ͺςΑΠΞτΑ̦ȸΣζΑႃၑڠȹలˏےలˑડݞ͍ల10ےల˕ડ͓̞̠́̀ͥ͢ͅȄ ২͈ٛȆอജ̹ͬͥ͛ࡣြȄ՛̧̱࣐և͉ߺั͈րڍ̷̽̀ͦͬ͢ͅཡগ̱Ȩ࣐̏և ̷͉ͦͬࡐઆȆરॶ̳̭ͥ͂̽̀͢ͅ႗༹̳̞̠༷̦ͥ͂न̧̹ͣͦ̀ȃ߃ଲ͉́ΑάΦΎ ̦ȸΙȹ́Ḙ͈̏ਅ༹͈༷͈ຈါͬ͛Ȅ২ٛഎຏఝͬ༗͉̾ͅȶܛབȷȪspesȫ͂ȶޔ ູȷȪmetusȫ͈ۜૂͅ൱̧̥̫̺̫̩ͥ́̈́ȄȶࡊݹȷȪhumilitasȫ͂ȶֈࠉȷȪreverentiaȫ ͈ͬ૽ș̵̹ͅȄ՛̧̱࣐ևͅచ̱͉̀ȶ౹ȷȪpudorȫ͂ȶࢃ٣ȷȪpoenitentiaȫ̲ͬۜ ̵̯ͥຈါ̦̜ͥ͂୰̞̞̀ͥ1)ȃ ༹̭͈༷͉ͦͣঊރ͞৹৪͈ޗ֗͜ͅഐဥ̧́ͥȃͺςΑΠΞτΑ͉ȸΣζΑႃၑڠȹ లˍےల13ડ́Ȅͣͬ͒͂൵༹̩༷̱͂̀Ȅȶ٦࣬ȷ͞ȶৎୣȷ͂ͭ́ȶۑȷ͈ຈါ ͬ୰̞̞̀ͥȃ͉̽͂͜͜ల10ےల˕ડ͉́Ḙ༹͈༷͉̹̏ͦৗ̢̹ͬ৹৪͈͙ͅ ခ࢘́ȄȶႩ౹͉̩́̈́ͅޔູ̯ͦͥͅȷ๊͈֚৹৪͉ͅȶಮัȷ͈րڍ̦ຈါ̺͓͂ ̞̀ͥȃΑάΦΎ͉̭͈ത́ͺςΑΠΞτΑ͉ͤ͢ؤ̥́͞Ȅޗ༹͈༷̱͉֗͂̀Ȅั͈ր ڍ͉ͤ͢ȶඳȷȪexprobrareȫ͞ȶৎୣȷȪobjurgareȫͬȄࢵ͉ͅȶ႗ȷȪsuadereȫ͞ȶર ॶȷȪlaudareȫͬଔ̳ͥ2)ȃȶྴနȷȪhonorȫ͂ȶஎབȷȪinvidiaȫ̦ȶඃ͈͒ঁࠣȷȪstimulus ad virtutemȫ͓̞̈́ͥ͂̀ͥ͜ͅ3)ȃ
۾Ⴒ̱̀ησ͈ࣉ̢͜ࡉ̤̭̠̀ȃ͉ȸুဇაȹ́Ȅࡢ૽ͬٺ̥ͣ༗ࢌ̱Ȅ২ٛͬཡמ ̳̹͉ͥ͛ͅȄٺ৪͈͒ȶੜัȷȪpunishmentȫ̦ຈါ̺͂ࣉ̢Ḙ̏ͦͅȶ༹എੜัȷȪlegal punishmentȫ͂ȶ২ٛഎੜัȷȪsocial punishmentȫ͈ඵਅ̥ͬ̾ȃȸ၌৽݅აȹ͉́ࢃ৪ͬȄ ȶ൳༾͈փࡉͥ͢ͅੜัȷȪpunished by the opinion of his fellow-creaturesȫ͂୰ྶ̳ͥ4)ȃ
͈ͣ৽ಫͬ͂͛ͦ͊͘Ḙ̠̜̠̏̈́ͥ́ͧȃ২͈ٛȆอജ͈̹͉͛ͅȄ૽ۼ̦̾ߺ ั͈͒ޔູ̺̫̩́̈́Ȅરॶͬဳ̱ඳȆৎୣູͬͦͥͅ൱̧̥̫̫̞̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȃ̞ ̴ͦ͜ησ͈࡞̠ȶٸഎޑଷႁȷȪexternal sanctionȫ5)ͅ௺̳̦ͥȄߺั̦ၑഎޑଷႁͬ͜ ͈̾ͅచ̱̀Ȅરॶ͞ඳȆৎୣ͉ၑഎޑଷႁͬ̾5aȫȃરॶ͈͒ဳབ͉ྴနȪhonorȫ͒ ͈ဳབ̲ͅȄඳȆৎୣ̜̞͉ͥቦઢູ͈͉͒ͦȶະྴနȷȪdishonorȫȄȶ౹ȷȪshameȫ͒ ູ͈̲ͦͥͅȃ̭͈ͦͣۜૂȪဳབູ͂ͦȫ͉૽ۼͬ൲̥̳ޑ̞ႁ̤ͬ̽̀ͤḘ̏ͦͬ၌ ဥ̳̭̱͉ͥ͂̈́ͅ২ٛಉ੬͈͂২͈ٛอജ̢͉̜̞ͤ̈́ȃ
̭͂ͧ́Ȅྴန͜ະྴန̷ͦͬ͜ဓ̢ͥ૽̜̞͉ͥਬ౬̢̱͉̜̞̈́ͤ̈́ͅȃ͉́Ȅ̷͉ͦ ̜̞͉ͥة̥̠̞̠ͣ̓ͅॽ༷́ဓ̢ͣͦȄဓ̢̹ͣͦ૽̷͉̠̞̠͂̽̀ͦ̓ͅփྙͬ ̻Ȅ͈ୈ૰͂૽̠̞̠̓ͅגޣͬݞ͖̳͈̺̠̥ͧȃոئ͉́Ḙ̞̏ͦͣ̾̀ͅȄୌဢ ߃ଲএே̧̱ٜͬ֨̀ͅྶͬদ͙̹̞ȃ
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1) Spinoza, IV-54, schol.
2) Spinoza, III, Affect. Def.27, Expl. 3) Spinoza, III-55, coroll.1, schol.
4) Mill, On Liberty, V-2; Utilitarianism, V-14. ఈͅ Utilitarianism, III-3. ४ચȃ 5) Utilitarianism, III-3, 7f., 10.
5aȫibid. I-9.
I
̭͈࿚ఴ̞̾̀ͅࣉ̢̦̥̱ͥͤ͂̀ȄαΥΟͻ·Π͈ȸ݊͂ȹͬ৾ͤષ̬͙̹̞̀ȃ ల˔ડ͂ల10ડ́੫͉ȶऻ͈اȷȪguilt cultureȫ͂ȶ౹͈اȷȪshame cultureȫͬߊ ༆̱̹ષ́Ȅུ૽͉ࢃ৪̧̞̳ͬ̀ͥ͂ͥȃ੫͈୰ྶͦ͊͢ͅȄஜ৪̤̞͉̀ͅȄ࣐൲ ͈ဲଷ̦ȶၻȷȪconscienceȫ̞̠͂ȶඤഎޑଷႁȷȪinternal sanctionȫ̷͂ͦͅܖ̩̿ȶऻȷ Ȫguilt, sinȫ͈͒ޔͦͅܖ̞̯͈̿̀̈́ͦͥͅచ̱̀Ȅࢃ৪̤̞͉̀ͅȶྴနȷȪhonorȫ̜ͥ
̞͉ȶྴȷȪnameȫͬਹ̲̦ͭͥȶྴȷȪgood nameȫͬݥ̵̯͛ȄȶྴȷȪbad nameȫ ͬޔ̵̯ͦȄྴ͈̭͈͒ޔ̦ͦȶٸഎޑଷႁȷȪexternal sanctionȫ̱͂̀൱̞࣐̀൲͈ဲ ଷ̦̯̈́ͦͥȃ ષ͉࣐́൲͈ဲଷ̞̠͂۷ത̥ͣࡉ̹̦Ȅ࣐൲͈͒ঁࠣȆঁͬ͜܄͛̀ࢩ̩ࣉ̢ͦ͊Ȅ౹ ͈ا̤̞͉̀ͅȄບȪreputationȫ͞ఘ࿂Ȇ࿂ঊȪfaceȫͬਹ̲࣐ͭ̀൲఼͈̦̯̈́ͦȄ ̹࣐͘൲ࢃ͉Ȅྴ̦ංͣͦͦ͊ංփ̈́ͤͅȄࣞလۜͅྖ̹̯ͦȄݙͅྴ̵ͬͣͦͦ͊౹ ͈ߎ̱͙ͅفͦͥ͘ȃ੫͈ၑٜͅਲ̢͊Ȅུ૽͉ͅඤഎϋ·Ώοϋ̦৻̩Ȅచͅ૽ ͈܉Ȅ̷̱̀ඳ͞ቦઢ̞̹͂̽Ȅ૽̥͈ͣບثͥ͢ͅٸഎϋ·Ώοϋ̦ޑႧ̜́ͤȄਲ̽ ̀૽̥ͣඳ̯ͦቦઢ̯̜̠̠࣐ͦͥ́ͧ̈́͢և̱ͬ̀Ȅ̷̦ͦ૽ͅࡉ̧̥̹͉̾̽͂ͅȄޑ ̞ȶ౹ȷȪshameȫ͈փে̻ͬ͜Ȅ̷ͦͅߎ̱͚༷֚́Ȅࡉ̥̫̾ͣ̈́ͦ͊౹̲̭ͥ͂͜Ȅ̷ ̱̀Ȫอژ̳̥̱̞̞̠ͥͦ̈́͂͜ະհͬ༆̳ͦ͊ͅȫ̞̾ͣএ̞̳̭ͬͥ͂͜ဒ̞ͤ̈́ȃࡉ ̥̥̾ͥࡉ̥̞̥̦̾ͣ̈́ਹါ͈̜̈́́ͥ6)ȃ̹̺̱ࡉ̥̥̹͈͉̦̥̹̺̫̾ͣ̈́̽̽͢ ́Ȅࡉ̥̾ͥخෝ͉̞̜̾́ͥ͂͜ࣉ̢ͦ͊Ȅࡉ̥̞̹͈̾ͣ̈́͛ࢥຳ̳͉ͬͥͤ͢Ȅඳ ͞ቦઢȆࠚ༈͈చય̠࣐̈́ͥ̈́͢ͅև͉̥͛ͣࢱ̢ͥਹ̯̦ݥ͛ͣͦͥȃ̭͈ਅ͈ਹ̯ ུͬ૽͉ȄαΥΟͻ·Π͈ࣉ̢͉́ȶুਹȷ͂ࡤ͍̱ͩȄ̷ͦͬਂ͈͕̥ఱ୨̱̞̀ͥͅȃ ̤̈́Ȅུ૽͈̭͈ȶুਹȷͅ੫͉ self-respect ̞̠͂ࢊ͈൚̦̀ͥȄ̷͉ͦ؎ༀ૽͂ͅ
͈̽̀ুఄȆুఄۜૂȪself-respectȫ͉͂য͈̺̀̈́ͥ͂͜࡞̠7)ȃ αΥΟͻ·Π͈̭͈ࡉِٜͬș͉̠̫̓গ̧͓̜̠̥͛ͥ́ͧȃུ૽ͅȄྴနͬਹ̲ͭ ౹ͬޔͦͥܨ̻̦ޑ̞̭͂Ȅ̷̱̭͈̀౹͈͒ޔ̦ͦޑႧ̈́ٸഎϋ·Ώοῧ̱̀൱ ̷̞͈࣐̀൲ͅဲଷ̦̥̥̭̞̜̠ͥ͂͛̀́ͧ͜͢ȃࢵ͉ͅȄ؎ༀ૽͈ȶুఄȷȪself-respectȫུ͂૽͈ȶুਹȷ͂ͬȄুࡨບث̞̠͂۷ത̥ͣڛ̳̭ͥ͂͜ͅ࿚ఴ̦̞̜̈́́ ̠ͧȃ̷̱̭͈̀۷ത̥ͣࡉ̧ͥ͂Ȅఉུ̩͈૽͈ুఄ̦૽̥͈ͣບثͅఱ̧̩ջం̱Ȅ ̷͈̹͛ଲບͬܨ̳ͥͅഽࣣ̞͜ޑ̞̞̠͂ঐഊ͜7aȫȄۼ֑͉̞̞̺̠̽̀̈́ͧȃ֦͙̭͈ͅ डࢃ͈തȄ̾ͤ͘ଲບ͈͒۾͈ޑ̯͈ͅȄ̷̱̀ၻ̧ଲບ͈̹͛ͅȪ̜̞͉ͥਔ͈ͤ ࡕ̱̞ບثͬྚட̫̹ͥ͛ͅͅȫȄఉུ̩͈૽̦ਹ̈́4 4 4Ȅ̷̱̀ࢱ̢࿒͙́૬̞4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4ఠഽ͂ ࣐൲̞ͬ৾̽̀ͥȄ̞̠͂ে͜ఏ൚̜̠́ͧȃ ̱̥̱ȄαΥΟͻ·Π͉মఠͬౙا̨̱̳̞̀ͥȃུ૽͈࣐͞൲အͅచ̳ͥ੫ ͈ၑٜ͉Ȅུ૽͈͒έͻȜσΡऔ̧̥̹ͬ́̈́̽ا૽႒ڠ৪͈ၑٜ̱͉͂̀ޥ։എ̺̦Ȅ ఉ̩͉എږ̜́ͤȄ̷͈ړͬඏ̞̞̀ͥȃ̱̥̱Ȅոئ͈ത́ະ̯ͬ྾̞ͦ̈́ȃ ୶̴Ȅ؎ༀ૽͈ႃၑ۷ͬȶऻ͈اȷ́گ̞̽̀ͥത̦Ȅౙا̨̱̳̜́ͥȃఘ࿂ͬਹͭ ̲ȄྴȆྴနͬݥ͛ͥܨ̻Ȅ̷̱̀౹ͬޔͦͥܨ̻̦Ȅ̞͉̞ͣ̈́́̈́ͅȃષ́ ࡉ̹̠͢ͅȄܡͅͺςΑΠΞτᾺ̤̞ͅȄ߃య͉́ΑάΦΎ̤̞̀ͅȄࢵ̷͉͈ͅࢃȄαΛ ςȜͺ͞ͺΘθȆΑηΑȄϋΠ̤̞̀ͅȄྴနͬݥ͛ͥ౹ͬޔͦͥۜૂ͉Ȅ૽ۼ༹͈എ ̜̞͉ͥ২ٛഎȄࢵ͉ͅૂഎ۾߸͂̽̀ͅਹါ̈́փྙ͈̱ͬ̾͂̀͜ၑٜ̯ͦȄࣉख़̯ͦ ̞̀ͥ8)ȃ ষͅȄȶऻȷփে͂ȶ౹ȷփে̞͈̾̀ͅ੫͈୰ྶ֚͜࿂എ̜́ͥȃږ̥ͅḘ̏ͦͣၰփ েͬߊ༆̳̭͉ͥ͂ਹါ̜́ͤȄαΥΟͻ·Π͈ߊ༆͈ॽ༷͈֚͜ͅփ͉̜݅ͥȃ̱̥̱Ȅ Ⴚࡉུ̱̫̈́ͦ͊૽͉౹փে̭̦ͬ̾͂ઁ̞̞̠̈́͂ၑٜ̦ୃ̱̞̥̠̥̓ͬږ̥͛ͥͅ ͉ࢩํ̈́બഎࡄݪ̦ຈါ̜̺̫̩́ͥ́̈́Ȅུ૽ͅࡠ๊̱̞֚̈́എࡉ౷̥ͣࡉ̧̹͂Ȅ Ⴚࡉͅచ̳ͥఠഽ́౹փে͂ऻփেͬߊ༆̧̥́ͥ๛̥̞̾̀ͅ൞̢͉ͥͅȄ౹փে͂ऻփে ̞͈̾̀ͅၑაഎࡄݪ̦ຈါ̜́ͥȃࢃͅা̳̠͢ͅḘ͈̠̏̈́͢ࠁ͈́ၰփে͈ߊ༆̧̦́ ̞̭͉̈́͂ȄͺΘθȆΑηΑ̳ͬ͛͂ͥୌဢഓڠ৪͈ة૽̥̦ܡͅܨ̞̞̹̭̜̿̀͂́ͥȃ ਲ̽̀Ȅ౹փে͈ࡄݪِ̤̞̀ͅș͉αΥΟͻ·Π಼̢ͬ̀ૺ̢̰̞̜̠ͥͬ̈́́ͧ͘ȃ
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6) Benedict, pp.222f.ȨWhere shame is the major sanction, a man does not experience relief when he makes his fault public even to a confessor. So long as his bad behavior does notȦget out into the worldȧhe need not be troubled and confession appears to him merely a way of courting trouble.ȩ 7) ibid. pp.219f., 222.
