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(2) (30). 30. 第 10 巻 第 1 号 (2005年 7 月 ). 横浜国際社会科学研究. through@words@@@we@do@not@know@what@matter@Vs". ， Hence@the@body@as@a@suDect@(that@in@extenSon@becomes@a. state@bat@ing@for@identy)@in@Critc3@ Theory@@@ arguably@a@de Ⅰ. Ⅱ. vate@of@the@conceptu3@ framework@that@C. me0 Ⅳ PutSf0rW 肛d. Ⅰ№1Sクピ れ功 0 戸 れ c ゆzlS 缶れhereXemp Ⅱ 丘 edlntheneXtSec the@suDect wom 町l. conceptu3ied（n，ritc3ゝheory. Ⅱ. ⅠⅠ. tic3. Ⅱ. Onthr0UghadlSCuSSI0nonh0w. @. For@David@Campbell,@the@claim@that@territory@@@which@arguab is@to@the@nation state@what@the@body@is@to the subject-hWe essentialqual%es is a 吻etW わ月ic㎡ 押 伽の ッ ， (Campbell,19g もa:93). He ar 糾 esthatallstates are@inheren y@paradoxic3@ entii s@Snce@they@are@devoid@of@what@he@c3 "pre-discursive@founda on"@@@any Ⅰ. ・. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. God-given@right@or@essence@@@to@autho. Ⅱ. ty@and@will-formationCampbCl@cl3ms@that@th@@. ck@of@pre-discurSve. Ⅰ. ・. h@the@@ autho ty@i. foundation@forces@states@to@repeatedly@enunCate@their@identiy@so@as@to@create@a@re3iy@in@whi. Ⅱ. seen@as@self-evident ， The@state， s@most@privileged@discourse@to@achieve@this@is@foreign@policy@and@through@this (Campbell ， 1998-a. discourse@it@contains@vocal@subversion@and@the@"silence"@at@the@limits@of@its@own@arguments@ 197,1996:163-,7.174-i5). Arguab Rob@W3ker@takes@the@p0itic@@argument@of@states@as@di curSve@constructs@the@furthest@when@he ， but@instead@manifests@the@problem@of@IRclaims@that@states@should@not@be@seen@as@a@starting@point@for@IR-Theory Ⅰ. Theory,@and@Crcumscribes@is@solu. Ⅰ. on. W3ker@asks@what@are@the@conditions@under@whi. ・. h@@@ @@ posSb. to@think,. Ⅰ. speak,@and@make@authoritaLve@Caims@in@politics@@@and@h@@ answer@@@ that@the@di curSve@foundation@of@the@state sets@these@limis@(W8ker,@1993.@1997) UnfortunatCy,｜oth’or仝3ker,‖s『e as’or，ri Ⅰ c8 Theory（n“ener8. the@qu3iy@of@ter tory@@@uninteresting@@@un ss@@@ @@ represented@into@speechA hough@th@@ artiCe's@m8n @@ interestng@to@note@that@for@Criical@Theory@the@state@"becomes" concern@is@not@the@role@of@the@sovereign@state@@@ through@a@di curSve@process@rather@than@through@any@i herent@qualities,@something@which@has@attracted@criti im Ⅰ. ・. Ⅱ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. of@idealism@and@a@refusal@to@take@into@account@the@real@world@of@matter. This@arti le@argues@that@this@ctici m@of@Critic3@Theory@@@ correct@but@only@to@an@extent ， One@needs@to@be Ⅱ. very@careful@about@identifying@exacty@where@the@prob. Ⅰ. m@in@CriLcal@Theory's@ Ⅴ ew@on@matter@lies C tic3@Theory. does@not@state@explicily@that@"representa Ⅰ on@is@3l@there@is",@or@that@"matter@@@ only@a@cu Ⅰ. states,@however,@that@the@only@way@humans@can@make@sense@of@matter@as@an@object@@@. Thus@we@have@a@prob matter. ・. Ⅰ. m@concerning@how@to@make@sense@of@materi3iy. Criti 3@ Theory@attempts@to@sol. Ⅱ. ・. ・. ur8@. as@a@cu. Ⅰ. representa. Ⅰ. on" It ・. representation. ur8@. We@cannot@give@an@o6ective@account@of. e@tHs@pro5em@by@taking@the@stance@that@in@p0iti. 8@. theory@matter@@@ best. accounted@for,@rather@narrowly,@as@a@cu ur3@ tranSaton ， Let@us@look@further@into@how@Critic8@ Theory@makes Ⅰ. sense@of@this@cultur3@. tranSation@of@mate. Ⅱ. al@o6ects. If@one@sentence@can@be@sad@to@summarize@Cri Ⅰ c8@ Theory ， s@viw@of@matter@@@ @@ LaCau@and@Mouffe's@C3m that@"oDects@cannot@constitute@themsCves@as@o6ects@outside@of@any@dicurSve@condii n@of@emergence" ， Lac u Ⅰ. and@Mouffe@argue@that@@@ @@ imposSb@@. to@dis nguish@between@discurSve@and@non-discurSve@prac. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ces@and@affirm. that;. 'every@object@is@constituted@as@an@object@of@dicourse,@insofar@as@no@o Ⅰ ect@@@ given@outSde@every@dicursive@condii n@of emergencC@. and ， ， ， any@di tnc. Ⅰ. on@between@what@are@usually@c3led@the@linguistic@and@behaVor3@. aspects@of@a@soci3@. practice,@i. Cther@an@incorrect@diLncti n@or@ought@to@find@is@pce@as@a@d@ferent@ti n@wihin@the@soC8@ producti n@of@meaning,@whih@i Ⅰ. structured@under@the@form@of@di. cursive@tot3i. Ⅰ. es ，・ ， / ． ， The@fact@that@every@o6ect@@@ ・. constituted@as@an@o. Ⅰ. ect@of@di course@has. nothing@to@do@with@whether@there@is@a@world@external@to@thought ， or@with@realism/idealism@opposition An@earthquake@or@the ・. falling@of@(a)@brick@is@an@event@that@certain eXsts ， in@the@sense@that@it@occurs@here@and@now ， independent of@my@will But Ⅰ. Ⅰ. constituted@@@ terms@of@。 natur3@ phenomena whether@thCr@speciiCty@as@o5ects@@@ ぱ甲フ. e れ asupo. れ由 estrM ctun ん g o/ 仮と;scuJrjifve カeld. whatisdenied は. ・. ， or@ ， expressi ns@of@the@wrath@of@God ，，. isnotthatsuch objectsexistexternalIy tothought,but.
(3) Politic6@Theory@and@the@Ana sis@of@Matter@ (Dan@oberg). (31). Ⅰ. 31. the〉ather‥ifferent‖ssertion》hat》hey…ould…onstitute》hemselves‖s｛bjects｛utside｛f‖ny‥iscursive…ondition｛f ， (Laclau@&@Mouffe. emergence. ， 1985:107-108. ， italics@added). LaCau@and@Mouffe@are@correct@when@they@state@that@o6ects@are@constiuted@as@discourse@and@that@the@same material@oUects@can@be@di. curSvely@interpreted@diferently ， But@to@arti ulate@the@problem@of@matter@as@depending. m・. upon》he《tructuring｛f‖‥icurSve’iCd（n》he［anner´aCau‖nd｀ouffe‥o…icumvents‖nother｝rob Ⅰ. it@does@not@answer@the@ques. Ⅰ. on@of@how@materi3@. oDects@or@events@attract@certain@types@of@interpretation,@or@why. ons》hat‥iffer’rom｛ne‖nother they‖ttract（nterpreta Ⅰ. ・. For@example,@why@@@. the@human@face@seen@as@and@used@uni. ersa. Ⅰ. y@as@a@means@for@iden. fica on@or@to@express. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. emotons? Despie…ertain…u ural‥iferences（n（nterpreta on｛r‖ctual「sage｜etween…ert3n｜ody｝arts,》hese Ⅰ. Ⅰ. functions@of@the@face@seem@to@be@universal ． It@would@be@interesting@if@Critical@Theory@could@explain ， not@how@the. interpretaLon@of@a@materi3@oDect@difers@over@time,@but@why@@@ stays@the@same@despie@different@cultures@in@so many@cases. 巾. Ⅵ enonelookstoJudlthButlerltlsclearthat. matter@as@a@"cu ざ. 加乃W. ⅠⅤ. Ⅰ. れイを ァァ o. 31). FOrBU. er. 円形は isC は ド ガ ivピ，ガ こん. proceeds. orhe. 丘. ， toretu ntoma. (Bu. (ibid:』i). Ⅰ. ピ㍉. 0グ. 口ⅠⅠ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ・. m77ロァニ. Ⅰ. ・. by@bCng@generated@from@mat. りガ. 南e. ガァ. しみ. nltlonof. ァ. ピⅠ. ピん O. は. 甜7a Ⅴ. e わォ0. み. 6% 援. Ⅰ. ノア. リグどぱピァ. 0 切戸lpea わしァァ んピ. ァグ Ⅰ. e. (lbld: is れ 。. ‥. ァわ. e C ひん ぴ珂 ICo. れごニバは. Ⅰ. Ⅱ xes@of@power@(ii4@ 1). Accordingly,@matter. nothing｛utSde》he〉epresenta Ⅰ on》hereof‖ndヾmilar》o．avid，ampbel's」iew｛f. matter@ cks@any@type@of@onto. the na Ⅱ lon state. nん. W ん icわ. 且. ctfnれ o/ Se れメ e Instead， the［ateriality｛f《ex（s 。 always ， already socially…onstructed‖nd》hus ， gendered. "f んのァ傍 c な. 尼 pom んァ 0/ アイピ托nce. 一一一 duetothede. 1993@ 49) ， She@asks. eⅡ. i.sr りれ 9 は 0ge 0 ん eV ピ r co んぱ itio れはれイピバ ッわicん (when dlSCUSSlng the "materlallty""ofSex) ,ぱ is れ 0. ォ寸. はerls. Ⅱ. ural@practice"@@@to@return@to@a@dicurSve@Sgn@. 胤a. 切. モ. Ⅰ. gical@foundaton. Ⅰ. Hence,@for@Butler@the@relation@between. ・. (Sex) andCultu al ePreSenta 廿 On ㎏enden lSnolonge : 。