「十六世紀後期における関係代名詞(V) : C.マーロウ及び同時代の作家の作品を中心として」

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(1)Title. 「十六世紀後期における関係代名詞(V) : C.マーロウ及び同時代の作家の作品を中心として」. Author(s). 水野, 政勝. Citation. 北海道教育大学紀要. 第一部. A, 人文科学編, 39(2): 17-36. Issue Date. 1989-03. URL. http://s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/123456789/4192. Rights. Hokkaido University of Education.

(2) "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (V):. From the Works of C. Marlowe and His Contemporaries". Masakatsu MIZUNO. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2 . Simple Forms. 2. 1 Relative Who, Whom, Whose. 1 2 3. Whom. 2., 3.. 1. Non-Attributive ;. 2. 3.. 2. Attributive. 1 2. Non-personal that. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 2.. 2.. 2 Which 3 What. 4 That 2. 4. 2. 4.. 2.. Whose. Personal that. 5 Dependent Relative Pronouns That and Which (Non personal). 2.. Who. 2. 5.. 1. 2. .5.. 2. That Which. 6 Dependent and Independent Relative Pronouns CNon personal). 3'; Compounds 3.' 1 Compounds in -ever 3.1.1 Whoever 3. 1. 2 Whatever 3.2 Compounds m -soever 3. 2. 1 Whosoever 3. 2. 2 Whatsoever 3. 3 Compounds in -so 3. 3. 1 Whoso 3. 3. 2 Whatso 3. 4 Compound Wi-Relative Pronouns 4. Summary. NOTES ABBREVIATIONS. 17.

(3) 7^ ^ ^ ^ 1 . Introduction Clauses® may be introduced by relative pronouns without an antecedent :. TU try what I can do (F 193); My lord, be not dismay'd for what is past (ST I. iv. 105).. Such relative pronouns are usually called independent relative pronouns.® They are divided into simple forms and compounds. In present-day English, the most common are what, and the compounds with -ever. ® The aim of this paper is to see how and to what an extent they were used in the late sbcteenth century. This study is based on an analysis of relative pronouns® in the works of Marlowe and his contemporaries.®. 2. Simple forms The simple forms of independent relative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which, what, and that, and the most common is what. What has different functions in clauses, and these clauses have diffe-. rent functions in the sentence, and the relative ivhat (and that) will be grouped according to the function of the clause and the function of the pronoun.. 2. 1 Relative Who, Whom, Whose. 2. 1. 1. Who Independent relative who® is rare in the material here. There are only a total of 10 examples. In Marlowe's works there are only four certain cases. Who is normally used to express the generic sense, 'the one who' or 'any one who'. There are no examples of the 'specific who' ® (e.g. 'You're not who I thought you were'.) Sometimes who is resumed by a personal pronoun (his).. Tl II. ii. 32 iy/»o® brings that traitor's head, Theridamas, ShaU have a government in Media ; TR 224. 1 (in verse) For who doth not esteeme of thee. Shall haue no seruice done of me ; FB 711 who can take the Lincoin Earl shall have, Paid in the Exchequer, twenty thousand crowns ; ST III. iii. 37 Who first lays hand on me, I'll be his priest ; AF I. 583 Forewam'd, forearm'd, who threats his enemy, Lends him a sword to guard himself withal.. In the type illustrated below the who-chuse contains an auxiliary will ®: E 88 And underneath thy banners march who will.. In the following example who stands for whom: FB 143 Espy her loves, and who she liketh best.. 18.

(4) -Jr^m&im ^ *- ij- s mw^m( v) The fonnulaic expression as who should say is used twice in Marlowe. The meaning is "one might almost say..."®. / IV. 228 Not a wise word ; only gave me a nod, as who should say, 'Is it even so?' E 260 And when I come, he frowns, as who should say, 'Go whither thou wilt, seeing I have Gaveston.' ST III. v. 15 Will't not. be an odd jest for me to stand and grace every jest he makes, pointing my finger, at this box, as who would say; Mock on, here s thy warrant'.. 2. 1. 2 tWiow. Independent relative whom " may be used with or without a preceding preposition.. pret>ositional (Eliz 1 ex.): ST III. iii. 46 Hieronimo? carry me before whom you will.. non-prepositional (Mari 1 ex. DIS 2 exs. Eliz 2 exs.) :. D III. ii. 31 Why is it then, displeasure disjoin Whom kindred and acquaintance co-unites? GC 1 132. 17 (DIS) to bring whom he pleaseth to the seat of Honour ; TR 229. 25 (DIS) I will have my lips at as much liberty as my tongue, the one to say what I list, and the other to touch whom I like ; ST III, iv. 45 He runs to kill whom I have holp to catch ; AF XIV. 22 I have broken a sergeant's head with his own mace, and bailed whom I list with my sword and buckler.. 2. 1. 3 Whose. The mdependent relative whose is very rare in this period, "' and only the following quotation from. Marlowe was found in the material: E 1498 I shall pour vengeance with my sword On lo/iose proud rebels that are up in arms [i.e. On proud rebels of those that are up in arms],. 2,2 Which The relative which without an antecedent is also very rare, and the texts examined provide only two instances. According to Jespersen, " there is no which without an antecedent in natural Modem English except in cases such as choose which you will. T 11, ii. 4 Take which thou wilt; Jfet'A I. iii. 31 Choose which thou wilt.. 2. 3 What. 19.

