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持久性およびスプリントランナーにおける受動的運動開始時の換気・心拍応答
Miharu MIYAMURA， Ko飯ei SATO， Isao HASHIMOTO， Nobuo YUZA， Hiroshi MATSUO， KojHSHIDA， and Keisho KATAYAMA宮村實晴、佐藤耕平、橋本勲、油座信男、松尾宏、石田浩司、片山敬章
Key words：ventilation， heart rate， phase I， athlete， passive movement キーワード：換気量、心拍数、フェーズ1、陸上競技選手、受動的運動 Abstract In the present study， we attempted to confirm whether or not ventilatory and heart rate responses immediately after passive movement is the same in endurance runners ゆ （EN）and sprint runners（SP）．、 Inspiratory minute volume（VI）， tidal volume（VT）， respiratory frequency〈f＞and heart rate（HR）were determined by breath葡y葡reath and beaレby葡eat techniques before and during passive movement for about 15 secs． In this study， the magnitudes of increment in the cardiorespiratory parameters were calculated， i．e．， the difference（／）between the mean of the first and second breaths immediately after the onset of movement and the mean of five breaths preceding movement． It was ゆ found that there are no significant differences in the resting values of VI， VT， f and HR between EN and SP groups。 In addition，／HR was significantly higher in the sprint runner group than in the endu．rance runner group， while no significant difference was お found between the two groups in the∠］VI，／VT and／f。 These results suggest that heart rate response mediated peripheral reflex through the group III and IV fibers at the onset of passive movement is influenced by training type in the track and field， but not ventilatory response． 要約 本研究の目的は、持久性ランナー（EN＞およびスプリントランナー〈SP＞を対象に受動的運動 開始直後における換気・心拍応答が同じであるか否かを確かめることである。被験者の両足首に 取り付けたロープを検者が約1秒1回のテンポで15秒間交互に引っ張る受動的運動開始前および4 東海学園大学研究紀要 第11号 運動中の毎分換気量、一・回換気量、毎分呼吸数および毎分心拍数を一・呼吸および一拍動毎に連続 的に測定した。本実験では、受動的運動開始直後2呼吸の毎分換気量、一回換気量および毎分呼 の 吸数における増加量（／VI、／VT、∠］f）には持久性ランアーとスプリントランナーとの問に 有意差は認められなかったが、心拍数の増加量（／HR）はスプリントランナーの方が有意に大 きかった。これらの結果は、陸上競技におけるトレーニングの違いにより下肢の機械的受容器か らの入力は本実験で行なったような短時間の受動的動作開始時の換気応答には影響を及ぼさない が、心拍応答に影響することを示唆するものである。
Introduction
When physical exercise starts， various cardiorespiratory adlustments take place for accommodating the greatly increased metabolic requirements、 In particular， the transition from rest to light or moderate intensity exercise is typically accompanied by an abrupt in ventilation and heart rate at the first breath。 The initial rapid increase in ventilation appearing at the onset of exercise has been referred to as phase I．（Whipp 1977＞。 This phase I is observed during not only voluntary exercise and passive movement， but also during electrically induced muscle contraction．、 Nevertheless many investigators have pursued mechanisms that are responsible for the phase I response， and their opinions as to its nature are still a matter of dispute． Since the changes in ventilation are so rapid during the transition from rest to exercise， the phase I response cannot be explained by humoral agents because it appears to take at least about 10s for the metabolic substance from the exercising muscles to reach the arterial chemoreceptors． At present， it is considered that two neural mechanisms， central command and peripheral reflex， mainly trigger the increase in ventilation that appears at the onset of exercise（Mitchell 1990；Miyamura 1994；Mateika and Duffin 1995）． Central command arises from the activation of the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus （Goodwin et al．1972；Williamson et al．、2003）and peripheral reflex originates in the stimulation of group III and IV muscle afferents（McCloskey and Mitchell l972； Kaufman et al．、1983）， respectively． It has been reported that the ventilatory response at the onset o：f the exercise is variable in magnitude． That is， the phase I is influenced by various factors， such as posture（Karlson et al、1975；Weile卜Ravell et al、1982；Miyamura et al．2001）， exercise frequency ICasey et al．1987；Kelsey and Duffin 1992）， exercise limb（lshida et al．1994）， age 〈Sato et al。 2000； Ishida et al、 2000） and physical training。 Concerning the lastfactor, data oxx the cardiorespiratory responses in the trained subject at the initial stage of exercise are sti}} limited in itvkmber. In the previovgs our stvkdy, it was observed that