ん 0 1.lr と とれば ビア co れご ff e イァんのひe ん巴 c ビアァ傍 れ 招 rp 托肋ガ 0 れ 0Ⅰ ど臼 ㌔みはt" 仇の ぱ ど ん w ん傍ァ托8 は ぬto り れ or 灼 lss 幼名ぬピ伊川傍招 nI傍 lizeみ (Bu は er:1993:9-10). To understand the repetltlonofre 四 latory norms. From thlspolnton Butler unders ねnd ma はerthusbecomesto argues@that@matter@ s"@a@cu ural@meaning@that@absorbs@other@cu ural@meanings In@short,@to@Critical@Theory,@the polii s@of@matter@is@poli Ⅰ cs@of@power,@cu ure,@and@identity@enacted@through@discurSve@ritua (Butler,@1993@ 5-7. and 1999: 148) ， Likewise， David，ampbell…laims》hat］o［aterial｜ody…ould‘ver｜e『ithout‖‥iscursively. ma はe 「. 「. 「. 「. Ⅰ. これ. Ⅰ 眈ァ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. constructed@identiy,@constiuted@through@the@inscrip. Ⅰ. on@of@boundaLes@(Campbe. Hence,@ C tical@Theory@@@not@interested@in@the@visu3@aspect@of@bodi Ⅱ. textu8ly@constructed@iden. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. Ⅱ. ヤソ. Ⅰ. ,@1998-8@ 9). opting@instead@to@put@focus@on@a. S@. ty ， Perhaps@one@might@say@that@Critic8@Theory@@@ caught@up@in@the@Ci. he@in@art@that. p3ntings@are@made@by@"the@eye@of@the@beholder" ， This@is@a@Ciche@that@retes@not@only@to@art@but@a o@to@how@one Ⅰ. should‖ssess｝otcal｝ercepon Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. Ⅰ. In》his『ay》he《tarting｝0nt‖nd‘nd｝0nt｛f，ri c3 Theory‖re｝retty［uch Ⅰ. the@same@Snce@what@@@ at@stake@@@to@(1)@recast@the@bodies@of@subjects@or@the@territory@of@nation@states@as@effects@of di course‖nd｝ower（n｛rder》o・. processes‖s‖〉epetiion｛f〉egulations‖nd…onstr3nts ・. A@theory@and@polii s@of@matter@is@thus@made@a@derivate@of@regulations@and@constrains@and@we@start@and@end@at the｝oint『here［atter‖nd｝olitcs‖re・. Ⅰ. eady"‖ppropriated…ultur3ly》hrough｝ower〉e tions‖nd. turned@into@gendered@effects ， Simi r@to@David@Campbe Ⅰ. also@sees@sexuality@as@having@none@ examp re. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. such@as. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ， s@Caim@that@territory@has@no@essen. (See@Butler， 1999:@40)， However. and［aking . Ⅰ. Ⅰ. on8@ re. al@qualities,@Butler. ， is@not@Butler ， by@picking@up@a@specific. "the〉epresenta on｛f［atter"『i. on@of@sex@to@other@modes@of@matter@and@how@these@func. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. u. Ⅰ. y（gnoring｜oth》he’uncon3 Ⅰ. tons@helps@to@cause@interpretatons?@. If. another［aterial‘xample『ould｜e…hosen,《uch‖s‖］eur3 pathway（n》he｜r3n,》hen｛ne［ight『onder『hat.
(4) (32). 32. 第 10 巻第 1 号 (2005年 7 月 ). 横浜国際社会科学研究. to@do@with@the@"fact"@that@neurons@or@neur3@ processes@are@soC8ly@constructed Arguments@such@as@that@of CampbCl@and@Bu er@rest Ⅱ ct@attempts@to@use@materi8@sciences@as@a@baSs@of@exp naLon@rather@than@encourage ・. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. them. For》he《ame〉eason,‖“ene3ogy｛f》heゞniedヾtates (Da Ⅴ d，ampbell:・ (Jens@BartelsoH@1995),@although@ udable@in@that@they@tCl@us@how@the@concep Ⅰ. (i， e is@textu3@ con ・. va. Ⅱ. ous@na. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ngency),@tC. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. or｜y》he《tate（n“ener3. on@of@a@state@has@changed@over@ me Ⅰ. us@litt ,@@@anything,@about@the@uniqueness@and@func. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. on@states@in@a@given@space@and@tme. Neiher@would@a@gene8ogy@te. ・. Ⅰ. on3@. diferences@between. us@anything@of@the@materi3. diferences@between@one@part@of@the@body@and@the@next,@or@between@one@war@and@the@next. It@goes@w@hout@saying. ・. that@there@is@an@ enormous@difference@between@not@only@different@parts@of@the@body@but@also@any@two@wars@that depends@on@the@territory@on@which@it@is@fought. To@summarize. ，. ， to@Criti al@Theory@the@body@of@the@sub@ ct@or@the@territory@of@the@state@@@ oHy@possi. as@di course@and@in@the@same@token@turns@into@a@di. curSve@product@generated@by@authoritarian@soci. le@to@know l@formaLons. However ， with@regards@to@matter@this@ignores@the@fact@that@ Ⅴ sual@o6ects@affect@perception@differentdepending Ⅰ. what ㎞nd ofimagesthey. 0n. are.. Similarto how te 汀什o Ⅳ a 丘ectthe. 珂ればiofwa ㎡are cert㎡n. れ 7 0 ガは s ope. ゆPesof. matter@affects@the@modus@operandi@of@perception@and@helps@to@channel@the@way@reality@is@interpreted III．. Overemphasis@on@Spoken@and@Written@forms@of@Analysis. The@preVous@section@showed@that@for@Cri. Ⅰ. c3@. Theory@the@human@body@and@the@naton@state@are@located@in@the. politic8@ sphere@to@the@extent@that@they@are@enacted@and@generated@through@di ln C ltIcalT № eory/lscalled sono. thlngslnthIsmanne. 「. w tng@and@speaking. ， Cri c3@ Theory@conceptu3i. Ⅱ. 「. 「. course. ， The@inCina. on@to@ Ⅴ ew. 1ゆ lnthlsa れlCle 一一一 an@overemphaSs@on@the@acts@of. es@matter@through@sonority,@not@as@a@vi. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. u3@. image ， Part@III. argues@that@3though@text@might@be@important@to@how@images@are@i terpreted， th@@ has@nothing@to@do@with@how images@mediate@percep. Ⅰ. on@in@general Perception@@@ not@merCy@a@textual@encounter ・. Th@@ part@builds@on@the@preVous@argument@that@to@C more@or@. Ⅱ. Ⅰ. c3@. Theory@the@starting@and@end@points@of@anaySs@i. ss@the@same The@first@part@takes@up@the@roof@women@in@Politic8@ Theory@to@show@how@Cri. Ⅰ. conceptu3i. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. es@images@as@text,@in@the@second@part@there@@@ a@discusSon@of@how@C. Ⅱ. Lcal@Theory@equa. c3@. Theory. thought@with. Ⅰ. textu3@ practices，. Let@us@continue@by@dicusSng@how@J ， Ann@Tikner@enuncites@the@su6ect@"woman"@in@her@artiCe@"Identiy@in Internaton8@ Re. Ⅰ. ons" ， This@@@ interes ng@in@the@sense@that@@@shows@how@the@sonorous@presupposiions@of. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. C tic3@Theory@come@to@frame@is@who Ⅱ. otherthatmena. Ⅰ. an8ySs. ・. For@Ti kner@the@wo. れlculatethelrldentl 坤 agalnst. W0menare.o. Ⅱ. d@@@ predi tably@po r@@@women@are@the Ⅰ. slメ e ，， "ヒス cJは 』 ピメ ， (Tlckner, 1996: 148)"c み ごピんァ 血ひ灼ァんピco れ stnMc れ o れ 9Ⅰん%OWle みdge.0bld:l51),and,seco れば -cl傍 sscmt はピれ s,obld:156)thathWebeenandstlIlare ashavlng ,傍 condemned to the,local,whne men enjoysthe.glo み at Gbld: 159). Tlcknerportrayswomen 7%. イり. 月ピれ. Ⅰ. ゾ. ァガ. ・. Ⅰ. はァ. ozc ピ， ， avolcethattheyhavebeen. 。 ぱ隼戸パゾピメ. 9Ⅰ，by, タり. Ⅰバク. パ. CんⅤ ，. ・. JustaslⅥ thCampbe. Ⅱ. andWalkerthls. son0rousvlewofpo tlcseXtendsevent0lmagesandltlsbyglvlngbackwomenthelrvolcethatonecangalna Ⅱ. ，刀パル 戸正ル穫 0/ 庇ピ Wo んみ， Gbid:149). ァ. ㎡由 0 は g ん. Jo 珂 eW. んa. 「. 胤M. 「. ed,"g,naiれ. 「. 0 血ツ，. Ⅰ. n. Ⅱ. new. 什. h thisⅢ ckne. Ⅱ. C0nc. 仙desthata.9. 白7 イピ J で はヱ胤召どピ. so/poJ 加 cs,. Gbid:l50). T@ kner@does@not@explin@how@an@image@can@be@"muted"@ (since@viu3@ images@are@not@necessaly@sonorous) s The@predi tability@in@Tikner's@approach@becomes@obvious or@when@and@how@@@"speaks"@of@gender@inequ8i@ Ⅱ. ・. through@supp n ng@the@word@"woman"@for@"b ck"@or@"homosexua Ⅰ・ Th@@ substituLon@@@a@simplification@but@a useful@one@since@it@highlights@the@normative@framework@of@Critical@Theory ， One@problem@inherent@to@Critical Theory@ (eVdent@@@ D3by ， 1997@ 19)@@@ the@myth@that@the@perceed@m8ority@("the@whie-m3e-heterosexu8Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ.
