අਬȆै̥͙̹ͣͺΐͺȆͺές
ˏ̶͠ˡ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɭɗɹٞᦇܩݖɹܧഀᦅ
РǵᢆǵปǵΥ*
Indigenous Farming Systems in Miombo Woodlands and Surrounding
Areas in East Africa
ITANI Juichi*
Various indigenous farming systems have been practiced in miombo woodlands in southern Tanzania and northern Zambia. One of the main characteristics of these systems seems to be the fallowing areas that allow soil fertility to accumulate during periods of vegetation recovery. This paper attempts to categorize these farming systems by vegetation types and the methods used to decompose organic nutrients, and goes on to discuss the relationships among farming systems, vegetation, and rural societies.
The agricultural technologies observed in indigenous farming systems have ensured the survival of the vegetation in daily food production. Maintenance of the vegetation has been essential to the continuation of the farming systems, which have heavily depended on the biomass on the fallow land. While the vegetation suitable for this practice often differs, the vegetation within a particular society and culture has been retained. Thus, the agricultural technologies of rural societies have been mutually related to the sustainability of the indigenous farming systems.
Recently, however, population pressure, political changes and so on have changed rural societies, and indigenous farming systems have come to be regarded as simply an agricultural technology for food production. This isolation from social norms has caused a temporal imbalance between vegetation recovery and land use, and the vegetation has consequently degraded irreversibly. In current societies, with their greater focus on economy, it may be difficult to revive the relationship previously seen between the indigenous farming system and the society. It is, therefore, required to find an alternative way that the modern farming systems already introduced into rural areas may contribute to sustainable use of the forest.