7aȫibid. p.223.
II ୶̴Ȅ౹փে͂ऻփে͈ષպٽැͬྶږ̱̤̭̠̀ͅȃুୣۜૂ̷̦̜ͦ́ͥȃু͈և̱ ̹̭͂Ȅ̜̞͉ͥু͈̜༷͈ͤͅȄু͈ثͬ๛എͅ௴̢Ȅ̜̞͉̲ͥۜͥȃুࡨث4 4ͅ۾̳̭͈ͥুࡨ๛എ4 4 4 4 4ۜૂ̦ȶুୣۜૂȷ͂ࡤ͈̜͊ͦͥ́ͤ͜Ȅ̷͈ئպٽැ̱͂̀ȶऻ փেȷ͂ȶ౹փেȷ͂ͬߊ༆̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥȃ̤̈́ȄΑάΦΎ̦࡞̠̠͢ͅḘ̏ͦͣၰփে ฺ̽̀ͅȄِș͈̠̻ͅະخഎͅߎ̱͙̱͙̦̭̩ܳ̽̀ͥ͞ȃ̷̶̷̱̠̥̀̈́̈́ͥ͂ ࡞̢͊Ȅ̷ِ͉ͦș̦ুࡨث̱̹̞̞̠ͬ࣊͂ۜૂȆ൲ུͬഎ̞̥̜̽̀ͥͣ́ͅ ͥ9)ȃ ͉́Ȅ౹փে͂ऻփে͈̥ͦ࿒͉̭̜͈̺̠̥̓ͥͧͅȃ૽͈܉4 4 4ͬփে̳̥̠̥ͥ̓ͅȄ ̭͈̥ͦ࿒̦̜ͥȄ͂࡞̢͈͉̞̥ͥ́̈́ȃ̾ͤ͘ুࡨ๛ۜૂ̞̠ͬ̾͂ത͉ވ̺̦Ȅ (1) ̭͈ۜૂ̦૽͈܉ͬփে̳̭̲ͥ͂̽̀ͥ͢ͅાࣣ͉ͅȄِș͉ȶ౹ȷͬփে̱Ȅఈ༷Ȅ (2) ૽͈܉ͬփে̱̞̈́͜ͅࢰ̴ͣȄ̜̞͉ͥ૽͈܉ͬփে̱̞̀̀͜Ȅ̷͉ͦ͂ܖུഎͅඊ ၛͅুࡨ๛ۜૂ̧ͬ̾͂Ȅِș͉ȶऻȷͬփে̳ͥȃ̭̠ၑ̧ٜ̜̠́ͥ́ͧȃ႕̢͊Ȅ ֿ̞̹ͬ̾ুͬু́ୣ͛ͥȄະಕփ̥ͣ૽ͅఅٺͬဓ̢̱̹̀̽͘ুͬু́ୣ͛ͥ͂ ̞̹̽ুୣ͉Ȅȶऻȷփেͅ௺̳ͥ10)ȃ̷ͦͅచ̱̀Ȅ(a) ֿ̞̹ͬ̾ুͅచ̳ͥ૽ș͈ඳ ̧͈ͬȄ໊༈͈܉ओ̱̲ͬۜ̀Ȅ(b) ̜̞͉̭͈ͥͦͣ͞܉ओ̱ͬே௨̱̀11)Ȅুୣ͈ ۜૂ̳ͬ̾͂ͦ͊Ȅ̷͉̳͓ͦͣ̀ȶ౹ȷփেͅ௺̳ͥȃ ̹̺̱ (b)Ȅ̾ͤ͘ఈ৪̥͈ͣඳ͞ቦઢȆ໊༈ͬȶே௨ȷ̱̀౹̲̞̠ͬۜͥ͂ાࣣ̾ͅ ̞͉̀ಕփ̦ຈါ̜́ͥȃ̭͈ே௨̦ܨͅີ͚ાࣣͅඅ̷̠̺̦ͅȄȶே௨ȷ͂࡞̽̀͜ڮ ࡛͜ͅਔ̥ͤͣඳ͞ቦઢͬဵ͍̞̥͈̠̲̀ͥۜ̀͢ͅ౹̴̥̱̯̲ͬۜͥાࣣ͉Ȅ̷͈ ౹փে͉ (a) ͂൳ਅ̜́ͤȄ༆ե̞̳ͥຈါ͉̞̈́ȃ̱̥̱Ḙ͈̏ȶே௨ȷ̦֣ય͈τασ́ ͉̩̈́۷ැ͈τασ́4 4 4 4 4 4 4̯̈́ͦͥાࣣ͉Ȅ༆ե̞̳ͥຈါ̦̜ͥȃ̾ͤ͘Ȅڮ͜ਔ̥ͤͣඳ͞ ቦઢͬဵ͍̞̀ͥ4 4 4 4 4̥͈̠̲ۜ̀͢ͅ౹̴̥̱̩̲̞̠͈͉̩ۜͥ͂́̈́Ȅ૽̥ͣඳ̜̞͉ͥ ቦઢ̯̠̦̯̞̦ͦͦ͘͢Ȅ૽̷̥̠̯̠ͣͦͥ̈́͢ম̱̹ͬ4 4 4 4̭͂́౹̲̱̹ͬۜͥ͂ͣ12)Ȅ ̭͈ાࣣ͉ (a) ͉͂։̈́ͥਅ႒͈4 4 4 4 4 4౹փে̱͂̀႒̳ͥຈါ̦̜͈̜ͥ́ͥȃஜ৪͈ાࣣ͉Ȅ ࡛̜̠́ͧ͂ே௨ષ̜̠́ͧ͂Ȅ૽̥ͣඳȆቦઢ̯̞̠ͦͥ͂ఘࡑ4 4̦౹փেͬৼ̧̭̳ܳȃ ̭ͦͅచ̱̀Ȅࢃ৪͉̭͈́ఘࡑ͈̜̱ͥ̈́ͅࢰ̴ͣȄু͈և̱̹̭͂4 4͞ু͈̜༷̞ͤ͂ ̹̽ඤယ4 4̦࿚ఴ̯͂ͦḘ̦̏ͦ૽̥ͣඳȆቦઢ̯̠͈ͦͥ̈́͢͜Ȅ̾ͤ͘ඳȆቦઢ̳ͅ4 4 ͥ4͈̜̹̦́̽͜ͅȪ̷̷̱̠̀փে̳̦ͥͅȫ౹̦փে̯͈̜ͦͥ́ͥȃ̜̞͉̭̠ͥ ࡞̞̽̀͜͢ȃஜ৪̤̞͉̀ͅȄ୶̴࡛ͅȄ̜̞͉ͥே௨ષȄਔ̥ͤͣඳȆቦઢͬဵ͍ͥ ̞̠͂মȪఘࡑȫ̦̜̽̀Ḙ͈̏মȪఘࡑȫ̦౹փেͬৼ̧̭̳͈ܳͅచ̱̀Ȅࢃ৪͉́ ୶̴Ȅু̦૽̥ͣඳȆቦઢ̯ͦ̀൚ட͈ȶ౹̴̥̱̞মȷ̜̞͉ͥȶ౹̴̧͓4 4মȷ̱ͬ̈́
̹̞̠͂ে4 4Ȫثে͂মেȫ̦̜̽̀Ḙ͈̏ে̦౹͈փেͬࡤ͍̭̳͈̜ܳ́ͥȃ ̭͈ে͈̠̻ͤ͢ਹါ͈͉̈́ثে̜́ͥȃমে͈໐͉Ȅܖུഎͅஜ৪͂։̈́ͣ ̞̈́ȃ̹̺̱ஜ৪̤̞͉̀ͅȄඳȆቦઢͬဵ͍̞̠ͥ͂মȆఘࡑ4 4͈༷ͤ͢ͅޑ̩۾̦࢜ ̫̞ͣͦ̀̀Ȅু͈և̷̱̹̭͉͕̫͉̞̞͂ͦ̓࢜ͣͦ̀̈́ͅȃ̷ͦͅచ̱̀Ȅࢃ৪͈ા ࣣ͉ͅȄু͈և̱̹ম4͉ྶږͅփে̯ͦȄে̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ̾ͤ͘ݖ۷4 4 4͈փে̦ࢃ৪͈ા ࣣ͉ஜ৪͈ાࣣ͉ͤ͢ီ̥ͅྶ̜́ͥȃږ̥̭͈ͅത͜ਹါ͉̜́ͥȃ̱̥̱̽͂͜ਹါ̈́ ͈͉Ȅࢃ৪ͅ܄ͦͥ͘ث4 4েȄ̾ͤ͘ু͈և̱̹̭͉͂ȶ౹̴̧͓4 4ȷȪshamefulȫম̺͂ ̞̠ে̜́ͥȃ̭͈ثে͉ஜ৪͉ࠧͅ၂̱̞̀ͥȄ̜̞͉ͥઁ̩̈́͂͜ܛถ̜́ͥȃু ͈և̷̷̱̹̭̦͂͜͜ȶ౹̴̧͓ȷম̜̹̥̠̥̞́̽̓̾̀ͅ۾4 4̳̹̞̭ͣͦ̈́͂ ͜ఉ̩Ȅਲ̹̭͈̽̀͘ثে4 4̦̹̭͉ͦͥ͂ܭ̜́ͥȃ̷̹͉ͦ̀ͦ͜นட̱̹͂͜ ͈̱̥̩́̈́Ȅ౹̴̥̱̯͈ۜૂ4 4͈ஜ͉́ྫ͜ͅ൝̱̞ȃ ոષ͈ߊ༆Ȅओ։ا̦ͺΘθȆΑηᾼ̯̞͈̽̀̈́ͦ̀ͥ́͢Ȅ̷ͦͬࡉ̧̤̹̞̀ȃ ͉ȄȶՔ̯ͦͥȷȪto be lovedȫ͂ȶՔ̱̞ͣȷȪto be lovelyȫȄȶ௪ͦͥ͘ȷȪto be hatedȫ͂ ȶ௪̱̞ͣȷȪto be hatefulȫͬߊ༆̳͈ͥ͂൳အͅȄȶરॶ̯ͦͥȷȪto be praisedȫ͂ȶરॶ ̳ͥͅȷȪto be praise-worthyȫȄȶඳ̯ͦͥȷȪto be blamedȫ͂ȶඳ̳ͥͅȷȪto be blame-worthyȫͬߊ༆̳ͥȃ̷̴̱̞͈̀ͦߊ༆̤̞̀͜ͅȄՔȄ௪̱͙ȄરॶȄඳͅ ̳࣐ͥևȪconductȫ͞ڒȪcharacterȫͬȄ̷̸ͦͦՔȄ௪̱͙ȄરॶȄඳ͈ȶুட̈́Ȅ ̷̱̀؊̱̞చયȷȪthe natural and proper object of love/hatred/praise/blameȫ̺̳͂ ͥȃ̭̠ߊ༆̱̹ષ́Ȅ͉ࢵ̭̠ͅ࡞̠ȃȶ૽͉રॶͬဳ̳̺̫͉̩ͥ́̈́Ȅરॶ̳ͥͅ ̭͂ͬဳ̳ͥȃ̾ͤ͘Ȅ̢̹̥͂ͣ͜રॶ̯̩ͦ̈́̀͜Ȅરॶ͈ুட̈́Ȅ̷̱̀؊̱̞చ ય̜̭́ͥ͂ͬဳ̳ͥȃ͉ඳູ̺̫̩ͬͦͥ́̈́Ȅඳູ̳̭ͥ͂ͬͦͥͅȃ̾ͤ͘Ȅ ̢̹̥͂ͣ͜ඳ̯̩ͦ̈́̀͜Ȅඳ͈ুட̈́Ȅ̷̱̀؊̱̞చયູ̜̭́ͥ͂ͬͦͥȃȷ ȪIII.2.1.ȫ13) ̭̭́ਹါ͈͉̈́Ȅࢃ৪Ȅ௲̻ȶરॶ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷȪpraise-worthinessȫ͈͒ဳབ4 4Ȫdesireȫ ͂ȶඳ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷȪblame-worthinessȫູ͈͒ͦ4 4Ȫdreadȫ͉ͅȄȶરॶ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷ ͂ȶඳ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷ̞͈̾̀ͅে4 4̜̞͉ͥۜژ4 4Ȫsentimentȫ̦୶࣐̳̞̠ͥ͂ത̜́ ͥȃȶરॶ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷ͂ȶඳ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷͅచ̱̀ဳབູ̞̱̦̭̹͉̈́ͦܳͥ͛ͅȄ ̭͈ඵ͈̾చય̦ে̞̱̈́ۜژ̯̞̫̞ͦ̀̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȃ̭͈ۜژͬΑηΑ͉ȶൽඃഎۜ ژȷȪmoral sentimentsȫ͂ࡤ͍Ȅ̷͈ۜෝႁ͈͈ͬΧΙΑϋ͉ȶκρσȆΓϋΑȷȪmoral senseȫ͂ྴ̫̹̿14)ȃ̷̷͜͜ȶરॶ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷ͂ȶඳ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷ͈ۜژ̞̱̈́ ে̦̫̈́ͦ͊Ḙ͈̏ඵచય͈͒ဳབ̢͉̭̞ܳͤ̈́ȃஜ৪͉ࢃ৪͈ຈါૄ̜́ͥȃ̱̥̱ ̹͘Ȅۜژ̞̱̈́ে̦ంह̳̥ͥͣ͂࡞̽̀Ḙ͈̏ဳབ̦̭͉ܳͥ͂ࡠ̞ͣ̈́ȃஜ৪͉ࢃ৪ ͈ૄ͉̞͈̜́̈́́ͥ15)ȃࢵ͉ͅȄၰ৪͈ྶ̞̱̈́ޑഽ̞͉̾̀ͅȄ̢̹͂ஜ৪Ȫۜ
