九州大学学術情報リポジトリ
Kyushu University Institutional Repository
正常妊婦, 妊娠中毒症妊婦における心房性ナトリウ ム利尿ペプタイド, アルドステロン, および血圧の 概日性変動に関する研究
宮本, 新吾
https://doi.org/10.11501/3052528
出版情報:Kyushu University, 1990, 医学博士, 論文博士 バージョン:
権利関係:
Reprinted from AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY, St. Louis Vol. 158, No. 2, pp. 393・399,Feb., 1988, (Printed in the U.S.A.)
CCopyright @ 1988, by The C.
v .
Mosby Company)C i r c a d i a n rhythm o f plasma a t r i a l n a t r i u r e t i c p e p t i d e ,
a l d o s t e r o n e , and b l o o d p r e s s u r e d u r i n g t h e t h i r d t r i m e s t e r i n n o r m a l and p r e e c l a m p t i c p r e g n a n c i e s
Shingo Miyamoto
,
M D,
Hiroshi Shimokawa,
M D,
Hisao Sumioki,
M D,
Atsuhiko Touno
,
M D,
and Hitoo Nakano,
M D Fukuoka,jαμηThe influence of pregnancy on circadian variations of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone was studied. In those women with normal pregnancies, the mean 24‑hour values of atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone increased, compared with the levels in normal nonpregnant subjects. In cases of severe preeclampsia, levels of atrial natriuretic peptide were significantly higher than in the other subjects, but aldosterone levels decreased to nearly those seen in the nonpregnant subjects. Atrial natriuretic peptide did not establish a rhythm in normal nonpregnant and pregnant subjects, but in the studies of aldosterone levels, a clear circadian rhythm was eviden .tIn severe cases of preeclampsia, atrial natriuretic peptide established a circadian rhythm similar to that of blood pressure, and the circadian rhythm of aldosterone disappeared. The main characteristic of the rhythm in atrial natriuretic peptide and blood pressure in women showing preeclamptic signs is that the acrophase occurred at midnigh. tThis evidence suggests that in women with symptoms of preeclampsia the load to the atria increases at midnigh .t(AM J OSSTET GVNECOL 1988;158:393‑9.)
Key words: Atrial nalriuretic peptide, aldosterone, preeclampsia, circadian rhylhm
Atrial natriuretic peptide has pOlent natriureLIc, di‑ uretic, and smooth muscle relaxant properties and has been isolated from hllman atrial tissue.1 The role of atrial natriuretic peptide in physiologic and patho‑
physiologic states in mammalians, including hllman beings, has been investiga【ed.
It was reporled that synthe【icatrial natriuretic pep‑
tide injection induced natriu陀 sis,a dec陀asein the plasma aldosterone level, and a decrease in blood pres‑
sure.~' ~ However, the role of endogenous atrial natri‑
uretic peptide in humans is debatable. Apparently there has been no report on changes in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide values and the role of a【rialnatri‑ uretic peptide in hemodynamic changes occurring dur‑
mg pregnancy.
We measured the concentration of plasma atrial na‑ tr山reticpeptide and aldosterone in normal and pre‑ eclamptic pregnant japanese women to assess the sig‑ m品canceof endogenous atrial natriuretic peptide in preeclamptic slates.
From the Detartment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, FaculりofMed‑ icine, Kyωhu Unive1"Si・り
Receivedfor publication May 19,1987; revised August 31,1987, accetted Settember 9, 1987
Repηηt requω仏 HiroshiShimo加ωα,M.D., Detartment of Gyne‑ cology仰 dObstetrics, FaculりofMedicine, Kyushu University 60, Mai削 i3‑1‑1, Higashi‑ku, Fukuoka 812, Japan
Material and methods
Five normal nonpregnant women and 25 normal p陀gna川 subjectswere studied after 28 weeks of ges‑ tation, and six primiparous women with severe pre‑ eclampsia were also studied. Their ages ranged [rom 22 to 35 years, and no evidence of renal or cardiovas‑ cular diseases was present. 1 nformed consent was ob‑ tained from each subject before initiation of lhe study
Grou p 1 consisted of自venormal nonpregnant sllb‑ jects; group 2, six normal pregnant subjects belween 28 and 31 weeks of gestation; group 3, seven normal pregnant subjects between 32 and 35 weeks of gesta‑
ω
町 group4, 12 normal pregnant su同 紅 白between36 and 39 weeks of gestation; group 5, six primiparolls, severely preeclamptic women be【ween30 and 35 weeks of gestation. Clinical data on these women with severe preeclampsia are shown in Table 1. The diagnosis of preeclampsia was delermined by means of the Criteria of the Committee on Preeclampsia, japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1.In the present study, all women with preeclampsia had a blood pressure of~1601110 m m Hg.