(5) Political@Theory@and@the@Analysis@of@Matter@ (Dan@oberg). (33). lei@@ean")‘mbodi s‖ll》hat（s『rong『ih》he『o d『hile》he〈u3ity（s｛n》he《ide｛f》he・. ，. Ⅱ. In@Ti kner ， s@study@the@"myth@of@the@miority"@proVdes@a@background@through@whi women@as@the@outSder@of@polii. s@and@make@ethi. s@a@matter@of@giving@women@exposure. 33. h@she@can@rCnforce. T@ kners@theoretical@coup. ・. de@force@thus@par Ⅰ Cpates@in@setng@the@table@for@a@(Feminit)@polii s@that@demarcates@re8iy@in@exacty@the@same Ⅰ. way@as@@@ ou ined@and@critici ed@by@C Ⅰ. Ⅱ. Theory ， And@similar@to@the@m8ority@norms@T@. c3@. Ⅰ. has@to@cicumscribe@both@international@relations@as@bCng@between@kings@and@p. Ⅱ. nces@. kner@scrutnizes,@she (which@she@ sees@as@best. represented@in@Hobbes@depiton@of@LeVathan,@'a@man@in@armor@wearing@a@crown@and@carrying@a@sword')@an ro. of@women@as@pawns@of@patriarchy@. Ⅰ. (T@ kner,@ 1996@ 152) ， But,@@@ @@ not@obVous,@that@we@can@also@argue@the. namCy@that@there@are@3ways@novel@posSbii. inverse norm@. Ⅰ. es@in@what@@@ usually@thought@of@as@"the@m3o. ty. Ⅱ. ， 3". To@expli ate,@when@a@political@problem@@@ percCved@through@gendered@or@cultural@lenses,@@@ comprehensivCy@or@parti. lly?@Let@us,@as@an@examp. Ⅰ. @@then@percei ed. ,@conSder@the@images@of@abuse@from@the@Abu@Ghr8b@p. Ⅱ. son@in. Iraq@operated@by@the@US@ArmyThe@prison@images@that@were@shown@repeated for@a@couple@of@months@during@the Ⅰ. ・. Sp. Ⅱ. ng-2004@does@not@convey@text@per@. images@are@suDects@or@o. Ⅰ. Ⅱ. tic3@Theory@argues. ， Before@these. Ⅰ ects@@@that@is,@before@they@become@(among@other@things)@text@@@they@are@mate. It@@@not@from@textu8@ representa sen. se,@neiher@do@they@speak@to@us@as@C. Ⅰ. 3. Ⅱ. ・. on@that@the@vi wers@of@these@images@feC@ piy@or@anger@(or@whatever@other. ment)@ towards@the@vi tims@of@the@torture@and@the@military@guards. ・. It@@@through@the@content@of@the@images. which@is@not@necessarily@textu3 However ， even@though@media@images@might@be@depicted@in@a@predictable@fashion@where@race@and@gender@is. identified@both@in@line@with@what@is@identified@by@Critical@Theory@ (by@emphasizing@the@racial@aspect@of@the@Abu Ghraib-images),@or@in@contrast@to@what@@@ seen@by@Critic8@ THeory@(by@emphaSzing@the@reverse@sexu3@ aspect women@as@torturers,@men@as@v@. Ⅰ. ms)@it@does@not@mean@that@they@have@to@be@depi. what@new@informaCon@would@this@reiera A@further@problem@in@Criti. Ⅰ. on@yi ld@us?. al@Theory ， s@take@on@med@@. images@is@the@view@that@moDlizati. founded ， either@through@discursive@strategies@or@unfounded@through@silence that@sonorous@aspects@can@c0or@interpreta However,@a@re theore. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. vant@ques. Ⅰ. ted@in@th@@ way ， Furthermore,. Ⅰ. on@of@images. ・. ・. n@of@bodi s@i. Critical@Theory@is@right@in@affirming. But@images@are@at@the. Ⅰ. on@iS@ @@ not@the@fear@of@S nce@that@@@ invoked@by@Cri. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. very@outset@Sl nt@and@viSb. Ⅰ. c8@. Theory,@integr3@to@is@own. cal@stance?@ In@other@words,@@@ not@sonority@overemphaSzed@to@the@detFment@of@sience@so@that@the. defini on@of@po tics@becomes@loquacious?@ Ⅰ. Ⅰ. obvious@@@ one@conSders@that@in@. The@overemphaSs@of@sono. Ⅱ. ty@in@Cri c3@ Theory@becomes@more Ⅰ. 'how@@@ @@ posSb. Rob@W3kers@question. Ⅰ. to@think@poliis",@there@@@. a. commitment@to@a@very@specific@worldview@as@"to@think"@becomes@"to@speak" ， "to@tell" ， "voices"@(Walker ， 1997:@6466.@73)， Likewi e,@it@@@ pl usible@to@argue@that@Cri c@@ Theory@in@gener8@ is@based@on@sonority ， 4' Ⅰ. There@is@another@effect@of@how@Critic3@ Theory@equa. Ⅰ. thinking@w@h@sonorityIt@puts@numeric3@aspects@・. "the@more@voices@the@better"@ (as@in@Campbell:@1998-b)@ ahead@of@quality ， This@means@that@to@Critical@Theory 。 socie es@are@the@sum@total@of@stories@ (Jean@Bethke@Elshtain ， 1987:@166)， But@why@this@parochial@view,@cannot@a society@equal well@be@the@sum@total@of@the@past@and@present@images@it@contains@or@the@sum@total@of@the@standard@of Ⅰ. Ⅰ. technology?. Elshtain， s@view@(which@is@similar@to@Laclau@and@Mouffe@as@discussed@in@the@previous@part)@yields@the@absur conclusion@that@@@becomes@impossible@to@conceptualize@the@visu3@ becoming@of@society@except@as@part@of@a discurSve@chain. ， The@ diference@between@living@in@the@year@. 1500@and@in@the@year@2000@in@a@m3or@Western. European@city@would@not@affect@thought@through@changes@in@the@qu3ity@of@. Ⅰ. fe@(of@movement@patterns,@atten. Ⅰ on,. sensibilities,@Seeping@habis,@crime,@introduction@of@new@vehi l s@and@public@transports@such@as@subway,@aip nes, Ⅰ.