ژȆেȫ̦ྶ̜̹̱́̽͂̀͜Ȅࢃ৪Ȫဳབȫ̦ޑႧ̜͉́ͥ͂ࡠ̞ͣ̈́ȃȶરॶ̳ͅ ̭ͥ͂ȷ͂ȶඳ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷ̞̾̀ͅȄශةͅྶᔌྶ̈́ে̹̱ͬ̽͂̀͜Ȅ̷͈֚ ༷ͬဳ̱Ȅఈ༷ͬ࠹՛Ȇܝ̳ͥۜૂȪဳབȫ̦Ȅ̷ฺͦ̽̀ͅޑႧ̈́ͥͅ༗બ͉̞͈̜̈́́ͥȃ ਹါ̈́ത̦̠̜֚̾ͥ͜ȃષ̴̢͉̜́৾ͤȶરॶ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷ͂ȶඳ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷ ͈ۜژ̞̱̈́ে̦ࡢ૽͈ಎ̭̞̠́ܳͥ͂࿂ͅಕ࿒̱̹̦ȄΑηΑ͉̭͈ে̦ȶ૽șȷ Ȫpeopleȫ̜̞͉ͥȶ൳༾ȷȪbrethrenȫ͈ۼ́ވခ4 4̯ͦͥ͂ࣉ̢ͥȃ͉̭̠࡞̠ȃ
ȨPraise and blame express what actually are; praise-worthiness and blameworthiness, what naturally ought to be the sentiments of other people with regard to our character and conduct. The love of praise is the desire of obtaining the favourable sentiments of our brethren. The love of praiseworthiness is the desire of rendering ourselves the proper objects of those sentiments. [] The like affinity and resemblance take place between the dread of blame and that of blame-worthiness.ȩ(III.2.25.)
̴̢̜৾ͤȄΧΙΑϋ͈࡞̠̠͢ͅ16)Ȅ́͜ͅȶκρσȆΓϋΑȷ̦̜ͤḘ̏ͦͬ൱̵̥̀ȶર ॶ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷ͂ȶඳ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷ̞͈̾̀ͅة̦̱̥͈ۜژ̞̱̈́ে̭̦ͬ̾͂͜ ̧́ͥ͂ب̱͙̠̀͢ȃ̷͈ષ́Ȅ͉̭͈́ͦͣచયͅచ̳ͥۜژȆে̺̫̩́̈́ȄဳབȪ࠹ ՛Ȇܝ͜܄͚ȫ̥̠̥ͬ́̾̓͜Ȅ̷̱̀ޑഽ͉̠̥̓Ȅ͂࿚̠̀ࡉ̠͢ȃ̤̈́ȄͺΘθȆ ΑηΑ̦࡞̠̠͢ͅȄ૽ۼ͉ͅષ͈ඵ͈̾చય͈͒ဳབ̺̫̩́̈́ȄરॶȆඳ͈͒ဳབȪ̹ ̺̱ࢃ৪͉͒࠹՛Ȇܝȫ̦̜ͥȃ̾ͤ͘Ȅ(1) ૽ș͈રॶͬݥ͛ඳͬܝȆ࠹՛̳ͥۜૂȪဳ བȫ͂Ȅ(2) ૽ș͈ȶરॶ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷͬݥ͛ȶඳ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷͬܝȆ࠹՛̳ͥۜૂȪဳ བȫ͈ඵ̦̾૽ۼ͉̜ͥͅȄ̞̠̭͂͂̈́ͥͅȃ͉̭́ͦͣඵਅ͈ۜૂȪဳབȫ͈ޑ̯͉̠̓ ̜̠̥́ͧȃ̻̦̓ͣޑ̞̜̠̥́ͧȃΑηΑ͉̭͈ത̞̾̀ͅষ͈̠͢ͅࣉ̢̞̀ͥȃޭ͛ ̀႕ٸഎ͉̜̦́ͥȄలඵ͈ဳབ̦ྖ̹̯̹̺̫ͦ́ྖ௷̳ͥ૽ۼ̦̞ͥȪIII.2.28.ȫȃ̱̥̱Ȅ ఉ̩͈૽ۼ̷͉̺̫͉ͦ́ྖ௷̴̧́Ȅల͈֚ဳབ̦ྖ̹̯̫ͦ̈́ͦ͊ྖ௷̱̞̈́ȪIII.2.26.ȫȃ ஜ৪͈Ηͼί͈૽ۼ̞͉̾̀ͅȄȪͣ͜ల͈֚ဳབ̹̞͉̞̦ͬ̈́́̈́ȫలඵ͈ဳབ͈ ༷̦ޑႧ̺͂࡞̢̜̠ͥ́ͧȃ͉́Ȅࢃ৪͈Ηͼί͈૽ۼ̞͉̠̜̠̥̾̀̓́ͧͅȃ̭ͦͅ ̞̾̀ΑηΑ͉Ȅల͈֚ဳབȄ̾ͤ͘રॶͬݥ͛ඳͬܝ̳ͥۜૂ͈༷̦ޑ̞͂ࣉ̢̞̀ͥ ȪIII.2.28.ȫȃ̤̈́Ȅু͉ष̷̠̞̠ͅ૽ۼ̦̞͉̥̹̠̺̦ͥ͂͛̈́̽͢Ȅ՛ა৪ ͈ၑაഎࢹಃ̱͂̀Ḙ͈̏ల͈֚ဳབ̺̫̱̥4 4 4 4̹̞̈́૽ۼȄ௲̻ȶરॶ͈͒Ք̱̥ȷȪthe mere love of praiseȫ̹̞̈́૽ۼ̞̾̀͜ͅ࡞ݞ̱̞̀ͥȪIII.2.26.ȫȃ̱̥̱Ḙ͈̏डࢃ͈ Ηͼί͈૽ۼ̦ष̞̥̠̥̞͈ͥ̓̾̀ͅͅબ͉ယօ͉̞̥́̈́ͣȄِș̷̱͂̀ͦ͜ͅ ̴̢̞͉̜̾̀৾ͤະ࿚ͅັ̱̀Ȅ୶ͅૺ̠͜ȃ
̭͈Ηͼί͈૽ۼ̦̞̥̠̥͉ͥ̓༆̱̀ͅȄِș̦૽ș͈રॶͬݥ͛Ȅ̷͈ඳͬ࠹̽̀ ࣐և఼͈̱̞ͬ̀ͥાࣣ̦ఉ̞̭͉̞̜̠͂͛̀́ͧ͢ȃ͉́Ȩِ̭͈̏͂ș͈ୈ૰͉̓
̠̞̠൱̧༷̱̞͈̺̠̥ͬ̀ͥͧȃ ȶરॶ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷͬݥ͛ȶඳ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷͬܝȆ࠹՛̳ͥܨ̻̦ࡐहا̱̞̀ ̞͈̺̥̈́ͣȄરॶ͞ඳͬဓ̢̞ͥ̾̀ͅȄষ͈ඵത̦ະ࿚ͅັ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ Ȫ1ȫ͈ບث͈ॽ༷Ȫণത͞ܖȫ̦ఏ൚̥̠̥̓ȃ͉ບث̧̳͓͈ͬ͜ບث̱̞̀ ̥ͥȃບث̱̞͈̈́ͬ͜ͅບث̱̞͈͉̞̥̀ͥ́̈́ȃȮث̞͈̾̀ͅٽැഎၑٜȯ Ȫ2ȫ͉ুͬୃ̱̩ࡉ̞̥̀ͥȃ̞͈̜̥͈̠̈́ͬͥ͜͢ͅࡉࢋ͉̞̞̥̽̀̈́ȃȮࡢ ༆ম႕͈͒Ȫ1ȫ͈ഐဥȯ ̴̭̞͈ͦͣͦાࣣ͜Ȅ൞̢̦ࢃ৪̈́ͣȄ̜̞͉̥͈ͥͣͣરॶ͉ͅȄ႕̢રॶͬܔ͐ জ͂̽̀ͅ৽۷എ4 4 4ث͉̜̽̀͜Ȅݖ۷എ4 4 4ث praise-worthiness ͉̞̈́ȃ̱̥̱Ḙ͈̏ાࣣȄ জ͉̭͈ݖ۷എثͅచ̱̀ࡓ͂͜۾̦̞͈̺̥̈́ͣȄȪ1ȫ͜Ȫ2ȫ͜࿚ఴ̴̈́ͣͅȄজ͉ ౙͅરॶͬܔ̺̫̜͐́ͥȃ̭͉ͦඳ̞̾̀͜ͅ൳အ̜́ͥȃ̭͈ાࣣȄজ͉૽͈રॶ͂ ඳ֚ͅܔ̳֚ͥȃ̭͈ୈ૰ેఠ͈̠̻Ȅરॶ͈͒ܔ͍͈໐ͬȄΑηΑ͉ȶݹוȷȪvanityȫ ͂ࡤ͐17)ȃ̤̈́ȄγΛήΒ͜൳အ̭ͦͬͅȶݹוȷȪvain-gloryȫ͂ࡤ͐18)ȃ ఈ༷Ȅȶરॶ̳ͥͅȷݞ͍ȶඳ̳ͥͅȷ̞̠͂ݖ۷എ4 4 4ثͅ۾̦̜ͥાࣣȄږ̥ͅ ΑηΑ̦࡞̠̠͢ͅఱ͉৽۷എث͈͒۾ฺ̠̜̠̦ͬ́ͧḘ̏ͦͬზ̤̞̀ͅࣉ̢̹༷ ̦࿚ఴུ͈ৗͬ௴̢̧̭̦ͥ͂́ͥȃ̭͈ાࣣȄྶ̥ͣͅুࡨ͈ඵޭاȄ௲̻ບث৪̱͈͂̀ ুࡨ͂ບث৪̱͈͂̀ুࡨ͈͒ুࡨ͈ඵޭا̦̭̞ܳ̽̀ͥȃݖ۷എث͈͒۾̦̞̈́ષ ͈ાࣣ͉ͅȄুࡨ͉̜̩́͘ບث৪̱͈͙͂̀ంह̱Ȅບث͉ۖͅ૽șͅ՜̞̹ͣͦ̀ȃ ̷͈̹͛Ȅজ͉͈ͣບث֚ͅܔ̱֚Ȅশ̷ཱུ͉ͦͅͅႾ̢̯̰̥̹ͦͥͬ̈́̽ȃ̷ͦͅచ ̱̀Ḙ̭͉̏́জ͉ບث৪̜́ͥ͂൳শͅບث৪̜́ͥ͜ȃ̹̺̱Ȅບث৪̜́ͥজ͉ౙඊ ͈ࡢ૽͉̩́̈́Ȅ૽ș̜̞͉ͥ൳༾͈͂ບثވ൳ఘ4 4 4 4 4̧ͅḘ̷̏́ͣ͂ບث͈ণത͂ບثܖ ͬވခ4 4̱Ḙ̏ͦͣͅਲ̽̀ুࡨ͈࣐൲͞ڒȄ̜̞͉ͥෝႁͬບث̱̞̀ͥȃ̽͂͜͜Ȅ൳ শͅಕփ̱̫̞̦̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́Ḙ̭̏́ވခ̯̞͈͉ͦ̀ͥບث͈ণത͂ບثܖ4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4̜́̽̀Ȅ ̾ͤ͘۷ැ͈4 4 4ވခ̦̯̞̺̫̜̈́ͦ̀ͥ́̽̀Ȅ૽ș͈રॶ͞ඳ̷͈͂ͦͣ͒জ͈Ք͞࠹՛Ȅ ܔ͍̱͙̞̹͂̽ۜ͞ૂ͈4 4 4ވခȆވ૦̦̯̞͉̞̈́ͦ̀ͥ́̈́ȃ଼̭̭́ၛ̱̞͈͉̀ͥ ۷ැτασ͈́4 4 4 4 4 4 4ވ൳Ȇ২̜ٛ́̽̀Ȅۜૂτασ̷͈͉̞́ͦ́̈́ȃ ̤̈́Ȅষ͈ത͜ͅಕփͬါ̳ͥȃজ͈͂̽̀ͅވ൳͈༷̜́ͥȶ૽șȷ̜̞͉ͥȶ൳ ༾ȷ͉Ȅ̜̩́͘ષ͈۷ැଲٮ͈ਯ૽̜́ͥࡠ͈ͤ́ȶ૽șȷȄȶ൳༾ȷ̜́̽̀Ḙ͈̏ଲٮ͈ ٸͅਯ͚૽ۼ͉Ȅ̢̹̦͂ͣශةͅອ้ͅজ͈ુڰͅഴા̳ͥ૽̜̠́ͧ͂ྫ̈́ం ह̜́ͥȃ͉ͣজ͂ບث͈܉ͬވခ̱̞̥̜̈́ͣ́ͥȃ ਲ̽̀Ḙ̠̏࡞̢ͥȃজ͉͈֚૽ș͈͂ۼ́Ȅȶરॶ̳ͥͅȷݞ͍ȶඳ̳ͥͅȷ͂ ̞̠ບث͈܉ͬވခ̱Ḙ͈̏܉̱ͬ̀জ͈࣐൲͞ڒȄෝႁͬບث̳ͥȃ̷̱̭͈̀ບث̦ ࣊എ̜̜͕́ͦ͊ͥ̓ܔ͍̲ͬۜȄ̷̦ͦ๛എ̜̜͕̱͙̲́ͦ͊ͥ̓ͬۜͥȃ̭͈ܔ
͍ͬȶࡶͤȷȪglory, gloriaȫȄ̱͙ͬȶ౹ȷȪshame, pudorȫ͂࡞̠19)ȃ̹̺̱Ȅಕփ̱̈́ ̫̞̦ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́Ḙ̭̏́࡞̠ȶບث͈܉ȷ͉Ḙ͈̏ȶ܉ȷͬވခ̳ͥఈ৪࡛ͅͅ4 4ু̦ࡉͣ ͦȄ̥ͣͣບث̫̞̞̠ͬ̀ͥ͂ॽ༷́ܥෝ̱̞͈͉̞̀ͥ́̈́4 4ȃ̭͈ȶ܉ȷ͉জͅඤह4 4 ا4̯̹ͦȶ܉ȷ̜́ͤḘ͈̠̏̈́͢ȶ܉ȷͬඤ̻ͅȄ̷ͦͅਲ̽̀ু͈࣐൲൝ͬບث̳ͥ ࡠͤȄজ͈࣐൲൝̦࡛͈͈ͣ܉͈එ̥͆ਫ਼̯̹̱́̈́ͦ͂̀͜Ȅজ͉ȶࡶͤȷ͞ȶ౹ȷͬ ̢̲̰̞͈̜ۜͥͬ̈́́ͥȃ
ಕ
9) ΑάΦΎ͉̭ͦͬȶুࡨՔȷȪamor sui, philautiaȫ͂ࡤ͐ȃcf. Spinoza, III, Affect. Def. 28 & Expl. 10) αΥΟͻ·Π͉́Ȅȶऻȷ͉΅ςΑΠޗ͈૰͈͂۾߸́ၑٜ̯ͦͥȃ̭͈۾߸͂႒എ̈́۾߸̱͂̀
ঊ۾߸̦̜ͤȄ͈ৎୣ4 4Ȇඳ4 4̫̹ͬঊރ͉୶̴͉ȶ౹ȷ͉̩́̈́ȶऻȷ̲̜̠ͬۜͥ́ͧȃఈ༷Ȅ
αΥΟͻ·Π̦ȸ݊͂ȹల12ડ́৾ͤષ̬̞̀ͥȄུ૽͈̥ͣঊ͈͒ൽඃޗ֗Ȅ̾ͤ͘ਔ͈ͤቦ4
ઢ4̻̱ͬ̀ঊރͬ۸̠̳͛͂ͥ͢ൽඃޗ̤̞͉֗̀ͅȄঊރ͉ऻ՛͉̩ۜ́̈́Ȅȶ౹ȷփেͬ̾
̜̠́ͧȃ
11) Spinoza, III, Affect. Def. 30.ȨGloria est Laetitia, concomitante idea alicujus nostrae actionis, quam alios laudare imaginamur.ȩ;Affect. Def. 31.ȨPudor est Tristitia, concomitante idea alicujus nostrae actionis, quam alios vituperare imaginamur.ȩ(cf. also III, 30, schol.; 53 & coroll.) ȝ Benedict, p.223. ȨA man is shamed either by being openly ridiculed and rejected or by fantasying to himself that he has been made ridiculous. In either case it is a potent sanction. But it requires an audience or at least a manȧs fantasy of an audience.ȩ
12) ષ͈ȶே௨ȷͅͺΘθȆΑηΑ͉ȶ୶৾ͤȷȪanticipateȫ̞̠͂࡞ဩͬ൚̞̦̀̀ͥḘ͈̏࡞ဩͬષ ͈ඵ͈̾փྙ́ঀ̞̽̀ͥȃஜ৪͈փྙ͉́ III.2.9. (pp.118f.)Ȅࢃ৪͈փྙ͉́ III.2.5. (pp.115f.) ४ચȃ ̹̺̱Ȅփྙ͈֑̞͉̾̀ͅ୰ྶ̱̞̞̀̈́ȃ
13) ఈͅȄIII.2.25f. ४ચȃ̤̈́ȄIII.2.3. (p.114.) ͉́ȄȨamiableȩ,Ȩadmirableȩ̞̠͂ນ࡛͜ঀ̞ͩͦ̀ͥȃ 14) Hutcheson, pp.95, 150-155.
15) ၰ৪͈ߊ༆̞͉̾̀ͅոئͬ४ચȃHutcheson, p.95.ȨThis moral Sense, either of our own Actions, or of those of others, has this in common with our other Senses, that however our Desire of Virtue may be counterballanc d by Interest, our Sentiment or Perception of its Beauty cannot; [].ȩȪ ఈ ͅ pp.99, 181. ४ચȫ
16) Hutcheson, pp.99, 119, 222. ȝ ϋ Π ͅ ͜ ൳ အ ͈ ࣉ ̢ ̦ ͛ ͣ ͦ ͥȃcf. Bd.4, SS.454f.; Bd.6, SS.399ff.; Bd.27, SS.417f., 1428f.
17) I.III.2.1. (pp.50f.)ȨTo be observed, to be attended to, to be taken notice of with sympathy, complacency, and approbation, are all the advantages which we can propose to derive from it. It is the vanity, not the ease, or the pleasure, which interests us. But vanity is always founded upon the belief of our being the object of attention and approbation.ȩȝ ̹̺̱ȄΑηᾺ̤̞͉ͅȄષ͈Ȫ1ȫ ͂Ȫ2ȫ͈ߊ༆̦ະྶږ̜́ͥȃ
18) Hobbes, p.42.ȨJoy, arising from imagination of a man's own power and ability, is that exultation of the mind which is called glorying: which, if grounded upon the experience of his own former actions, is the same withFRQÀGHQFH: but if grounded on the Áattery of others, or only supposed by himself,
for delight in the consequences of it, is called vain-glory: [].ȩ 19) cf. Spinoza, III-30, schol.; III, Affect. Def. 30f.