All of the women had been admiued to Kyushu Unト versity Hospital al least 2 days before the study was done. The normal nonpregnant and pregnanl subjecls were prescribed a diet containing approximately 170 mEq/day of sodium, and the women with severで pre‑ eclampsia were given about 120 mEq/day of sodium.
393
395 Circadian rhythm of atrial natriuretic peptide Vo1ume 158
Number 2 Fcbruary 1988
Am J ObSlCl Gyncco1 Miyamoto et a .l
394
Table III. Plasma aldosterone values at each hour, 24‑hour values, and percent deviation from mean 24‑hour values
Table 1. Clinical data on the six women with severe preeclampsia
10 PM
52.6 :t 11.0 70.0 :t 13.2
79.0 :t 16.2 80.0 :t 14.9
75.7:t 12.1 54.7 :t 12.0
44.0 :t 7.0 68.7 :t 1.7
87.0 :t 16.6 89.7 :t 15.9
95.4 :t 17.9 110.9:t 18.0 103.5:t 17.0 101.0:t 13.1 22.3 :t 4.5
97.6 :t 1.5
141.6:t 16.4 124.7:t 10.6 124.1:t 10.7 139.8 :t 2l.4 149.4:t 20.4 162.7:t 12.3
26.3 :t 3.8 140.4 :t 1.9
139.5 :t 10.3 147.0:t 13.5 150.3:t 14.0 153.6:t 11.5 141.0:t 12.1
129.1 :t 11.7 14.2 :t 4.1
74.0 :t 8.8 77.4 :t 10.3
73.6 :t 10.3 76.8 :t 9.2
78.9 :t 11.7 75.7 :t 9.6
Group 1
(n = 5)
Group 2
(n = 6) Group 3 (n = 7)
Group4 143.5:t 2.1 (n
=
12)Group 5
(n = 5) Clil/ical data
β/ood
tre.¥sure (mlll Hg) Gfstationα1 age
αt lime
0 1
ol1sel (wk) Gestatioηal age
al tIme
0 1
sampling (ωk)
Proteinuηα
(gm/day) Patienl
No.
A叫ZW34
叫 す り3弓 MA UZ
1621112 1701110 1641112 1601118 1761110 166/110
AT£unynunUバ守口404口
/h
n3
03
04
0004nu'103
ヲ
﹄
quqU03qJ
ワ
﹄
0 5 1 3 4 1
03
司30303n303
1 23 4 5 6
Pos.: Positive. Neg.: negative. 3.5 :t 3.5
Group 1: Nonpregnant women; group 2・pregnantwomen between 28 and 31 we~k~' gesta.tion; grou~ 3: pregnal:t. women between" 32 and 35 w‑eeks' gestation;‑group 4: pregnant women between 36 and 39 weeks' gestation; group 5: women w1th severe preeclampsia.
76.1 :t 0.9
Table 11. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide values at each hour, mean 24‑hour values, and percent deviation from mean 24‑hour values
rone levels in groups 3 and 4 were higher than in groups 1 and 2 (戸<0.01). ln group 5, the p¥asma aldosterone va¥ue was 76.1 :t 0.9 pg/ml. No significant differences were noted between grollps 1, 2, and 5. However, the plasma aldoslerone level in grollp 5 was slgm自cant¥ylower than that in grollps 3 and 4
( p < O . O I ) .