(5) 7j<, Sf Kfe <» Relative what occurs frequently in Marlowe's plays, as also in other writers," and the various usages will be detailed separately below.. 2. 3. 1 Non-attributive The whole what-dause (i.e. in its entirety) may have the function of subject, object, be governed by a preposition, or be a nominal part of the predicate." In some cases it occurs with a resumptive pronoun (('(etc.). 2. 3. 1 (1) Subject-clauses. Relative what is rare, and functions as subject or object in a subject clause :. subjective what (Eliz 3 exs.) : SH III. iv. 54 What's mine ShaU, if thou make myself thine, all be thine ; FB 750 What likes my lord is pleasing unto me.. objective-what (Marl 1 ex. Eliz 3 exs.): , , , , F 1352 Faustus, this, or what else thou shalt desire, shall be perform'd in twinkling of an eye ; SH II. iv. 20 My Lord, I am advis'd That what I spake is true ; to prove it so, (Note here that it stands for u)/w(-clause); Swear on this cross that what thou sayst is true ; AF XIII. 56 It greatly matters not what he says. (Here it precedes the w/wf-clause.). 2. 3. 1 (2) Object-clauses. subjective what (Marl 1 ex. DIS 4 exs. ElizSexs.): A subjective what introducing an object-clause always follows the governing verb, and there are few examples of this.. T 2 II. v. 23 To one that can command what "longs thereto ; IN 57. 11 (DIS) he is fame to keepe sUent, what otherwise should be shown ; Ibid. 165. 8 (DIS) Well, seeing I cannot recall what is past, I will take this as a just penance for my too much folly ; AV VIII. 68 Forget, I pray thee, what hath pass'd betwbct vs, For now I blush and tremble at the thoughts ; FB 864 And yet, master doctor, To speak like a proctor, And teU unto you What is veriment and true.. objective what: (i) Type: 'Do w/iff( ye will' (MarlSexs. DIS 5 exs. NAR 1 ex. Eliz 6 exs.): What is frequently found as an object with verbs such as list, will (would), can (could). In this. 20.

(6) +^m&w (= *' ij- s mw^m{ v) ® case what cannot be replaced by that which (or that that or that)." The following are illustrative exampies: ®. E 1023 Do what they can, we'll live in Tynemouth here ;" Ibid. 2077 Elect, conspu'e, install, do what you will; D III. i. 127 For ballas, empty Dido's treasury, Take what ye will, but leave AEneas here ; F 874 Do what thou wilt, thou shalt not be discerned ; TR 220. 21 (DIS) therefore call for- what you will, I will pay for all (here prepositional w/ia(-clause is used); GC 2 157. 9 (DIS) Aske what you will (quoth Robin) I respect it not; Ibid. 1 111.44 CNAR) he would do what he could for the Merchant ; SH I. iii. 23 do fortune what she can ; Ibid.V. i. 9 let them all say what they can ; OWT 355 and ask me what thou wilt, Thou shalt have it brought into thy lap.. (ii) Type : 'I may enjoy what I desu-e' (Marl 15 exs. DIS 19 exs. NAR 3 exs. Eliz 27 exs.): Cases of objective what following the governing verb are fairly frequent. It is sometimes difficult to determine whether to classify the w/iff(-clause as relative or (dependent) interrogative:'. / IV. 138 I fear me he mistrusts what we intend ; F 107 Shall I make spirits fetch me what I please ; Ibid. 193 I'll try what I can do; D III. i. 9 I may enjoy what I desire ; M 129 If I repair not what he ruinates, Him, as a child, I daily win with words ; TR 263. 17 (DIS) poore prisoners cannot doe what they desire ; Ibid. 229. 16 (DIS) you are not to be blamed for doing what I wild you ; GC 1 97. 17 (DIS) I desire thee, euen by the power of that loue thou bearest to me to keepe secret what I haue shewed thee ; TR 260. 1 (NAR) Harry perceiuing his meaning did what he willed ; Ibid 2 181. 37 (NAR) he was something wild in behauiour and wilful in his attempts, often repenting sadly what he committed rashly ; OWT 683 Here sit thee down, repent what thou hast done ; ST I. iv. 25 Then young Don Balthazar with ruthless rage, Taking advantage of his foe's distress, Dis finish what his halberdiers begun ; FB 1226 Lest thou dost lose what foretime thou didst gain ; AF VII. 2 First, Will, let's hear what he can say ; SH V. ii. 79 honest Rafe, Whom I have injur'd most by loving Jane, Mark what I offer thee ; Ibid. V. v. 51 Even in thine eyes I read what thou wouldst speak,. (iii) Type : 'What I get one way I spend another way' (Mari 4 exs. DIS 3 exs. NAR 1 ex. Eliz 5 exs.):. The what-dause may precede the governing verb. What functions as an object of a verb (or a preposition) in an object-clause. In some cases what is resumed by the pronoun it. / IV. 390 What he writes for you ye shall have straight; E 2403 What I list command who dare control? F 1343 what I may afflict his body with I will attempt, which is but little worth ; GC 2 152. 20 (DIS) what I get one way I spend another way ; GC 1 77. 16 (NAR) but neuertheless what they wanted in beauty, they had in brauery; ST III. x. 99 As those that, what they love, are loath; AF IV. 181 What I have promised, I will perform ; FB 769 But, Peggy, what he cannot with his book, We'll 'twbtt us both unite ;'( up in heart (resumptive it); Ibid. 1804 And what I spake, I'll maintain with my sword.. 2. 3. 1 (3) Prepositional Clauses. 21.