(6) (34). 34. 第 10 巻筆 1 号 (2005年 7 月 ). 横浜国際社会科学研究. and@cars@-the@difference@in@standard@of@li Ⅴ ng,@ergonomi ciyscapes@-introduc. Ⅰ. s,@ soC3@ we. Ⅰ. are,@and@medi ine@-the@shape@of. on@of@v@ u3@ media@and@so@forth),@but@only@how@these@qu3ii. s@are@sonorously@enacted. Critc3@ Theory@is@obviouSy@right@to@beli ve@that@sonorous@components@are@used@to@inii te@change@in@poli@ 8 processes. ・. A. Ⅰ. kinds@ of@po. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. c3@. processes@. are@. often@ car. extermi ati n@of@Communits,@GypSes,@Jews,@homosexua War@was@tEggered@by@diect@orders. ， Hence,@the@argument@in@th@@. disab s@attempts@to@exp in@the@re Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅱ. the. ng@the@Second@Wo. Ⅱ. paper@@@ not@that@discourse@@@ use. onship@between@matter@and@polii. One@problem@with@equating@the@percep. language ， For@example,@. ,@and@so@forth@by@Germany@du. Ⅰ. course@forces@image-perception@into@a@pe. that@the@overemphaSs@on@di Ⅰ. ed@ out@through@. Ⅱ. pher6@ role@in@Po. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅱ. d. Rather. ss ，. Theory@and. c3@. s@from@such@a@perspective. on@of@an@image@and@the@discursive@interpretation@of@an@image,@as@we. saw@wih@regards@to@Tickner,@@@ that@cert3n@conceptu8@presuppoStions@get@to@diect@the@theoretic8@. interpreta on Ⅰ. Why@is@this@a@problem?@As@this@study@perceives@it@there@are@two@reasons ， First@ ， it@manifests@a@specific@normative interpreta on@of@matter@that@dienables@other@interpretatons@of@matter Ⅰ. "what@kind@of@matter"@， The@l st@part@of@th@@ arti Theory ， Therefore,@. Ⅰ. ， Secondly,@@@f@. w@l@focus@on@an@aerna Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. to@ask@the@queston@of. ve@to@the@sonorous@v@ w@of@C Ⅱ@c3. t@us@look@into@the@second@queston@first ，. Ⅰ. Cri c3@ Theory@sees@materi3@ objects@as@being@constiuted@as@homogenous@objects@Snce@"a@body",@"an iden ty",@and@"a@country"@are@8l@conSdered@actu3ied@as@things@through@exac y@the@same@process Th@@ evokes the@query@-is@the@matrix@that@@@ suffiCent@for@one@type@of@configuration@necessarily@suffici nt@for@the@next?@ Is every@"body",@ den ty",@and@"polii3@ communiy"@only@a@vi b materi3@ en ty@to@the@extent@that@it@@@invested w@h@sonorous@power?@ If@this@@@ so,@then@@@@@ perhaps@sm8l@wonder@that@aspects@that@are@incomprehenSb from Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅱ. Ⅰ. ・. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. the@perspective@of@Cric8@ Theory@are@degraded@into@"si Ⅰ. Ⅰ. nce" ， Furthermore,@@@ @@ convinCng@to@concCve@of@a. body@and@a@country@as@actuali ed@in@exac y@the@same@way?@The@answer@seems@ob Ⅴous,@@@it@@@convincing@to@the theorist@@@@@ because@@@ serves@cert3n@interests@to@see@@@that@way To@Critc3@ Theory@there@@@ no@diference Ⅰ. ・. between@one@mate. Ⅱ. 3@. object@and@the@next@-except@as@soC8@. constructs. Th@@. ・. means@that@matter@lack. formati ns@of@domi ation@and@contr0. speCfiCty@and@is@devoid@of@qu3ity@-a@derivate@of@soC3@. ・. Th@@ study@shares@the@perspecti e@of@Critic3@Theory@that@g b3izati n@makes@@@ important@to@find@new@ways Ⅱ. to@think The@prob ・. Ⅰ. m@@@ not@that@Cric8@Theory@attempts@to@open@up@thinking@space,@but@that@it@merCy@opens@up Ⅰ. as@"the@open" ， 55@An@addii n3@ problem@@@ that@c ti 3@ theory@neiher@t Ⅱ es a@textu3@ past@and@mitakenly@sees@th@@ Ⅱ. to@open@up@thought@and@make@@@ more@flexibl,@but@that@@@ opens@up@thought@as@@@@@were@storage@room@for@textu8 space. ，. Is@the@definition@of@power@and@di course@that@Cri c3@ Theory@puts@forward@merely@an@alternative@to@ontology Ⅰ. or@does@@@exhaust@how@we@can@exp @@ any@type@of@image@appearing@@@ any@posSb event?@ If@it@exhausts@how@to exp in@images@then@one@has@to@adm@@ that@the@present@Ⅴ ew@of@di courses@gives@us@the@penu imate@vi w@of@polii s Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. and@sCence ， This@seems@to@be@Ernesto@LaCau Brad. Ⅰ. y@K. Ⅰ. ， s@conCuSon@. CLaclau@in@Butler@et ． 8.@2000:@281-307) ， Moreover,. in@argues@in@reton@to@secu ty@conSderations@between@states@that@they Ⅱ. Ⅰ. 'are@not@objecti Cy@g aned@from@a@neutr3@ road@map@of@wo Ⅰ. di curSvCy@reproduced@in@W3ys@that@are@contestable@and@su. Ⅰ. Ⅱ. d@polii S@ they@are@themsCves@soci3ly@constructed@and. ect@to@revi ion ・・， Security. ・. ， was@never@Smply@about@preparing ・. against@military@threats@"out@there" ， It@was@always@intended@as@a@way@of@defending@common@ways@of@life. ・. It@was@an. ， ， (Klein， 1997:@361inherently@cultural@practice@that@was@always@about@more@than@just@the@deployment@of@weapons@systems. 362). One［ight『onder”ow゜in,｝art｛f‖》radition》hat｛ften（nvoke「ncert3nty‖nd・ Ⅰ.
(7) Political@Theory@and@the@Analysis@of@Matter@ (Dan@oberg). (35). 35. so@cert3n@("was@never@about",@"was@3ways@intended",@ nherently@cuur8@ practce",@"was@always@more")@about Ⅴ. Ⅰ. the@o6ective@facts. 1Ⅳ". り atterasImages: Ⅰ. Uptothlspolntthls. AAn. Ⅰ. lternativetoC. 一生. Ⅱ. ltlcal Theory. studyhasarguedthatCrltlcalTheoryoveremphaslzes. Furthermore,@ @@ has@affirmed@that@seeing@matter@as@images@provides@an@a. enab s@one@to@exp Ⅰ. Ⅰ. in@other@aspects@of@matter Th@@ ・. aspectsofma. sonorous Ⅰ. はer. ernative@to@C tical@Theory@which Ⅱ. st@part@wi exemplify@this@by@looking@further@into@how Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Cri c8@ Theory@relates@to@materi3@ sCence@ (such@as@biology@and@neuroscience)@. and@through@this@juxtapose@how. Ⅰ. Crit@ al@Theory@and@how@tHs@study@Vews@the@human@face How@does@CriLcal@Theory@desc. Ⅱ. be@mate. Ⅱ. 3@. sCence?@ Because@of@the@imposSbi. Ⅰ. ty@of@seCng@a@ro for@matter Ⅰ. that@is@not@structured@by@a@discursi e@field， the@role@for@material@science@in@Critical@Theory@is@at@best@limited ， and@at worst@@@ @@ made@into@an@enemy@of@is@aspiaLon diCp. Ⅰ. ， Judih@Buter@invokes@bi. logy,@not@so@much@as@a@in@is@ro. ne@that@studis@evoluLon@or@ fe,@but@rather@as@something@that@produces@cu Ⅰ. through@the@scope@of@various@imperaLves. Bu er@sees@two@posSbilii. ural@signs@as@gendered@effects. s@for@Criti al@Theory@in@re Lon@to@biology. Ⅰ. ・. Ⅰ. as@a. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. either@a@discourse@of@biology@for@strategic@reasons@or@a@return@to@biological@essentialism@(Butler ， 1999:@33， 39 ， 201) However,@the@question@here@@@. not@@@ @@ @@ posSble@to@find@empii. 3@. eVdence@that@supports@th@@. vi w@ (as. Buter@shows,@there@are@examples@where@the@di. hotomi s@of@gender@works@as@an@a@priori@Sft@for@biologi al Buter@s@vi w@on@the@sci nce@of matter@one@that@enabs@us@to@find@the@functions@of@matter@so@as@to@further@the@re tionship@between@material@and research) ， Rather,@the@point@here@iS@@@ th@@ 3l@that@bi logy@i ?@ Moreover,@@@ Ⅰ. po. Ⅰ. tic8@ sCence?@. Ⅰ. Is@@@ not@a@gross@Smp. ficaton@to@make@biology,@the@phiosophy@thereof,@or@other@material. Ⅰ. sCence@into@di Cp nes@that@are@based@upon@essent3i. m@and@mere@vehi. Ⅰ. s@of@cuural@tranSa. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ons?@ Might@we. n0taskwhyeXactlybiolo 幻rhastoimply Ⅰ閂ピみ e 招 れこ ん傍わ 0 れ，，。 i窃 W,,0 。 J わ c は e ガ % ヅ ， asBu は erwants 什 to (Bu け er, 1999: 112-113)? ぬld 伍れher, cannotmatterbe sub-and sup a-discursive? AsManueIDe 唾 nda (1997) has Ⅱア. 丘. 百じ. コ. 丘. shown@matter@affects@soCal@representatons@thereo. Ⅰ. representation@it@@@doing@so@by@Vrtue@of@qu3ii. @@ I@would@further@add@that@when@matter@@@. affectng@social. s@that@has@very@litt to@do@w@h@sonorous@m3ority@norms Ⅰ. ，@. Let@us@take@one@example ， NeurosCence@sees@the@posSbiliy@of@recording@diferences@in@how@genetic3ly@m3e and@fem3e@indiVdu3s@interpret@due@to@tracking@intra-cerebr8@. processes@. (McGaugh,@. 2003@ 109) ， Now,@are@we. supposed@to@reproach@materi3@ sCence@for@th@@ inSght@and@tCl@it@"you@have@recorded@the@neur3@ and@chemi echoes@of@cu ure@and@nothing@e Ⅱ. Ⅰ. 3. e"?@ Or@are@we@perhaps@better@off@examining@how@a@taxonomy@of@matter. according@to@function@@@posSble@in@the@human@body@and@even@impinges@on@percep what@kind@of@matter@in@cert3n@respects@preclude@the@a. Ⅰ. erna. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. on?@ Since@the@ques. Ⅰ. on@of. ve@interpretatons ・. In@a@moment@of@ambivalence@Butler@acknowledges@the@"undeniability@of@materialities" She@mentions@among ・. others@anatomy,@physiology,@age,@wCght@and@i. Ⅰ. ness@as@examp. Ⅰ. s@ (Butler,@. 1993@ 66-67) ， So@there@seems@to@be. some@type@of@matter@that@we@can@grasp@alongside@that@which@is@"always ， already"@structured@by@discursive@fields@of ma@ rity@norms. ・. But@as@we@have@. seen@. But. r@also@ c ims@that@the@proper@questi. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. n@that@li ks@matter@and. consCousness@@@"through@what@regu tory@norms@@@ sex@ise materi8ied"?@ A hough@@@ @@ not@obⅤ ous@that@sex Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. equals@matter@in@gener6@ in@Bu er's@account,@@@ @@very@difficu to@see@how@one@can@conceie@of@matter@as@anything Ⅰ. Ⅰ. but@a@cultural@tranSation@that@@@by@is@very@definii n@devoid@of@funcLons@and@stops@at@bCng@a@regu. Ⅰ. tory@norm. ・. Furthermore,@one@@@ obliged@to@ask@why@Butler@f8ls@to@menti n@ "the@undeniabili@Y@of@mate alit@s"@when@it Ⅱ. comes@to@sex@and@race. ・. Why@@@ @@that@sex@and@race@have@a@more@elevated@status@as@soC3@. tools@than@for@instance@age@or@wCght@diferences?@ deSgned@to@support@cert3n@norma. Ⅰ. ve@C8ms?@. Is@@@not@ob Ⅴ ous@that@th@@ @@ because@Bu. It@seems@as@@@C tic3@Theory@needs@the@wo Ⅱ. constructs@and@radic3 Ⅰ. Ⅱ. ers@account@@@ a@priori d@of@matter@as@cuur8 Ⅰ.