the magnitudes of change of minute ventilation axxd heart rate at the onset of passive movement in the endurance rvgnners axxd sprinters were signMcaxxtly smalier thaxx that
in the uxxtrained subjects (Miyamura et al. 1997; Sato et a}. 2004). These resu}ts suggest
that the magnitvkde of cardiorespiratory responses at the onset of passive movement in humans is inf}uenced by enduraxxce training and/or sprint training for long periods. Aithovkgh athletes ixx track aitd fieid have been divided into grovkps of endvkrance rvgnners and sprint runners, contrary possibilities regarding venti}atory and heart rate responses at the onset of exercise in both runners could be shown. Therefore, if the
muscle fiber composition may have some inflvgence on ventilatory axxd circulatory responses during exercise (Fittoit et al. 1991; Torok et al. 1995), it is possibie to assvgme that sprinters who are presvgmed to have a higher percentage of fast twitch musc}e fibers (Costi}} et ai. 1976; Thorstensson et al. 1977; Torok et al. 1995) wovkld have higher
cardiorespiratory responses at the onset of exercise as compared with endurance ruxxners who have a higher percentage of slow twitch muscie fibers. Oxx the contrary, if the desensitization of the musc}e mechanoreceptors due to }oxxg-term endurance training
predomixxantly affects venti}atory and circvgiatory responses dvkrixxg exercise (Sinoway et
al. 1996), these responses may be more attenuated in endurance ruxxners with respect to total rvknning distance as compared with sprinters. To our knowledge, however, there are no avai}able data coxxcerning comparison of cardiorespiratory responses at the onset
of passive movement in the endvgrance rvknners aitd sprint rvgnners. The pvgrpose of this study, therefore, was to c}arify whether or xxot the ventilatory axxd heart rate responses at the onset of passive movement ixx the endvgrance rvgnners are the same as those in the sprmt ruxxners.
Methods
svkbjects
Twenty-three healthy mexx volunteered to participated in the present study as
subjects. No subjects had a history of cardiorespiratory diseases, took medications that seriously affected cardiorespiratory responses axxd smoked. Twelve out of 23 subjects were endvkrance runners (EN) and the remainders were sprint rvgitners (SP). Al} subjects were be}onging to vgniversity ath}etic team. The endvgrance runners had trained mainly
6 ntbe¥muS<¥ew3℃kEee ag11g
by ruxxning for about 3-4 h per day, 5 days a week al} year round for 4- 11 years.
The raxxges for the best performance of 5,OOOm in the endurance rvgnners were 15 min
7 s - X7 min 7 s. On the other hand, sprint ruxxners had trained sprint rvgnning, interval
traixxing, axxd weight training for abovgt 2 - 3 h per day, 5 days a week ali year round for 5 - XO years. The range of the best times for a 100-m sprint running event among
the sprixxters were 10.5 - 10.9 s. Mean aitd staitdard deviations of age, height and body
mass of the subjects were 20.5 (1.5) years, 172.6 (6.5) cm, and 58.1 (5.2) kg for the
enduraxxce rvkxxiter group, aitd 19.9 (1.4) years, 171.3 (4.9) cm, axxd 62.5 (6.0) kg for the sprixxt runner group, respective}y. No significant difference was found in age, height, or
body mass between two grovgps. The svkbjects were instructed as to the experimenta} protocol and possib}e risks involved in this stvgdy before giving written coxxsent. The present stvgdy was approved by the Hvgman Research Committee of the Research Center of Heakh, Physica} Fitness and Sports of Nagoya University.