(7) 7\<- s ^. m There are also instances where the what-chuse is governed by a preposition, and what functions as an object or subject (rarer) in relative clauses (prepositional).. subjective what (Mari 1 ex. Eliz 1 ex.): F 918 And in thek conference of what befell; ST I. iv. 105 My lord, be not dismay'd for what is past.. objective what (Mari 3 exs. DIS 2 exs. NAR 1 ex. Eliz 7 exs.). : D III. iii. 23 AEneas, be not mov'd at what he says ; Ibid, IV. iv. 47 Oh where is Ganymede, to hold his cup, and Mercury, to fly for what he calls? ; Ibid. IV. iv. 73 Shall vulgar peasants storm at what I do? ; IN 24. 22 (DIS) Hauing no other Rents but what I get from the backes of little sheepe ; GC 1 116. 20 (NAR) what she wanted in outward feeding, her heart yeelded to, with inward delight and content ; ST II. iii. 32 Amongst the rest of what you have in charge, The prince s ransom must not be forgot; Ibid. VI. iii. 7 This is the argument of what we show (cp. Ibid. VI. iv. 10) ; FB 1538 What I have heard, what passions I have seen, I'll make report of them unto the earl; SH V. v. 118 I am content ^vith what Your Grace hath done.. 2. 3. 1 (4) Clauses as the Nominal Part of the Predicate. ®. The what-cbuse may be the nominal part of a predicate.*" Only two examples were found (no ex. in Marlowe), and in both examples what is used of persons. Relative what is also the nominal part of the predicate in the clause : SH V. v. 96 Rose, lend me thine,; Be what you would be ; FB 635 Be what he will, his lure is but for lust.. 2. 3. 2 Attributive Relative what may occur in the attributive position (i.e. as an adjective). The w/iffC-clause usually. has the post-position in the sentence, in which case it is difficult to distinguish from a (dependent) interrogative. The group what + noun may function as a subject or object in the clause. No examples of. ®. what modifying a personal noun were found.'. subjective v/hat-group (DIS 1 ex. NAR 1 ex.): GC 2,159. 42 (DIS) Nay (quoth she) hap what hap will, I will -goe to him ; Ibid. 185. 36 (NAR) Harry... agreed to goe to London together, and there to try what fortune would befall them.. objective wha.t-group (Marl 2exs. DIS 4 exs. NAR 1 ex. Eliz 4 exs.):. F 109 Shall I...Perform what desperate enterprise I will? ; Ibid. 799 And thou shalt turn thyself into what shape thou wilt. ; GC 1 98. 32 (DIS) good Frier, make what speed you may ; Ibid. 2 180. 16 (DIS) And trauellers (quoth they) vncontrouled, haue liberty to vtter what lies they list; Ibid. 1 111. 21 (NAR) he would. 22.

(8) +^m&^w ^ ^ ^ s wim^m v) make what profit he could of his goods here. AF IX. 15 But, should I brag what booties I have took, I think the overplus that s more than thine Would mount to a greater sum of money; FB 507 when it is my pleasure I'll flee into what place I please; Ibid, 1538 What passions I have seen, I'll make report of them unto the earl,. The last example above shows the case of a what-cbuse in the front-position. Note here that the resumptive pronoun them is also used.. 2. 4 TW Relative that can be used independently (i.e. without an antecedent" ) as in the proverb 'Hand•some is that handsome does.' This relative that occurs particularly with non-personal objects, but it is also found with reference to persons. There are 35 instances, of which 8 are for persons (i.e, that = 'the person(s) that', 'those who'), and 27 for things (i.e. that = 'the thing(s) that', 'that which', or 'what')." In cases where we find an isolated that followed by a relative clause, that can be explamed as. a demonsbrative pronoun without a relative" (e.g. To sound the depth of that thou wilt profess (F 30) (qtd. Jespersen MEG HI. 7. 33) ; 'What is that you say' (GC 1 100. 7 (DIS)). In most cases, however, its characteristics are uncertain. In discussing the use of that, all examples of that (including uncertain cases) will be dealt with in this section (i.e. independent relative pronoun that). 2. 4. 1 Personal That. Personal that occurs occasionally without an antecedent. Relative that may function as a subject or object or be a nominal part of the predicate in the clause. Relative that is rare as object or nommal. part of the predicate. The examples below predominantly show that functioning as the subject in a clause.. subjective that (Marl 2 exs. DIS 1 ex. Eliz 3 exs.): D HI. iii. 47 Then would I wish me with Anchises' tomb, And dead to honour that hath brought me up; Ibid. III. iii. 49 Then would I wish me in fair Dido's amis, And dead to scorn that hath pursued me so; GC 1 88. 4 (DIS) What was that said the rest?; FB 1774 Who's that knocks? ; AF XIV. 336 Then weep that will (cf. E 88 March who will) ; Ibid. IV. 33 here it lies that will not out till wretched Arden dies.. objective that (Marl 1 ex. Eliz 1 ex.): T 1 II. iii. 17 The host of Xerxes, ...Was but a handful to that we will have ; OWT 152 Kiss that I clasp! but I cannot.. predicative that (DIS 1 ex.): GC 1 114. 25 (DIS) iudging you a prudent discreet man, that will not make a shew of that you are not,. 23.