(8) (36). 36. 第 10巻第 1 号 (2005年 7 月 ). 横浜国際社会科学研究. translation@as@the@world@that@matters@@@ order@to@secure@the@a@priori@status@of@reg ℡ atory@norms@as@the@ob4 ct@for radical@politics. The@word@"body"@is@of@course@created@through@di. curSve@structu. not@mean@that@the@actu3@ bodi s@of@human@beings@do@not@affect@di. (such@as@statements). ng@. Ⅱ. But@this@does. ・. ， Let@us@contrast@Critical@Theory@w@h. courses. SPnoza,@who@links@thought@to@bi gy Where@bi gy@says@"th@@ ",@Spinoza@questins@the@statement@by Clalmlng thatwe do notknow .Ⅱ，んのァ挽み 0 みヅ cd れりcco 胤戸んs ん oJ ピゆ 0 わど 挽 WTo/ ん 口ォ は形， aI]d neltherCan we eXplaln a Ⅱ lts伍 nC 廿 Ons,SlnCe. んピみ0 みツ c 切れ うヅァんピ soJe iじ Jo/ ん s れリアひァピイ 0 7%0% ヅァわ れど れんzcんァん e % れみ Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. 「. 「. 「. Ⅰ. れ・. wonders@at@ (Spinoza,@1883@Ill-Note@to@propoS. Ⅰ. on@2). Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Many@have@emphaSzed@Spinoza's@inSght@that@. ・. "we@do@not. know@what@a@body@can@do" ， Th@@ author@is@of@the@opinion@that@suffiCent@emphasis@has@to@be@p ced@on@the@fact@that Ⅰ. Spinoza@is@talking@about@bodifunctions@and@how@they@are@valuable@to@explain@the@role@of@thought Ⅰ. To@Critical@Theory@Spinoza ， s@statement@"we@do@not@know@what@a@body@can@do"@has@to@be@posed@in@the@space 'in@between"@discurSvCy@constructed@su5ects power-re. ， Th@@. tions,@and@the@"speech-acts"@of@C. Ⅰ. Ⅱ. Ⅰ. Ⅴ. n-between"@@@ what@concerns@Foucua. Theory. c3@. However,@po. ・. Ⅱ. Lcs@does@not@take@p. Ⅰ. between"@suDects@(as@acts@of@reason,@power,@or@di course),@but@ao@inSde@bodi. in@his@an3ysis@of. s@ (through@neur8@. Ⅰ. ⅠⅡ n-. ce@mere. Ⅰ. processes). Politics@is@not@exo-political@but@also@endo-political@and@perceivable@in@the@body@itself ， that@Criti al@Theory@puts@on@discourse@can@be@juxtaposed@to@the@bCi. the body ishelp ぬlin eXplaining aspectsofthe body@s@rel tion@to@human@ac have. seen. thatBu. 「. ァん. e. ツe. り co ・. 「. i. れば ん 0 れ Ⅱ れ. れ. erasked. ア. レゾん. Ⅳ・ⅠⅠiscan then d 汁ecta はen. ， 1997)@and@homeostasis@(Damasio. "C 切れⅠ召ん 9 Ⅱ 己 gc. aCCoUntbeComeSmo dビ. Ⅰ. Ⅱ on. g. to the. Ⅰ. co れば田0 れはれ』 c Ⅰ 礼んzcん 川傍tr ピバ れ 7 d ツみピコ臼. dISC epanCyWlthoU. f@that@exp ini. on@(as@in@Arendt,@1958@7-17)@or@is@rCation@to@bi gic3@ determinants@@@such@as. Ⅰ. the@principles@of@morphogenesis@(De@Landa We. 胤 o 』 ぱ Jo ク 97 初れば iofsocie. ic. ん. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. づ 「. fo リク pe. ⅠⅡ竹p. 召ァ. eobvloUS:"Ca. クれ どは 援どピ m れりヅらピガ己 こみ. Instead@of@thinking@of@matter@as@discurSve@. Ⅰ. ァ. リアく刀 ピバ ro. ， 2003) 灼召ff ピち. 0. Ⅰ. zs i援 れ狩 は dge. 口. ね0 研ピ. ㍗ (Bu れ er, 1993:31 入 Ifthlsstatementlslnve れ灼リア fer. 0 し㍗ip8%. ぎ比れクり. ・. Hence ， the@emphas@@. んe. れく. ア. Ⅰ. 0. Ⅰ. れed the. iSm籠りⅠアピア. りれどぱ己 ige, o ア. v ピり，. /. 切. タ. 0. Ⅰ グ. t@us@think@of@@@ as@visu3 Hen. Ⅱ. ・. Bergson@argues@that@matter@is. 3ways@percei ed@through@aggregates@of@images Matter@for@Bergson@would@be@p ced@between@the@concepLon@of Ⅰ. ・. a@thing@and@an@idea@as@the@entirety@of@images@(1911-a:@x-85) ， Like@Jean@Baudrillard@states ， images@are@。 our@primal (Baudri ard,@200@@ 26. scene@. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. However ， images@are@more@than@a@"scene". ・. They@are@the@fabric@from@which@any. type@of@scenery@is@articulated@and@draws@its@reality ， Let@us@exemplify@the@differences@by@looking@first@at@the@human. face@as@described@by@Critic3@Theory@and@secondly@on@the@human@face@through@an@alernaLve@account@derived from@Spinoza,@Bergson,@and@material@sCence. For@Georgio@Agamben@8l@bCngs@are@exposed@as@bare,@or@naked-lie@whie@caught@in@processes@of@speech-acts that@define@their@bio-political@status ， Agamben@claims@that@his@nakedness@is@nature@itself. approprlateltand.i. りれ 9 は 傍ど 召. z5. こ. ん. zs しク p7 つp バ挽わ0 れ，れんzcんアド窃 れどねア珂 S ん傍勉れ e. 肌ァ. 0. ノと. ， but@that@on humans Ⅰ. ce'(A 苫 amben,2000:91). Hence,@for@Agamben@the@transformaLon@of@matter@into@matte -as-face@is@conceived@of@as@discurSve@ (in@the@same Ⅱ. way@as@for@Judith@Bu er@the@transformation@of@matter@into@matter-as-sex@was@concei ed@of@as@di curSve) Ⅰ. To ㎏ ambenthefaced0esnotreveal aboutthlsorthatstate0fbelng. 珂 0 胤 8%. 「‥. ァん己. tl zS み 6%れ 9%V8% ケ. ""somethlng"slncelthasn0realcontentandd0esnotte. Thefacelsmerely"communlcabnlty": Ⅰ. ピはみⅣⅠ己れ eu りage.a Ⅱ dt. ん. 97 と c.ピガ摺ゾ e. (A笘 amben,2000:92), Ⅰァわピゾは傍. 吃. ThlSlSpe ㎡eC れ y SUmmarlZedbyAgambenwhen 391 れ切M は ごんぱ み り 眈は Wo ぬ，0へ gamben,2000:97). Ⅰ. Ⅰ. 物クケは彫りc ワは. 己わ. 0れ. Ⅰぎァ ん. Ⅰ. グピ Ⅰ. Ⅱ. usan れhlng. りナりc ピ. ‥・Ⅰ. ん. Ⅰ. ん乙. e 卍ソピ 切 tfnれ 2ⅠⅠa れ S は己 98tf5 ピげ Ⅰ. heS ぬteStha セ，tん ピカ窃 Ceis r乃 ee ‥・. Ⅹ㍗ osifto れ. ‥・. ThlsvlewlsalsoobWouslnhowCntlcal. ユ下e0. Ⅳ. makesuseofthetheorlesofl. drawing@upon@Levinas,@argues@that@to@encounter@a@person@face-to-face@@@. ヂvlnas. MlchaelShaplro,by. a@conversaton@ (Shapio,@ 1999@ 65.@67).