III ஜડ͉́Ȅ৽ͅͺΘθȆΑηΑͬڥ̱ͤ̀ͅȄરॶ͂ඳͅచ̳ͥ૽ۼ͈؊̞̾̀ͅࣉ ख़̱̹̦Ḙ͈̏ડ͉́Ȅࢵͅરॶ͂ඳ͈ܖུࢹ௮͈ٜྶͬদ͙̹̞ȃ રॶݞ͍ඳ͉Ȅບث৪A̦Ȅບث৪BͬȄ̷͈࣐և͞ৗ൝C̞̾̀ͅરॶ̞̱̈́ඳ ̳̞̠ͥ͂ܖུࢹ௮ͬခ̳ͥȃਲ̽̀Ȅ(1) ̦Ȅ(2) ة̞̾̀ͅરॶ̞̱̈́ඳ̱Ȅ(3) ̷ͦ ͬB̦̠̫̓গ̥̦͛ͥȄ࿚ఴ̈́ͥͅȃ ୶̴ (2) ̞̾̀ͅȃ̭̞͉ͦ̾̀ͅȄບث৪͈ (a) ࣐ևȆఠഽ͂Ȅ(b) ෝႁ͞ڒȆ૽ڒ̦ ບث͈చય̈́ͥͅȃ̭͈̠̻Ȅບث৪͈͒ၑഎגޣ͉Ȅࢃ৪͈༷̦ఱ̧̞ȃ ষͅ (1) ̞̾̀ͅȃ̭͈തȄ̾ͤ͘ບث৽ఘ̞͉̾̀ͅȄ(i) ࡢ૽̦̜̩́͘ࡢ૽͈ڒ́ບ ث࣐̠ͬાࣣȪࡢ૽എບثȫ͂Ȅ(ii) ̷ͦոٸ͈ાࣣ̦̜ͥȃࢃ৪͈ાࣣ͉ࢵͅȄ(ii-i) ਬ౬̦ ບث৽ఘ̜́ͥાࣣ͂Ȅ(ii-ii) ਬ౬ඤ͈අ༆֚̈́૽̞̱̈́ໝତ͈૽ۼȪષպ৪͞ခႁ৪ȫͅ২ ٛഎͅࡀր̦̞͛ͣͦ̀̀Ȅ̦ͣບث࣐̠ͬાࣣ̦̜͂ͥȃ (i)͈ાࣣȄບث৪͉ͅȄ(ii-ii) ͈ાࣣ͈̠̈́͢২ٛഎࡀր້̦ဓ̯̞͉̞̦ͦ̀ͥ́̈́Ȅ ບث৪͈ບثෝႁ͞૽ڒͅచ̱̀ບث৪̦͈֚ࠉփȆఄࠉȪrespectȫ͈ܨ̻ͬ༴̞̀ ̞ͥຈါ̦̜ͥȃ̷̱̭͈̀ܨ̻̦ޑ̞͕̓Ȅບث৪͈ুࡨບث͈͒גޣ͉ޑ̩̈́ͥȃ̈́ ̤Ȅ(ii-ii) ͈ાࣣ͉Ȅບث৪͈ࡀր͈ઇ̦ஜ̦̈́ͥͅȄ(ii-i) ͈ાࣣ͉Ȅບث৪͈ুࡨບ ث͈͒גޣႁ͈࡙ஂ͉Ȅਬ౬͈͒ވۜȪsympathyȫ20)͞Ȅ̷͈ບثෝႁ͈͒ࠉփȆఄࠉ̜ͥͅȃ ̷̱̭̀ͦͣͅܖ̞̿̀ບث৪͉ͅȄͺΛΏν͈࡞̠ȶ൳ȷȪconformityȫ࣐൲̦̭ܳͤ ̳̩̈́ͥ͞ȃఈ༷Ȅ(ii-ii) ͈ાࣣ͉ȄησΈρθ͈ٜྶ̱̹ࡀր͈͒ਲȪobedienceȫ̦̭ܳ ̳̩ͤ̈́ͥ͞ȃ̴̞͈ͦાࣣ͜Ȅບث৪͈͒ވۜ͞ఄࠉȆଢෲ͈ۜૂȪވۜոٸ͈ۜૂ͉̳͓ ̀ȶఄࠉȷ̧̱̭̦̜̠͂̀͂͛ͥ͂́ͥ́ͧ͘ȫ̦ޑ̫ͦ͊ޑ̞͕̓Ȅບث৪͈ুࡨບث ͅဓ̢ͥגޣ͉ޑ̩̈́ͥ21)ȃ ບث৪͈ুࡨບث͈͒גޣȄરॶ̯̹ͦાࣣ͈ܔ͍͞ࡶ͈ͤۜૂȄඳ̯̹ͦાࣣ͈౹͈ ۜૂ͉Ȅુ (i) ͉ͤ͢ (ii) ͈༷̦ఱ̧̞ȃ̶̈́̈́ͣ͊Ḙ̻͈༷̦̏ͣບث৪͉ບث৪͈ႁ ͬͤ͢ޑ̩̲ۜȄਲ̹̽̀͘ບث͈๛ͬͤࣾ͢ඳ̲̥̜͂ۜͥͣ́ͥȃ̹̺̱Ȅুၙ̦، େ́Ȅࡀր͈͒ଢෲ͞ਬ౬͈͒൳̦৻̞૽͈ાࣣ͉Ȅݙഢ̦̜̠ͤͥȃষ͈̠̈́͢ાࣣ̦ ̷̠̜́ͥȃ༷֚́ޑ̞ࠉփͬ༴̩૽̥ͣȄఈ༷́ఱਤ̥ͣບث̫̹ͬાࣣȄ͉ஜ৪͈ບ ثͬਹণ̱Ȅࢃ৪͈ບثͬࠚণ̳̜̠ͥ́ͧȃਲ̹̽̀͘Ȅ͈ুࡨບث͉ࢃ৪̥͉ͣͤ͢ஜ ৪̥͈ͣגޣͬޑ̩̫̜̠ͥ́ͧȃບث৪̦͈̭̩̞͂ͬ̽̀ͥ͢ાࣣ͉ͅȄඅ̷̠ͅ ̜́ͥȃ डࢃͅȄ(3) ̞̾̀ͅȃບث৪̦રॶ͞ඳ̞̹͂̽ບث̠̫ͬ̓গ̥͛ͥȄ̷๊͈֚ എ߹̞͉࢜̾̀ͅȄܡͅ (1) ͂ (2) ́ࡉ̹ȃਲ̽̀ոئ͉́Ȅ̷͈අਂ႕̞̾̀ͅࡉ̧̤̹̞̀ȃ
୶̴ (1) ͈͂۾߸͉́Ȅષ́ࡉ̹̠͢ͅȄ̷̱̹̀͘ஜડ͈ྎ́ࡉ̹̠͢ͅȄບث৪͉ ુȄບث৪ͬȄ࡞ဩ͈ࢩ̞փྙ఼̱̞́̀ͥȃ̷̱̀ບث৪͈͒ఄࠉ͞ވ͈ۜޑഽ̽̀͢ͅȄ ບث৪͈ুࡨບث͈͒גޣ͜ͅओ̦̩̀ͥȃ̤̈́Ȅȶ࡞ဩ͈ࢩ̞փྙ఼́ȷ͂࡞̹͈͉̽Ȅ ఼̦փেഎ̯̈́ͦͥͅાࣣ̺̫̩́̈́Ȅྫփেഎ̯̈́ͦͥͅȄ̜̞͉۪ͥޏ̽̀͢ͅু൲എ ̭ܳͥͅાࣣ͜܄͛ͥຈါ̦̜̥̜ͥͣ́ͥȃ̴̞̱ͦ̀͜ͅȄບث৪͉ບث৪͈͒ఄࠉ͞ ވ͈ۜഽͅ؊̲̀ޑ̩Ȅ̜̞͉ͥ৻̩Ȅບث৪͈ບثͅ۾̻ͬȄ͈ুࡨບث͉Ȅͣ ͈͒ఄࠉ͞ވ͈ۜഽͅ؊̲̀ޑ̩Ȅ̜̞͉ͥ৻̩Ȅ͈ͣບثͅגޣ̯ͦͥȃ ̷ͦͅచ̱̀Ȅ̥̜̠ͣ́ͧ͂န͛ͣͦͦ͊ܘ̱̞Ȅඳ̯ͦͦ͊൲ဝ̳̞̹ͥ͂̽Ȅર ॶ͞ඳͅచ઼ًً̳ͥ́ຮ̈́؊̦̜̠ͤͥȃ̭͈ાࣣȄરॶ͞ඳ͈גޣႁ͈࡙ஂ͉Ȅ ບث৪̥ͣບث৪͈͒ఄࠉ͉̩́̈́ͅȄບث৪͈ুࡨບث͈೩̯͂ະհȄ̷̱̀ջంͅ ̜ͥ22)ȃুࡨບث̦̭̠̞̠ેఠ̧̜ͥ͂ͅȄ̥̜̠̦ͣ́ͧȄန͛ͣͦͦ͊ুࡨບث̦ࣞ ͤ͘Ȅୣ͛ͣͦͦ͊ুࡨບث̦ੱ̩̾ȃ̭̠̱̀Ȅરॶ͈͒ဳབ͂ඳ͈͒ܝ̦ྫओ༆എ Ȫindiscriminateȫ̈́ͥͅ23)ȃ ষͅȄ(2) ͈͂۾߸ͬࡉ͙̠̀͢ȃ̭̞͉ͦ̾̀ͅȄບث৪͈ष͈উ͂ບثඤယ͈͂۾ ߸̞̠͂۷ത̥ͣȄষ͈२͈̾τασ̧̫̭̦ͬͥ͂́ͥȃ ୶̴Ḙ͈̏ၰ৪͈ۼͅḺḿ̦̩̈́Ȅषͅু̷̦̠̜̭̞́ͥ͂̾̀ͅန̹͛ͣͦͤୣ͛ ̹̳ͣͦͤͥાࣣ̦̜ͥȃ̭͈ાࣣȄুၙഎ̈́૽ۼ̈́ͣȄু̦ਹণ̱̞̭̀ͥ͂́န͛ͣͦ ͦ͊ܘ̱̞̜̠̦́ͧȄਹণ̱̞̞̭̀̈́͂́န͛ͣͦ̀͜ܘ̱̩̞̜̠̈́́ͧ͜ȃ̱̥̱Ȅ ఈၙഎ́ث౯̦ྚ̈́ાࣣȄਹါ̞͈̾̀ͅেȆۜژ̦ະږ̥́24)Ȅু̦ष̷̠ ̜̭̞́ͥ͂̾̀ͅန͛ͣͦͦ͊ة̜̠́ͧ͂ܘ̱̩Ȅచͅୣ̱̩͛ͣͦͦ͊ࠣ൲ဝ̳ͥ́ ̜̠ͧȃ ষͅȄে͈ະږ̥̯̦ুࡨ௨͈τασ́͘ͅݞ͐ાࣣȄန͛ͣͦᮀ̯̭ͦͥ͂̽̀͢ͅু ࡨ௨̦ྶا̱Ȅ̷͈ࠫضȄန͛ͣͦͦ͊ু͈ಿਫ਼ͬȄᮀ̯ͦͦ͊ু͈ࠧതͬࡉ̱̹ܨ ̈́̽̀ͅܘ̱̩Ȅ̜̞͉̱̩̲̜̠ͥۜͥ́ͧ25)ȃ डࢃͅȄष͉ু̷̦̠̞́̈́Ȫ̥̞͂̽̀ͥȫ̭͂́͜Ȅန͛ͣͦͥ͂ܘ̱̩̈́ͥ͂ ̞̠؊̦ࣉ̢ͣͦͥ26)ȃ̤̈́Ḙ͈̏ਅ͈͈ܺͤરॶ̦̯͈͉̈́ͦͥȄરॶ৪͈ౙ̈́ͥې֑̞Ȇ ࡉࢋͤͥ͢ͅાࣣ͂Ȅ̤ਲͥ͢ͅાࣣ͂ͬߊ༆̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥ27)ȃ ̭̞ͦ̾̀ͅͺΘθȆΑηΑ͉Ȅষ͈̠͓̞̀ͥ͢ͅȃષ͈ඵਅ႒͈રॶ͉ͬȶၑ ဇ̧̈́ڭभȷȪgroundless applauseȫ͂ࡤ͍Ȅ̷͈̠͈̈́ܺͤ͢ڭभȆરॶͬܔ͈͉͐ȶݹ וȷȪvanityȫ̵͈̞̜́ͤȄȶडఱ͈Ȇࠚถ̯͂৻̯͈બݶȷȪa proof of the most superÀcial levity and weaknessȫ̺͂࡞̠28)ȃ
̹̺̱ȄΑηΑ͉ߊ༆̱̞̞̦̀̈́Ḙ̭̏́࡞̠ȶݹוȷ̦ஜડ̷͓̹͉́ͦ͂։̈́ͥ ͈̜̭́ͥ͂͜ͅಕփ̱̫̞̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȃஜડ͈ȶݹוȷȪI-III.2.1.ȫ͈̻৽͉Ȅু
̦રॶ̳̥ͥͅ๛̥͉ͅྫ۾4 4 4́Ȅ̹̺ಕ࿒̯ͦરॶ̯̺̫ͦͥ́ܔ͐Ȅ̤̹̞͛́૽́ ̜ͥȃ̷̭ͅȶࠚถȷȪlevityȫ̞̠͂ྴ̦͏̯̱̞ͩȃ̷ͦͅచ̱̀Ḙ̭̏ͅഴા̳ͥ૽͉Ȅ ͈ܺͤ4 4 4રॶȄ̷̱̥̦̜̭ͦܺͤ́ͥ͂ͬ͜ু̞̽̀ͥ4 4 4 4 4રॶ́͘ͅܔ͍̲̱̠ͬۜ̀͘ ̠̈́͢૽ۼ̜́ͥȃȶ৻̯ȷȪweaknessȫ̞̠͂࡞ဩ͉Ḙ͈̏ਅ͈૽ۼ̷̭ͅ؊̱̞ȃ̷̱̀Ȅ ৻̫ͦ͊৻̞͕̓Ȅ͉̭͈ͣਅ͈ࠚถ̈́ܔ͍̲̱̠̜̠ͬۜ̀́ͧ͘29)ȃ ͉́Ȅ̶̈́૽ۼ͉Ȅાࣣ͉̭͈̠͈̽̀̈́ܺͤ͢͢ͅરॶ́͘ͅܔ͍̲̱̠͈ͬۜ̀́͘ ̜̠̥ͧȃ̭̞ͦ̾̀ͅΑηΑ͉എږ̈́୰ྶͬဓ̢̞̞̦̀̈́ȄΪϋΠ̭͉̞̈́ͥ͂̀ͅ ̞ͥȃ͉̭͈̠̈́͢૽͈͈ಎͅȶࡉ̵̥̫ȷȪaffectationȫȄȶֿ̧̾ȷȪlyingȫȄȶᇃ୮ȷ Ȫplagiarismȫ͈͒߹࢜ͬቔ̨̫̾ͥ30)ȃુȄಕ࿒̯̹ͦͤန̹̳͛ͣͦͤͥ͂ܘ̱̞͈͉Ȅ ̷ͦ̽̀͢ͅু͈ث̦͛ͣͦ4 4 4 4 4 4 4ȪappreciatedȫȄুఄȪself-respectȫ͞ুȪprideȫ ̦ᓐ̥̜ͣͦͥͣ́ͥȃ̱̥̱Ȅ͈ܺͤરॶ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ̷͈ث̦̞̭̦̈́͂ু͉̥ͅ ̞̽̀ͥȃ̷ͦ͜ͅࢰ̴ͣȄ૽̶͉̈́ܔ͈̥͐ȃ̭̞ͦ̾̀ͅȄΑηΑ͉ఉ̭̠൞̢̜ͥ́ ̠ͧȃ̭̠̞̠૽͈͈ಎ͉ͅ AffectationȪࡉ̵̥̫ȄݹૐȄૐȫ͈͒߹̦̜࢜ͥȃ͂͜ ̭͈͂͜߹̷̦̜̥̭࢜ͥͣȄ͉͈ܺͤરॶ́͘ͅܔ͍̲̱̠͈̺ͬۜ̀͘ȃ ΑηΑ̦રॶ͈͒ՔȆဳབ͂ȶરॶ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷ͈͒ՔȆဳབ͂ͬߊ༆̱̞̭̀ͥ͂ͅ ̞͉̾̀ܡ͓̹̦ͅȄ༆̈́ؿਫ਼́ȪIII.2.7.ȫ͉Ȅȶଵ̯̹̞̞̠ͦ͂ဳབȷȪa desire of being approved ofȫ͂ȶଵ͈ୃ൚̈́చય̜̹̞̞̠́ͤ͂ဳབȷȪa desire of being what ought to be approved ofȫ̫͂ͬḘ͈̏ඵ͈̾ဳབ̞̭̠͓̞̾̀̀ͥͅȃ