Preliminary tests
A}1 subjects came to the }aboratory twice on separate days. On the first day, each
svkbject was familiarized oniy with the apparatvgs and testing procedvkres invo}ved ixx this study; svgbjects performed a preliminary test to become sufficiently accustomed to passive movement ixx sitting positioit. The actua} experiment was condvgcted oxx separate days at least a few days after that Xst familiarizatioxx day. The subjects were vgsvgally
studied in the afternoon at least 2h after they had eaten a mea}.
Passive movement
Svgbjects were asked to refraixx from performixxg rigorous exercise for 24 h prior to
actual experiments. Durixxg experiment, subjects sat with their backs against an
experimental chair, i.e., the subjects were rested comfortably oit the chair in sitting position for 20 min, and then asked to relax during experimental periods. The passive movement was achieved ixx a sittixxg positioit without any external ioad. In order to
prevent any possible invo}vement of those muscles which may come into play to maixxtain stab}e body positioxx axxd keep the subject"s posture as constant as possible, the
subjects were asked to always sit with their backs lightly in coxxtact with chair. This
also served to fvgrther iso}ate the }eg mvgsc}es in questioxx.
The passive movement was initiate just before the start of the inspiratory phase; the experimenter checked this oit an oscilioscope which monitored the hot-wire fiow meter (RF-H, Minato Ikagaku, Japan) connected to subject's respiratory face mask. The flow
cvgrve registered on the screen in a series of vgp and dowxx curves. Since it is virtually impossibie to measvgre exactiy the movement that the ixxspiratory cyc}e begins, the point
as close as possible to beginning of the upward swing of the curve was determined to be start of the inspiratory period. in the passive movement, the experimenter pulied two ropes a}ternately, which was coxxnected to the svgbject's ankle, at a rate of about 60 times/min as showxx in Fig. 1. The knee joixxt was extended and flexed passive}y from
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram
approximately 900 to 300 in the flexed
angie. The svkbject was also instrvkcted
was taken to immobilize the body as mvgch motioxx artifacts. These passive movements
sigxxal so as to prevent the subjects from movements were conducted five times '
without the inflvgence of prior movement. }imb, because ait electrogoniometer was
m o tlo xx.
Measvkrements
as
Inspiratory minute volume (Vx), tidal vo}ume (VT), inspiratory periods,
periods, axxd partiai pressvkres of end-tidal carboxk dioxide axxd oxygen (PETco2
were determined by the breath-by-breath technique before and during passive
¥
Rope
of experimenta} set-up.
position, without axxy change in the hip joint to reiax axxd itot to resist the motion and care
,
as possible to avoid mvgscle coxxtractions and
were performed behixxd a cvgrtain without any being aware of when they started. The passive
with about 2tw3 min interva}s between each
All passive movement started using the left
attached to the left kitee to detect the oxxset of
explratory and PET02)
8 ntbe¥muS<¥ew3℃kEee ag11g
op
i.e., VI and VT were measured continvgously for 5 breaths before and 2 breaths after passive movement, respectively. The subject breathed throvkgh a respiratory face mask
attached hot-wire f}ow meter. It was ca}ibrated prior to each experiment vgsixxg a 2-liter caiibration pvgmp at different f}ow rates before and after experiments. The dead space of
the respiratory face mask was abovgt 100 ml. Respiratory gases were sampled using a thin viny} tube (ixxner diameter 1 mm) inserted ixxto the face mask, with tip being positioned as close to each subject's movgth as possible. Respiratory frequency (f) was
ig
caicu}ated from the total respiratory time, axxd VI was obtained as the product of VT
and f. PETco2 and PETo2 were calculated from end-tidal co2 % and o2 %, which were
obtained by ana}yzing gas samp}es being drawxx coxxtixxuovgsly throvkgh the vinyi tube with the vgse of a gas axxalyzer (Mixxato Ikagaku, MG-360, Japaxx). As for circulatory responses, oxx the other hand, heart rate (HR) was monitored beat-to-beat before aitd
during passive movement. HR was calcu}ated beat to beat from R spike using an
electrocardiogram throvkgh a bioamp}ifier (modei AB-621G, Nihon Kohden). In the
pre-sent stvgdy, we set the averaging time for two complete breaths of each subject
according to the synchronization between respiratory and cardiac responses. A sensor for the electrocardiogram (ECG) was attached to the subject's chest to determine the to
ca}cvgiate the HR. The R spike on the ECG was the trigger signal for ensembie averagmg.