(9) ?j< m i% ^ 2.4.2 Non-personal that Non-personal that is frequently used with the value of 'that which' (or 'what'). The that-clause may function as a subject or an object or be governed by a preposition.. 2. 4. 2 (1) Subject-Clauses Relative that may be the subject or object in a subject clause. subjective that (Eliz 1 ex.): ST III. vi. 76 I take it that that is good for the body is likewise good,. objective that (DIS 6 exs. Eliz 1 ex.): GC 1 104. 2 (DIS) Now tell me what wanton wagtaile is that thou hast clapt thus vnder the apron? ; Ibid. 1 76. 31 (DIS) What three moneths is that you speak of? ; ST III. xiii. 45 What coil is that you keep?. 2. 4. 2 (2) Object-clauses. subjective that (Eliz 2 exs.): AF 243 We'U have that shall serve the turn; ST I. ii. 170 He hunted well that was a lion's death.. objective that (Marl 1 ex. DIS 2 exs. NAR 1 ex. EUz 2 exs.):. T 2 I. i. 24 Slavonians, Almans, Rutters, Muffs, and Danes, That with the halberd, lance, and murthering axe, Will hazard that we might with surety hold ; GC 1 124. 14 (DIS) I haue my hearts desire, and that I so long looked for ; Ibid. 1 130. 39 (DIS) here is a fit place to finish that I haue long looked for; Ibid. 173. 17 (NAR) refusing that they would fainest haue ; ST I. iv. 86 Pay that you borrowed, and recover it; Ibid. Ill, v. 4 That they are most forbidden, they will soonest attempt.. In the last example above the that-dause precedes the governing verb.. 2. 4. 2 (3) Prepositional clauses The </i<rf-clause is often governed by a preposition in the texts examined, and that functions as ob-. ject (frequently) or subject in the prepositional clauses. subjective that (DIS 1 ex. Eliz lex.):. 24.

(10) +^m&w K fc- (j- s mwf, m (v) GC 2 208. 9 (DIS) the world is grown to that passe ; ST III. xii. A. 34 And yonder pale-fac'd Hecate there, the moon, Doth give consent to that is done in darkness.. objective that (Marl 2 exs, DIS 4 exs. Eliz 3 exs.): F 30 To sound the depth of that thou wilt profess ; Z> I. i. 7 She reach'd me such a rap for that I spill'd ; TR 215. 37 (DIS) I will... with my sword keepe my selfe in possession of that I haue ; GC 1 78. 2 (DIS) it is for me to seek for that I shall neuer find ; Ibid. 1 122. 21 (DIS) but be thankfuU vnto God for that you haue ; AF V. 29 Go forward now in that we have begun ; Ibid. XIV. 203 I pray you meddle with that you have to do ; ST IV. iv. 10 This is the argument of that they show.. The word that m the last example above must be noted here, as the whole sentence is repeated. later in the same play using what mstead of that as in: ST VI. iii. 7 This is the argument of what they show. (Cf. 2.3.1 (3)).. 2. 5 Dependent Relative Pronouns That and Which (Non-personal) In this section the dependent relative pronouns that and which (both restrictive) are dealt with briefly, especially when used with non-personal antecedents. In the case of non-personal use, the in.©. dependent what" (i.e. a relative without an antecedent) is often used with the value of 'that which', 'that that' (i.e. demonstrative followed by relative) as we have ah-eady observed in 2.3.1. According to A. C. Partridge,'" writers before 1650 preferred that that, often reduced to a single that. For comparison, this section also discusses these dependent relatives, to survey the use of independent relatives in the period. The relative pronouns used with the demonstrative that have various functions in the clauses as the demonstrative (as antecedent) followed by the relative clause also has in the sentence.. The quotations with these relative pronouns will be grouped according to the function of the relative and the function of the antecedent.. 2. 5. 1 That. There are few instances of this relative with a non-personal antecedent that in the present mate-. rial. The few examples may imply that the use of that that was falling out of favour in this period. The antecedent can have the function of an object or be preceded by a proposition. Relative that, though rare, may function as a subject or an object in the clause.. 2. 5. 1 (1) Antecedent as Object subjective that (Mari 1 ex. Eliz 1 ex.): M 99 That like I best that flies beyond my reach ; ST III. xii. A 85 Wouldst thou have that that lives not in the world?. 25.

(11) 7j< S iK ^ objective that (Eliz 1 ex.): FB 651 and would God the lovely earl Had that in esse that so many sought.. 2. 5. 1 (2) Antecedent as Prepositional Object objective that (Mari 1 ex.): E 2392 They thrust upon me the protectorship, And sue to me for that that I desire.. 2. 5. 2 W^'c/i. The relative which frequently occurs with the antecedent that in the texts under analysis. This frequent occurrence contrasts strikingly with the infrequency of that that. The various usages are dealt with below.. 2. 5. 2 (1) Antecedent as Subject subjective which (NAR 1 ex. Eliz 2 exs.): GC 2 203. 37 (NAR) and that which made him more happie, was this ; FB 191 that which is above us pertains nothmg to us ; ST III. vi. 16 For here Ues that which bids me to be gone. (Cf. AF IV. 33 in 2.4. 1.). objective which (NAR 1 ex.): IN 43. 14 (NAR) and that which they sold was at so low a rate, that the money scantly paid for the wooll and workemanship.. 2. 5. 2. (2) Antecedent as Object subjective which (Marl 2 exs. DIS 1 ex. Elizlex.): At 816 although you take out nothing but your own, yet you put in that Uihich displeaseth him; IN 57. 6 (DIS) I could bee very well content to giue them theu- bellies full, and that which is sufficient, but it grieues me, to tell you true, to see how coy they are ; ST I. iv. 148 by this you see that which may comfort both your king and you.. objective which (Marl 2 exs. DIS 3 exs. Eliz 4 exs.): / I. 192 I'll make sure for one, And seek in time to intercept the worst, Warily guarding that which I ha' got; GC 1 132. 23 (DIS) I'll pay that which then I was not able to do ; OWT 158 Then grant me that which I have su'd for long ; AF I. 207 Ungentle and unkind Alice, now I see That which I ever fear'd and find too. 26.