The first desire could only have made him wish to appear to be fit for society. The second was necessary in order to render him anxious to be really Àt. The Àrst could only have prompted him to the affectation of virtue, and to the concealment of vice. ̾ͤ͘Ȅ͈࡞̞̹̞̭͉̭̠̺͂ȃષ͈ඵ͈̾ဳབ͈̠̻ల͈֚ဳབ̦ޑ̩Ȅలඵ͈ဳབ ̦৻̞Ȩ̷̜̞͉̩̏ͥͦͬࠧ͂Ȅ૽͉ু̦ଵ͞રॶ͈ୃ൚̈́చય̜̠́ͥ͢ͅȶࡉ̢ͥȷ Ȫappearȫ̭͂ͬབ͚̦ȄȶषͅȷȪreallyȫ̷̠̜̭́ͥ͂ͬབ͚͉̞́̈́ȃࢃ৪͉ஜ৪ ͈̠͢ͅယօ̧̭͉̞́ͥ͂́̈́ͅȃ̻ͧͭ͜ஜ৪Ȫ̷̠ȶࡉ̢ͥȷȫ͜Ȅম͞ેޙষల́ ͉ࣾඳ̭̜̈́͂ͤ͜Ḙ̠̞̠̏ાࣣ͉Ȩ̷̦̠͉̏ͦ́ͥ̈́ͥ͢ͅͅ൚͈ࢥຳ͞Ⴏਠͬຈါ ̳̜̠͂ͥ́ͧȃ̱̥̱Ȅࢃ৪Ȫȶषͅȷ̷̠̜́ͥȫ͓ͦ͊ͅȄ̷͉ͦڛഎယօ̜́ͥȃ ࢃ৪̷͉̠̞̠͉̞̥̞̈́ͅȃϋΠ̦࡞̠̠͢ͅ31)Ȅ̷̠̹͉̈́ͥ͛ͅȄ̷̠̜̹̞ͤ͂ ̞̠ޑ̞փȆဳݥ͂୲̢̰ͥਘႯ̦ະخ̜ࠧ́ͥȃ̭͈͂͂͜͜փএȆဳݥ̹̞ͬ̈́Ȅ̜ ̷̞͉̦ͥͦܛถ̈́૽ۼ̦̭͈ਘႯ࣐̠̦̞ͬ̈́ȃ͉͈ဳབͅਲ̽̀૽ș͈ଵ͞રॶ ͬݥ͛Ȅ̱̥̱ଵ͞રॶ͈ୃ൚̈́చય഼̠́̈́ͥ͢ͅႁ̳̭͉ͥ͂༶ᓍ̱̀Ȅ̷̠ȶࡉ̢ͥȷ ̠̞͢ͅȄૐȪaffect, pretendȫ̱̠̳̜̠͂ͥ́ͧ͢ȃ̷̱̀Ḙ͈̞̏ȆૐȪaffectationȫ ଼̦̱Ȅ૽ș̥ͣଵ̯ͦȄરॷ̯ͦͦ͊Ȅܘ̱̩̜̠̈́ͥ́ͧȃ
͈ܺͤરॶͬܔ̞̠͐͂؊͈ೲ͉̭̠̞̠ͅၑܥଷ̦൱̞̞̀ͥȃྶাഎ͉̞̦́̈́Ȅ ΑηΑ̭̠͜ࣉ̴̢̞̹͉̜̀́ͥȃ͂͛ͦ͊͘Ḙ̠̞̠̭̺̏͂ȃ͈ܺͤરॶ́͘ͅܔ͍ͬ ̲̱̠͈͉ۜ̀͘Ȅड͜आུഎ̭͉̈́͂ͧ́Ȅરॶ͈͒ՔȆဳབ̦ޑ̞༷֚́Ȅȶરॶ̳ͅ ̭ͥ͂ȷȪpraise-worthinessȫ͈͒ՔȆဳབ̦৻̨̳̥̜ͥͣ́ͥȃ̭͂ͧ́Ȅરॶ͉ࡓြ̷ ̷̳͈̭ͦͥ͜ͅͅဓ̢̧͓̜ͣͦͥ́ͤȄषِͅș͉Ȅບث৪͈ၛાͅၛ̧̹͉̽͂Ȅ ̤ਲͬ࡞̧̠͂ͬੰ̫͊Ȅરॶ̳͈ͥ͜ͅͅરॶͬဓ̢̠̱͂͢Ȅ̷͈̹̦͛ͅરॶ ̳̥̠̥ͥ̓ͬͅࡉޭ͛Ȅ̷̳ͦͥ͂ͅ౯̧̱̹͈͙͂ͅȄͬરॶ̴̳͉̜ͥ́ͥ (cf.ԇ.2.3ȫȃ̱̥̱Ȅၛા̦ݙഢ̱̀ບث৪͈ၛાͅၛ̧̹̽͂Ȅ̷̱̀રॶ̳̭ͥ͂ͅ ͈͒Ք͂ဳབ̦̞̈́Ȫ̜̞͉ͥ৻̞ȫ͜ͅࢰ̴ͣȄરॶ͈͒Ք͂ဳབ̦͂ޑ̧̞͂Ȅરॷͬං ِ̹ͥ͛ͅş̦̭͉́ͥ͂ͅȄરॶ̳̥͈̠ͥ͢ͅͅ૦ͥໍ̞Ȅȶ̠ȷ̭̺̫͂4 4̜́ͥȃ ̭̭̥ͣაၑഎͅȄ̷̱̀ၑഎ̷̠͈̺̦̈́͜ͅȄِș͉રॶͬං̹ͥ͛ͅષ͈̠͢ͅ૦ͥ ໍ̞Ḛ̢̞̏ͩͥͬ̈́4 4 4 4 4 4ȃષ͈ૄ͈͉͂́͜Ȅِș͈̠̻͉̞ͅȆૐȪaffectationȫ͒ ͈߹̦࢜ະخഎ̲ͅȄِș͉̭͈߹࢜ͅਲ࣐̽̀൲̵̢̰̞͈̜ͥͬ̈́́ͥȃ̾ͤ͘Ȅ ̭̠̞̠̭̺͂ȃૐ̭̠̞̠̽̀ͬ݁͂͢ͅփ4 4͈̜̱ͥ̈́ͅࢰ̴ͣȄષ͈ૄئ͉́ ِș͈̠̻͉ͅૐ͈͒൲̦̞̞᪻̀ͥȃ̭ͦুِ͉ș͈ͩ͊ȶুடȷ̜́̽̀Ȅ̷ͦ ͉̺͘՛ඃ͉̞́̈́ȃ̱̥̱Ȅِș̦̭͈൲͈ϋΠυȜσͬట̽̀Ȅ̷̵͈̯ͦͬ͊ͣȄ ΑάΦΎ͈࡞̠ȶി႞ેఠȷȪservitusȫͅۿ̧ͥ͂32)Ȅِș͉૽̞ͬ݁̀́͜4 4 4 4 4 4 4̭͈൲ͬྖ̹ ̱̀ȶඃ͈ૐȷȪthe affectation of virtueȫȪ III.2.7.ȫ࣐̞ͬȄ̷ͦ̽̀͢ͅ૽ș͈રॶͬ ං̠̳͂ͥ͢ȃ̭͉ͦड்ౙ̈́ͥুட͉̩́̈́Ȅȶ՛ඃȷȪviceȫȪ III.2.4. & 2.7.ȫ̜́ͥȃ
̹̺̱Ḙ͈̏ȶ՛ඃȷ͈պ౾̫̞͉̿̾̀ͅಕփ̦ຈါ̜́ͥȃΑηΑ͉ྶږͅߊ༆̱̞̀ ̞̦̈́Ḙ͉̦̏ͦ࡞̠ȶݹוȷȪvanityȫ͉͂։͈̜̈́ͥ́ͥ͜ȃ̷͉ͦݹו͈૭̱ঊ ͉̜̦́ͥȄݹו̷͈͈͉̞́̈́͜ȃȶݹוȷ͉ͅȄષ́ࡉ̹̠͢ͅඵ͈̾τασ̦̜ͥȃ ͉֚̾ȶરॶ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷͅྫ۾4 4 4́Ȅ̥̩͂ͅ૽̥͈ͣಕ࿒͞રॶͬං̹̦ͤȄ̷̷̱̀ ̦ͦංͣͦͦ͊ܔ͐ࠚถ̈́૽ۼ͈͈ેఠ̜́ͤȄඵ͉͈̾ܺͤͅ4 4 4રॶȄ̷̱̥̦ͦܺͤ́͜ ̜̭̞ͥ͂ͬ̽̀ͥ4 4 4 4 4રॶ́͘ݥ̱̞͛̀͘Ȅ̷̦ͦංͣͦͦ͊ܔ͍̲̱̠ͬۜ̀͘ȶ৻̞ȷ Ȫweakȫ૽ۼ͈͈ેఠ̷͉ͬͦঐ̳ȃ̱̥̱Ḙ͈̏ͦͣȶࠚถ̯ȷȪlevityȫ͞ȶ৻̯ȷȪweaknessȫ ͉̺͘ȶ՛ඃȷȪviceȫ͉̞́̈́ȃȶݹוȷ͉Ȅરॷ̳̥̠̥̥̭ͥ̓ͣ͆͂ͅȄ̜̞ͥ ͉રॷ̱̞̭̦̥̞̭̜̈́͂̽̀ͥ͂́̽̀͜ͅȄરॷ̯̥̩ͦͦ͊͂ͅܘ̱̩̈́̽̀ ̱̞͘Ḙ͈̏ͦͣરॶͬ͜ݥ̱̠̠͛̀̈́͘͢Ȅૂ̫̞̈́૽ۼ͈͈̜༷̜ͤ́̽̀Ḙ̷̏ ͉̺͘ͅȄփഎͅ૽̞ͬ݁̀4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4́͜૽̥͈ͣરॶͬං̠̳͂ͥ͢ဳབȄȶᇃ୮ȷȪplagiarismȫ ȪIII.2.15.ȫ͈ဳབ͉̞̈́ȃ ࿔აḘ͈̏ͦͣݹוͅඏ̧൲̥̯࣐ͦ̀൲̧̳ͥ͂Ȅِș͉ఉ̩͈ાࣣȄࠫضഎ4 4 4͉ͅ૽ͬ ̩̭̜̠݁͂̈́ͥ́ͧͅȃඅͅలඵ͈ݹו͉Ȅ̷̦ͦྖ̧̹̯̹͉͕͖ͦ͂ͅۼ֑̞̩̈́૽
