要旨集2012 最近の更新履歴 GCOEアジア保全生態学

The 3rd Joint Symposium

between Kyushu University and University of

Tokyo

GCOE Asian Conservation Ecology

九大東大

GCOE

「自然共生社会を拓くアジア生態保全学」

第

3

回九大東大

GCOE

合同シンポジウム

The 3

rd

_{joint COE symposium}

日時：2012年2月3 日〜2月4日

会場：九州大学理学部・大会議室（箱崎キャンパス）

2月3 日（金）

　　13:00~17:00「各コアサイトにおける本年度の成果発表と今後の展望」

　　18:00~20:00　懇親会（五十周年記念講堂ファカルティ）

2月4日（土）

　　9:00~16:00「各学生交流会」

＊

注意（土曜日のドアの施錠について）＊

２日目の土曜日は、理学部の全館で施錠されます。２日目の朝は、8：30-9：30まで、ス

タッフが所定の玄関ドア(＊)で待機しています。それ以外の時間帯に来られる方は、ドア

につきましたら、092-642-3968(内線3968)にお電話ください。

Global COE program, Asian Conservation Ecology

as a Basis of Symbiotic Society

Global COE is a program aiming at establishing a globally outstanding center of research, with a particular emphasis of graduate education. Thus, a global COE program is evaluated not only in its performance of organizational activities promoting cutting-edge research but also its achievements of graduate education based on new concepts and outstanding practice. Here, I summarize achievements of the “Asian Conservation Ecology” program in these two aspects. We developed three primary concepts of graduate education in our program; (1) Graduate students are requested to join in an interdisciplinary project and write a collaborative paper in addition to the thesis in a major discipline, (2) Japanese students are trained in oversea core sites while non-Japanese students are trained in Japanese core sites, and (3) students are trained for seven basic and interdisciplinary skills required for “Asian conservation ecology”. Based on these concepts, we carried out field courses in some core sites including Tai Lake of China, Cambodia, Malaysia and Yaku Island of Japan. All field courses were successfully carried out and achievements in these courses will be introduced in this symposium. Students who took these courses are expected to write a collaborative paper within 2012 under supervision of GCOE staffs; this is a major challenge of graduate education in 2012 in our GCOE program. As for organizational activities promoting cutting-edge research, we made a significant contribution to setting 2020 targets of CBD COP10, drafting the detail implementation plan of GEO BON, networking Asian biodiversity scientists for AP-BON, and developing a 2011-2015 strategic research project of the Ministry of Environment. In 2011, this new project has started. Also a new center for Asian Conservation Ecology has been founded as an achievement of

Kyushu University in the commemorable year of its centenary anniversary. The center for Asian Conservation Ecology is expected to play a leading role of cutting-edge research in Kyushu University, including the promotion of the 2011-2015

strategic research project of the Ministry of Environment.

Core site report from Lake Mikata, Fukui

Integrative research for nature restoration: a case study in Lake Mikata

Takehito Yoshida (U. Tokyo at Komaba) / 吉田丈人（東大・総合文化）

We have been conducting an integrated, multifaceted study of a lake ecosystem using ecological, humanity and sociological approaches in order to provide a scientific basis for “nature restoration”, a legal framework for biodiversity conservation in Japan. The studied lake is Lake Mikata located in Fukui Prefecture, which harbours distinguished biodiversity in, for example, fish fauna. The recent status of biodiversity of this lake, however, is declining and thus the nature restoration is in demand. We examined what environmental conditions need to be restored primarily in this system. We also tested some restoration measures and evaluated the effectiveness. Among various research topics, the following talks by Drs. Kaifu and Takeshima will present some recent results on fish ecology and population genetics.

I will talk about how our research results are being used for the “nature restoration (自然再生)” in the local community. Nature restoration committee was established in May, 2011 with significant involvement of researchers including our colleagues from University of Tokyo. The draft of overall plan was proposed last fall and we were able to contribute to it remarkably, especially by evaluating the current status of the lake and the surrounding ecosystem. The overall plan is to be adopted next month.

Multidisciplinary approach revealed historical changes of Japanese eel

distribution in the Mikata-Goko Lake-Hayase River system

学際的研究手法を用いたニホンウナギ分布変遷の検討

Kenzo Kaifu (Department of Ecosystem Studies, University of Tokyo) / 海部健三（東京大学農学生命科 学研究科保全生態学研究室）

Genetic population structure of crucian carp (

Carassius auratus

) in and

around Lake Mikata

福井県三方湖周辺水域におけるフナの遺伝的個体群構造

Hirohiko Takeshima and Mutsumi Nishida (Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo)/ 武島弘彦・西田　睦（東大・大気海洋研）

Core site report from Cambodia

Tsuyoshi Kajisa, Hironori Toyama, Shingo Hosoishi, Shu-ichiro Tagane, Ryuji Ichihashi, Keiko Sakata, Hiroki Itadani, Ayumi Katayama, Yuya Tachiki, Yoshitoshi Uehara, Tatsuya Ide, Nami Mihara, Maasa Nobayashi,

Fuyu Wu, Masao Takase, Tetsukazu Yahara (Kyushu University),

Ryo Tsujino (Research Institute for Humanity and Nature), Munemitsu Akasaka (University of Tokyo), Hidetoshi Nagamasu (Kyoto University)

The full extent of the biodiversity in Cambodia is not known, although it is assumed to be rich and is part of Indo-Burma hotspot. Compared with neighbouring countries Cambodia has relatively large natural forests. We are now proceeding with researches about plant diversity based on transect survey and DNA barcoding, ant diversity, and forest dynamics based on continuous forest measurement.