(12) +AW^%C*- n ^>?g^^^( v) true.. In the following examples the antecedent precedes the governing verb (cf. 2.5.1 (2)). D V. i. 170 I hope that that which love forbids me do, The rocks and sea-gulfs will perform at large ; AF XIII. 19 That which he craves I dearly bought of him, Although the rent of it was ever mine.. 2. 5. 2 (3) Antecedent as Prepositional Object subjective which (DIS 2 exs. NAR 2 exs. Eliz 1 ex.): GC 2 200. 13 (DIS) I will haue none ignorant of that which is to be effected; IN 5. 33 (DIS) proffered ware is worse by ten in the hundred than that which is sought; IN 18, 12 (NAR) hee sought for that which was not there to bee found ; Ibid. 44. 11 (NAR) and there is nothing base, but that which is basely vsed ; SH III. iv. 6 my poor famish'd eyes do feed on that which made them famish.. objective which (Mari 2 exs.) : D V. i. 3 Here will AEneas build a statelier Troy Than that which grim Atrides overthrew; T 1 V. iii. 232 As precious is the charge, thou undertak'st As that which Clymene's brain-sick son did guide.. 2. 5. 2 (4) Antecedent as Nominal Part of the Predicate subjective which (Mari 2 exs.) ; E 2557 This fear is that which makes me Tremble thus ; D IV. iv. 116 only AEneas' frown Is that which terrifies poor Dido's heart.. 2. 6 Dependent and Independent Relative Pronouns (Non-personal). The following table shows the distribution of independent non-attributive relative pronouns (what and that) and dependent relative pronouns (that and which) according to the functions m the sentence and in the relative clause. The figures in the table are for non-personal cases only.. 27.

(13) 7j< S? i% Table 1 .S-CKAnt). What. That. obi. sbi 1 4 0 3. obi. Po-CKAnt). sbi. Marl. 0 0 3. 1 0 0 3. Total. 3. 4. 8. Marl. NAR Eliz. 0 0 0 1. 0 6 0 1. 0 0 0 2. _TotaI. 1. 7. 2. 1 (D 5®. 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0. 1 0 0 1. 0 0 0 1. 0 0 0 0. _0. _Q. J,. J_. DIS NAR Eliz. DIS. DIS NAR. Eliz Total. Eliz. 0 0 1 2. Total. 3. 1. 4. Total. 7. 12. 16. Mail That which. sbi. 0. Marl. That that. 0-CKAnt). DIS. NAR. 0 0 1 0. 2 1 0 1. 15 ® 19 @ 3 (D 27 ® 64 ®. •1. 0 0 1 2_. Pd-CKAnt). obj. sb i. 3 2 1 7. 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0. 13. obi. -££. 0 0 0 0. _0_. _0-. _0_. 2 4 0 3. 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0. J,. _0_. 1 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0. _g_. _0_. _0_. 1. 0. 0. _0_. 3®. 0 2 2 1. 2 0 0 0. 2 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0. 7 (2).. 5_. _2_. _0. _0_. 0. 0. 1 2 1. 1 (D. 3 0. 93. 0 1 0 1 2_. 9. 2_. 25. 2. 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. Notes ; 1. Figures in circles are cases where the relative clause or the antecedent of relative pronouns precede the governing verb.. 2. S (0, Pp, Pd)-Cl denotes the functions of the relative clause as subject, object, prepositional object, or nominal part of the predicate ; S (0, Pp, Pd)-Ant shows the functions of the antecedents of the same type. 3. Sbj (obj, pd) denotes the function of the relative pronoun in the clause as subjective, objective, or nominal part of the predicate. The figures in the table above show several general tendencies.. 1) Subject-clauses (or antecedents as subject) have no dependent relative that (i.e. that that), irrespective of relative pronoun's function in the clause. The dependent relative which (i.e. that which). (sbj 3, obj 1) and the independent relative what (sb] 3, obj 4) and that (sbj 1, obj 7) are not infrequent. 2) In object-clauses (or antecedents as object), the dependent relative that (ie. that that) in the subjective function occurs rarely, and with nearly the same frequency as the dependent which and inde-. pendent that (that that: that which: that = 2:4:2), the independent relative what has a comparalively higher incidence here (8). In the same clauses, however, the objective what is predominant (what 64 ® : that which 7 ®: that 5 ®: that that 1). As the numbers show, this is also the case with the relative clause (or antecedent) which precedes the governing verb. No that that of this case was found.. 3) With prepositional clauses (or antecedent as prepositional object), the dependent relative that (i.e. that that) does not occur in its subjective function, while the dependent relative which of the same. 28.

(14) -h/^WCT ^ *'• tf s w^^.m( v) function has nearly the same frequency as the independent what or that (sbj: that which 5, what 2, that 2).. In the same clauses (i.e. 0-C1 (Ant)), however, the objective what appears with comparatively high frequency (obj : what 13, that 9, that which 2, that that 1). The subjective that that seems to be avoided in this construction at least in the material surveyed here. 4) For clauses (or antecedents) which are the nominal part of the predicate in sentences, there was no case of independent that, while the dependent relative which (i.e. that which sbj : 2) occurs.. 3. Compounds. Independent M^-relative pronouns are generally reinforced by -ever, -soever, -somever, and -so.'. @. The meaning of these pronouns is indefinite, equivalent to anyone or anything that." In the present. material the forms whom(so)ever, whose(so)ever (the inflected forms of who(so)ever) were not recorded, These various forms together with their functions m clauses will be detailed below. 3. 1 Compounds with -ever. According to Jespersen, relative pronouns containing -ever have for centuries been much more col-. ®. loquial than the forms mentioned so far (i.e. forms in -so(m)ever, -so)," and the usage of compounds. with -ever will be detailed first. 3. 1. 1 Whoever. The compound whoever is rare (not found in Marlowe). The texts provide only one example. where whoever is used as the subject of the clause it introduces: SH III. i. 37 Wioeyer be my husband, 'tis not you.. 3. 1. 2 Whatever. Whatever is used fakly frequently in both attnbutive and non-attributive positions. 3. 1. 2 (1) Non-attributive The relative may function as a subject or an object or be a nominal part of the predicate in the @. .. </,.'«. '. ;. <. ,,. .. .. .. clause it introduces." As a predicative, whatever is used of both persons and things.. '. subjective whatever (Eliz9exs.);. 29.