̩ͬ݁ࠫض̈́ͥͅȃ̞̠͈͉͂Ȅ൚૽͉ু̦રॶ̱̞̭̈́͂ͅȄરॶ͉༆͈૽̥̠͓࢜ͅ ̧̭͂ͬু̞ͣ̽̀ͥȄ̜̞͉ͥઁ̷̩̠̲̞̈́͂̀ͥ͜Ȅરॶඤယ̷͉̠̞̠ඤယ̺̥ ̜ͣ́ͥȃ ̱̥̱Ḙ͈̏ાࣣ͉̭͈́͜રॶͬං̹ͥ͛ͅȶૐȷȪaffect, pretendȫ͉̱̞̞́̀̈́͘ȃ ͉̹̺͈ې֑̞̜̞͉̤ͥਲ͈ͅန͛ͣͦȄ̷̱̀ু͉̭͈́રॶ̧̦ͦ̈́͜ ͈̜̭̞́ͥ͂ͬ̽̀ͥ͜ͅࢰ̴ͣȄܔ͍̲̞̺̫͈̜ͬۜ̀ͥ̈́́ͥȃ͉̭ͬ݁ͅ ̠̞̠͂փ͉̞̈́ȃ̧͉̹̺ͦ̈́રॶ̫̹ͬ4 4 4̺̫́Ȅ̷ͦͬুͣݥ̹͛4 4 4͉̞́̈́ȃ ̧͉ͦ̈́રॶͅ۾̱̀൲എ4 4 4̜́̽̀Ȅෝ൲എ͉̞́̈́4 4 4 4 4 4 4ȃ̷ͦͅచ̱̀Ȅ՛ඃ৪͉ෝ൲എ4 4 4 ̜́ͤȄ͉ͅȄ૽̞ͬ݁̀́͜4 4 4 4 4 4 4̧ͦ̈́રॶȄਲ̹͈̽̀ܺͤ͘રॶͬං̠̳͂ͥ͢փ4 4̦ ̜̹͈̜̽́ͤȄ͉փഎͅ4 4 4 4૽̞̹͈̜ͬ݁́ͥȃ̭͈փ͂ෝ൲͈ͅ33)Ȅ͉՛ඃ৪ ͈̜̈́́ͥ34)ȃ ̤̈́Ḙ͈̠̏̈́͢ȶૐȷ͈႕̱͂̀اણ̞̾̀ͅΑηΑ̦࡞ݞ̱̞̀ͥȪIII.2.4.ȫ͈́Ȅ اણ͞ૐ̞̾̀ͅ৹̧͓̤̹̞ۙ̀ȃ͉ͅȄυΛ·͜ঐഊ̱̞̠̀ͥ͢ͅ35)Ȅ٢ِ͞ ێܨ̥͈ͣఘ͈༗ࢌ̞̠͂ܥෝ͈ఈͅȄఘȪܕ͞ျఘȄਭ໐ȫ͈ඁ͞ুࡨͺάȜσ ̞̠͂ܥෝ̦͛ͣͦͥȃΑηΑ͉൚ڂ͈ؿਫ਼́ਭ໐͈֯ܥෝͅಕ࿒̱̞̦̀ͥȄ൚࿂͈࿚ ఴႲ۾̤̞͉̀ͅȄুࡨͺάȜσ̞̠͂ܥෝ͜ͅಕ࿒̳ͥຈါ̦̜ͥȃ̭͉ͦඁȆ֯͂൳ အȄ૽ۼ͈ুఄȪself-respect, amour-propreȫͅ۾߸̱Ȅু͈ث͕̱̞ͬ͛̀Ȅ ̵̯̹̞̞̠͛͂ဳབ̦ࡓ̞̈́̽̀ͥͅȃ̭͉ͦاણȄ๊͙͈֚ͅાࣣͅࡐಠ́Ḙ͈̏ဳ བͅ൲ِ̥̯ͦ̀ș͉Ȅ༷֚́౹̥̥̞̞ͬ̈́ͅܨͬͥ͂͂͜ͅȄুࡨ͈ྛႁȪ̹̺̱ح ࢥ̯̹ͦྛႁȫ̷̳ͦͬͥ͞ΓϋΑ͈̯ͬ͢ͺάȜσ̱̀ఈ৪̥͈ͣບثͬࣞ͛Ȅ൳শͅ ̷ͦ̽̀͢ͅুࡨບث̹̞ͬࣞ͛͂এ̞̽̀ͥȃఈ৪̥͈ͣບث̱ͧͅȄুࡨບث̱ͧͅȄȶບ ثȷȄ̷̱̀ȶুఄȷȪself-respect, self-esteemȫ̞̱̈́ȶুȷȪprideȫ̦̭̭͈́΅Ȝ χȜΡ̜́ͥȃ̾ͤ͘Ȅ͜اણ͜Ȅ๊͙͉̳͓֚̀ͅḘ͈̏փྙ͉́ুࡨ͈֚໐4 4 4 4 4̜́ ̽̀Ȅ̷̺̥̭ͣḘ͈̏ͦͣത̞͈̾̀ͅఈ৪̥͈ͣບث̦Ȅ૽͉̽̀͢ͅুࡨ4 4ບثͅޑ̞ג ޣͬݞ͖̳͈̜́ͥȃ ̱̥̱ఈ༷́Ȅૐ͜ͅاણ͜ͅȄࢵ͉̱̪̯͞ͅఠഽ̞̹͂̽δΟͻȜȆρϋΊȜΐ͜ͅ ͛ͣͦͥুࡨນ࡛̞̠͂ܥෝ͉Ȅ֚࿂͉́ඁܥෝ̞ͬ̽̀ͥ͜ȃ̾ͤ͘ȶඁȷȪhiding, concealingȫ͉Ȅ๛എ4 4 4̈́ॽ༷͉̜̦́ͥȄুࡨນ࡛͈֚ਅ4 4 4 4 4 4 4̜́ͤȄ̷ͦͅ෴̧̱̹͉͂ȶ౹ȷ Ȫshameȫ͈փে̲̳̞ͬ͞ȃ̤̈́ȄζϋΟόͻσ̦ޑ̱̹̠͢ͅ36)ȄȶܺȷȪdisguise, dissimulationȫ̹͘͜ুࡨນ࡛͈֚ਅ̜́ͤȄ̷͉ͦ݁០എুࡨນ࡛4 4 4 4 4 4 4̜́ͥȃඅͅاણ͉̭ ͈ਅ͈ুࡨນ࡛̱࣐̳̞͂̀ͩͦ͞ȃ࡞ࢊͥ͢ͅুࡨນ࡛̦ষͅြͥȃ̭͓ͦͣͦ͊ͅȄδ ΟͻȜȆρϋΊȜΐͥ͢ͅুࡨນ࡛͉Ȅၑഎ̈́ϋΠυȜσ̧̦̩̩࢘ͅȄਲ̽̀ඁܺ͞ ̞̠͂ࠁͬڛഎ̩̞৾ͤͅȃ̱̥̱Ȅ߱Ⴏ̳ͬͦ͊Ȅ̷͈ષో͜ະخෝ͉̞́̈́ȃ
ոષ͈ࣉख़ͬȄ̴̢̜৾ͤষ̧͈̠̭̦̜̠͂͛ͥ͂́ͥ́ͧ͘͢ͅȃ(1) ૽ۼ͈২̥ٛ ͣࡉ̀Ȅఈ৪̥͈ͣಕ࿒͞રॶͬݥ͛Ȅ̷͈ྫণ͞ඳͬ࠹՛̳̭͉ͥ͂Ȅ႕ٸഎ̈́ાࣣͬੰ ̫͊૽ۼ̫̞͂̽̀ͣͦ̈́ͅȃ̷̱̀Ȅ(2) ૽ۼུ͈̭͈͂̽̀ͅഎ̞̞͂̽̀ۜ͜͢ૂȆ ဳབ̦Ȅરॶ̳࣐ͥͅև̱ͬ̈́Ȅરॶ̳ͥͅ૽ۼ̜̹̞̞̠̠͈֚́ͤ͂̾ۜ͜ૂȆဳབ ฺ̧̞ͬͩ̈́͂Ȅ̜̞͉ͥࢃ৪͈ဳབȆۜૂ̦ஜ৪̷͈͓ͦ̀ͅ৻̨̧̳ͥ͂Ȅِș͉ু ͈࣐և͞ৗ̦૯ͅરॶ̳͈̜̥̠̥ͥ́ͥ̓͜ͅͅྫඞ̈́̽̀ͅȄ̹̳͌ͣરॶͬݥ ͛Ȅ̜̞͉ͥু͈࣐և͞ৗ̦રॶ̳͈̞̭̦̥̞ͥ́̈́͂̽̀̀͜͜ͅȄ̷ͦ́͜ર ॶͬݥ͛Ȅ̷̴̱̞͈̀ͦાࣣ͜રॶ̦ဓ̢ͣͦͦ͊ܔ͐Ȅ̞̠̭͂͂̈́ͥͅȃ̷̱̀ࢵ͉ͅȄ (3) ̭͈રॶ͈͒ဳབ̦ఱا̱̀ဲଷ̦̥̩࢘̈́̈́ͦ͊Ȅ͈ܺͤ4 4 4રॶͬ͜܄͛̀રॷͅ᭻ဳ ̈́ͤͅȄুͣͬඁ̳̺̫̩ͥ́̈́ࢵ͉࣐̞ܺ́͘ͅḘ͈̠̏͢ͅ૽̞ͬ݁̀́͜4 4 4 4 4 4 4રॶͬං ̠̳̠͂ͥ̈́ͥ͢͢ͅȃ (2) ̥ͣ (3) ͈͒֊࣐̞͉̾̀ͅȄষ͈̠̈́͢୰ྶ̦خෝ̜̠́ͧȃࠚถ̈́૽ۼ͞৻̞૽ۼ ͉̱̱͊͊Ȅ̷͈͉́͘͘૽̥̞ͣࣞບثͬං̞̺̠̞̠ͣͦ̈́ͧ͂ະհ͂ু͈̯̈́ͅ༛ͣ ̢̞̜̠ͣͦ̀ͥ́ͧȃ̭͈ۜૂ̯̦ͦ̈́ͣͅȄఈ༷́൳শͅȄ૽̥̞ͣࣞບثͬං̹̞4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ̞̠͂ޑ̞൲ͅඏ̧൲̧̥̯̞ͦ̀ͥ͂Ȅ૽͉ݹૐȆૐ̢̰̞ͣͥͬ̈́ͅȃ̶̈́̈́ͣȄ ̭͈൲ͬྖ༹̹̳༷̱͉͂̀ݹૐȆૐ̱̥̞̥̜̈́ͣ́ͥȃ̷̭̱̹̩̞̞̠́̈́̈́͂͘ ܨ̻̦ޑ̫ͦ͊Ȅ̷ͦͬࢱ̢̭͉ͥ͂خෝ̥̱̞ͦ̈́͜ȃ̱̥̱Ȅࠚถ̈́૽ۼ͞৻̞૽ۼͅ ͉Ȅ͂͂͜͜ȶરॶ̳ͥͅ4 4 4̭͂ȷ͈͒ޑႧ̈́۾̦̫̞ࠧ̀ͥȃ̭̹̞ͦͬ̈́ͣͅݹૐȆ ૐ͈͒ޑ̞࠹՛ͬܢఞ̳̭͉ͥ͂ྫၑ̜̠́ͧȃ࿔აȄݹૐȆૐ̦̠̩̞̥̩̈́̀͘ະ၌ ףͬ࿎ູ̦ͥͦޑ̧̞͉͂ͅȄ̷͉ͣͦͬএ̞̜̠͂̓ͥ́ͧ͘ȃ̧̭͈͉͂ͣ (2) ͈ ٴ͂̓ͤ͘ͅȄ(3) ͈ٴͅૺ̞̜̠̈́́ͧ͘ȃ̱̥̱̭͉̩ͦߘட̜́ͥȃږ̥ͅȄਔͤ ̥͈̞ͣࣞບثͬංͥু̦̞̈́͂͂͜ͅȄݹૐȆૐͬષͥ͞ͅু̧̞̈́͂͜Ȅ͉ͣ (2) ͈ٴ̱̥̞͂̓ͥ̈́͘ͅȃ̱̥̱Ḙ͈̏లඵ͈ু̢̯̜ͦ͊Ȅ͉ͣݹૐȆૐͬ۠ ̢࣐̞̀Ȅਫ਼ܢ͈࿒എȄ௲̻ਔ̥͈̞ͤͣࣞບثͬං̠̳̺̠͂ͥͧ͢ȃ ̱̥̱Ȅୈ૰എ͉̭͉ͦۖͅͅു॒̜́ͥȃ̞̠͈͉͂Ȅષ͈দ଼͙̦̱̭͈̀ບث ̦ං̹̱ͣͦ͂̀͜Ȅ͉ਔ̥͈̞ͤͣࣞບث̦܌̜̭̩̱̞̥́ͥ͂ͬͤ̀ͥͣ́ ̜ͥȃ̢̹̦͂ۖᝈ̈́ܿ̽̀͢ͅਔ͈ͤ૽șͬᵥ̱̀Ȅ̥ͣͣ୲ఱ̈́ͥȄ̷̱̥̀ ͈ͣરॶ37)ͬੳ̻̹̱৾̽͂̀͜Ȅ͉ু̷͈̠̞̈́ࣞ͢ͅث̦̞̈́4 4 4 4 4 4 4̭̩̱͂ͬͤ̀ ̞ͥȃ͉͂͂͜͜Ȅ૽ș̥̩ͣࣞບث̯̭ͦͥ͂̽̀͢ͅু͈ث̲ͬۜȄুఄͬྖ௷ ̵̴̯̹̥̹͉̺̽ȃ͉̭͈ड͈࿒എ͈ో଼ۖͅͅ෴̱̞̀ͥȃ̷̠̜́ͥ͜ͅࢰͣ ̴Ȅ͉͉͜͞ݹૐ͂ૐ͈૽̧̥̭͉̞ͣࣛͤͥ͂́̈́ȃ̶̈́̈́ͣȄݹૐ͂ૐͬগ͛ͦ ͊Ȅ͉૽ș̥͈ͣરॶ͞ఄࠉ̳̞ͣȄ̳͓̠̭̺̠̥̀ͬ͂̈́ͥͧͣͅȃູ̭ͦͬͦͥ ͉ͅȨ̏֨༐̳ൽ͉̞̈́ȃ̱̥̱Ȅఈ༷́ݹૐ͂ૐ͈૽͜ͅհ̨ͣ͂ࢨ̹̳ͬͣ͜
͈͉̞́̈́͜ȃু͈ݹૐ͂݁០ູ̦̞̥͈͉̞̥̾͊ͦͥ́̈́͂ͦ̾̾Ȩ͉̞̩̱̏̀ ̥̞̈́ȃ̭̦ͦȄ̦̺ͭു॒͈ൽ̧͈࣐̩୶̜́ͥȃ ݣ̞͈ൽ̦̜ͥȃ̷͉ͦুࡨບثͬఈ৪̥͈ͣບثͅջం̵̧̯༷ͥͬগ̭̜͛ͥ͂́ͥȃ ̷̷༹̱͈༷̦̀ඵ̜̾ͥȃ͉֚̾ΟσΠ͞ΑάΦΎȄࢵ͉ͅΧΙΑϋ͞ΑηΑ̦ۑ̹͛ൽȄ ඃ͒͂ঢͥൽ̜́ͤȄ௲̻ΑάΦΎ͈ນ࡛͉́Ȅ૽ۼ͈ȶۖȷȪperfectioȫ͒͂ঢͥൽ38)Ȅ ΑηΑ͈ນ࡛́࡞̢͊Ȅȶરॶ̳̭ͥ͂ͅȷͬՔ̱Ȅ̷ͦͬဳ̱Ȅ̷ͦͬݥ̳ͥൽ̜́ͥȃ ̭̭͉̞́ࣞুࡨບث͉Ȅȶરॶ̳ͥͅȷ࣐և̱ͬ̈́Ȅȶરॶ̳ͥͅȷ૽ۼ̭̈́ͥ͂͢ͅͅ ̽̀ږၛ̯ͦͥȃఈ৪̥͈ͣບث້͉௺̱̥̞́̈́ȃ̷̦̜̹༷̦ͦ̽૽ͬͤ͢ڢ̱̩ ̧̧̭̦̜̠̦ͥ͂́ͥ́ͧȄ̞ࣞুࡨບث͈ږၛ̷͉͂̽̀ͦͅຈါૄ͉̞́̈́ȃ ̠͈֚̾͜ൽ̦̜ͥȃఈ৪̥͈̞ͣࣞບثͬȄ̷ͦুఘ࿒എ4 4̱͂̀ݥ͈͉̩͛ͥ́̈́Ȅౙ̈́4 4 ͥ4 4 4̱͂̀ݥ̞̠͛ͥ͂̓͛ͥ͂ͅൽ̷̦̜ͦ́ͥȃུ൚͈࿒എ͉༆͈̭͂ͧͅ౾̥̫̈́ͦ ̞͊̈́ͣ̈́ȃ႕̢͊Ȅࡀႁ్͈৾Ȅ̞ࣞ২ٛഎ౷պ͈ڕංȄমު଼ུ͈̈́̓ͬ൚͈࿒എ̳ͅ ̞ͦ͊͢ȃ̷̱̀Ḙ͈̏ͦͣ࿒എͬో଼̳̹ͥ͛ͅȄ૽ș̥͈ͣરॶ͂ఄࠉȄྴ͈ڕංͬ࿒ ঐ̵̞͊͢ȃྴ͈ڕං͉Ȅ࡛య͈̠̈́͢ྦྷ৽ଷ২ٛȄఱਤ২ٛȄུ৽݅২̤̞͉ٛ̀ͅȄ ૽ș̥ͣՔ̯ͦȄູ̜̞͉͉ͥͦͣͦͥͤ͢39ȫȄီ̥ͅခ࢘́ږ̈́ൎ̺̠̈́ͥͧͅȃ̹̺ ̱Ȅܨ̫̫̞ͬ̾̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȃু͈ୃఘ̦̞̠͊ͦ̈́͢ͅȄু̦ྲ̷ྀરॶ̳ͥͅ૽ۼȄ ఄࠉ̳ͥͅ૽ۼ͉̞̭̦́̈́͂Ⴚࡉ̱̞̠̈́͢ͅȃ̭͈ু̦̞͈̈́̈́ͣȄݹૐȆૐ͉গ ̭̺͛ͥ͂ȃઁ̩̈́͂͜Ȅ̷̠͊ͦ̈́ݹૐȆૐ̺̫͉গ̫̞͛̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȃ̜̞͉ͥȄ͊ ̷̠ͦ̈́૽ۼ̥͉̰̥̭̺ͣͥ͂ȃু͈ୃఘͬࡉ෫ͣͦͥޔ͈̞ͦ̈́૽ۼ̺̫ͬਔͤͅਬ ͛Ȅ̜̞͉ͥࡉ෫̹̭ͣͦ͂ͧ́ুͅచ̱̀ܓٺͬݞ͖̳ޔ͈̞ͦ̈́৻ಖ̓ͬ͜র̵ͣͦ͊ ̞͢ȃ ̱̥̱Ḙ͈̏डࢃ̧͈༷͉ზͅ౾̞̀ࣉख़ͬૺ̠͛͢ȃ̶̈́̈́ͣ͊Ȅྲ̷ྀ͉ͣȶඃȷ̺ ̫̩́̈́ȶ౹ȷ͂͜ྫ́Ȅȶ౹ȷུ̈́̓إ͈̭͉͂ͧ́܉ಎ̞̈́ͅ૽ۼȄΟσΠ̦࡞̠͈ ͉͂։̈́ͥփྙ̺̦́Ȅȶ౹̴ͣȷȪimpudenceȫ̈́૽ۼ͈̺̥̈́ͣ40)ȃ ͉́Ȅ૽ۼ̶͉̈́Ȅু̷͈ͅث̧̦̞̈́͂́͘܄͛̀Ȅ̥̩̱̩ࠣ͜ྴနȆྴͬݥ͛Ȅ ౹ͬޔ͈̺̠̥ͦͥͧȃഓڠ৪̹̻͈࡞ဩͅীͬ߹̫̦̈́ͣḘ͈̏࿚ఴͬࢵͅݪ̱͙̀͢ ̠ȃ