Forest plot studies using DNA barcoding

Forest flora of Cambodia remained poorly documented, making it difficult to carry out studies on forest composition based on species identification. To overcome this difficulty, we applied DNA barcoding to identify species. We collected 603 samples and sequenced rbcL and matK regions. Based on the identification of families and genera of BLAST searched sequences, we further checked taxonomic literature and specimens of major herbaria (Kew and Leiden) to identify species. We identified 349 species including 80 families and 224 genera. Based on this species identification, we performed analysis of phylogenetic community structure using the data of permanent plots. We used 32 plots where 4 times measurements had been finished during 12 years. To reveal the effect of illegal loggings on the phylogenetic community structure, we analyzed rank abundance curve, changes of phylogenetic diversity and species richness during 12 years, factors of illegal logging, phylogenetic relatedness within plots and phylogenetic relatedness among plots. We would like to show the preliminary results of it.

A preliminary survey of ants

Conservation biology of Japanese pond turtle around the Ito campus

-A report of the Ito core site and their related

projects-伊都キャンパスにおけるニホンイシガメの保全生物学的研究

-伊都コアサイトおよび関連プロジェクトの活動報告

-Shin Nishida (Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu Univ.) / 西田　伸（九大・比較社会文化研究院）

Species, phylogenetic and functional diversity of plants in Yakushima

屋久島の植物の種-、系統-、機能多様性の評価

Yusuke Onoda, Satoshi Tagawa, Makiko Mimura, Shu-ichiro Tagane, Ryuji Ichihashi, Yoshitoshi Uehara, Liu Jia, Wei Lun Ng, Chika Mitsuyuki, Chen-Wei Chiu, Liangliang Huang, Joung-Hun Lee, Tetsukazu Yahara

(Kyushu University)

Potential threats to inland water ecosystem in East and Southeast Asia

−Core sites report from East and Southeast Asia−

Yuichi Kano1_{, Yuta Tomiyama}1_{, Tomomi Yamashita}1_{, Taturo Sato}1_{, Liangliang Huang}2_{, and Yukihiro Shimatani}1_, 1_{Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University,} 2_{College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University}

We introduce potential threats to inland water ecosystem in East and Southeast Asia, mainly focusing on biodiversity of freshwater fishes by showing our case studies and secondary information. The threats would be categorized into four major types;

A) Degradation of water quality by urbanization and change of land use B) Habitat loss and homogenization by artificial developments

C) Fragmentation and disconnectivity of/among habitats by damming D) Overusing/overfishing

In downstream of Tiaoxi River of China, water turbidity was negatively correlated with fish diversity and cover rate of submerged plants [A]. The high turbidity was caused by drainage from mining and navigation disturbance. Past satellite image showed that the turbidity seemed low in 1991 and 2000, while it seemed high in 2005. We suspect that the fish and submerged plant diversity (as fish habitat [B]) have been drastically lost in recent 5-10 years in the river. In the middle reaches of Tiaoxi River, riffle-pool unit contributed the maintenance of fish diversity. However, riffles have been likely decreased because of river development and construction of weirs [B, C?].

In Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia, “flood forest” is a characteristic landscape (Fig. 1). Various birds nest on the flood forest in the wet season as a safer habitat than ordinary forests. Flood forest would also be a habitat of fishes. However, flood forest has been

cut down in recent years [D], by which various animals would lose their habitats [B]. For sure, flood forest itself is a value.

We also conducted preliminary survey in Mekong River. In the Mekong delta area of Vietnam, loss of mangrove forest was a serious problem [B, D]. In Laos, a dam construction at the main river of the Mekong is planned, which will significantly affect migratory fishes [C]. Overfishing may have also affected the fish diversity [D], but the evaluation seems rather difficult.

Extreme cold events and non-equiliubrium rangeland: theories and

evidences

寒害と非平衡草原：理論と実証

Tomoo Okayasu (The University of Tokyo) / 岡安智生（東京大学）

(1) It is under debate that rangeland in North Asia, including Monglian plateu, is nonequilibrial. Currently a few theoretical and empirical studies exist for this topic, however, most of them simply compare the Mongolian situation with the theory developed from the studies in Africa, although rangeland in North Asia has severe cold winter, therefore the dynamics of livestock-vegetation interaction must be different. We reviewed and derived the theoretical predictions of rangeland dynamics in rangeland with cold winter, in order to develop theory correctly to compare with field studies. We then investigated that the location and resource use on the drought on 2010, and the livestock death on the extreme cold event on 2010. We found clear distinction of the mobile herders using distanced wet-season range and the less mobile herders using key resources. This indicated that herders utilizes different spatial buffer, as the previous study we presented in the last year theoretically predicted. The livestock death is more for the less mobile herders, which indicated that the less mobile herders depending on the key resources suffered from the deficit of fodder resources and resulting higher density-dependence, while the mobile herders faced less density-dependence, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction.