(9) Politic3@Theory@and@the@Ana sis@of@Matter@ (Dan@oberg). (37). Ⅰ. According@to@Shapiro@the@face-to-face@should@not@be@exp o6ects@are@to@be@understood@as@in@their@nature@di. ined@as@a@v@ual@event@(Snce@to@C. Ⅰ. cursive)@but@as@a@sonorous@one ， The@re. face-to-face@encounter@and@text@@@ thus@predetermined@and@reduc encounters@in@a@mov@@ as@well@as@the@moVe@ise Theory@visu3@. Ⅰ. images@are@eiher@text@or@mere@. Ⅰ. ve. ・. Ⅰ. 37. tic8@Theory@vi u3. Ⅱ. tionship@between@the. Patric@@ Mo4oy@argues@that@face-to-face. ,@are@text@(Molloy,@1999@ 212) Slence,@ Snce@representa. Ⅰ. ・. Hence,@to@summa. on@ equa. to@par. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ze,@to@C ti 3. Ⅱ. Ⅱ. Cpate@in@identiy. formation@(compare@for@instance@to@Shapiro ， 1999:@85) ，. For@Critical@Theory@the@face@is@an@image@we@cannot@possib know@except@as@"word" However ， Critical Theo Ⅳ is (t0 paraphrase Nie 比sche)"st 打 ltoo pi0us",sinceitmerely foⅡ owsthe dicぬte that:"止If わ e み雙 加乃iれど w し s カピ Wo ㎡ ， d れメ rカピ Ⅵo 材 w 切 W 加乃 Go メ，仰 /1ノアん e Wo 切れ・傍 Go イ， ． Butthismeansthatthefacebecomesan Ⅰ. Ⅰ. 「. empty@sign@covered@by@words seen. ・. Exodus@33:@. ・. Ⅰ. ， Let@us@not@forget@that@according@to@the@biblical@myth@the@face@of@God@can@not@be. 18-23@states. 。 Moses@said， "I@pray@you， show@me@your@glory!"@ And@He@said， "@I@myself@will@make@all@my@goodness@pass@before@you ，. and@will@proclaim@the@name@of@the@Lord@before@you;@and@I@will@be@gracious@to@whom@I@will@be@gracious ， and@will@show compasSon@on@whom@I@will@show@compasSon. Arguab matter. ・. Ⅰ. ・. "@ But@He@s3d,@"You@cannot@see@my@face,@for@no@man@can@see@me@and@li. Critical@Theory@amplifies@this@command ， which@makes@the@word@the@on. Ⅰ. C" ' ・. way@of@seeing@the@face@as. 7'. One@can@anticipate@the@riposte@from@Critic3@ Theory:@"it@might@be@that@the@world@is@images ， but@we@can@not know@those@images@w@hout@coding@them@as@words@and@th@@. coding@depends@on@the@structuring@of@a@di. cursive. field"， It@@@ obvious@that@@@the@percepton@of@polii@@ events@and@processes@might@be@taken@to@presuppose di cursive@catego. Ⅱ. es@and@media. on@then@a@search@for@a@polii s@of@the@face@through@images@@@ apolitic3 However,. Ⅰ. ・. th@@ presupposes@that@once@an@image@@@ often@seen@w@hout@any@expli not@affect@the@vi. wer@by@represen. coded@soC3ly@@@ has@no@other@func on@than@is@soC3@ coding Ⅰ. it@dicursive@coding@in@the@te ⅠⅠvi u3@ percep Ⅰ. ng@certain@di. After@3l,@the@components@that@enab mate. Ⅱ. 3@. con@gurations@affect@percep. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. on@. configura ons@are@represented@with@words@ Ⅰ. curSve@categories. Ⅰ. ・. Images@are. on@of@polii 3@ events ， Such@images@do. ， They@affect@the@. Ⅴ. ewer@through@their@content. ，. us@to@percei e@are@materi8 ， Hence@it@@@ important@to@look@into@how (and@indi ec y,@how@@@ affects@thought)@regardless@of@how@these Ⅰ. (whi h@means@that@neiher@perception@nor@thought@are@reduCb. to. Ⅰ. words) ， If@one@comes@to@terms@wih@the@mate Ⅱ8@ quaity@that@surpass@"the@word"@through@images@then@it@might also@be@posSb to@give@a@materi3@(whi h@is@not@a@comprehensive,@or@3l@encompasSng)@ answer@to@why@certain Ⅰ. oDects@tend@to@be@represented@in@cert3n@ways It@does@not@matter@if@the@face@@@ contextu3i. ・. ed@through@words@Snce@@@. di plays@certain@functons ， Hence,@contrary@to@Cri. Ⅰ. @@ first@and@foremost@a@vi u3@ image@that. cal@Theory@s@sonorous@accounts,@namely@that@. the@face@i. word",@this@study@argues@that@the@face@@@ best@concei ed@of@as@one@type@of@mate3@ image@that@does@not@need@words Ⅱ. to@communicate 198). ・. ， since@as@Daniel@McNeill@so@aptly@puts@it:@ 。 movement@alone@. can@communicate@. (McNeill ， 1998. It@is@not@the@word@"face"@that@makes@of@a@face@what@it@"is" Additionally ， in@contrast@to@Agamben ， s@claim@that ・. the@face@does@not@reve3@ anything@th@@ study@argues@that@the@face@revea materi3@ functons@that@work@prior@to Ⅰ. consCous@percepton@and@soci. It@@@posSb. Ⅰ. l@coding@(functions@that@are@wied@as@neur8@ cicuis). ・. So@what@func. Ⅰ. ons@are@there?. to@broadly@categorize@the@face@as@pertaining@to@identity@Kndividu3.@raci8.@sexu3.@human@and@s. forth)@ and@expresSon@. (both@mi ro@and@macro@expresSons@and@other@types@of@somatic@changes). argues@that@that@these@two@processes@are@diferent. That@is,@we@have@the@face@pasSve@countenance. ・. and『e”ave（s‖c ve‘xpresSve’unctions The〉e Ⅰ. ・. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ， Neurosci 廿. nce. Sldentl Ⅳ. on｜etween《urface’orm‖nd（dentiy re tivCy Ⅰ.
(10) (38). 38. 第 10 巻第 1 号 (2005年 7 月 ). 横浜国際社会科学研究. arbirary@for@faces@in@compa. Ⅱ. son@to@many@other@types@of@oLects@(Young,@1998@. 134-137). Th@@ @@ not@the@place@to. ・. di cuss@the@detai of@a these@functions． @@ The@last@part@of@the@artiwi di cuss@one@faC8@function:@attenLon Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Images@can@affect@our@mind@neurologi ally@through@percepton@through@for@examp Th@@ means@that@a@visu2@image@has@cert8n@func. Ⅰ. ons@regard. ss@of@di curSve@coding. Ⅰ. "te v@ion@epilepsy"9'. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. One@such@specific@effect@of. ・. the@face@on@perception@@@ that@the@detecton@effaces@seems@to@requie@atten on@(as@neuroscince@has@shown) ， To Ⅰ. identify@@@ 3so@to@recogni expe. Ⅱ. e@. (Eimer@in@Kanwi. her@and@ Moscovitch,@ 2000:@ 103-4.@ 113-115) ． NeurosCen. ments@show@that@the@Fysiorm-area@of@the@brain@ ed@o6ects,@even@during@pasSve@v@. v@u3i. (FFA)@ typi. wing@(Gauthi. Ⅰ. y@activates@more@for@faces@than@other. r@et， 8.@2000:191) ， In@fact,@face-recogniion@@@conSdered. n@of@vi u8@ o6ects@in@general ， Expe. to@require@attention@compared@to@the@recognii. n@has@atten on3@ effects@on@the@acLviy@of@the@FFA. recognii. a. fic. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. Ⅱ. ments@have@shown@that@face-. If@re n3@ stimu tion@@@hCd@constant@K ， e faces@are Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. perceived@in@dura on)@then@FFA@activity@is@stronger@than@during@the@perception@of@non-face@o6ects@(see@W0Culik Ⅰ. et ，. 3. ， :@1574-1578). ・. Can@we@say@that@to@percei e@a@face@forces@us@to@be@attenLve?@ No,@not@in@any@absolute@sense@but. faces@do@attract@consCous@perception. ，. For@example,@babis@are@arguably@born@with@innate@abilities@to@convey@the@@ feCings@in@a@pre-cogniive@way@as we. as@. Ⅰ. am@from@the@@ mother. Ⅰ. ・. Simp@@ imiation@has@been@percei. babi s@can@w@hin@days@distingui. h@faces@and@w. Ⅰ. ed@to@occur@in@infants@only@42@minutes@old@and. hin@months@initiate@and@discon. Ⅰ. nue@mutu3@. vi ual@attenLon,@as. as@manipulate@and@influence@others@(Col ,@1998@ 109-112) To@further@diprove@the@Caim@that@the@"face-toface"@@@a@textual@event,@neurosci nce@has@shown@that@faC8@ expresSons@and@emotions@are@pre-nat3@ and@uni ersal-. we. Ⅰ. ・. in@Tha. even@. Ⅰ. domide@babies@born@b. nd,@ deaf,@ and@ armless@there@@@ a@universal@correlation@between@faCal. Ⅰ. ， 1988:182). expression@and@emotion@(McNeill. How@does@th@@ re te@to@politic3@ theory?@ If@the@percepon@of@faces@(as@opposed@to@the@percep Ⅰ on@of@other Ⅰ. Ⅰ. body@parts)@requies@atten. Ⅰ. on,@then@the@face@will@hCp@to@mobili e@percep. Ⅰ. on@and@co. Ⅰ. ec. Ⅰ. ， Hence,@to. ve@memory. go@beyond@a@context@(as@Cri Ⅰ cal@Theory@tries@to@do@by@mapping@up@di curSve@fields)@requies@that@one@understand what@kind@of@images@pertains@to@that@context ， If@the@types@of@images@at@hand@are@not@taken@into@account@then@the effects@of@matter@onto@the@mind@wi. be@. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ft@unaccounted@for. ・. The@ques. Ⅰ. on@of@how@the@face@affects@a@cert3n. ， But@not@merCy@according@to@how@it@is@structured@through@a. context@must@be@deCded@on@a@case-by-case@baSs. di curSve@field@(so@as@to@enable@certain@normatve@cl3ms@about@gender@or@ethni iy)@but@depending@on@is@specific 伍nC. 伍. OnSasanlmage V．. Conclusion:｀atter‖s．iscourse｛r｀atter‖s！mages. In@contrast@to@the@viw@that@po. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. cs@can@be@assessed@wihout@taking@into@. Cri c3@ Theory@might@raise@the@objecton@that@"we@ Ⅰ. "everybody@knows@we@live@in@a@wo. Ⅱ. Ⅰ. account@di. curSve@media. Ⅰ. on,. y@that and@whie,@ m3e-. ve@in@a@p son-house@of@language",@or@more@blun Ⅱ. d@that@@@ control d@by@norms@of@heterosexu8iy,@ Ⅰ. Ⅰ. domination"10'@But@one@might@perhaps@ask@of@the@future@of@Critic3@ Theory@in@politics@@@ @@@@ not@(by@invoking ・. Gi es@De uze)@on@the@contrary Ⅰ. Ⅰ. 。 a@question@of@someone ，．．with@the@necessary@modesty@not@managing@to@know@what@everybody@knows. ， and@modestly. denying@what@everybody@is@supposed@to@recognize Someone@who@neither@allows@himself@to@be@represented@nor@wishes@to ・. representan. 輯hing.. Notanind ㎞ dualendowed. ㎡ 田 9o0d 而 llandana. 憶 raIcapac町. forthought,but. ㎝. ind ㎞ dual ぬ1lofilI. will@who@does@not@manage@to@think ， either@naturally@or@conceptually ， Only@such@an@individual@is@without@presuppositions (Deleuze. ， 1994:130).