Circadian rhy出m of plasma human atrial natri‑ uretic peptide
,
aldosterone,
and blood pressure. Plasma atria¥ natrillretic peptide and aldostel命onevalues at each sampling are shown in Tables II and IIl. Cos‑ inor analysis o[ plasma atrial natriuretic pep【idedid notcon品rma clear circadian rhylhm in grollps 1, 2, 3, and 4. The nadir‑to‑peak excursions were much the same in these grollps. On lhe other hand, cosinor analysis con自rmeda signi品cantcircadian rhythm in group 5 (t < 0.02), with the acrophase (the theorelIcal time the peak value is reached) occllrring at 11 PM and the nadir value at 10 AM. Plasma atrial natrillretic pep‑tide excllrsions were c1early marked (Fig. 1). Cosinor analysis of plasma aldosterone levels con日rmeda clear circadian rhythm in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 (p < 0.02,
p
< 0.04,p
< 0.02, andp
< 0.1, respectively) (Fig. 2) and demonstrated that the acrophase in grollps 1 and 4 was later than that in groups 2 and 3 (t < 0.05). The nadir‑to‑peak excursions of plasma aldosterone levels were significantly decreased in group 2 when compared with those in group 1 (戸<0.02). In all nor‑ mal pregnant grollps, the nadir‑to‑peak excllrsions o[plasma aldosterone levels tended to decrease when compared with those in group 1. On the other hand, circadian rhythm was not con品rmedby cosinor analysis in group 5. The nadir‑to‑peak excursion in group 5 was significantly inhibited when compared with that in groups 2 and 3
( p
< 0.02 andp
< 0.01)・Therefore, circadian variation appe誌redto be Aal in women with severe preeclam psia.intra‑assay and interassay coef白cientsof variation ¥¥'ere 6.9% (n
= ]
0) and 8.3% (n=
12), respectively. The dilution curve of plasma extracts paralleled that of lhe control standards. Radioimmllnoassay of aldosterone was performed with commercial kits (Aldoc TK 125, Midori jりi,Tokyo, japan)The nadir‑to‑peak excursions of plasma alrial natri‑ uretic peptide and aldos【eronewere expressed as【he percentage of deviation from the mean 24・hOllrvallle Cosinor analysis6 was lIsed to evalllate circadian rhyth‑ micity. A
P
value of <0.1 was regarded as being slalis‑ tically significant. Statistical an込Jysisof mean 24・hour vallles was performed with Stlldent's t test. The value of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone were expressed as the mean :!:: SEM.10 PM
43.5 :t 6.7 3.6 :t 10.2 100.2:t 10.6
93.1:t 12.1 100.5:t 14.0 79.5 :t 9.5 40.0 :t 4.1
4.3 :t 11.2 51.3 :t 5.8
86.7 :t 14.2
92.0 :t 14.0 61.5 :t 5.1 10 A.M
44.3 :t 5.9 109.9 :t 11.6
66. :t 5.2 0.7 :t 9.0 42.8 :t 7.0
98.2 :t 3.5 29.1:t 10.2 119.0:t 18.0 103.7:t 10.2 89.0 :t 9.7 74.2 :t 9.3 40.5 :t 7.0
76.2 :t 14.3 73.5 :t 14.6 43.7 :t 1.6 15.8:t 10.5
90.9 :t 5.9 13.3:t 18.4
73.3 :t 2.9 21.7:t 11.3
口O
Fh U
+ 一
口 ノ
hAせ
QU
F3
+ 一
nY
03
A守口4
︑. 1
︑j︑I
J n L︑IJ15263741A55 p=p=p=p=
p=
u u u u u 01n!01niO'nho'nhO'n︑
r a︐ ︐ ︑
vzdt︑r且 ︐
f・︑r
・
・ ︐
E︑γada︑ G G G G G
:t 24.6 267.6 :t 19.7 285. 218.9:t 39
:t 24.3 176.5:t 15.4
275.9 :t 35.2 23
Group 1: Nonpregnant women; group 2: pregnant women between 28 and 31 weeks' gestation; group 3: pregnant women between 32 and 35 weeks' gestalion; group 4: pregnant women between 36 and 39 weeks' gestation; group 5: women with severe preeclampsia.
Results
Chronologic changes of plasma human atrial natri‑ uretic peptide and aldosterone during pregnancy.
Tables II and III show the 24‑hour mean vallles and percent deviations of plasm込atrialnatrillretic peptide and aldosterone in all grollps. In groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, plasma alrial natriuretic peptide vallles were 43.7 :!:: l.6, 90.9 :!:: 5.9, 73.3:!:: 2.9, and 98.2 :!:: 3.5 pg/ml, respectively. The mean 24‑hollr value of group 1 (nonpregnant subjects) was significantly lower lhan that in groups 2, 3, and 4 (normal pregnant sllbjects)
( p
< 0.05,p
< 0.05, andp
< 0.01, respectively). How‑ever, no significant differences were noted between groups 2, 3, and 4. ln group 5 (with severe preeclamp‑
sia), the plasma atrial natriuretic peptide level (243.9 :!:: 5.8 pg/ml) was significantly higher than that in other groups (p < 0.01).