4 Feb 2012

Growth pattern of the exotic hard clam (

Mercenaria mercenaria

) based

on sclerochronological analysis

外来種ホンビノスガイの微細成長線を用いた成長様式の解明

Naoko Sugihara (Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo) / 杉原奈央子 （東京大学大学院農学生命科学研究科）

A metapopulation of

Margaritifera laevis

consisting of heterotypical

subpopulations connected through opposite directional dispersals by

biological and non-biological agents

逆の方向性をもつ生物的・非生物的分散によってつながった異質な局所個体群からなるカワシ

ンジュガイのメタ個体群

Akira Terui (University of Tokyo) / 照井慧（東京大学）

A metapopulation of unionid species consists of subpopulations connected by host fish migration and drift of individuals by river currents. We explored reproductive potential of Margaritifera laevis

subpopulations in the Shubuto river system, Hokkaido, Japan. Reproductive potential was evaluated by the Reproductive Index (RI), cumulative shell length for all reproductive individuals. The distribution of the RI was rather spatially aggregated. Nine core subpopulations (> mean RI) and nine satellite subpopulations (< mean RI) were found in main river, whereas one core and five satellite subpopulations were found in tributaries (Fig. 1).

The Generalized Linear Model using the RI as a response variable was performed to identify factors affecting the spatial distribution of the RI. We tested the effects of upstream river length (URL) and the number of upstream confluences (NUC), surrogates for potential immigrant source size, as well as local habitat environments. URL and NUC had strong positive influences on the RI. It is assumed that a large number of immigrant sources

exist in the upstream where juveniles may shed from host fish. These results indicate that immigration from upstream might include important processes for structuring a metapopulation of the species.

Theoretical study on speciation of cichlids in Lake Victoria

東アフリカヴィクトリア湖産シクリッドの種分化に関する理論的研究

Tomotaka Matsumoto (School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu-university) / 松本知高（九州大学シス

テム生命科学府）

Understanding mechanisms of speciation is one of the most attractive topics in biology, and there are many studies focusing on how a new species emerges in various animals and plants (Coyne and Orr 2004, Butlin et al. 2009, Schulter 2009). Especially, speciation caused by ecological differences is called as “ecological speciation”, and this type of speciation can occur rapidly even in a sympatric condition.

In east Africa, there are three large lakes, Lake Malawi, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria. Each of these lakes harbors hundreds of endemic cichlid fishes (Turner et al. 2001) and they provide us good opportunities to study the relationship between ecological adaptation and speciation. Especially, in Lake Victoria, geographical evidence suggested serious desiccation about 15000 years ago (Johnson et al. 1996). Thus, most of endemic cichlids in Lake Victoria are thought to have emerged during the recent 15000 years and this lake has been a hot spot of the study of ecological speciation.

Evaluation of lentic fish habitats occurring temporally in Shubuto River

floodplains, Hokkaido

朱太川の氾濫原に形成される一時的止水域の淡水魚類の生息場所としての評価

Yusuke MIYAZAKI (The University of Tokyo) / 宮崎佑介（東京大学大学院）

Shubuto River has preserved relatively high integrity of a fresh-aquatic ecosystem and longitudinal connectivity, while its floodplains have largely lost by past agricultural development. I investigated fish fauna at various lentic habitats and fish abundance at 25 small lentic habitats occurring temporary along the river system during the spring and autumn seasons in 2010–2011.

Twelve diadromous and potadromous fish species spawning in lentic or lotic habitats were found during the survey. Significant nestedness was observed within the temporally lentic habitats. Using single regression analysis, fish species richness was regressed on two explanatory variables relevant to dimensions, including surface water area and volume. Both variables affected the fish species richness, while the model of volume was better fitted than the model of surface water area (Figure).

Figure. The relationships between fish species richness of the small lentic habitats occurring temporary along the river system and the variables: surface water area and volume.

Anti-predator behavior by parents in response to offspring predator

density in a water strider

Aquarius paludum insularis

ナミアメンボにおける卵への捕食者密度に対する親の対捕食者行動の変化

Nobayashi Maasa (Kyushu University ecological science lab) / 野林真麻(九大,生態科学研究室)

Inter- and intra-specific differences of

Daphnia

plasticity in response to

two different predators

ミジンコの表現型可塑性：異なる捕食者に対する形態変化の種間・種内変異

Mariko Nagano and Takehito Yoshida (University of Tokyo) /

永野　真理子・吉田　丈人（東大・総合文化）

Speciation history of three closely related oak gall wasps,

Andricus

mukaigawae

,

A. kashiwaphilus

, and

A. pseudoflos

(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Inferred from Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences

ミトコンドリアDNAと核DNAの塩基配列を用いたナライガタマバチ種群の種分化の歴史

Nakatada WACHI (Kyushu University) / 和智仲是（九州大学・システム生命科学）

The Andricus mukaigawae complex of oak gall wasps is composed of two cyclically parthenogenetic species, A. mukaigawae and A. kashiwaphilus, and a parthenogenetic species, A. pseudoflos. The component species differ in life history, distributions, host plant, karyotype, asexual gall shape, and Wolbachia infection status although little difference is found in the external morphology of asexual adults.

Among oak gall wasps, the A. mukaigawae complex provides a good opportunity for studies on the differences in host plants and in reproductive modes and on their relationship with genetic divergence. This is because the complex shows a few interesting features. First, the complex seems to have experienced speciation without shifts in the host plant organ, which is rare in the diversification of oak gall wasps. This suggests that there may be different factors promoting speciation accompanying host shift in this species complex. As theoretical and empirical studies have suggested, Wolbachia may have played an important role in the splitting of species. In this complex, A. mukaigawae is infected by

Wolbachia but A. kashiwaphilus is not. Thus, Wolbachia infection might have contributed to the speciation of the two species. Second, the asexual species, A. pseudoflos is suitable for understanding origins of asexuality in cynipid wasps. This has been difficult for the other known asexual cynipid wasps because cyclically parthenogenetic species closely related to them have not been found. In order to understand the order of diversification of the three species and the origin of asexuality, DNA sequences of one mitochondrial region (cox3-nad3-nad5-nad4; 3.2kb) and nine nuclear regions (total 11.5kb) were investigated in multiple individuals from each of the three species of the complex.

Diversity in salinity adaptation of barnacles in coastal waters

沿岸環境に分布するフジツボ類の塩分適応の多様性

Takuho Shuto (Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo) /

周藤拓歩（東京大学・大気海洋研究所）

Barnacles (Crustacea, Cirripedia, Thoracica) are one of the major crustacean groups in the sea. The most distinctive character of barnacles among crustaceans is their sessile life style; adult barnacles attach tightly to substratum and can not move. Therefore, it is expected that they have high adaptability to changes of environmental conditions. Barnacles are often recognized to be nuisance. For example, they foul underwater constructions such as ship hulls. Moreover, some species are notorious as invasive species because they have spread their distributions globally with human activities and disturbed local ecosystems. Therefore, ecological and physiological studies of barnacles are very important.

In this study, I focus on amphibalanine barnacles (Balanomorpha, Balanoidea, Balanidae,

Amphibalaninae), cosmopolitan barnacles known as major invasive species. Amphibalanine barnacles are dominantly distributed in coastal waters around estuaries although most other barnacle groups avoid low salinity environment. Even among amphibalanine barnacles, each species exhibits specific distribution pattern along salinity gradient. Thus, they are good models to elucidate the relation between the evolution of the salinity adaptation mechanisms and geographical distribution.

Estimating demographic parameters for predicting range expansion of

wildlife

野生動物の分布拡大を予測するモデルの開発

Yutaka Osada (Biodiversity Science, Univ. of Tokyo) / 長田穣（東京大学・生物多様性科学）

Recently large mammals including deer and wild boars are increasing and expanding their distribution ranges. Since they often cause serious damage to crops and natural vegetation, implementing the effective management of these mammals is a pressing issue for local governments.

For this issue, it is necessary to predict range expansion of these pest mammals at fine spatial scale. However, this is notoriously difficult for the following reasons. First, most mammals inhabit heterogeneous environments which vary their mobility. They may move along the pathway relatively easy to move. Second, observed data are often collected spatially sparsely and include various uncertainties. We need to take account of these data properties carefully when estimating species range distribution and demographic parameters.

Here we propose a novel statistical model to predict the range expansion of large mammals at fine spatial scales. Our model estimate their range distribution and demographic parameters based on Markov chain Monte Carlo. To demonstrate the usefulness of our model, we examined whether range distribution and demographic parameters are estimated with sufficient precision using test data generated from hypothetical simulations.

Our model is robust to sparsely distributed data points and is able to explore the effect of environmental heterogeneity on animal movements.

An odoriferous secretion of wrinkled frog defends against Japanese

striped snake

ニオイを有するツチガエルの分泌物はシマヘビに対して防御する

Yoshimura Y. (Dept. of Biology Kyushu Univ.) / 吉村友里（九大　シス生　生態研）

Wrinkled frogs, Rana rugosa, have warty skins with secretions. They are famous for emitting an odor when we catch them. They are rarely found in the natural diet of Japanese striped snake Elaphe quadrivirgata which is considered as a generalized predator, eating mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. When we gave wrinkled frogs to the snakes, the snakes did not swallow them. In addition, when 4 snakes were made to swallow the frogs forcibly, all snakes spitted out the frogs. After spitting out, the snakes opened and closed their mouth (gaping). However, it has not been clarified why wrinkled frog is not eaten by the snakes. We hypothesize that the odoriferous secretions of wrinkled frog has effects on anti-predator defense.

To examine the effect of the secretion of wrinkled frog to the predator, we gave the snakes palatable frogs (Japanese brown frog R. Japonica) coated with the secretions of wrinkled frog. The snakes took longer time to swallow the frogs than controls that we coated with the secretions of palatable frogs (Indian rice frog Fejervarya limnocharis). This shows that the secretions have effects with the avoidance of the predation by the snakes.

Soil water content profile and infiltration capacity of Mongolian

rangeland under different grazing pressures

異なる放牧圧におけるモンゴル草地の浸透能と土壌水分分布

Katori Arimitsu (The University of Tokyo) / 有光加理（東京大学）

Vegetation and soil degradation in rangeland due to increased number of livestock has been a serious problem in Mongolia. We made field surveys in Hustai National Park in Mongolia during periods of early August (rainy season) and late September (dry season) in 2011. This park is located 100 km west of Ulaanbaatar and excludes livestock in summer over the past 15 years (i.e. winter-grazing area). The field research focused on the relationship between vegetation degradation and soil degradation.

We selected two sites under different grazing pressures to collect data: one was a winter-grazing site as mentioned above and the other was the site that had banned livestock grazing whole year round in the past five years (livestock-exclusion site). Water content profiles in soil were obtained from surface to depths about 100 cm at various points in each site by sampling soils and weighing wet and oven-dry soils. We also measured water potentials of the sampled soils using a psychrometer and then obtained osmotic potentials and matric potentials by measuring electrical conductivity (EC) of the extracted soil water. Moreover, infiltration capacity of soil was measured in order to know whether there were rainfalls that exceeded infiltration capacity or not.