Ail ventilatory aitd heart rate sigita}s were coxxverted from aita}ogue to digital data vgsing an A/D converter (Canopus, ADX 98H, Japan) at sampling frequency of XOOHz.
These data were stored on hard disk vknit, axxd anaiyzed afterwards oxx a persoita} compvgter (NEC, PC-982XXa, Japan).
Statistica} aita}ysis
Means and standard deviations (±SD) were ca}culated by standard methods. First, the mean valvke was calculated for each subject; thereafter the mean value of aii subjects were computed for each group. in comparing the endurance runners with the sprint ruitners, we conducted a Koimogorov-Smirnov test to examine data nerma}ity. When data were xxormally distributed, a xxonparametric test (Mann-Whitney's U-tesO was performed. The SPSS statistical package was vgsed for these analyses. The leve} of significant was set at 5 %.
Results
ig
Figure 2 indicates an example of VI, VT, f and HR valvkes obtained before and during
mp
passive movement in subject YS. Tab}e 1shows the mean and standard deviations of VI,( 1/min )
12 I
i Movement
Rest
-
e>- 'O l
8l
6l
i
(1) i
O.7 i
>. o.6s l
o.6 l
o.ss I
(breaths/min) i
20 I
18 l
,iP 16 l
14 l
12 l
(beats/min) i
70 l
O6s I
=i
l
60 ,
55 i
Rl R2 R3 R4 R5 Ml M2
Breaths number
@
Fig. 2 An examp}e of minute ventilation (VI), tidai voiume (VT), respiratory frequency (f) and10 Rtapt¥mupit¥ew3℃kEee ag11g
VT, f and HR at pre- and post-movemexxt; these are the mean of five breaths preceding the movement and the mean of the first and secoxxd breaths immediately after passive
op
movement. Mean values (±SD) of VI, VT, f and HR at rest were 8.7 (1.5) 1/min, O.58
(O.08) liters, 15.5 (3.7) breaths/min aitd 64 (7) beats/mixx for the eitdurance group, aitd 8.4 (1.3) 1/mixx, O.61 (O.19) liters, 15.X (5.9) breaths/min and 63 (9) beats/min for the ig
sprint grovkp, respective}y. There are ito signMcaxxt difference in VI, VT, f aitd HR at rest between sprint ruxxners axxd endurance runners. Furthermore, mean va}ues (±SD) of
ig
first and second breaths in VI, VT, f and HR immediately after movement were 10.4
(1.7) 1/min, O.58 (O.X5) liters, X9.2 (5.4) breaths/min and 67 (7) beats/min for the endvgraitce group, axxd 10.2 (2.0) }/mixx, O.65 (O.22) liters, 18.6 (9.8) breaths/min aitd 68 (10)
beats/min for the sprint group, respectively. No significant difference was also found in
ig
VI, VT, f and HR at the onset of passive movement between sprit runners and
endurance rvgnners (Table 1). In this study, the magnitude of the increase in the
Table 1 Ventilatory altd heart rate respomses before and immediate}y after passive movement ilt the endurance runners (EN) and sprint ruenners (SP). Mean values of minuete venti}atiolt mp
(VD, tida} volume (VT), respiratory frequency (f) altd heart rate (HR) were calcu}ated five breath at rest and first and second breaths immediately after passive movement, respectively
e
Vi (1/min) V, (1) f (breaths/min ) HR ( beats/min )
Rest Movement Rest Movement Rest Movement Rest Movement
Endurance runners 8.7±1.5 10.4±1.7 Sprintrunners 8.4±1.310.2±2.0 O.58±O.08 O.58±O.15 O.61±O.19 O.65±O.22 15.5±3.7 19.2±5.4 15.1±5.9 18.6±9.8 64±7 63±9 67±7 68±1O
cardiorespiratory parameters was calcvk}ated, i.e., the difference (delta, Z) between the
mean of the first and second breaths immediate}y after the onset of movement, and the
@
mean of five breaths preceding movement. Figure 3 shows the zdd vaiues of VI, VT, f and HR in the passive movement both in endvgrance and sprint runner groups. As shown in Fig. 3, zddHR was significantiy (p<O.05) higher in the sprixxt rvkxxner groups (6 ±2 beats/min) than in the endurance runner groups (3 ± 2 beats/min), whi}e xxo significant
ig
O.2
3
-)- O.15
e> 2
>
O.05EN SP EN
(breaths/min) (beats/min)
EN SP
eFig. 3 Comparison of the difference (A) in VI, VT, f and HR
runners groups. The .dd value is
values. Asterisk (*) indicate a sigitificant differeitce (p<O.05)
(EN) and sprint runners (SP>. Values are mean and standard
Dgscussgown
In the present study, we attempted to clarify whether or net rate responses at the onset of passive movement are the same ixx
sprixxt ruitners. k was fovgnd that there are no significant
op
VI, VT, f and HR between endurance runner group and "
addition, zdHR was significantiy higher in the sprit runner endurance ruxxner groups, whi}e no significant difference was ee
endurance and sprixxt rvkxxner groups ixx the AVff, ZVT and Af. the first study showing ventilatory and heart rate responses at
movement both ixx endvgrance and sprint rvgitners.
It is we}1 known that pu}moxxary ventilation and heart rate after physical exercise, and that this increase usua}}y occurs followed by an exponential rise with a time constant of about 60 s
sp
*1
EN SP
between enduerance and sprint
calculated from mean response values minus pre-movement
between the endurance runners deviation.
venti}atory and heart endvgrance runners and
difference in resting valvge of
sprmt ruxxner group. in groups thait in the fouxxd between the
We believe that this is
the onset of passive
increase immediately from the first breath,
12 Si<i4kptt¥ii:muiAct¥ii:iEiFill{ikEIilill (Ilfgllli:}L
a new steady state (Wasserman et al. 1977; E}dridge and Waldrop X99X). The venti}atory
profiie ixx transition from rest to light or moderate intensity exercise is characterized by
an abrupt step-}ike increment in venti}atioxx without accompaxxying chaxxges in alveolar
partial pressvgres of 02 and C02, and gas exchaitge ratio, and is termed phase I, as first
defined by Whipp (1977). This phase I response, from the first breath axxd lasting for about 15 s, is observed xxot oniy during vo}vgntary exercise, but also passive movement
fol}owing electrically induced mvgscle contractions or f}exion-extensions of the lower legs
with ropes (Whipp et al. 1982; Adams et ai. 1987; Miyamvkra et a}. 1992). Why is the
increasing pulmonary ventilation elicited so quickly just at the onset of exercise? Since
the changes in pulmoitary venti}ation are so rapid immediately after volvgntary exercise and/or passive movement, phase I response cannot be explained by humoral agents be-cause of the delay in transport. k has hitherto been accepted that the causal factor of
phase I are c}assified largely into three, i.e., central and peripheral nevgrogenic stimuli, or both (Miyamvgra 1994; Wil}iamsoit et al. 2003). Beli et al. (2003) observed no increase
in metabolic gas exchange and }ittle increase in EMG during leg extension-flexion move-ment as compared with those during passive cyclixxg movemove-ment. It was a}so observed in this study that end-tidal PC02 and P02 (PETco2 and PETo2) immediately after passive movement are almost the same as compared with rest. In other words, it is presvkmed that }eg passive movement shovgld minimize the effect of central command so that the
mechanically sensitive periphera} nevkral reflex should be effectively isolated as described by Bel} and Dvgffin (2003) axxd Bel} et al. (2003).