ln grollps 1, 2, 3, and 4, plasma aldosterone values were 68.7 :!:: 1.7,97.6 :!:: l.5, 140.4 :!:: l.9, and 143.5 :!:: 2.1 pg/ml, respectively. There was no signi白cantdif司 ference between grollps 1 and 2, but plasma aJdoste‑ acid. The recovery rate of human atria¥ natr山reticpep‑
tide labeled with iodine 125 and added to plasma wa 70.8% :!:: 5.3% (mean :!:: SD; n
=
15). A radioimmll‑ noassay of human atrial natriuretic peptide was done with synthetic human atrial natrillretic peptide (Peptide Institute lnc., Osaka, japan) used凶 泊nassay standard along with anti‑human atrial natrillretic peptide anti‑ serum and 12;1・labeledatrial natr山reticpeptide (Amer‑sham lnternational Ltd., London, England) as a tracer. A sample (100μ1) or a standard (100μ1) was incllbated with antibody (l00μ1) for 48 hours at 40 C before the addition of the tracer. The assay mixture contained 1251̲ labeled human atrial natr山reticpeptide (3000 cpm), anti‑human atrial natriuretic peptide antiserum, and the plasma extract in 0.25 ml of radioimmllnoassay bllffer (0.05 mol/L phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, contain‑ ing 0.1 % bovine serum albumin, 0.05% sodium azide, 0.1 % Tritron X・100,0.08 mollL sodium chloride, and 0.025 mol/L 2N ethylenediaminetetra‑acetic acid). Antibody‑bound and free human atrial natriuretic pep‑
tide were separated with the double‑antibody method.
The assay sensitivity was 12.5 pgltube (100μ1). The Breakfast was served at 8 AM, lunch at 12 noon, and
dinner at 4:30 PM. All subjects remained in bed except to urinate and defecate and they slept between 10 PM and 6 AM. No drugs were ingested before and/or dllring the study.
The same examiner (S. M.) measlIred the blood pres‑ sure every 4 hours, at 6 AM, 10 AM, 2 PM, 6 PM, 10 PM, and 2 AM, with a manllal sphygmomanometer at the right brachial artery and the woman Iying in the left recumbent position for ~ 15 minutes. Simultaneollsly, venous blood sam ples were collected in chilled tu bes containing 2N ethylenediaminetetra‑acetic acid and the 2500 kallikrein inhibitor unit Trasylol (Bayer, Lever‑ kusen, West Germany). The plasma was immediately separated by centrifuge at 40 C and stored atー700C until assay.
Plasma human atrial natriuretic peptide was mea‑
sured by radioimmunoassay as described,5 except that human atrial natriuretic peptide was extracted from plasma (2.0 ml) with an ODS・silicaminicolumn (Sep‑ Pac C 18, Waters Associates lnc., Milford, Mass.), and eluted with 60% (vol/vol) acetonitrile/ ‑0.1 N acetic
396 Miyamoto et a .l
(pg/ml)
300
200
100
10 14 18 22
(hours) Fig. 1. Diurnal variations of plasma atrial nalriuretic peplide values. Solid /ine shows measured values (mean i:: SEM). Dolled line shows theoretical values obtained by cosinor anal}'sis.
口:Nonpregnant women; 0: pregnant women belween 28 and 31 weeks' gestation; 1:::.: pregnant women between 32 and 35 weeks' gestation; ‑: pregnant women belween 36 and 39 weeks' gestation;
・
womenwith severe preeclampsia.Figs. 3 and 4 show the circadian variations of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in all groups. The values were expressed as the mean percent deviations from the mean 24‑hour values. As shown in Fig. 3, systolic blood pressure reached peak values at 6 P M and fell to nadir values at 2 A M in groups 2, 3, and 4. The pattern of blood pressure changes in group 1 was similar to that in groups 2, 3, and 4, but the peak value was reached at 10 AM. On the other hand, in the circadian variations of systolic blood pres‑ sure in group 5, the peak values occurred at 2 A M and the nadir values at 2 PM. Fig. 4 shows the circadian variations of diastolic blood pressure in all groups. The patterns of circadian variations were similar to those of systolic blood pressure in all groups. The circadian vari‑ ations of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in group 5 were opposite those values found in the other grou ps.