The resulting infiltration capacities were remarkably higher for the soil without livestock grazing (5-20 mm/min) than for the soil with animal grazing (0.5-2 mm/min).

Water content in surface soil layer of 15 cm depth changes widely at each sites, subjected to rainfall, evaporation and root uptake of water (transpiration); it increased over 0.1 cm3_/cm3 _{(corresponding water}

potentials of > -1 MPa) just after rainfall and decreased less than 0.05 cm3_/cm3 _{(water potentials of < -3}

MPa) during a drying period. Root of grasses mainly absorbs soil water in this surface layer. Water content of deeper layer of 20-60 cm depth were mostly less than 0.1 cm3_/cm3_{; rainfalls in rainy season}

Discovery of gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) inducing galls on the

strictly Asian subgenus

Cyclobalanopsis

of the genus

Quercus

(Fagaceae)

アジア固有のアカガシ亜属（ブナ科：コナラ属）にゴールを形成するタマバチ（膜翅

目：タマバチ科）の発見

Tatsuya Ide (Biosystematic Laboratory, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University)

/ 井手 竜也（九州大学大学院、比較社会文化学府、生物体系学教室）

Of approximately 1,400 cynipid gall wasps described to date, about 1,000 species are oak-gall wasps belonging to the tribe Cynipini. The host plants of these species belong to the family Fagaceae, primarily the genus Quercus, but also Castanea, Castanopsis, Chrysolepis, and Lithocarpus. The genus Quercus is divided into two subgenera, Quercus and Cyclobalanopsis, with the latter subgenus being restricted to the Eastern Palearctic region. Despite the extensive distribution of Cyclobalanopsis in Asia, only two species of Andricus (tribe Cynipini) described by Shinji had been recorded as gall inducers on this plant subgenus. However, these two species are actually inquiline gall wasps and were transferred to Ufo of the inquiline tribe Synergini by me and co-authors.

In 2010, I and my co-authors described a new species of oak-gall wasp, Plagiotrochus masudai Ide, Wachi et Abe, which induces galls on Q. (C.) glauca Thunb., from Japan. The type locality of this gall wasp is Ito Campus, Kyushu University, one of the core sites of the Global COE Program, Asian Conservation Ecology. This is the first definitive description of an oak-gall wasp inducing galls on the subgenus

Cyclobalanopsis. Until our description of P. masudai, the host plants of Plagiotrochus had been restricted to the section Cerris oaks of the subgenus Quercus. Although the host

plants of two species of Plagiotrochus from Nepal are currently unknown, the discovery of P. masudai on Cyclobalanopsis suggests that the two Nepalese species possibly induce galls on oak trees of this subgenus because of the widespread distribution of trees of

Cyclobalanopsis in this country.

After P. masudai was described, some cynipid species associated with

Cyclobalanopsis were described from Japan and Taiwan one after another in 2011. In Japan, Synergus itoensis Abe, Ide et Wachi was described. This species belongs to Synergini but induces galls in the acorns of Q. (C.) glauca exceptionally. In Taiwan, one species of

Plagiotrochus and four species of Cycloneuroterus, which was newly established, were described as gall inducers on trees of Cyclobalanopsis.

Cyclobalanopsis in Asia.

Mating behaviour of feral cats; do males wait for their courting turns?

ノネコオスの配偶行動；オスは他オスの求愛を「待つ」か？

Takahiko Yamamoto(Ecological science laboratory Kyushu University) / 山本宇彦（九州大学　生態科 学研究室）

In many animals, males intensely compete with rival males for opportunities to mate with females. In this case, males are not expected to wait until rival males finish courting or copulating with females. However many study have reported a male often “waits” until other males finish courting with females. In the feral cats, both males and females usually have several mates. In a breeding season, a male often compete with rival males for mates. Males have costs of courting in terms of loss of energy or time because in some cases a single courtship lasts for a few days. In the feral cats, we can observe that some male cats “wait” until a rival’s courtship. As soon as a rival male finished courting with a female, one of “waiting” males often courted with the same female. If males can court or copulate with a female after ”waiting”, they benefit from “waiting” behaviour.

Development of the Ecological Emergy Map for the Sustainable Land

Uses

Sang-Hyun Park (Institute of Tropical Agriculture) / パク　サン　ヒョン（熱帯農学研究セン ター）

This study used the emergy concept and methodology to construct a conservation map for West Busan, Korea. The emergy concept is an energetic approach in which energy is used as a common currency to compare different products. The emergy evaluations on nine land use types in West Busan were performed in order to compare characteristics of land uses and construct a

Atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of Pinus Pumila Regal

forest at Mt. Tateyama in the Northern Japan Alps, Japan.

立山高山帯のハイマツ樹冠と大気沈着との相互作用

Yoshitoshi Uehara　（Kyushu University Forest）/ 上原　佳敏（九州大学　農学部付属演習林）

Nutrient dynamics in alpine ecosystems during snow free period was evaluated on a summit of Mt. Tateyama, central Japan. We observed rain and fog precipitation, throughfall of P. pumila vegetation at Jodo-daira (36.566 N, 137.606 E, 2839 m a.s.l.). In the higher altitude region, concentrations of acidic components of rain were lower than the lower region. However, the total acid deposition to Jodo-daira was about the same as to the base plain region because of the increase in the amount of rainfall. The influence of transboundary pollution to the mountain area was suggested. About 80% of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the rain and fog water were absorbed from leaf surface of P. pumila. It was predicted that most of the cation component of the throughfall is derived from the atmospheric dry depositions and elements that transported from root and reached from tree. The results of Sr isotopic analysis showed that the isotopic ratio of throughfall was quite similar to rainwater and fog water and sea salt rather than underground water. It was suggested that the most of the nutrient supply to the P. pumila community in Tateyama is from the atmospheric deposition and the supply from bedrock is negligible.