* ϴᨊ߂߂ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University
1
ȅͺές̤̫ͥͅ߃య༹͂हြ༹
ǵᦏБᦅɻ⏋ؚᩄʦڃᣒɹكΫˁᇿᇕɭɌɩ⏋ըਉɇʶɛᄩޅɹʢɭɫఒᖪڃዛˁൕݛɐʳ ʢɹɫ⏋ΥᖔᇕɴɻᔋషɹହԂʦဌྰేɹᒞɴʭɤɩс႒ɹൕݛᄩޅˁȭ⏋ɇʰɴ ɻลඁɴʭɤɩ֝ӈɹᥐཝˁɻȴʸȩɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹᦅɹۊɴɻ⏋ᔋషʦ ၚషɹᣘԂȵਖឹɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹɛʠɴᅊᅋ႒ˁެɌɩᣂᩆˁՏɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ˏ̶ ͠ˡɴȲȿʳჼᩆˁЂɌɛᦅɻ⏋إȼɻ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚ͲᐁۊɹɲȴɫʼʶɩȦɛȵ⏋Υ ᖔɹᦅࢃɴࢷԂɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɹɻ⏋1970 ॷБɴԂɤɩ⏋عܕకঌȵᦅɹᦏБˁዩ ෑᇕɴɌᦽʠʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȴʰɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ჼᩆɴʭʳᏢዒȵተጓɌ⏋ఠᔒʦᆖɭ ȦɤɛԇԊేɹҺ⏋ᦏБ႒ᣂɹ༑॒ɭᠭˁغʼɓ⏋ჼᩆɹਖឹਸȵᲞʚʱ⏋ᦏБᦅɻ Ǿɴܩɹᦅɴ༡ᦩɌɩȦɤɛ⏏ ǵɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡᦅɹᦏБɻ⏋ᔋషɭఒᖪዛɹࢷԂˁςкɭɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ೡ ᇍ᧒ɲ༑ᦲล෯⏋ᔋషɭᅊᅋ႒ɹѝൔɹέܯɭȦɤɛکᰍɻᦏБᦅʍɹԃᯆᇕɲ᥊ழˁߺ Ɂɩȷɛ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋॑ݭɫɹழᩆਸȵжȦܧഀс႒ɴᢵᩂɲჼᩆˁହԂɐʳʓɰᐁཕᇕɴоង ɹȡʳᦅࢃɻࢹɲȼ⏋ᣂᩆȵɲȿʶɽൕݛɫȷɲȦఒᖪዛɴᅊ༎ɹɐʏɩˁࠇɷʳʭȩɲᦅࢃ ʢࢹɲȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋ܧഀڃዛɹȼɻᓘᔋਸȵȦɛʠ⏋ᔋషˁହԂɌɩʢɗɹ֟ഗɻჼʶ ɴȼȼ⏋ɭȷɴɻᗡᘽɞȿȵᑢᗛɌɩؚᩄˁжάɇɓʳɄɭɇȭȡʳ⏏ᦅɻɗɹɄɭˁʭȼ ମሾɌɩȦɩ⏋ᔋషˁܧഀڃዛɴᅎȦʳёɻࢹɲȦ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋ᦏБᦅɻ⏋ܧഀɹᦅɭ ཌྷɍʰɑ⏋ܩݖɹᦅˁ෯ଁɐʳᦅɹ 1 ɦɭɌɩ⏋ႶጓɌɛȴɛɠɫԂʱᦉ˃ɫȦʳɄɭȵ Ȧ⏏ ǵΥ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡعܩɫɻ⏋ᔋషɴᰉʰɑ⏋ᕶးɹԗᅊɴћࡔɌɩܤޚՕˁკɐʳ ܧഀᦅʢʼʶɩȷɛ⏏ɄɹܧഀᦅɭȦȩៜᘽɻ؏ࢌɴࡴᒶɇʶɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ɇ ʚɊʚɴៗᨾɇʶɩьʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ȴʱɴɗʶˁ⏋ŋȡʳܩݖɫᬏॷʼʶ⏋ɗɹܩݖɹᰟܤ ɴ᧟ਝɌɛᦅŌɭɐʳɲʰɽ⏋ࡴɌɩᔋషȵњᐌɇʶʳʭȩɲܩݖɫɻ⏋ᦏБᦅʢ ʚɛܧഀɌȩʳɭȦȩɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ೣዣɫɻŋᔋషɴʰɲȦŌɭȦȩ ᭉࡴˁȡȭɩЊȿ֓ȭ⏋с႒ˁൕݛɐʳɹɴਖឹɲՕȵᕶးɹɲȴȴʰɰɹʭȩɴკɇʶ ɩȦʳɹȴɭȦȩɄɭɴᇿɌɩʛɛȦ⏏ ǵፆᓔɻ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏᨆɭ˸Ͳ̲ˏᨆɴঃȵʳ͊ˠͲ̓ɭ٧ɽʶʳᆂᬖകय़ɫܧഀᦅɴ ᬠɐʳᠭീˁɤɩȷɛ⏃ܒ 1⏆⏏ೣዣɫɻ⏋͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɫᑵʱঃɁʰʶɩȦʳɇʚɊʚɲ ܧഀᦅˁࢪᢒɭɌɲȵʰ⏋ܤޚՕɹკɭȦȩែဣɫɗʶʰˁՕᰖɌ⏋ᰖ݀Ʌɭɴܧ ഀᦅˁȭɲȲɌɩʛʳɄɭɴɐʳ⏏ՕɴመᇿɌɛჿᅓɻ⏋Гάɴᦚʏʳʭȩɴ⏋Ʉɹܩ ݖɹᦅᓚɭᕶးᄩޅɹᬠѥʦ⏋ᦅᬚɹᬠѥˁᠦ౩ɐʳȩȭɫ⏋Օɹკˁ୭ฌɴɐʳɹȵ ʢɤɭʢᨊغȵʭȴɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹՕᰖˁᦲɌɩ⏋ܧഀᦅɴȲȿʳᦅᓚଯɭᦅЦɭɹᬠʼʱ⏋Ёɹˏ̶͠ˡᦅЦɴȲȿʳᦏБᦅɹеᒞЊȿ⏋ɇʰɴɻᦅɹ᧦ɭ ୫ᐚਸɴɦȦɩȭʳែ៓ˁரњɫȷʶɽɭᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏
2
ȅηϋδႅ͂हြ༹
ǵˏ̶͠ˡɹၖय़ᮒകय़ˁʱॎȼʭȩɴɌɩ⏋͇͍ዀ˻͑˭̓˓̫͞ϩዀɹปዛ⏃͊ˠͲ ̓⏆ˁݜᠭɭɐʳඨᅊय़ȵঃȵɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹඨᅊɻ⏋ॷᬚᭇᮒᩄȵ 1,000 ͍͊͠ͻ̜͡մ⏋ ฌᲞ 900⑯1,700 ͍ͻ̜͡ɹປᥒᇕԳ༳ɫྂ࿅ɲܩݖˁװʠɩȦʳ⏏͊ˠͲ̓കɴɻ⏋ปᲞ 10 ⑯20 ͍ͻ̜͡ɹᘺᘽปȵᆂʰɴጓɠ⏋കআɴɻжೠࣝȵᇍ᧒ɓɑɴ˓̦ዀᗳೣȵᅊȭʳឿᦲ ɌɹʭȦዷᬚˁɦȼʱɞɌɩȦʳ⏏ܤޚ⏋ᭇᮒᩄ⏋ฌᲞɲɰɴʭɤɩ⏋കɹ෯ଁዛɻߴɴ ɐʳȵ⏋͊ˠͲ̓കɴ႕ਐᇕɲ౩ʳȦಕ៎ɻɰɹܩݖɫʢԊᦲɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛዷᬚɹ০ ଁɴɻᰈᑢɴᇍᅊɐʳᩃတȵᬠѥɌɩȦɩ⏋ɭȼɴӵȵകআɴ᧒ɐʳϠ๖കɫɻ˓̦ዀᗳೣ ȵܩᝠˁុȦ⏋ᩃတȵয္ɌʦɐȦ⏏ᩃတɴʭɤɩᗳʦΩɹжȦॾೠɹܩΫᨆɻຘॷ္ȷଡʼ ʶ⏋ปᇤȵȼᇍ᧒Ɍɛଁೠɞȿȵʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋Ʉɹᩃတɴʭɤɩകআɹᘺɠᘽʢ္ȿɩɌʚ ȩɛʠ⏋ᔼᘽܤɹᙢዩȵɲȦɄɭʢɄɹඨᅊɹ႕ਐɫȡʳ⏏ ǵആˏ̶͠ˡɹ͊ˠͲ̓കय़⏋ȡʳȦɻ͊ˠͲ̓കˁඨᅊɭɐʳܩݖɫঃȼൕݛɇʶɩȷɛ с႒ɴ˹˱˪̲˛ (Eleusine coracana Gaertn.) ȵȡʳ⏏˹˱˪̲˛ɻആˏ̶͠ˡᅋɹ˓̦ዀ с႒ɫ⏋͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɹຩҌИɭ္ᅣɹܤޚᄩޅˁ߫ʛ⏋ؾܩݖɴ࣎зɐʳ္ᅣᦅᓚɹς ᰩɭɇʶɩȷɛ⏏˹˱˪̲˛ɻᅋܩГɫʢ⏋ᨸᦶ⏋ན༳ᰰషອ⏋ᰩᅎɹᎹɲɰɹషɭɌɩঃȦܩݖɫьʼʶɩȷɛȵ⏋1970 ॷБɴɲɤɩആˏ̶͠ˡعܕɫ္ᅣȵኧɇʶʳɭ⏋ɗ ɹᅊᅋᩄɻਸ਼ɴཝࢹɌɛ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋॑ݭɫɻ˹˱˪̲˛ȵᲞғɫৄɇʶʳʭȩɴɲʱ⏋ ȴɦɩɹᰩᅎс႒ɻڧᅎɭɌɩൕݛɇʶ⏋Ёɫɻ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɴзʞϺʃɭɹᢵᩂɲჼᩆؚ Ԃ྇ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ᦏॷɴɲɤɩςᰩɹএˁ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɴᡶɤɛ៎ɹȡʳ˹˱˪̲˛ɫȡʳ ȵ⏋ɗɹႶ႕ɹᰩઢɭᕊ୫ɠɹᖪɇȴʰȼې߫ɇʶ⏋ЁɲȲ।ɹᰩᅊ༎ɴɭɤɩ๕ȴɓɲ Ȧᰩ႒ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ೣዣɫɻ⏋Ʉɹ͊ˠͲ̓കɫɹᦅɭࢌஞɲᬠѥɴȡʳ˹˱˪̲˛ɴʢ መᇿɌɲȵʰ⏋ܧഀᦅˁᓒ࢘ɐʳɄɭɴɐʳ⏏ ǵʚɛ⏋͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɹᦅˁᓒȭʳȩȭɫᩂឹɲෙਥɹʁɭɦɴ̶͌Ͳ̝ (mfundo) ȵȡʳ⏏ ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɹᦅᓚɻ⏋ᅣˁ္ȼჿᅓˁȋ̶͌Ͳ̝ˁʳɛʠȍɭᠦ౩ɐʳ⏏̶͌Ͳ̝⏃ȡ ʳȦɻ̸͌Ͳ̝⏆ɭɻ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏᨆʦ˸Ͳ̲ˏᨆɫঃȼьʼʶʳᅎɫ⏋˸Ͳ̲ˏɹ ္ᅣᦅᓚ̾Ͳ̫ɻȋܤޚˁȼ္ȼɄɭɫ⏋̶͌Ͳ̝ȵܤɴԂʳȍɭᝠჼɐʳ⏏Ʉʶɻлȴ ɹ႒ᣒˁ୭ɐៜᘽɫɻɲȼ⏋ܤܩɹᔋ໋ਸɴȴȴʼʳୈᢒᇕɲᝠჼɫ⏋ೣɹȋܩȍɴа ɛෙਥɭᓒȭɩʭȦ⏏Ʉɹɻȏᇍᨥɐʳȑʦȏᔼʳȑˁઝ٢ɐʳ֪᠁ uku-funda ɴᅓഀɌɩ Ȧɩ⏋ܤμɹล႒ȵᔼɤɩܤޚȵತᖬˁ٘Ɍɩʢȋ̶͌Ͳ̝ȵԂɤɛȍɭᝠჼɇʶʳ⏏Ɍȴ Ɍ⏋ᔋషʦݡᔋɹʭȩɲᨆɹՕˁହԂɌɛݭغɴɻȋ̶͌Ͳ̝ȵԂɤɛȍɭɻៜʼɲ Ȧ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋̶͌Ͳ̝ɴɻȋᕶးɴ܌ɌɛȍɭȦȩ̢͖ˏͲ˽ȵيʚʶɩȦɩ⏋Хᬘɴʭɤ ɩ܌Ɍɛඨᅊȵᔼʳȴ္ȴʶʳɄɭɫ⏋ɗɹܤܩȵᔋ໋ɴɲʳႥˁ୭ɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵГάɫɻ⏋Ʉɹ̶͌Ͳ̝ɹკˁʁɭɦɹ୭ฌɭɌɩܧഀᦅɹՕᰖˁɤɩʛɛȦ⏏