(15) 7j< Sf i% ^ ST II. i. 76 And will conceal whate'er proceeds from thee ; FB 1955 Whate'er betide, I cannot say him nay ; AF I. 516 I'll pay him home, whatever hap to me.. objective whatever (Mari 2 exs. Eliz 1 ex.): F 276 I charge thee wait upon me whilst I live, To do whatever Faustus shall command; Ibid. 1033 whatever thou doest, thou shalt be no ways prejudiced or endamaged; ST II. i. 38 Hinder me not, whfffe'er you hear or. predicative whatever (Marl 3 exs." Eliz 3 exs."):. D I. i. 231 Fortune hath favour'd thee, whate'er thou be ;/ V. 9 Whate'er I am, yet, governor, hear me. speak ; ST I. iii. 55 Speak on, I'll guerdon thee whate'er it be ; Ibid. III. iii. 47 Whate'er he be, I'll answer him and you.. 3. 1. 2 (2) Attributive There are only two examples of the attributive whatever in the present material:. ®. M 622 we will be Mends, And fellowes too, whatever storms arise ; ST IV. iv. 25 Whatever joy earth yields betide. 3.. 2. your. majesty.. Compounds. in. ,. -soever. •. 3. 2. 1 Whosoever This compound relative is rather frequent here (but does not occur in Marlowe). Generally. @. whosoever" is the subject of the clause it introduces, but it may also be a nommal part of the predicate or an object of this clause. It is sometimes resumed by a personal prorioun (cf. 2. 1. 1).. subjective whosoever (DIS 2 exs. NAR 2 exs. Eliz 3 exs.):. GC 1 88. 25 (DIS) Whosoener puts but sue leaues of Mugwort in his shoes, shall nere be weary; Ibid. 113. 2 (DIS) I hear that whosoeuer will haue it must lay down 3,000 pounds ready money ; IN 62. 31 (NAR) whosoeuer came next ouer, might finde her; GC 1 105. 47 (NAR) whosoeuer could bring her to him, Ae should not onely haue a Princely reward ; ST IV. ii. 15 Fruitless for ever may this garden be, Barren the earth, and blissless whosoe'er Imagines not to keep it unmanur'd ; AF I. 534 And whosoeuer doth attempt the deed, A happy hand I wish, and so farewell; OWT 147 Will enter at his voluntary, whosoever saith no.. objective whosoever (DIS 1 ex.): TR 227. 45 (DIS) I giue this priuiledge, That whosoeuer they finde stealing their Cloth, being taken with the goods, that without further judgments, they shall be hanged vp.. 30.

(16) +^msw K *> it s mw^ m (v) predicative whosoever (DIS 3 exs.) : TR 227. 18 (DIS) we will so prouide, that whosoeuer he be that abuseth our subjects by any false measure, that he shall not onely pay a fine for the same to the King, but also haue his body punished by imprisonment; GC 1 127. 37 (DIS) they are gone whosoeuer they are ; Ibid. 2 150. 37 (DIS) I will pledge him, whosoeuer it be.. 3. 2. 2 W^fffeoever Whatsoever occurs quite frequently m attributive and non-attributive positions.. 3. 2. 2 (1) Non-attributive It is usually a subject or object of the clause it introduces ; it may also be a nominal part of the predicate in the clause.'. subjective whatsoever (Marl 1 ex. DIS 1 ex. Eliz 2 exs.):. F 184 And whatsoever else is requisite We will inform thee ere our conference cease ; GC 2 145. 34 (DIS) let vs at our parting be mindfull of our promises, to keepe secret whatsoever hath been said ; FB 1773 My mind is heavy, whatsoe'er shall hap ; AF I. 562 I told him all, whereat he storm'd amain And swore he could cry quittance with the churl, And if he did deny his interest, Stab him, whatsoever did befall himself.. objective whatsoever (Marl 5 exs. DIS 6 exs. Eliz 1 ex.): F 334 To give me whatsoever I ask ; Ibid. 1039 I am content to do whatsoever your majesty shall command me ; M 983 Cousin, assure you I am resolute, Whatever any whisper in mine ears, Not to suspect disloyalty in thee ; TR 250. 26 (DIS) Whatsoeuer thy heart desu-eth, thou shouldst haue. IN 39. 32 (DIS) I will giue you whatsoeuer you will demand ; ST IV. i. 48 and whatsoeuer I devise, Let me entreat you, grace my practices. @ < @. predicative whatsoever (Marl 1 ex, DIS 4 exs." NAR 1 ex." Eliz 3 exs.):. r 2 V. i. 220 whatsoe'er it be, Sickness or death can never conquer me ; TR 223. 15 (DIS) I would be right glad to leame to doe anything whatsoeuer it be ; Ibid. 252. 11 (DIS) I will amend it whatsoever it be ; TR. 227. 7 (NAR) ,whatsoeuer he was that was taken stealing their Cloth, might presently without any further tryall be hanged vp ; ST II. iv. 93 0 wicked butcher, whatsoe'er thou wert, How could thou strangle virtue and desert?; AF I. 467 And whatsoever leases were before are void for term of Master Arden's life.. 3. 2. 2 (2) Attributive Whatsoever in the attributive position is used for both persons and things (cf. 2.3.2). What is often separated from the rest of the compound, and whatsoever + noun may function as a subject or an object. 31.