Analyses of BAC sequences from a conifer, Cryptomeria japonica

針葉樹スギより得られたBACクローンの塩基配列解析

Miho Tamura (Graduate School of Systems of Life Sciences, Kyushu University) / 田村　美帆（九州大 学）

Conifers constitute the largest group of gymnosperms. They have large genome size as compared to most other angiosperms and long life. They have undergone few chromosome duplications in their evolution. Because of these characteristics, conifer is an interesting target of molecular evolutionary studies. But there are only a few studies on the structure of genome sequences of gymnosperms, and the sequence analyses have been limited to those of Pinaceae. Cupressaceae to which Cryptomeria japonica belongs has been phylogenetically separated from Pinaceae for more than 200 million years. Therefore, it is interesting to know the genome architecture of C. japonica.

In order to know features of the genome of C. japonica, we analyzed eight random Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) sequences and compared them with those of the other plant genome sequences;

Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Populus trichocarpa and Pinus taeda.

First, we analyzed GC contents of C. japonica and it was within the ranges of GC contents in the other plants. Also the observed frequency of CpG was lower than that expected from the GC content in all five species but the deviation was larger in the gymnosperms.

Second, we analyzed repetitive elements. In C. japonica, ca 14% of the BAC sequences had homology to some transposons in Repbase, a public domain database of transposons. The proportion was fewer than those in the angiosperms (42~18%). Moreover, in the gymnosperms, there were more LTR-retrotransposons than the DNA transposons. Furthermore, to identify unknown repetitive elements, we searched homologous sequences (repeats) the BACs in each plant species. There were more repeats with more than 80 % similarity in the BACS of gymnosperms than those of the angiosperm. In the gymnoperms, most of these repeats were found in the regions where known transposable elements are not found, which indicates that these repeats may be unknown transposable elements. Then, we investigated repeat structure in C. japonica in more detail. We detected some putative LTR-retrotransposon regions. An insertion of LTR-LTR-retrotransposon was found to have happened very recently and this might be an active LTR-retorotransposon in C. japonica. Moreove some putative LTR-retrotransposon regions were not similar to known transposable elements. These would be unknown new type LTR-retrotransposons.

sequences Interestingly, one of the genes had a large intron (about 70 kbp).

Identification of candidate genes involved in pathogen resistance of

Taraxacum japonicum

ニホンタンポポTaraxacum japonicumにおける病原体抵抗性候補遺伝子の探索

Chika Mitsuyuki (Laboratory of Ecological Science) /満行 知花（生態科学研究室）

Plant resistance genes interact specifically with pathogen avirulence genes. A hypothesis for the

predominance of sexual reproduction is that coevolution of a host and its parasites (including pathogens)

provides an advantage to sexual reproduction (recombination). The sexual Japanese dandelion T.

japonicum and the apomictic European dandelion T. oficinale, and their hybrid are suitable for validating

advantage of sexual reproduction due to their sympatric distributions in Japan. To establish fundamental

genetic information, we attempted to search for the R-gene by constructing EST libraries. cDNA were

collected from leaf tissue of a total of nine wild Japanese dandelions, three individuals each from Tokyo,

Aichi and Fukuoka. These sequences were determined by a Next Generation Sequencer 454 FLX-Ti. The

1,576,593 short-reads were assembled using Newbler into 39,904 contigs. These contigs were searched

its homolog using BLAST (blastn, tblastx) against R-genes from Lactuca saliva and T. oficinale. A total of

226 contigs were closest hits (1×e-20 threshold). Using these 226 contigs, candidate Japanese dandelion

resistance genes were identified by BLAST searches (1 × e-10 threshold) against the reference protein

sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana. A total of 176 contigs were considered as they are considered

candidate resistance genes in Japanese dandelion. Our study showed that cDNA sequencing with Next

Generation Sequencer is very effective to determine candidate resistance genes of wild plants. In the

future research, we will compare the allelic diversity and frequency of these R-genes in the sexual and

Dendrochronological study on Cryptomeria japonica from Yaku-shima

island/Japan, determining growth rate of living tree

年輪解析によるヤクスギ生立木の成長量測定

Shizu Itaka¹, Shigejiro Yoshida², Nobuya Mizoue²

¹Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, ²Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University

Around 900m to 1600m altitude of Yaku-shima Island is typically covered with a mixed conifer-broadleaved forest dominated by old-growth Cryptomeria japonica. These Cr. Japonica forest on Yaku-shima Island had been affected by logging activities continued over a 200 year period that started in 1642. Currently this forest consists of regenerated young Cr. Japonica and over thousand year old Cr. japonica, which survived logging activities. Using tree-ring data of these living Cr. japonica trees, it is possible to understand growth process for last few hundred years, including effect by human activities.