3
ȅहြ༹͈႒
3.1ȁศٸ̥͈ͣူ͈ރݯ ǵ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɫȼʱʁʸɁʰʶɩȦʳܧഀᦅɹȼɻ⏋̶͌Ͳ̝ɹკˁᇿ୭ɐʢɹɫ ȡʳȵ⏋ɲȴɴɻХᬘɴʭʰɲȦՕɹკ⏋ɐɲʼɠᅣɹᨆȴʰՕȵ୫ɠᦉʚʶʳ ˭ͻ˽ʢȡʳ⏏ܒ 2 ɴՕɹკɴʭɤɩᦅˁՕᰖɌɛȵ⏋ᨆȴʰՕȵ୫ɠᦉʚʶ ʳ˭ͻ˽ˁ⏋ඨ႒кʦ؊ݡᔋɹȴɛɠɫేᅎɐʳݭغ⏋ໜाອʦܩάອɴʭɤɩՕȵњᐌɇ ʶʳݭଘˁᓚܩɭɌɩգᅎɐʳݭغ⏋ՕɹᮃዩɌɛˏ͠ݻˁᓚܩɭɌɩգᅎɐʳݭغɭɴՕ ȿɛ⏏ ǵΥᖔɴࢃ࣒ɹٞᦇɴɻᘛܟȵɦȼʰʶ⏋ɗɹᘽഗᘛᰖɻǾɹᰩשɴΫʳ⏏ᅣɹȴʰඨ ႒кɗɹʢɹȵ୫ɠᦉʚʶʳ˭ͻ˽ɻɄȩɌɛᘛܟɫɌȴឿʰʶɑ⏋߂ȷɲςᰩᅎɹᅣɴඨ႒ кˁ୫ɠᦉ˃ɫᔋషɭɌɩȦʳɹˁፆᓔɻɄʶʚɫឿɛɄɭȵɲȦ⏏ʚɛᘛܟɫʢ⏋షჿʦؚ ዲɹ᭬ɴɫʳс႒ɹརʦ⏋ᓑ೬Ɍɛᘶᙏȷ࣒ˁஅɩʳዐɹʢɹɫ⏋ዩෑᇕɴඨ႒кˁ ୫ɠᦉʢȩɭɌɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ ǵ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɻሏʱᆖˁࠬЂɐʳ̓˙̓˙̫˛ɹᅊਖ਼ݖɫʢȡʱ⏋إȼȴʰႌɻȡʚʱᰲʼʶɩɄɲȴɤɛ⏏ᦏॷ⏋కঌʦஹ֖ลᬠɲɰɹଝɴʭɤɩϖႌɹఒᖪዛȵࢷԂɇʶ⏋ࢃᅨɹᖇ ᰲȦɭɗʶɴɭʢɲȩ؊ݡᔋɹᅊᅋȵʼʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛȵ⏋ఔ႑ʦᑦ႑ɴીʶɛϺʃ ɭɴɭɤɩ⏋႑ᗳɹᮃɭெɻ߂ȷɲᢦɫȡʱ⏋ϖនڃʦ؊ݡᔋɴ᳄ɻઢɍɦɦʢ⏋ȡ ʚʱಔؖɌɩȦɲȦɹȵჼႥɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛᦅɹɲȴɫʢ߂ࢃᅨˁᰲɤɩȦʳγय़ɻࢹధɫ⏋ ߂ץɻμࢸࢃᅨˁࢹధᰲᔒɌɩȦʳɴȹɲȦ⏏Υᖔᇕɲᰲɻ⏋౾ᬚࢃᅨˁᗳɴᦹʶ ՏɌɩᰩɇɓ⏋ɞȿᅨᖇɴԂʶʳɭȦȩʢɹɫ⏋ᔋషɭɌɩգᅎɫȷʳ؊ݡᔋɹᩄɻȿɤ ɌɩȼɲȦ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋؊ݡᔋɹգᅎʢ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɹᦅᓚкᏙɹɲȴɫɻ࣌ଘᇕʚɛɻជ ᇕɲʢɹɫɌȴɲȦ⏏ ǵໜाɹ༑ݖɴɻΫ༑ȴʰɽʶɩȷɛܤቆȵݡዩɌɩ໓ዩॶᩃʦະˁɦȼʳɄɭȵȡ ʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛܤܩɻᐵɍɩܩάອеȵᲞȼ⏋ϗೝɹᅣɭɌɩգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ܤቆʦໜाອɻ Օɴʛ⏋ᮒೝɴᑢᗛɐʳᮊᗳʢʚɛс႒ɹՕɭɲʳ⏏˸Ͳ̲ˏɹ˸Ͳ̾˻ाʦ̊Ͳ˸̢ ˏɹ̶͡ˑ˻ाɭȦɤɛ߂ໜाɹ༑ݖɴɻ⏋३ధמ˥͍ͦͻ̜͡ɴʢȲʭʉະȵȡʱ⏋༑ ݖзɻɗɄȴʰɹᏒɴȼћࡔɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ߂ໜाɹਜ਼ˁ؝ȿʰʶʳܩ ݖɻᭉʰʶɩȦɩ⏋ʈɦȩɻࢸໜाɹ༑ݖɹʼɑȴɲྂܩˁᓚɌɩᰩᏒɹέՕˁជɤɛʱ⏋ ࡚፲ɻɑʶɹᰩ႒ˁழᩆᅎɴൕݛɌɛʱɐʳዐɫ⏋ςᰩˁᅊᅋɐʳɛʠɹᅣɭɻɲɤɩȦɲ Ȧ⏏ !2ȁ༹͈႒