(11) Political@Theory@and@the@Analysis@of@Matter@ (Dan@oberg). (39). 39. Even@@@ the@"bli sful@ignorance"@(and@ignorant@bliss@no@doubt)@ displayed@in@th@@ arti le@would@contradit Del uzes'@origin3@ intentons. In@response@to@the@assertion@that@WC@cannot@make@sense@of@matter@except@through@words@@@WC@don't@know whatma 坑er"is",thisa ㎡clerespondsthat imprecise. The@prob. ・. 加. iJ れ of. 胤 d 打ピバァわ仮. ris. はれ. ヱれ旭川 9i み Je,た isf ん召 wo. m@@@ not@that@we@ ck@words@but@that@various@materi8@. Ⅰ. 八ゴ. た se. ㌍. ァ. わり. fis o0. funct ns@that@hCp@to@channC@. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. 「. the. meanings@of@words@@@not@being@analyzed@enough C ti 3@ Theory's@solution@to@this@seems@to@be@to@ignore@these Ⅱ. ・. functons@and@pretend@that@they@do@not@exist. To@conCude,@it@is@not@Smply@that@the@wo d@cannot@be@comprehenSvCy@exp Ⅱ. discurSve@fiCd. The@prob. ・. Ⅰ. m@@@ that,@w@h@regard@to@matter,@such@a@conceptuali. Ⅰ. ined@through@the@structuring@of ation@exCudes@3l@that@does@not. go@in@li e@w@h@this@presuppoStion And@when@@@ comes@to@the@face@the@part@that@@@speCfic@l,e.ltSWSUal functions@@@are@ignored Can@we@not@find@other@memorabil@@ that@shapes@today， s@pol ical@reality?@ Th@@ quest@i ・. Ⅰ. ・. at@the@heart@of@any@attempt@at@exp ining@and@surpasSng@both@C Ⅰ. Ⅱ. ti a Theory《《onorous［ethodology‖nd》he. many@political@contexts@in@which@we@all@live. References Agamben. ， Giorgio. Arendt Ba. ⅠⅠに. ， Hannah. ・. 2000.@Means@Without@End:@Notes@on@Politics. ・. ・. G. イコ. o/Sov. 冗 ピリⅠ 0 どう ア. ノ. ， Ho Ⅲ. 勿 rer. Me. 口れィ. アⅠ. ・・. Cambridge:CambridgeUniversi. ゆ Press. ， London:@Verso. 現o り. ・. ぬ ndon:George. 1994.@The@Location@of@Culture. ・. ・. ピ托i9 り. ， Jean ， 2001.@Impossible@Exchange. Bergs0n,Henri.191l.M Bhabha. Minneapolis:@University@of@Minnesota@Press. 1958.ゝhe？uman，ondition Chicago:ゝheゞniversity｛f，hicago￣ress. eIson,Jens.1995.A. Baudrillard. ・. ・. Ⅲ len ゐ Unwin. London:@Routledge. Butler,Judはh.1993.Bo はルJr ん dtM 己は er..0 んアん eD むc はグ $i 6% 附加so Ⅰ S New York:Routledge 1999.G ピれゴと rTr のはみ ル E 濫こ れ is 櫛窃れノアん eS ぱみ ㎎ sio ん 0/ de れ Irf り Ot ん A れ れ fV 切り， E メ加0 ん九 New York:Rou 竹 edge Campbell ， David ， 1996.@"Violent@Performances:@Identity ， Sovereignty， Responsibility"@in@Lapid ， Yosef@and@Kratochwil ， Fhed ㎡ Ch (edS.), Z わ eR o/ C は た H 擢 0% イ メ傑 ㎡ り i/I ℡ イん eo り C バれ c 援 R KsPec ガ v so れ Wo パみ月りん わ cJ ， Lynne menners. 一一・ 19g をa.W iff 脇g 5ec は パリ: ひnlite イタ 招ご Foo托確れ Poり ffic ツ仰れば研ピ Poひ ffi ガhcsm ⅠⅠ リピれ ftり. 一. ソ. ・. Ⅰ. ・・. ビアは 二れ. Ⅰ. 19g もb. Ⅳ己 tinn0.D. ピ. ・ⅠⅠ. ピ Ⅱざ. ・Ⅰ. Ⅰ. 召. ピ. ノ. 寸ロ. cco れ ⅠⅠⅠは e ガ 0 ん :Wole. れ仙. ・. ・. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. 一. ピア・. ヱ. れ. Ce,. Ⅰ ノピん. ガれ@ 切 れメ Ⅰ u Ⅰ ん cei ん Bos れ ク Ⅰ. Cole,Jonathan.1998.Abou Ⅰり ce.Massachuse 甘 s:TheMIT Press. Connolly,W 竹 Ⅱ am. 1999."Su丘乙b ㎡ ng,Justice,and the PoIiticsofBecoming"in Campbell,David and,MichaelJ.(eds.) 1999.Mo JS 卍 ces:Ret nk nngEt ん ItcsandWoorAdぬ firics.Minneapolis:Univers 町 ofMinneso ぬ Press 2002.¨europolitics:ゝhinking ， Culture ， Speed ， Mnneapolis:ゞniversity｛f｀nnesota￣ress Dalby ， Simon 1997.@"Contesting@an@Essential@Concept:@Reading@the@Dilemmas@in@Contemporary@Security@Discourse"@in Krause,K ㎡伍皿 dWilIiams,MichaeI(ed).Crtttc 祝 Sccur ゆ Studie凡 :Con,cepfsand Cas ㏄・㌦ ndon:Routledge Dmnasio,AnltonioR.2003.LookingFoorSpino,a:Joo ッ， Sor の W and 南eFg。 eline B 畑脇 Orlando,円onda:Harcou 「 t. ァ. アれ. んョ. ブ. ・. ・. DeLanda,ManueI.1997.ATh. hous ん. りれ. d 鞄切捲 0/ Ⅳ0 れ -L 癩㎝ グ. H たtn り. ・. New. York:SwerveEd.. DeIeuze,G 仙 Ies.1994.D@田ピ用ncea れ d Repe れ tion.New York:ColumbiaUniversi ゆ Press. Eimer,Ma れin,"A は en 仕 onalModulaHonsofEvent-related Brain Poten Ⅱ alsSens 叶ive to Faces"in そanwisher,Nancy and Moscovitch ， Morris・ 2000.ゝhe，ognitive¨euroscience｛f：ace￣rocessing Eastヾussex:￣sychology￣ress´td ・. Elshtain ， Jean@Bethke Gauthier. ， Isabel ， Skudlarski. 191-197. ・. ． 1987.@Women@and@War ， Pawel. ・. ． New@York:@Basic@Books. ， Gore ， John@C. ， and@Anderson@Adam@W. ・. 2000.@Nature@Neuroscience. ， Vol ， 3 ， No@2 ， pp. ， (February). Jameson,Frederlc.1972.. 乃 ePrlsonrio. Princeton:@Princeton@U. Klein ， Bradley ，. 1997.. ，. o/ ぬ れ 9 は援 ge:A Crtltlc り lfAcrnⅡ れ to/ Str ⅡMct はⅠ れ lls 灼仰抑d R は sfl り沌 Foo 櫛援 riI7 灼 Ⅰ・. れ C マク「 s 傍んイ C 口ご ピ J.L り nd0n:Rou. 「. ・. e. "Every｀onth！sヾecurity、wareness｀onth"（n゜rause ， Keith‖nd仝liams ， Mchael・. Sec なれゆS はイ ieJ..Co. LacIau, Ernest0. Ⅱぎ. 2000 "Constructing Universa ・. Ⅱ. P. Ⅱ. れ. ， Critical. edge. ty", in Butler (g cf.), Co 「・. れ わん 9 ピ抑 c ツ ，. Heg6%0. れツ，ひれ ivers 仮用り.