ಕ
20) cf. Hume, p.321.ȨThese two principles of authority and sympathy influence almost all our opinions; [].ȩ
21) ̭͈ͦͣૄ̦̳͓̫̀ࠧͥાࣣȄ̳̻̈́ͩບث৪͈͒ވۜ͞ఄࠉ͈ۜૂ̦̫ࠧͥાࣣ͉Ȅບث৪ ͉રॶ̯̹̭ͦ͂ͧ́ࡶ̲̭̞̱ͤͬۜͥ͂̈́͜Ȅచͅඳ̯̹̭ͦ͂ͧ́౹̲̭̞ͬۜͥ͂̈́͜ȃ ̾ͤ͘Ḙ͈̏۷ത̥͉͉ͣບثͬܨ̳ͥͅຈါ̦̞͈̜̈́́ͥȃ̷̤ͦ́̈́͜ບثͅ۾̦̹ͦͥ
̳͂ͦ͊Ȅ̷͉ͦુȄບث৪̦ບث৪ͅచ̱̀ة̦̱̥͈ࡀႁ4 4Ȫpowerȫ̻ͬ͜Ȅບث৪͈հ ͞ࢨͅೄ୪എ̜̞͉ͥۼ୪എ̈́גޣႁ࣐ͬঀ̧́ͥાࣣͅࡠͣͦͥȃ̾ͤ͘Ḙ͈̏ાࣣ͈ບث͈͒۾ ͉জף͈ݥͅܖ̩̿ȃ̤̈́ȄͺΘθȆΑηΑ͜࡞̠̠͢ͅȄआݶ͈̞̈́રॷͬྫণ̳̭͉ͥ͂ڛ എ̹̳̞̦͞Ȅඳ̞͉̾̀ͅȄ̷̢̹̦͂ͦඅ༆͈ࡀႁͬခ̳ͥ૽ۼ̥͈͈͉̩ͣ́̈́͜൳༾̥͈ͣ
͈̜́̽̀͜͜Ȅ̷͈২ٛഎגޣ4 4ͬࣉ̢ͦ͊ྫণ̳̭͉ͥ͂ࣾඳ̜́ͤȄ̜ͥഽ͈͈൲ဝͬ྾ͦ̈́
̞ȃ̭͉ͦခඃ৪̞̾̀͜ͅ࡞̢ͥȃ̭͈ͦͣത̞͉̾̀ͅոئͬ४ચȃAdam Smith, III.2.15, 29. 22) cf. André/Lelord, pp.63ff.
23) ̭͉ͦરॶ͂ඳͅచ̱͉̀ͤ͢ȄՔ͂௪̱͙ͅచ̱͈༷̦̭̳̞̀ܳͤ͞ȃcf. Horney, pp.95ff, 119ff. ȝ ̤̈́ȄΑάΦΎ͉ȶྴဳȷȪambitioȫͬȄȶ૽șͅܨͅව̠ͣͦ͢4 4 4 4 4 4 4̳͂ͥȷȪut hominibus placeamusȫ̱̞ࠣဳབ̱͂̀͜௴̢̞̀ͥȃSpinoza, III-29, schol.ȨHic conatus aliquid agendi, et etiam omittendi, ea sola de causa, ut hominibus placeamus, vocatur Ambitio, praetertim quando adeo impense vulgo placere conamur, [].ȩ
24) ̭ ͦ ͉ ஜ ડ ́ ͓ ̹ȶ ث ͅ ̾ ̞ ̀ ͈ ٽ ැ എ ၑ ٜ ȷ ͈ τ α σ ́ ͈ praise-worthiness, blame-worthiness͈࿚ఴ͈֚་ਅ̜́ͥȃ 25) ̭͉ͦஜડ́ե̹̽ȶݹוȷͅ۾߸̱̞̀ͥȃ 26) ̭ ͦ ͉ ஜ ડ ́ ͓ ̹ȶ ث ͅ ̾ ̞ ̀ ͈ ٽ ැ എ ၑ ٜ ͈ ࡢ ༆ ম ႕ ͒ ͈ ഐ ဥ ȷ ͈ τ α σ ́ ͈ praise-worthiness, blameworthinesș࿚ఴ̜́ͥȃ̤̈́Ȅष͉ু̷̦̠̞̭́̈́͂́͜Ȅᮀ̯ͦͥ͂൲ ဝ̳̞̠ͥ͂؊̦ࣉ̢̦ͣͦͥḘ̞͉̏ͦ̾̀ͅ ಕ21 ४ચȃ 27) ᮀ̱͈ાࣣ͉Ȅౙ̈́ͥې֑̞Ȇࡉࢋ̥ͤͥ͢ͅȄ՛փ̥̜̠ͥ́ͧ͢ͅȃ
28) Smith, III.2.4 (pp.114f.) ȝ ոئ͜४ચȃIII.2.8. (p.117.)ȨTo desire, or even to accept of praise, where no praise is due, can be the effect only of the most contemptible vanity.ȩ
29)ȶ৻̯ȷ̭͈͂ਅ͈ܔ͍̲ͬۜͥອഽ͈͂۾߸̞̾̀ͅȄΑηΑ͉ষ͈̠͓̞̀ͥ͢ͅȃȨIt is only the weakest and most superÀcial of mankind who can be much delighted with that praise which they themselves know to be altogether unmerited. A weak man may sometimes be pleased with it, but a wise man rejects it upon all occasions.ȩ(III.2.7.)
30) III.2.4 (pp.114f.); 2.7. (p.117.); 2.15. (pp.121f.) 31) Kant, Bd.6, SS.397, 411, 477, 484.
32) Spinoza, IV, Praef.
33) ̭͈ȶෝ൲ȷȪactivenessȫ͉Ȅέυθ͈࡞̠̠͢ͅȄȶॲȷȪproductivenessȫ͉̞́̈́ȃু ͉́ϋΠυȜσ̧̞̱̞ࣣ́̈́ࠣၑഎ൲̽̀͢ͅඏ̧൲̥̯̞̺̫̺̥̜ͦ̀ͥͣ́ͥȃ 34)ȶݹוȷ͂ȶ՛ඃȷ͈֑̞͂ͅΑηΑ͉Ȅྶږͅߊ༆͉̱̞̞̦̀̈́ȪIII.2.7. & 2.15.͉́ߊ༆̳
̱̞̞ͣ̀̈́ȫȄܨ̴̞̞̹͉̜̿̀́ͥȃոئ̷̦͈႕બ̜̠̈́ͥ́ͧͅȃIII.2.4 (pp.114f.)ȨTo be pleased with such groundless applause is a proof of the most superÀcial levity and weakness. It is what is properly called vanity, and is the foundation of the most ridiculous and contemptible vices, the vices of affectation and common lying; [].ȩ
35) Locke, II-37.
36) Mandeville, pp.44f., 71, 128, 142f., 145f., 348f. 37) cf. Adam Smith, III.2.4. (pp.114f.)
38) Spinoza, IV, Praef.
39) cf. ζ΅λαςȸ߯৽აȹల17Ƚ19ડȃRussell, p.21. 40) Descartes, 207.
४ࣉࡃ
ͺςΑΠΞτΑȸΣζΑႃၑڠȹȪࣞന२ȫ܊෨ࡩ ζ΅λαςȸ߯৽აȹȪعോםȫ܊෨ࡩ
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ησΈρθȸਲ͈ၑȝͺͼΪζϋࡑȹȪ܅നਜȫعཔ૧২
Christophe André et François Lelord,/·HVWLPHGHVRL 6·DLPHUSRXUPLHX[YLYUHDYHFOHVDXWUHVOdile