Traditional ecological knowledge of

indigenous ethnic minorities on

rattan use in biosphere reserves in Vietnam. A case in Cat Tien

ベトナムの生物圏保護区においてラタン利用に関する、土着の少数民族に見られる伝統知

識：カッティエンでの例

Dinh Thanh Sang (Institute of Tropical Agriculture) / ディン・タン・サン（熱帯農学研究セン ター）

Based on the results of the surveys in Cat Tien Biosphere Reserve (CTBR) in the southern part of Vietnam; this research seeks to document the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) on rattan uses among indigenous ethnic minorities (IEMs) and to find out main constraints to promote their domestication and planting so as to be intended to enhance their sustainable use and management. 133 respondents of the sample households were personally interviewed in five hamlets in 2010; secondary data of the same author’s master thesis related to CTBR in 2005 and 2006 were also used. In-depth interviews at household levels covering qualitative and quantitative information were implemented in order to obtain the uses of rattan among them. The methodologies including the “walk-in-the-wood” method and Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) were used.

The findings confirm that all of the respondents harvested the rattan species in CTBR for both subsistence and income generation. These species were commonly exploited for a variety of traditional uses such as foodstuffs, materials for handicraft, furniture, construction, shelters, dossers (Gui), traditional medicine and other tools. Overall, the survey identified twelve rattan species belonging to 3 genera used by the households; these were collected from natural forests and forest plantations, but primarily from the natural forests. They used shoots of the species as vegetable for daily consumption. Their stems were used for many purposes as mentioned above. With the traditional knowledge through many generations, the IEMs could recognize the priority uses of the species based on their characteristic. However, poor harvesting practices and high intensity of collection were threatening their sustainability, local uses and even food as well as habitat for wildlife.

Mathematical analysis of growth control mechanisms in the Drosophila

wing disc

ショウジョウバエ翅原基における成長制御メカニズムの数理的解析

Kenichi Hironaka (Kyushu University Mathematical Biology Laboratory) ／廣中謙一（九州大学　数理 生物学研究室）

The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily is a highly conserved protein family among animal species. Although the detail of its signaling pathway is relatively well-known, there are many questions about the concrete mechanism of action during developmental processes.

One of the TGF-β superfamily ligand, Decapentaplegic (Dpp) controls proliferation, growth and differentiation of most cells along Anterior-Posterior axis in Drosophila wing disc. There are several hypotheses explaining how an inhomogeneous spatial distribution of Dpp can lead a homogeneous tissue growth; Existence of the undiscovered complementary growth trigger like mechanical stress, cell growth control not by the Dpp concentration but by the spatial gradient of it.

Recently, Wartlick et al.(2011) proposed new hypotheses from their experimental data. One of them is called "Switch model", which claims that cells divide each time the relative increase of Dpp concentration surpasses a certain threshold.

Here we considered what type of biochemical reaction can realize the switch model. First, the output of such a system should satisfy two following requirements.

#1. Response to an input like a step function (Here an input means relative increase of Dpp concentration and a step function reflects the system having a certain threshold)

#2. Reset to the previous steady state after every response (This ability is called "Adaptation" and it is known that some particular network topology can achieve adaptation)

Considering the system satisfying #1 must react repeatedly for monotonically increasing input (observed in experimental data), the threshold of system has to increase after each response. This can be interpreted as the system having at least one negative feedback loop (NFBL). One of the network topology satisfying #2 contains one NFB, which is called "NFBL with buffering node (NFBLB)". If this buffering node is adopted to the threshold, we can derive the system satisfying #1 and #2 simultaneously. Although this system reacts only to absolute increase of input, we can obtain the system reacting to relative increase of input by adding a positive feedback loop to the buffering node.

Interference competition between native and hybrids with alien

congener (Taraxacum): insights from foraging behavior of pollinators

Fuyu Wu /呉　馥宇（システム生命科学府 博士後期一年級）

The competition between alien and native species is an important conversation issue in the world. In the aspect of pollination, if the occurrence of the alien species with showy flower, the reduction in pollinator visitation of native species results in a decrease in reproductive success, especially all of them are co-flowering species. In Japan, the agamospermous hybrid between native dandelion (Taraxacum

Downstream migration and spawning behavior of tropical eels

in Sulawesi Island, Indonesia

熱帯ウナギの降海回遊と産卵

Seishi Hagihara

Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo

The freshwater eels of the genus Anguilla are catadromous fishes that are widespread throughout much of the world from tropical to temperate areas. Thirteen of 19 species/subspecies are distributed in tropical areas and the remaining 6 species/subspecies are distributed in temperate areas. Molecular phylogenetic research on the genus suggested that they originated from tropical area, and that the genus radiated out from tropical regions to colonize temperate areas. A wide variety of biological studies have been conducted on temperate species such as A. anguilla and A. japonica, but in contrast, little is known about the biology of tropical eels. In particular, there is very little knowledge about their downstream migration and spawning.