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(13) Politic3@Theory@and@the@Ana sis@of@Matter@ (Dan@oberg). (41). Ⅰ. 4. Ⅰ. processes@that@succeeds@words)@ are@superabundant@w@h@quality@(but@natur3ly@never@limited@to@them) Just@as ⅠⅠ on@to@foreclosures 4)@See@for@example@how@Willi m@Conn0ly@uses@a@4chotomy@of@v0ce Ⅰ si nce@when@he@accounts@for@"speak g@about@the problem》hat］eeds》o｜e‖ddressed『hile〕iberalism（s《ilent"・ Furthermore ， Michaelヾhapiro (drawing upon@Levinas@and@Der da)@C8ms@that@the@ethic8@ aspect@of@politic3@thought@li s@in@ s@focus@on@the@vocative@(saying@or w ting) rather》han》he］ominave (that『hi h”as｜een《3d｛r『 tten), (Shapi 1999 77-78) While， tic3 Theory@righ y@ (in@my@view)@emphaSzes@the@process@aspect@of@politi s@@@does@so@on@beha of@sonorous@components over@for@example@affecve@ or@vi ual@components,@wih@the@ resu ,@for@example,@that@Critic3@ Theory@circumscribes a は emptstocomprehensIvelylnqulrelntothematerlalaspectofpolltlcalproblems. み 咀 tes 。 tわ e oⅠ c は 斤は摺りれ d lイピれ ffり、 is, Ⅲ 珂ⅣⅠⅡ e ル， p 切れ切れ メ 戸 切れ ceJoTtダ わ lls ,紡no 胤ピれ to ア 5)ForexampleYosefLapldw の ぱ Sti れ tc ん ec 肋仰 ope んれ "iれ fR メo 肝zd ヱれ， コ pid, 1996:4). DanieIWarne (1999:2) also Ⅱ nksiden 仕ゆ with actu3@. ・. "homosexu3iy",@"minority",@and@"feminim"@are@terms@that@can@be@understood@in@re. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. Ⅱ. Ⅰ. Ⅱ. Ⅱ. Ⅰ. o,. Ⅱ. ・. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. アピアは アれ. ピガご. Ⅰ. 正わ ピ. て. く工. openness@and@Bradley@Klein@(1997:@363-364)@sees@openness@as@discursive. ，. 6)@Butler@criticizes@other@Feminist@approaches@for@resting@upon@a@manifestation@of@a@biological@archaism@that@operates according@to@a@"naturacaus8iy ， According@to@Bu er@such@approaches@helps@to@reinforce@the@ w@of@compu Ⅰ. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. she『ants》o［ake」iSb Ⅰ， for（ stance》he‥eSgnatin｛f・. Ⅰ. ion@that. e‖nd・. as@passive@ (Butler， 1999:@ 114 ， 118) ， But@is@the@most@urgent@problem@that@relates@biology@and@political@science@the gendering@of@chromosomes?@. There@are,@after@a. Ⅰ. ,@a@number@of@other,@non-gendered,@characte. Ⅱ. cs@of@chromosomes@in. sⅠ. Do gy‖s『Cl ， If『e『ere》o》urn，rit@3ゝheory， s｛wn‖rguments｜ack｛n。utler『e…o ℡ d｝erhaps《tate》hat，rit@ a Theory@needs@an@other@to@ar@c Ⅰ ate@their@c ims@agai st ， and@tHs@other@is@material@science@@@maKng@of@it@a@static ， defenseless@symbol Butler@choose@to@ignore@(to@mention@but@a@few)@theories@of@individuation@and@meta-stable@systems Ⅰ. Ⅰ. ・. (by@Gilbert@Simondon). ， theories@of@fluctuation@. (by@Ilya@Progigine). ， affordances@. (by@J ， J Gibson). ， theories@of@evolution. ・. (by@Cha es@Darwin),@and@more@recent@attempts@such@as@ManuC@ De@Landa's@non-essentalist@theories@of@matter,@3l@of which would comp Ⅱ cate the argumentthatthere are only 億Vo possibiIi仕 esfor Cri 杜 calThleory in relatlonto bioI0 弩Ⅴ・ There are also feminists who have acknowledged this. Ehzabeth Wilson argues that.w 弔わ プれノと巧 ん ift れnr ん， Q Ⅱ. Ⅰ. は e Ke ァ胤 in7口 わ o ん to Ⅰ. 仰及 0 どピ伍ピ. 7) One. 「. cfto れむ拘わ れ ざんリイ佗ピピイ 下e,rtn/ 8%e ルイ. クノれピメは. Ⅰ. 所ピらioioeic り 什り胤 cn れ sid8%. れ9. ガn れ. Ⅰ. r.0Ⅴilson,quotedin Conno Ⅱ y,2002:203,fn.2).. a 比 emptto. HOweve. はァピみ Woloeic. れ くハ. combine discou se based theoI丁 w 竹h neuroscience is the book N Ⅱ. , COnnollylSContentwlthdeSC. 「. lblnghlSNeu. 「. OPOlltlCSaSa.Co. れゾピ. グコ. ビ. ⅡⅡ. am. C0nno Ⅱ y.. 乙 ffo れみピ ァれ ピ e れ C は んひドリ i tわ乙 orv. 召れば. neuroscience (Conn0ly ， 2002 8-9) But‥oes］ot，riti Theory ， s｛wn〉eductio Ⅱ sm sonorous@components,@cicumscribe@Connoly@here?@ According@to@C ti 3@ Theory@know. ， name. 3. ・. by W. リ リpo れれ C ぢ. Ⅱ. Ⅰ. to‘qu8. Ⅰ. thought『ith. dge@@@ only@real@know dge@i Ⅰ. it@is@sonorous ， It@would@have@been@more@interesting@if@Connolly@had@actually@shown@a@way@beyond@this@reductionism 8)@For@a@more@in-depth@an3ySs@and@conceptu8i. ation@of@the@func. Ⅰ. ，. ons@of@the@human@face@as@based@upon@neurosci. nce@see. Oberg@(2005). 9)@The@correct@term@is@photosensiti e@epilepsy@and@the@best@known@case@is@the@events@that@took@place@at@18:50@on@December 17 ， 1997 ， in@Japan ， At@that@time@685@people. ， most@of@them@children. ， simultaneously@suffered@epileptic@seizures@and@over. 12,000@children@reported@illnesses@ranging@from@nausea@to@ seizures@during@the@manga@ (animated)@television@show Pokemon ． Two”undred｝eople， from‖ges・ a・ ， were still（n》he”ospital『ith‘pilepsy-type to. symptoms@more@than@24@hours@after@the@showing the@cartoon. ・. The@seizures@were@arguably@provoked@by@rapid@changes@of@light@in. ・. A@quick@series@of@flashing@lights@at@12@hertz. believed》o”ave…aused》he（ncident ，. ， alternations@between@red@and@blue@for@about@4@to@8@seconds. This》echnique ， in゛apanese…alled｝aka-paka ，. ， is. signifies》he「sage｛f‥ifferent-. c0oured@f shing@li hts@in@order@to@create@tensi n ， Although@photosensiti e@epilepsy@@@ not@a@new@phenomenon@(it@can alSo be trlggered by COmpUtergames),the eventSlnJapan appearto be unpreCedented ln Slze. ACCOrdlng to M.D. Ⅰ. Ⅰ. 「. OloglStShoZoTobImatSU:,T. れ C わん メハピんク の V0. ん. 乃. 6% みツソ lewvtne. uniform@visual@stimulus@. ， (www. if.sm7t 乙Ⅳ. み. 6% 乃ピれ0 「イメ 31 ・. neU. Ⅴ クハり e. ク 7. ， sciencedaily. れ. ・. 援用・. com. し 笘 ピタⅠ. ガ. l托nは れりんと n は ガ nccu. グハピれ. 「. eC>/p. わ. ntns ピん 5ifIve. ガ Ⅴ 櫛lpto 拘コ. Z カ 8% イわれ ピ ， 由e. ガ e,にⅡ 托ガ Ⅱe.托 Cnnlsiノ e 閂ピメ tn みピァパ 998%d ， 1999-06-01@and@www. ・. cnn. ・. com. ， December@17,1997). みⅣ. り. Jn@れど 尼. ・. 10)@It@was@Nietzsche@who@first@argued@that@humanity@is@"locked@up@in@the@prison@house@of@language" This@term@was@later ・. borrowed@by@Frederic@Jameson@(1972). ， It@indicates@that@language@a@priori@shapes@human@thought. ・. This@would@make@it. impossible》o‖ccess〉eality（n‖『ay》hat（s「nmediated｜y〕anguage. [ オーベリ. ダン. 横浜国立大学大学院国際社会科学研究科博士課程修了. ].
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