ǵ͊ˠͲ̓കɹˏ͠ݻɴɻɇʚɊʚɲ০Ⴅɹʢɹȵȡʳȵ⏋ɲȴɴɻሁ৹מధ͍ͻ̜͡⏋Პɇ ʢధ͍ͻ̜͡ɴ᧒ɐʳॅ߂ɲݻˁɦȼʳ˹ͦˏ͠ʢȦʳ⏏˹ͦˏ͠ȵˏ͠ݻɹᨆɫᰩɌɛ ᑥᐣᣒɻ⏋ᕉԒɴࢊᅊɌɩȦʳᅊ႒ɴʭɤɩՕៗɇʶ⏋ˏ͠ݻԒɫகՏɇʶʳ⏏ɄɹБᡚ႒ ȵс႒ɹՕɭɲʳɛʠ⏋ʼɊʼɊˏ͠ݻɹΫˁᓚɌɩс႒ˁඨȭʳɄɭȵȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉ ɹዛɹ˹ͦˏ͠ɻ⏋͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɲʰɰɄɴɫʢඞਖ਼ɌɩȦʳɭȦȩʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ʚɛˏ͠ ݻɹܤɻᯃ।ɴݠȦɛʠ⏋ɐʏɩɹˏ͠ݻȵᓚܩɇʶʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɴ⏋ᅣɹᨆȴʰс႒ɹՕˁ୫ɠᦉʞᦅɻ⏋ȦɑʶʢࢸៀฐɴʼʶɩȦʳɴ ȹɑ⏋ᅊ༎ɹݜᇻɭɲʳʭȩɲʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɫʼʶɩȦʳܧഀᦅɹȼ ɻ⏋Гάɫኍɐʭȩɴ⏋Хᬘɴʭɤɩඨᅊˁԗᅊɇɓ⏋ɗɹ̫˓ˠ͇˽ˁܤޚɴ᧰ӯɐʳɄɭ ɫܩɹ܌ˁɻȴɤɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ 3.2ȁݝ۽ͥ͢ͅ౷ႁ͈ٝ໘ ǵХᬘɴʭɤɩܩˁᐣ୫ɐʳᦅɻ⏋๖ɹ 3 ɦɹዐɫ႕ਐɧȿʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏1 ɦɻඨ ᅊɹ܌ɴɭʢɲɤɩՕˁล႒ɹȴɛɠɫᙢዩɐʳዐ⏋๖ɻɗɹล႒ˁံลɐʳ ዐ⏋ɗɌɩᥢсɲɰɴʭɤɩՕˁ֟რᇕɴьȩዐɫȡʳ⏏ᩃᗳʦᮊᗳɻ⏋с႒ɫɻُ ؚɫȷɲȦႥɴȡʳՕʢُؚɫȷʳɌ⏋ೠೣɻс႒ɹȵ࣑ȴɲȦཉࣝȴʰʢՕˁُȦ ΫɁʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ʈɦȩ⏋ᮒೝɴᑢᗛɌɛᘽȵϗೝɴഞʶɩܩᝠɴݡዩɐʳɄɭɫ⏋ඨ႒ ɴʭɤɩُȦΫɁʰʶɛՕɹΥᨆȵᝠࣝܤޚɴᙢዩɇʶɩȦȼ⏏ɭɄʸȵ⏋ᩃတɹᰈᇍɐʳ ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɫɻ⏋ᗳೣɹᗡᘽʦᘺɠᘽȵ္ȿɩɌʚȩɛʠ⏋ՕɻςɭɌɩᗳೣɹʦዏݜ ᨆ⏋ೠೣɫȡʶɽ⏋ॻ⏋ഘɭȦɤɛ۬ࡲɞȿɴᙢዩɇʶʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ɄȩɌɛลɹՕ ˁံลɐʳዐɴȲȦɩ⏋ɗɹ۬ࡲȵೠᣒɌɩȦʳȴوȴȵ๖ɹံลɹूዐɴᅵˁᅊ ɍɇɓʳ⏏ɗɄɫ⏋ܧഀᦅˁՕᰖɐʳɴȡɛʱ⏋ʚɑՕȵᙢዩɇʶʳඨᅊ⏋ɐɲʼɠᗳܩ ɭകܩɭɫךՕɐʳ⏏ 3.2.1ȁ౷ݝ۽ ǵ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹμ߈ॶ⏃ฌᲞᏝ 1,000 ͍ͻ̜͡⏆ɻ⏋ॷᬚᭇᮒᩄȵ 500 ͍͊͠ͻ̜͡ȡʚʱ ɹϗၥܩɫ⏋ˏˡ˹ˏ˵̫Ͳ̠य़ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ˵̫Ͳ̠ˁ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ȵʱॎȷ⏋ ɗɹүʍɹঃȵʱɻ͡˪̶̜̫ͩͤ͠ͻˁᣴȭɩ˸Ͳ̲ˏᨆȴʰ͇͞˗ˑྲྀɹആүΥय़ ˁុɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɴɻإȼȴʰȼɹȵውʱзʛ⏋കˁՖʱᬖȦɩᦅᓚˁ ɤɩȷɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋കȵԃɴ߉ʼʶɩᗳɭɲɤɩɌʚɤɩȦʳܩݖʢࢹɲȼɲȦ⏏Υ ⏋ॶܹɲ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɹɲȴɴɻ⏋ᮒೝɴᮒອȵɛʚɤɩɫȷʳྂܩȵȦɛʳɭɄʸɴȡɤ ɩ⏋ɗȩȦɤɛݭଘɴɻปೠȵᔒɛɑ⏋ʢɭʢɭ˓̦ዀɹᗳɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̶̜͠ ̫ͤͻɴɤɩᦹɲʳ᭠ᣱय़ɴɻ⏋ฌᲞ 2,000 ͍ͻ̜͡ˁᣳȭʳᲞܩȵȡʱ⏋ɗɄɫɻ͊ˠͲ ̓കɻࠒˁ༥Ɍ⏋ᲞਸɹဌೠȵᆂʰɴᅊȭʳᗳɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛဌೠཌྷɍʱɹᗳ ȵ⏋ኊʦ࣬ɹᮮՏɐʳዘᨆɹඨᅊɭᓒȭʰʶʳȵ⏋ܤޚɹݡዩɐʳጆܩɴɻʢɭʢɭ͐Ͳ