k has been reported that ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia were
significantly lower both in trained ath}etes and swimmers than that in the untrained
svkbjects (Byrne-Quinxx et al. 1972; Miyamvgra et ai. 1976; Ohkuwa et ai. 1980; Ohyabu et mp
al. 1990). In our previous stvgdy, the minute venti}atioxx (zaVD and tidal volume (zaVT)
were significantiy (p<O.05) iower ixx the endurance rvgnners thait that in the vkntrained
both ixx vo}untary exercise axxd passive movement (Miyamura et al. X997). in additioxx,
@
relative changes of VI aitd HR in sprixxter grovgp were significantiy (p<O.05) iower than
those in uxxtrained groups durixxg passive movement (Sato et al. 2004). These resuks suggest that the sensitivities of periphera} chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in ske}etal muscle were reduced by physical training for long periods.
As described previovgsly, a}} rvgitners participated in this stvkdy were belonging to vgniversity athletic team. The enduraxxce rvgnners had trained mainly by running for
about 3-4 h, 5 days a week a}} year rovgnd for 4- IX years. The ranges for the best performance of 5,OOOm in the endvkrance rvknners were 15 min 7 s- 17 miit 7 s. On the other hand, sprint runners had trained sprint rvgnnixxg, interva} training, axxd weight traixxing for about 2-3 h per day, 5 days a week al} year round for 5- 10 years. The ranges of the best times for a 100-m sprint ruxxning event among the sprinters were 10.5 - 10.9 s. Since ranges of trainixxg periods were 4 - 11 years for the endurance
ruxxners and 5 - 10 years for the sprint runners, respectively, it is possib}e to assvgme that sensitivity of mechanoreceptor in the workixxg muscie seems to be reduced, aitd that
there are no difference in the magnitude of decrement of mechanosensitivity between
endvgrance rvgitners and sprixxt ruxxners with respect to training periods.
On the other hand, if the muscle fiber compositioxx may have some influence on
ventiiatory axxd circvklatory response during exercise (Fitton et al. 1991; Torok et a}.
1995), it is possible to suppose that sprinters who are presumed to have a higher percentage of fast twitch fibers (Costi}1 et al. 1976; Thorstenssoxx et al. 1977; Torok et ai.
X995) wou}d have higher cardiorespiratory responses at the onset of passive movement as compared with endurance ruxxners who have a higher percentage of slow twitch mvksc}e fibers. On the coxxtrary, if the desensitizatioxx of the musc}e mechanoreceptors dvge to
iong-term endvgrance trainixxg predominaxxtly affects ventilatory and circvgiatory
responses during exercise (Sinoway et al. 1996), these responses may be more attenuated ixx endurance runners with respect to rvgnning distance as compared with sprinters. It was fovgnd in this study that z6HR was significantly higher in the sprit runner grovgps thaxx in the endurance runner groups, while no significant difference was fovknd between
mp
the endvgrance and sprint runner groups in the zlVI, zlVT and z6f as showxx in Fig 3. These results suggest that magnitude of desensitization of mechanereceptor seems to be almost the same in endurance runner groups and sprixxt rvgnner grovgps from view points
of ventilatory response, bvkt not heart rate response. In other words, effects of afferent stimu}us through grovgp III and IV fibers on venti}atory axxd heart rate responses at the
onset of passive movement as applied here may be different in the two grovkps even if there are no difference in the training periods. At present, we cannot explain based on the physiologica} ground why heart rate response (zdHR) was sigxxificant}y higher in the sprit runner grovgps than in the enduraxxce runner groups, while it was in a strikingly contrast to vexxti}atory respoxxse. k is possible to hypothesize that ventilatory aitd circulatory responses mediated peripheral reflex were related to the differences ixx
14 Rtapt¥mupit¥ew3℃kEee ag11g
integrative system between respiratory center and circulatory center, i.e., higher heart rate response at the onset of passive movement in the sprint rvgnners may be dvge to increase of regulative action in circulatory center by sprint training for loxxg periods even if decrement of mechanosensitivity by athletic traixxing is the same both ixx the
endurance- and sprint rvgnners. However, it wil} be necessary to conduct fvgrther investigation about this hypothesis.
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