Female migrating eels (64 A. celebesensis and 37 A. marmorata) that had just started their downstream migration were sampled by weirs near the outlet area of Poso Lake and female non-migrating eels (21 A. celebesensis and 21 A. marmorata) were sampled by long lines and eel pots in Poso Lake, its inlet rivers, and in the La River system during February 2009 to October 2010. Total length at migration of A. celebesensis ranged from 585 to 1083 mm and that of A. marmorata ranged from 800 to 1630 mm. Age at migration of A. celebesensis ranged from 5 to 11 years and that of A. marmorata

ranged from 7 to 23 years. The mean annual growth rate of A. celebesensis (100.8 mm/year) and A. marmorata (93.6 mm/year) was higher than that of most temperate anguillids. In both species, comparisons of morphometric variables between migrating and non-migrating eels suggested that the eye diameter, pectoral fin length, gonad weight, liver weight, swim-bladder weight and heart weight increased during their downstream migration, while the digestive tract weight decreased. Mean oocyte diameter of the migrating A. celebesensis (392.2 ± 49.3 μm) was significantly larger than that of the migrating A. marmorata (229.8 ± 35.5 μm). Moreover, 97% of migrating A. celebesensis had advanced vitellogenic oocytes, but 81% of migrating A. marmorata were still at the oil droplet stage. The very different maturation levels that were found between these 2 species appear to reflect their migration scales, with A. celebesensis spawning locally in Tomini Bay and A. marmorata migrating into the western North Pacific to spawn.

gonadolength index indicated that the adult females were in post-spawning condition. Both females had relatively advanced vitellogenic oocytes with diameters of 488.2 and 699.8 μm. The relatively advanced maturation stages of the remaining oocytes in the post-spawning females suggested that A. marmorata

Seasonality of water and carbon dioxide exchanges at a teak plantation

in northern Thailand

タイ北部・チーク人工林における大気‐森林間での水・炭素交換の季節性

Yasunori Igarashi (The University of Tokyo)　/ 五十嵐康記（東大農）

The examination of energy, water and carbon exchanges between vegetation and the atmosphere is critical in various research fields such as meteorology, ecology and hydrology. The object of this study was to elucidate the seasonal patterns of energy partitioning of net radiation into sensible and latent heat fluxes and carbon dioxide (CO2) flux at a tropical deciduous forest site, i.e., a teak plantation in

northern Thailand. In general, latent heat flux was more prominent than sensible heat flux in the wet (growing) season, whereas in the dry (dormant) season, sensible heat was the main form of energy emitted to the atmosphere. More specially, latent heat flux began to increase before leaf-out of teak trees and decreased 1 month earlier than leaf-fall initiation. Daytime net CO2 uptake appeared to

increase with increasing amount of leaves but only at the beginning of the wet season; values peaked during the first half of wet season; and declined thereafter. This decline occurred about 3 months earlier than when latent heat flux began to decrease about 4 month earlier than the leaf-fall initiation. These results indicate that the seasonality of water and CO2 exchanges between the atmosphere and the

A new way to use nector : a reward for seed dispersal in

Mitrastemon

yamamotoi

Nami Mihara (Lab. of Ecology Kyushu Univ.) / 三原菜美（九州大学 生態科学研究室）

Optimal investment for enhancing social concern about biodiversity

conservation: a dynamic approach.

Joung-Hun Lee (Kyushu University)

To maintain biodiversity conservation areas, we need to invest in activities, such as monitoring the condition of the ecosystem, preventing illegal exploitation, and removing harmful alien species. These require a constant supply of resources, the level of which is determined by the concern of the society about biodiversity conservation. In this paper, we study the optimal fraction of the

China

Member : Tomi Yamashita, Tatsuro Sato, Yuta Tomiyama & Liangliang Hunag

Collecting the data on the riverside with local children

Survey boat on the North Tiaoxi River

Trapping a gill net

Mekong River

Member: Yuichi Kano & Tomomi Yamashita

Rare mangrove at the mouth of the Mekong River in Vietnam

Extremely broad flood plain near Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia

Yakushima

Aug-4 Sep

Member: Yusuke Onoda, Liu Jia, Wei Lun Ng, Chika Mitsuyuki, Chen-Wei Chiu,

Liangliang Huang, Joung-Hun Lee

Field members. (left) 1st _{field course (right) 2}nd _{field course}

(left) ame-nimo-makezu (right) new record of Osmanthus marginatus

from Yakushima

Sampling process. Busy in night…

Cambodia

Member: Tetsukazu Yahara, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Ryo Tsujino, Munemitsu Akasaka,

Kajisa Tsuyoshi, Hironori Toyama, Shuichiro Tagane, Keiko Sakata, Yoshitoshi

Uehara, Tatsuya Ide, Nami Mihara, Maasa Nobayashi, Fuyu Wu, Masao Takase,

Collecting a leaf sample for specimen and DNA analysis, and measurement of leaf thickness

Making specimen

Collecting leaf sample

Mikata Lake

Member: Tatsuya Nagaoka, Chika

Mitsuyuki, Yuri Yoshimura and many

others.

Lake Mikata, Fukui Prefecture, Japan (known as Lamsar site).

Fieldwork around Lake Mikata.

Practise harder.

Fieldwork around Lake Mikata. All specimens were released after survey.

Satellite tracking of the

black-faced spoonbill, Korea

30

_{June- 4}

_{July 2011}

Artificial nesting Island/site at Sondo (left). A juvenile individual with leg bands (right).

Attaching a satellite transmitter on the back of the bird.

A juvenile individual with satellite transmitter.

Ito campus

Vegetation survey course

, from 24

_{Nov. 2011}

Member: Tetsukazu Yahara, Kenichi Hironaka, Kazunori Matsuo, Dinh Thanh Sang, Liu Jia, Shizu Itaka, and Shin Nishida

Introduction of the Biodiversity conservation area on the Ito Camupus.

Ito campus

J

apanese pond turtle field course

, 26

_-29

_{Sep. 2011}

Member: Liu Yitao, Rita Tahir Lora, Shin Nishida

Setting traps on some ponds at/around Ito campus with fishes, shrimp and so on as bite to catch turtles.

Japanese pond turtle (Mauremys japonica) from Ito campus.