(17) 7j< ^ K ^ or be a nominal part of the predicate in the clause it introduces.. subjective whatsoever-group (Marl 2 exs.) :. D II. i. 39 Lords of this town, or whatsoever style Belongs unto your name, vouchsafe of mth To tell us who inhabits this fatf town; T 1 II. vi. 18 what star or state soever govern him, Let us put on our meet encountering minds.. objective -whatsoever-group (Marl 3 exs.) : In the first example below whatsoever is used in a prepositional construction.. F 542 in what form or shape soever he please ; Ibid. 1441 io/ia( noise soever ye hear, come not unto me, for nothing can rescue me ; D V. i. 74 they shall have what thing soever thou need'st,. predicative v/hatsoever-group (NAR 1 ex.):. ®. GC 1 89. 32 (NAR) what loumey-man soeuer he be hereafter.. 3. 3 Compounds in -so. 3. 3. 1 Whoso. This compound is common in ME, and according to Jespersen," not very frequent in Modem EngUsh. In the present material there are only two instances in Arden of Feversham where the compound functions as a subject in the clause it introduces :. subjective whoso (Eliz 2 exs.) : AF I. 231 whoso looks upon the work he draws Shall, with the beams that issue from his sight, Suck venom and slay himself; Ibid. I. 613 whoso look upon it should wax blind And with the scent be stifled.. 3. 3. 2 Whatso. ®. According to Jespersen, this relative is also rare." The texts examined provide only two examples of whatso, as objects in the clause they introduce.. objective whatso (Marl 1 ex. Eliz 1 ex.):. E 170 and in our name command What-so thy mind affects, or fancy litres ; FB 1786 men might see whatso their thoughts or hearts' desire could wish.. 32.

(18) +^m^m c *• it s mw^w v) 3. 4 Compound Wh-Rebtwe Pronouns. The following table shows the distribution of compound relative pronouns according to their functions in the relative clause.. Table 2 Wh —Compound in Non-att.(Att.) Position. Marl Whoever. Whatr ever. DIS. NAR Eliz. Total Marl. DIS NAR Eliz. Total Mad. Whosoever. [-so]. Whatsoever. [-so]. DIS. NAR Eliz. Total Marl. DIS. NAR Eliz. Total. TOTAL. sb j 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 9 9 0 2 2. [2] 3. T2T7-. "r^zy 1 0 'z_. TTzT. 25. s-. obj 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 1(2) 0 0. T~W 0 0. 2®. 1 (,1). ^"w. ~M_. 0 1 0 0 1. [1] 5(3). 0 3 0 0 3 1 2(2). 6 0. ® (@). 23. 19. 2® [1] 1 [2] 12(3) -5® (®). "TOTAL,. 1. 15 ® (2). :2] 11. [21 21(50) ®67. Notes : 1. Non-att. (Att.) denotes the use of compounds in the non-attributive (or attributive) position, 2. Sbj (obj, pd) shows the functions of the compound in the clause : subjective, objective, or nominal part of the predicate. 3. Figures in the square bracket are cases of the compound in -so, 4. Figures in round brackets show cases of attributive use. 5. The ctfded figures show cases of w/ia(-compounds used for persons. The w/w-compounds are all for persons.. The above table shows several general trends in the use of compound relative pronouns, including. the attributive use: 1) The non-attributive compound in -soever (total 36) occurs more frequently than the other two forms of the same use (-ever 19, -so 4), in the proportions 61% : 32% : 7%. The rarity of the compound in -so agrees with Jespersen's comment (MEG III 3. 62).. 2) There appears to be a discrepancy in the use of compounds of who- and non-attributive whatforms. Whosoever (11 exs.), whatever (18 exs.), and whatsoever (25 exs.) are comparatively frequent.. 33.

(19) 7k sf j@c )% 3) When considering the functions (sbj, obj, pd) of each relative pronoun form in the clause, the wAo-compound (including all forms) occurs most frequently in the subjective function : sbj 10, obj 1, pd 3. The u'/iffi'-compound (including all forms) is found in all functions with non-personal cases (sbj 15,. obj 22, pd 8), and for persons only in the predicative function (pd 8 ). What-compounds in subjective and objective functions with persons (attributive or non-attributive) were not found.. 4. Summary This investigation considers the use of independent relative pronouns (i.e. relative without an. antecedent) in the late 16th century. The simple form of the relative what appears to be common also in this period. Especially in the non-attributive what used for non-persons (i.e. things) there is a remarkably predominant use in the. objective function in object-clauses (what 64, that which 7, that 5, that that 1). Other patterns corresponding to what are competing and there seems to be a tendency to avoid the subjective that that in prepositional clauses. Concerning what, A. C. Partridge" states that "The neuter relative what, without an antecedent, was used as early as the thirteenth century, but only spor-. adically until the Restoration, as may be gathered from its infrequency in Shakespeare, Jonson and the King James Bible". This does not seem to hold for at least the first type above (i.e. the objective wfwt in object-clauses). The various forms are found as compounds in the present material. The wh-form in -so, however, is rare and seems to be falling out of use. Other compounds in -ever, -soever (especially whatever, whosoever and whatsoever) seem to be common in this period. Frtof-compounds (attributive or nonattributive) seem to be avoided in subjective and objective functions when used for persons. From the material examined for this study, it may be concluded that the use of independent rela-. ®. tive pronouns are still in a fluid state, as A. C. Partridge" suggested.. NOTES 1. This paper is based on the same texts as previous papers which appeared in Journal of Hokkaido University of Education Section I A, Vol. 35 (No. 1), Vol. 36 (No. 2), Vol. 38 (No. 1) with the title "Relative Pronouns in the Late 16th Century (II, III, IV)". It may be considered a continuation of these articles since it is concerned with another aspect of the relative pronouns, namely, relative pronouns without antecedent.. 2 . Cf. R. W. Zandvoort, A Handbook of English Grammar (Tokyo; Maruzen, 1975), §. 470. 3 . G. Scheurweghs, Present-day English Syntax (London : Lorigman, 1961), §§. 424, 435. 4 . Clauses introduced by the independent relative pronouns are generally classified as subject-, object-, predicate, adverbial clauses, etc. Cf. M. Ryd6n (Relative Constructions in Early 16th Century English with Special Reference to Sir Thomas Elyot (Uppsala, 1966). 5 . The statistical data is treated as in the previous paper. The authors and works surveyed are detailed in. ABBREVIATIONS. 6 . The rarity of this relative is also noted in Ryd6n (op. cit., p. 331). On the use of who, Zandvoort (pp. cit., § 455) states that as a subject at the head of a sentence 'independent relative' who is now archaic (Who breaks. 34.