Comment
Chronologic changes of plasrna hurnan atrial natri‑ uretic peptide and aldosterone. Plasma atrial natri‑ uretic peptide values in subjects in the third trimester
175
(pg/ml)
150
100
ン
1 V ‑ ‑ ‑ ¥ ¥、 l
February 1988
111 J Obslel GynccoJ
7 J J
斗ァ4
ご午1 I I
10 14 18 22 (hours) Fig. 2. Diurnal variations of plasma aldoslerone ¥'alues. ),''olzd line shows measured values (mean i:: SEM). Dolled /ine show~
lheoretical values obtained by仁osinoranalysis.ロ:Nonpreg‑ nant women; 0: pregnant women between 28 and 31 weeks' geslation; 1:::.: pregnant women between 32 and 35 weeks' ges‑ tation;
・
pregnantwomen beLween 36 and 39 weeks' gcsta‑lIon;
・
womenwith severe preeclampsia.of a normal pregnancy increased significantly when compared with自ndingsin normal nonpregnant sub‑ jects. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide values in normal nonpregnant subjects were reported 【orange widely, from 18 to 63 pg/ml.7 In normal no叩regnants山 ects, plasma atrial natr山reticpeptide values reported from some laboratories were silghtly lower than those in our study, these lower values perhaps being related to salt intake, sampling time, and/or posture of the patient at the time of blood sampling. It has been reported that release of atrial natriuretic peptide is stimulated by atrial distension or stretch and that plasma atrial na‑ triuretic peptide values increase in response to short‑ term or long‑term plasma expansion.8 During a normal pregnancy, the plasma volume increases markedly to approximately 45% above the levels in nonpregnant women.9 The increase of plasma atrial natriuretic pep‑
tide values in normal pregnant subjects may be caused mainly by plasma expansion. However, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide values in women with severe pre‑
Volume 158 Number 2
(%)
120
,
oor / ¥/ ヘ
90
10 14 18 22
(hours) Fig. 3. Diurnal variations of systolic blood pressure. Values were expressed as Lhe mean percent deviation from the mean 24・hourvalues.ロ:Nonpregnant women; 0: pregnant women between 28 and 31 weeks' gestation; 1:::.: pregnant women be‑ tween 32 and 35 weeks' gestation;
・
pregnantwomen be‑tween 35 and 39 weeks' gestation;
・ :
women with severe pre‑eclampsia.
eclampsia were significantly higher than those found in the normal pregna川 subjects,although the plasma volume in women with severe preeclampsia was found to decrease signi自cantlywhen compared with the find‑ ings in normal pregnant women.9 Therefore, this phe‑
nomenon in preeclampsia cannot be explained by changes of plasma volume. In cases of preeclampsia, hypertension is one of the symptoms that is most dif‑ ficult to manage, and the main pathophysiologic cause is generalized vasoconstriction. It has been reported that plasma atrial natriuretic peptide values in uncom‑
plicated essential hypertension were within normal ranges, regardless of the plasma renin concentration.1o However, Sato et a l. 11reported that an increase in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide values was caused by an increase in mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure and that mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure cor‑ related with plasma atrial natriuretic peptide values. In conditions of preeclam psia, the central venous pressu re was within normal ranges, but mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure increased beyond the normal limit,
120
(%)
110
100
90
Circadian rhythm of atrial natriuretic peptide 397
10 14 18 22 (hours) Fig. 4. Diurnal variations of diastolic blood pressure. Values are expressed as the mean percent deviation from the mean 24‑hour values.ロ:Nonpregnant women; 0: pregnant women between 28 and 31 weeks' gestation;ム:pregnant women be‑ lween 32 and 35 weeks' gestation;
・
pregnantwomen be‑tween 36 and 39 weeks' gestation;
・ :
women with severe pre‑eclampsia.
probably because of generalized vasoconstriction.12 This evidence indicates that an increase in the plasma atrial natriuretic peptide values in women with severe preeclampsia may be caused by the distension or stretching of the left atrium and suggests that the stretching may reflect a state of generalized vasocon‑ striction. The mechanism of increased plasma atrial natriuretic peptide values differs between those women with normal pregnancies and those with preeclamptic symptoms.
Plasma aldosterone values increased significantly in normal pregnant subjects in the third trimester of pregnancy when compared with自ndingsin normal nonpregnant subjects. On the other hand, plasma aト dosterone values in women with severe preeclampsia decreased almost to the level found in normal non・ pregnant subjecls. These results are compatible with reported data.I:1
Waldhausl et a.l2 and Weidmann et a l.~ reported that the吋ectionof synthetic atrial natriuretic peptide in human subjects led to a decrease in plasma aldosterone
398 Miyamoto et a .l
values. However, the level of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide obtained by synthetic atrial natriu re【icpeptide injection may be beyond the normallimits in the phys‑ iologic state of human subjects. The maximum value of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in the study of Weidmann et al.J are markedly higher than values in women wi【hsevere preeclampsia in the present study. The minimum values of plasma atrial natriuretic pep‑
tide that can inhibit aldosterone synthesis have not been clearly de日ned.Therefore, it cannot be con自rmedthat low aldosterone values are caused by high plasma atrial natriuretic peptide values in women with preeclampsia. The role of endogenous atrial natriuretic peptide with regard to aldosterone synthesis in preeclampsia re‑ quires further study.
