transcription Errors during splicing

nonsense codon ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼

How nonsense mRNAs are generated?

exon intron

nonsense codon

stop codon

stop codon

Truncated protein

(nonsense, frame-shift, splice sites) NMD

(12)

However, we now have a variety of tools that

can specifically suppress NMD, and it is

possible to examine the contribution of NMD

in a variety of physiological and pathological

states

Very little is known about the role of NMD

in human physiology and diseases

応用(1) ナンセンスmRNAを生ずる未知の変異遺伝子の探索 (疾患の責任遺伝子探索の新手法) 応用(2) dominant negativeに作用する異常タンパク質を 発現する遺伝子変異の場合(SMG-1 KOマウスを 用いた疾患モデルマウス作成の新戦略?) NMDの抑制により、本来分解排除されるmRNAを安定化 NMDの抑制により、本来合成されない異常タンパク質を発現 応用(3) 異常タンパク質が正常な活性を示し、本来排除 される必要のないmRNAが排除されている場合 (NMDが有害な作用を及ぼしている遺伝性疾患の克 服?) 応用(4) 遺伝子変異が集積し、細胞の防御システムとして のNMDの必要性が高い細胞の場合 (がん細胞? → 制がん?) 変異遺伝子に由来するmRNAの増加 transcriptome解析(DNAアレイ)による検出 変異遺伝子の発見 本来排除されるmRNAを安定化 疾患(変異体)の責任遺伝子探索の新手法 mRNAサーベイランス系の抑制 (ナンセンスmRNAを生ずるタイプの遺伝子変異) mRNAサーベイランスの操作技術の応用可能性 遺伝子変異の1/4〜1/3は ナンセンスコドンを生ずるタイプである (遺伝性疾患、がん) 個別の診断が可能に

mRNA surveillance

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, NMD

mRNAのどのような特徴が監視されているのか? (mRNA の品質監視機構) ナンセンスコドンを特定の位置に有するmRNA その生物学的な意義は? 異常タンパク質の持つ毒性から細胞を守る 生理的な遺伝子発現制御機構の一端ともなっている? その医学的な意義は? 様々な遺伝子疾患の症状に大きな影響を与えている NMDの操作はどのような応用を可能とするか? サーベイランス複合体、 Upf, SMG遺伝子群、 細胞はどのような機構でナンセンスmRNAを認識するのか? スプライシング、翻訳の最初の段階

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