(20) +^W^ (.; *~ tf s m\m^ M (v) pays). Today only whoever is possible in this generic sense. Cf. also R. Quirk (A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (London and New York; Longman, 1985), 17. 12. 7 . R. Qiurk, op. cit., 15. 8.. 8 . This occurs together with the sentence 'He that can take or slaughter Tamburlaine, Shall rule the province of Albania' (T I II, ii. 30). Ryden states that whosoever or he that (which) is normally used instead of who. 9 . 0. Jespersen writes : 'Who is common in an interesting type of clause (also implying indifference of choice) in whice the relative word is preceded by a verb ...' Cf. 0. Jespersen, A Modem English Grammar Part III (Copenhagen: Einar Munksgaard, 1940), 3. 55. 10. Ibid. 3. 51.. 11. In present-day English whom (who, which) in its non-specific meaning is restricted to cooccurrence with a small semantic class of verbs (choose, like, please, want, wish). Cf. R. Quirk op. cit,, 15. 9. 12. Cf. 0. Jesperson, op. cit., 3. 36. 13. Ibid. 3. 51. Cf. also R. Quirk, op. cit., 15. 8.. 14. Partridge notes its infrequency in Shakespeare, Jonson, and the King James Bible. Cf. A. C. Partridge, Tudor to Augustan English (London: Andre Deutsch, 1969), p. 163. 15. Cf. G. Scheurweghs, op. cit., §§ 424 ff. 16. Cf. 0. Jespersen, op. cit., 3. 46. Also M. Ryden, op. cit., p. 339.. 17. 0. Jespersen (Ibid. 3. 46) quotes this example. 18. R. Quirk (op. cit., 15. 9) writes about nominal (i.e. independent) relative clauses that 'Since only the nominal relative clause can be concrete, when semantic restrictions indicate that the clause is a physical object, the clause is unambiguously relative : I send them what they needed,' Cf. also R. W. Zandvoort, op. cit., § 470.. 19. G. Scheurweghs, op, cit., § 426.. 20. On the attributive use of what modifying a personal noun, M. Ryd6n states that only occasionally does what modify a personal noun. Cf. M. Ryd6n, op. cit., p. 341. 21. Cf. 0. Jespersen, op. cit., 3. 71.. 22. OED(that3b) 23. Ibid. (that 3a) 24. Cf. 0. Jespersen, op. cit., 7. 16, 7. 33, 7. 34. Cf. also A. C. Partridge, op. cit., p. 163. 25. M. RydiSn, op, cit., p. 344. 26. A. C. Partridge, op. cit., p. 163. 27. M, RydfSn, op. cit., p. 351 ff. 28. G. Scheurweghs, op. cit., § 264. Forms of -ever are in general use m present-day English. 29. 0. Jespersen, op. cit,, 3. 65. 30. M. Ryden op. cit., p. 355. 31. Two of these examples are the case of persons. 32. One of these is of a person.. 33. All are used of things. 34, This relative is always used of persons.. 35. In this predicative function, whatsoever is used of both persons and things. 36. Two are the cases of persons. 37. This is used of a person. 38. The relative whatsoever is the case of a person. 39. 0. Jespersen, op. at., 3. 62.. 40. Ibid. 3. 62. M. Ryden (op. cit., p. 360) also remarks rarity of this relative in 16th century. 41. A. C. Pantridge, op, at., p. 163. 42. Ibid. p. 163.. 35.

(21) 7j< gf ^ m ABBREVIATIONS Denoting works examined Author. (DRAMA) C. Marlowe, ......... The Tragical History of Doctor Fanstns (F). The Jew of Malta (J) The First Part of Tamburlaine the Great (T 1) The Second Part of Tamburlaine the Great (T 2) Edward the Second (E) The Tragedy ofDido, Queen of Carthage (D) The Massacre at Paris (M) (abb. Marl) T. Kyd, .........The Spanish Tragedy (ST) G. Peele, ......... The Old Wives' Tale (OWT) Anonymous, ......... Arden ofFeversham (AF) R. Greene, ......... Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay (FB) T. Dekker, ......... The Shoemakers' Holiday (SH). (abb. Eliz). (NOVEL). T. Deloney, ......... lacke ofNewberie (IN). Thomas of Reading (TR) The Gentle Craft (The First Part) (GC 1) The Gentle Craft (The Second Part) (GC 2) (abb. DIS and NAR). 36.

(22)