Circadian rhythm of plasma human atrial natri‑ uretic peptide
,
aldosterone,
and blood pressure. 1 n our study, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide did not es‑ tablish a clear circadian rhythm, and the nadir‑to・peak excursion of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide did not change in either normal nonpregnant women or preg‑ nant women. On the other hand, cosinor analysis of plasma aldosterone levels con自rmeda definite circa‑ dian rhythm in normal nonpregnant and pregnant women, and the nadir‑to‑peak excursion decreased gradually through the third trimester of pregnancy. The circadian rhythm of plasma aldosterone may b controlled by adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion rhythm because the circadian rhythm of plasma aldo‑ sterone is similar to that of plasma cortisol." The pregnancy‑associated blunting of the nadir‑to‑peak ex‑ cursion of plasma cortisol has been explained by au‑ tonomous placental secretion of an adrenocorticotropic hormone‑like substance.15 The blunting of nadir‑lO‑peak excursion in plasma aldosterone rhythm may also be caused by the same mechanism in normal pregnant women. Since the diurnal variation of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (unlike plasma aldosterone) did not establish a clear circadian rhythm, atrial natriuretic peptide secretion is probably little in日uencedby aldo‑ sterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion. ln addition, the evidence that plasma atrial natriuretic peptide values did not change throughout the day in‑ dicates that right and left atrial pressure remained fairly stable in the normal nonpregnant and pregnant women.
ln cases of severe preeclampsia, the excursion of the circadian rhythm of plasma aldosterone decreased sig‑
nl白cantlyand 1'evealed a flat pattern. Kauppila el al."; repo1'ted that the response of the adrenal gland to syn‑ thetic adrenocorticotropic hormone was suppressed signi白cantiyin women with preeclampsia when com‑
pared with that in normal nonpregnant and pregnant women. The absence of 01' a significant decrease in a circadian variation of plasma aldosterone in women
February 1988 Am l.ObSlCl Gynccol
with preeclampsia may be caused by a decreased re‑ sponse of the adrenal gland lO adrenocorticotropic hormone.
On the other hand, the circadian variation o[ plasma atrial natriuretic peptide established a c1ear circadian rhythm in women with severe preeclall1psia. The cir‑ cadian rhythm of plasma atrial natriuretic pepticle wa similar to that o[ blood pressure in the women with preeclampsia. All of these women with preeclampsia had nocturnal hypertension, and the circadian rhythm of blood pressure found in lhem was the opposite o[
the rhythm of normal nonpregnant and pregnant sub‑ jects in this study. This finding would suggest lhat, in those women with preeclampsia, the right, leCt, or both atrial walls distended or stretched at lhe same lill1e lhe blood pressure rose signi日cantly.Two pathophysiologi changes may be considered. The自rstis distension or stretching of the atria caused by increased afterload resulting from enhancement of generalizecl vasocon‑
striction. The second is distension or stretching o[ lhe atria caused by increased venous blood return or in‑ creased blood volume as a result of the shift of extra‑ cellular fluid from extravascular to intravascular com‑
partments. lt could not be con日rmecl by this study which pathophysiologic process occurred at midnighl in the preedamptic women. However, the load LO lhe atria did increase signi五cantlyand rapidly at midnight, a time ¥¥'hen the blood pressure significantly increased in the women with preeclam psia.
ln conclusion, the mean 24‑hour atrial natrillretic peptide vallles and circadian rhythm of plasma atrial natrillre【icpeptide reflect the physiologic and palho‑ physiologic hemodynamic process in normal and pre‑ eclamptic pregnancies. The markedly increased ll1ean 24・houratrial natriuretic peptide vallles may compen‑
sate for the generalized vasoconstriction, and the in‑ crease of plasma atrial natrillrelIc peplide vallles at mid‑
night may re自ectan increase of the load to the atria in the preeclamptic women.
We are grateflll to M. Ohara, Kyllshll University, for critical comments on the manuscript, and to L. Saza for helpflll advice.
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