̘Ͳ̶˝ͤ˽̜ȵ০ଁɇʶɩȦɛʭȩɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗʶʢჼܧɫɻϺᬚ༎֪ɴʭɤɩᗳ ܩɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɄȩɌɛᗳɫɻ⏋ᗳܩХᬘ݀ɹܧഀᦅȵឿʰʶʳ⏏ᗳೣਸඨ႒ɻ⏋ೠೣਸɴປʏʳɭ ᅊ႒ɴʭʳՕៗȵȦɹɫ⏋Υᖔᇕɴɻᗳˁܤɹμɴݏʠᦉʛ⏋ɗʶȵᔼʳɄɭɫล႒ɹံ ลȵɻȴʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᄩޅИɴʭɤɩᅊ႒ɹՕៗȵԓྜྷɴʼʶɲȦɭɄʸɫ ɻ⏋ᗳˁၚʦɌɩံลɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɄɫ⏋ɄɄɫɻᗳܩХᬘ݀ᦅˁᔼඨ݀ɭၚ္݀ɴՕȿ ʳɄɭɴɐʳ⏏ (1)ǵᔼඨ݀ ǵആˏ̶͠ˡɹᗳɴɻࢆਸɹ˓̦ዀᗳೣȵȦ⏏ࢆਸɭɻ⏋ϗೝɴܩΫᨆɹʓɭ˃ɰȵ ഞʶɩʢ⏋ዏɹݜᨆʦȵᅊȷʱ⏋๖ɹᮒ࡚ɴɗɄȴʰᘭᗂɌɩȼʳਸᣒˁȦȩ⏏ܩΫᨆȵ ഞʶɩȦȼዐɫ⏋ᗡᘽɴيʚʶɩȦɛᏋʦ̦͊͞͡ɻዛࡎɭዏɹݜᨆɴው⏋ᙢዩɇʶʳ⏏ ʈɦȩ⏋ᩃတȵዏݜᨆʚɫ္ȦɩɌʚȩɄɭɻɲȦɹɫ⏋лॷᬚȴɹХᬘˁᐁʳɭ⏋ܩ᭬ᨆɴ ɻȼɹՕȵɛʚʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ᔼඨ݀ɹᦅɻ⏋Хᬘɴʭɤɩล႒ɴ˃ɞᝠܤˁɦȼ ʱ⏋ɗʶˁᅊ႒ɹˁҏʱɩՕៗɐʳʢɹɫ⏋ɗɹूዐɴɻعܩɫɇʚɊʚɲ̫͠˛ͻ˹͚ Ͳȵឿʰʶʳ⏏ ǵ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏីᨆ⏋̊Ͳˤ̢˓ˡྲྀɭ͡˪ͩྲྀɴɻɇʚʶɛε᭙ܩय़ɻ̶ˑ̮ (Fipa) ɹ࣎ зݖɭɲɤɩȦʳWillis 1966⏏ȴɦɩɻ̶ˑ̮͞Ͳ̝ʢകɫុʼʶɩȦɛɭɇʶɩȦʳ ȵ⏋̶ˑ̮ɴʭɤɩɗɹʓɭ˃ɰȵՖʱᬖȴʶ⏋ჼܧɫɻឿཡɐᭉʱɹᗳɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ ̶ˑ̮ɻɄɹᗳɫ̜˕Ͳ̫ (tumba) ɭ٧ɽʶʳႶᕶɹᦅˁᇍ᧒ɇɓɩ˹˱˪̲˛ˁൕݛɌ ɩȷɛ⏏̜˕Ͳ̫ɫɻᝠܤɴɛʚɤɛล႒ˁՕៗɐʳɛʠɴ߂ȷɲ͇˗Ͳ̝ȵɦȼʰʶʳ⏏ ϗೝɹɻɍʠ⏋ʚɑᗳɴᅊȦᗛɤɛ˓̦ዀᗳೣɹܩΫᨆˁʱଡɤɩ⏋ɗʶˁᅣȴʰʱ ᭑ȼ⏏๖ɴ˽˱̺̒ɹʭȩɴཱྀುɌɛ᫊ˁьɤɩ⏋ᗳɹʱൎɅɭᝠܤˁᚚȦԓᇻႥɴռȹ ʱ⏋ɗʶˁؙ᥊ɇɓɲȵʰዩʛΫɁɩ⏋ሁ৹ 1 ͍ͻ̜͡⏋Პɇ 30⑯70 ́Ͳ͍̍ͻ̜͡ʓɰ ɹ͇˗Ͳ̝ˁɦȼɤɩȦȼ⏃Ԡሎ 1⏆⏏ʈɦȩ⏋Ʉɹ͇˗Ͳ̝ɴɻлʢඨȭɑ⏋ϗೝɹȡȦɞ ɻɗɹʚʚఔᒞɐʳ⏏ล႒ɴ˃ɞᝠܤˁዩʛΫɁʳɄɭɫ⏋ܤޚᅊ႒ɹ༎֪ɴ᧟Ɍɛྂ ຩ⏋ཧ⏋ᦲຩИˁɦȼʱ⏋ϗೝɹץॷᬚɫඨ႒кɹᗡɻʓʖԃɴՕៗɐʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ ϗೝɹᏺʼʱɴ͇˗Ͳ̝ˁगɌɩܤˁٞᦇɴঃɁ⏋ᮒೝɴɲɤɩȴʰ⏋ॶܹɲᅣɴ˹˱˪̲˛ ˁతɐʳ⏏ᓂॷɹᮒೝɴɻ⏋ᅣɴʱɇʶɛ˹˱˪̲˛ɹརˁႅЊȿɛȡɭ⏋ᝠܤˁᓚ Ɍɩ˳͇ʦ˓Ͳ˰Ͳ͇͍⏋ȡʳȦɻᅩˁጓɩɩ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹⏋˥͑̒˵̫⏋̯͇ͩ͠ɲɰˁඨ ȭʳ⏏ᦲ।⏋ɄȩɌɛᥢсˁ 3⑯4 ॷᬚᐚȿɛȡɭ⏋2⑯5 ॷᬚХᬘɐʳ⏏ ǵʚɛ⏋͇͞˗ˑྲྀആࣳˁɴᣬʳਸ਼आɲ̲͠Ͳ˫˽̜ͻͲᔭɻ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏధɹᢔᮒ ܩय़ɫȡʱ⏋ɗɄɫɹᓚсɻɦɷɴܤޚ༡ᰩɹ᭝ਸˁɻʰ˃ɫȦʳ⏏ᔭɹጩᨆɴзʞ͇ ̘Ͳ˳ (Matengo) ɻ⏋Ͳ˳ͦ (ngolo) ɭ٧ɽʶʳႶᕶɹᦅᓚ˹˽̘͌ˁᇍ᧒ɇɓ⏋Ʉɹکᰍˁ
ӷɌ⏋1 γᏛГΫʢਸ਼Ӄహܩɫ।ᅣᓚсˁᐚȿɩȷɛItani 1998⏏Ʉɹ˹˽̘͌ɻᅣԃᯆ ɴȿʰʶɛՎܩˁ៎ᇕɲ႕ਐɭɌɩȦɩ⏋ᮒອȵɄɹՎܩɴɛʚʳɄɭɫܤޚɹ༡ᰩȵը ਉɇʶɩȦʳ⏃Ԡሎ 2⏆⏏Ͳ˳ͦᦅɻ 2 ॷ˵˓˪͡ɹᥢсɫ⏋1 ॷᇿɹᮒೝմץɻᅣˁᓚᣱɓ ɑɴ⏋͇͡Ͳ̫ (malumba) ɭᐵዌɇʶʳᮊᗳᒴˁᑢᗛɇɓ⏋ᮒೝɹץɴɲɤɩȴʰɗʶˁ ʳ⏏ʱᗳˁ 2 ᦼᬚʓɰϗၥɌɛ⏋ᗳɹˁᅣɴൔࡎႥɴιʏ⏋ɗʶɴൔࡎԒɹܤˁɓ ʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ᅣɴɻൔࡎႥɹᅩɭɗʶɴܑʚʶɛՎܩȵးɭιʉɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ൔࡎႥɹᅩ ɴɻ˓Ͳ˰Ͳ͇͍ˁඨȭ⏋๖ɹᮒೝɴɻɗʶɭؾɍᅩɴ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁዛɐʳ⏏ᅩԒɴݏʠ ᦉʚʶɛᗳɻϗೝɹᬚɴᔼʱ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹᔋషɭɲʳ⏏Ͳ˳ͦᦅɻɄȩɌɛ 2 ॷɹ˵ ˓˪͡ˁᑵʱᦐɐʢɹɫ⏋2 ॷɴ 1 ⏋ᮒೝɹմץɴቁೝᬚɹХᬘˁ୳ʞɄɭɫܩˁᐣ୫Ɍ ɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɫʢ⏋ᬏॷɄɹ˵˓˪͡ˁᑵʱᦐɐɭǾɴܩɻжάɌɩȦȼɹɫ⏋ɭȷɰȷ ధॷᬚɹᬏೝХᬘȵᏼʛᦉʚʶʳ⏏ ǵᮒೝɹȲʼʱȴʰϗೝɹɻɍʠɴȴȿɩᓚᣱˁȦ⏋ϗೝɴล႒ˁՕៗɌɩ⏋๖ɹᮒೝ ৢ૯!1ȁࡔͅै̹ͣͦζ;ϋΡȪέͻΩȫ ৢ૯!2ȁศ࿂ͅ؆౷̦୭̫̹ͣͦϋΌυศȪζΞϋΌȫ
ɴɗɹՕˁգᅎɌɩс႒ˁൕݛɐʳɭȦȩিȵ⏋ᔼඨ݀ᦅɹ႕ਐɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɹᦅ ɻ⏋ݜೣᇕɴᥢскᏙˁɭʱ⏋2 ॷȴʰధॷᬚɴȦȼɦȴɹс႒ˁൕݛɐʳ⏏عᦅɴໆʚɤ ɛсЊȿॷధȵȡʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ෑጩɴؚᩄȵжάɐʳɭ⏋ᅣˁХʚɓʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ɰɹܩݖ ɫʢܩɴࢪɐʳ୭ฌȵȡɤɩ⏋႕ࡴɹᗳዛɹѢԂʦɗɹᑢᗛᩄɫХᬘܩɴȲȿʳܩɹ܌ ዐˁሾʱ⏋๖ɹᬖᅣɹಁೝȵໆʠʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ (2)ǵၚ္݀ ǵΫᦚɌɛʭȩɴ⏋ᔼඨ݀ɴࣚɐʳᦅɫɻ⏋ᮒೝɹȲʼʱȴʰϗೝɹɻɍʠɴȴȿɩ⏋๖ ɹᮒೝɹсЊȿɴҺȭɛᓚᣱ⏃ᗷᣱɄɌ⏆ȵʼʶ⏋ɄʶɴʭɤɩܩᯆˁុɤɩȦɛᗳೣȵഞ ʶɩᅊ႒ɴʭʳඨ႒кɹՕៗȵɻɍʚʳ⏏Ʉɹล႒ȵԃɴՕៗɐʳɴɻлͶʢȴȴʳ ɹɫ⏋ɄɹсɻɫȷʳɞȿȦಁೝɴȩਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᓚᣱɹಁೝɻсɹ֟რɭʢ ᬠѥɌɩȦɩ⏋ܤȵϗȦɩȼɲɤɩɌʚȩɭᓚᣱɫȷɲȦɹɫ⏋ʚɞܤȵྂɤɩȦʳȩɠɴ ʼʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᄩޅИɲɰɴʭɤɩ⏋ȦಁೝɴᓚᣱɫȷɲȦݭغʦՕៗȵᧆȦᄩޅɫ ɻ⏋աɹɫล႒ˁံลɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ ǵ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏᨆᲞܩɹ˥Ͳˤ (Kinga) ɹ࣎зݖɫɻ⏋ܤޚɹᚚȦਸ਼ɲᗳɫ͌˫Ͳ̋ (mgunda) ɭ٧ɽʶʳ္ᅣȵʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ฌᲞȵᲞȼ⏋ॷᬚˁᦲɌɩԳ༳ɲɄɹܩݖɫɻ⏋ ล႒ȵᔼʱɴȼȦɛʠ⏋ล႒ˁၚʦɐɄɭɫံลˁɻȴɤɩȦʳ⏏˥Ͳˤɻ⏋ϗೝɹμ Ʌʸɴᗳɹᗳˁʱ⏋ɗʶˁঃɇ 1⑯2 ᅶɹ̘͞˽ɴ⏋Პɇ 1 ͍ͻ̜͡ʓɰዩʛΫɁʳ⏏Ʉ ɹᗳˁٞᦇɹܤɫុȦ⏋ɗɹʚʚ 1 ͶʓɰఔᒞɌ⏋ᗳʦܤȵԃɴϗȼɭ⏋ݏʠᦉ˃ɞᗳ ɴတˁɦȿʳ⏏ᗳɻȼɐʉʱɲȵʰʪɤȼʱɭၚȭ⏋္ȿᤄɴɻរᖬɴᨧɌɛܤɭᇐȦဒȵ ʳ⏏Ʉɹဒɭ္ȿɛܤɹˁ͠˽̾ (lisuve) ɭៜȦ⏋హᯆܩɹᅣΥᯆɴᦶଁɇʶʳ⏃Ԡሎ 3⏆⏏ ᮒೝɴɲʳɭ⏋͠˽̾ɴ˹˱˪̲˛⏋˓Ͳ˰Ͳ͇͍⏋˻͑ˤ˓͐ɲɰˁඨȭЊȿʳ⏏Ʉɹᅣɴ ɻ 1 ॷᬚɌȴсЊȿɓɑ⏋3⑯4 ॷᬚɹХᬘˁɻɇ˃ɫᑵʱᦐɇʶʳ⏏ ৢ૯!3ȁಔ̦͐θΈϋΘศȪ΅ϋ΄ȫ
ǵɄɹ͠˽̾ɴьʼʶʳၚ္ೳɻᗳʦᏳȦഘɞȿɲɹɫ⏋ɗɹʚʚတˁɦȿɛɹɫɻሬȼᬚɴ ၚȭࣉȷɩɌʚȩ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ᗳˁܤɫុɤɩʪɤȼʱɭၚʦɐɄɭɫఔၖȵଵȭʰʶ⏋ܤ μཉȼɴʚɫၖȵШʼʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ล႒ˁ္ȼɄɭɫʰʶɛဒɻс႒ɹਖӯᏬˁ ᩄɴي˃ɞʭȦᔋషɭɲʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋с႒ɹଁᬏɴɭɤɩʢɤɭʢᩄɴਖឹɲዾᏬɻၚ္ɹ ᭬ɴຩɌɩዷຩμɴఔతɌɩɌʚȩɹɫ⏋ဒɴɻيʚʶɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ܤޚˁᲞཧɫ ၖɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ܤޚμɹล႒ȵ့Ɂɩံลɐʳ္ܤ֟ഗ⏋ܤɹϗၥɭɗɹɹᭇᮒɴ ʭɤɩล႒ɹՕៗȵѦɇʶʳϗܤ֟ഗAraki 1993⏋ɇʰɴᩄɹဒˁད֓ɐʳɄɭɫܤ ޚȵˏ͡ˡ͠Ɍ⏋ɗɹɄɭɫܤޚล႒ɹՕៗȵѦᦽɇʶʳˏ͡ˡ֟͠ഗɲɰɴʭɤɩ⏋ܤ ޚμɴˏͲ̢͐ˏዾᏬȵఔՏɇʶʳ⏏Ʉʶʰȵၚ္݀ᦅɴȲȿʳςឹɲዾᏬɹњᐌ྇ɴɲ ʳʢɹɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ ǵʚɛ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏȴʰ˸Ͳ̲ˏ⏋˻Ͳ̸̫˗˙ɴঃȵʳॶܹɲᲞܩय़ɴɻ⏋ᮒೝɴྡྷອɐ ʳ࡚፲ྂܩȵဣܧɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄɄɴݡዩɌɩȦʳܤޚɻѳອਸɴʛ⏋ྂຩˁय़ʃʳɭȷʼʠ ɩᲞȦᎳਸˁ٘Ɍ⏋ϗȼɭཉȦϘˁɦȼʱɲȵʰ˱Ͳ˪͠ͻ̜ɹʭȩɴȼɲʳɭȦȩਸᣒ ˁʢɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹܤޚ႕ਸɭץॷᬚɹྡྷອɹɛʠɴೠೣਸɹඨ႒ɻᅊᔒɫȷɑ⏋ᓘྂਸɴӦ ʶɛ˓̦ዀᗳೣɹᗳȵ০ଁɇʶʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲᄩޅɫɻс႒ɹൕݛɻᮑɌȼ⏋ɗɄɻȲʢɴ ϗೝɹఔ႑ܩɭɌɩգᅎɇʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ɄɹᗳܩˁᓚܩɭɌɩգᅎɌɩȦʳёʢȡʳ⏏̊Ͳ˸ ̢ˏᨆᲞܩɹ͓͌̾िɴзʞ̢˓̩ (Nyiha) ɻ⏋ɄɹᗳɫͲ˪ͤ (nkule) ɭ٧ɽʶʳ္ᅣ ᦅᓚˁɤɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɄȩɌɛྡྷອܩɴᅊᔒɐʳ˓̦ዀᗳೣɻ⏋ܤޚᝠᯆɴధ́Ͳ͍̍ͻ̜͡ɴʢؖʉȦ͇̜̒ Ⴅɹᒴ⏃͡ͻ̜͇̜̒⏆ˁ০ଁɐʳ⏏ϗೝɹμɴɲɤɩྂܩɹອȵৄȼɭ⏋̢˓̩ɻᗳ ɹܩΫᨆˁʱ⏋˹͚̾͡ˁനɴܽሁɴʱЊȿɛʭȩɲ႕ɲ᫊ˁьɤɩɗɹ͡ͻ̜͇̒ ̜ˁձȹɭʱɲȵʰɗɹݭɴؙ᥊ɇɓɩȦȼ⏏ɄȩɐʳɄɭɫɻഞʶ⏋1 Ͷʢᐁɩɽԃ ɴϗၥɐʳ⏏͡ͻ̜͇̜̒ɴɻࢹᩄɹᎳܤȵيʚʶɩȦʳɞȿɲɹɫϗȼɭᥐȼɲʱ⏋৳ ʰɻɗʶˁଝɫ୩Ȧᮃʠɩ⏋ሁ৹ 1.0⑯1.5 ͍ͻ̜͡⏋Პɇ 0.5⑯1.0 ͍ͻ̜͡ʓɰɹ͇˗Ͳ̝ɴ ዩʛΫɁɩȦȼ⏏Ʉɹ͇˗Ͳ̝ɻ៎Ϋ⏋̶ˑ̮ɹ̜˕Ͳ̫͇˗Ͳ̝ɭʭȼаɩȦʳȵ⏋̢ ˓̩ɻɇʰɴɄʶˁܤɫុȦ⏋μɹ͡ͻ̜͇̜̒ɴတˁɦȿʳ⏃Ԡሎ 4⏆⏏ၚ္ೳȵܩΫᨆ ɭܩάᨆɹ᧓Ȧɻȡʳȵ⏋ΫᦚɌɛ͌˫Ͳ͇̋˗Ͳ̝ɭʭȼаɩȦɩ⏋ʪɤȼʱɭၚȭʳ͇ ˗Ͳ̝ɻ္ȿɛܤɭဒȵཌྷɊʱɲȵʰໍ˃ɫȦȼ⏏͌˫Ͳ̋ɫɻ္ȿᤄɫȡʳ͠˽̾ɴɌȴс ႒ˁඨȭЊȿɲȦȵ⏋Ͳ˪ͤɫɻݡዩɌɛဒˁٞᦇɴɽʰȷ⏋ᅣԃᯆɴ˹˱˪̲˛ˁዛɐ ʳ⏏Ͳ˪ͤɫɻ္Ȧɛݭଘˁ̴͓͠͞ (pilyala) ɭ٧ʉȵ⏋̴͓͠͞ɴȲȿʳ˹˱˪̲˛ɹؚᩄ ɻဒˁȦɛɞȿɹݭଘɭɻປʏʢɹɴɲʰɲȦʓɰᲞȼ⏋ɄɹɄɭȴʰʢܤˁ္ȼɄɭɹ ֟ਸˁጋȦሾʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ ǵɄʶʰɹɫɻ⏋ՕៗɌʦɐȦᗳˁࢪᢒɭɌɲȵʰʢ⏋ၚ္ɴʭɤɩล႒ˁՕៗɐʳ
ȵ⏋ɄʶɻᦅȵʼʶɩȦʳᕶးᄩޅɴʭʳɭɄʸȵ߂ȷȦ⏏͌˫Ͳ̋ɹʼʶʳ˥Ͳˤ ͞Ͳ̝ɻ⏋ฌᲞ 2,000 ͍ͻ̜͡մɹᲞଘɴȡʱ⏋ϗೝɴɻຩཧȵᮗάɴ᧒ɐʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ ɄɹʭȩɲԳܩɫɻ⏋ᅊ႒ɹ༎ਸȵжȼ⏋ᗳˁܤɭཌྷɕغʼɓʳɞȿɫɻล႒ȵמՕɴ ՕៗɌɲȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋࡚፲ྂܩɫɹͲ˪ͤᦅɫɻ⏋ϗೝɹμʚɫᓚܩɴອȵྡྷᅥɌɩȦʳɛ ʠɴ⏋ȦಁೝɴᓚᣱɫȷɲȦɄɭȵ܍ɌɩȦʳʭȩɫȡʳ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋ᗳܩХᬘ̆ၚ္݀ᦅ ɻ⏋ᔼඨɞȿɫɻඨ႒кɹՕៗˁמՕɴʠɲȦݭଘɫʼʶʳᦅɫ⏋ၚ္ೳˁܤɫុɤ ɩᙜɌ္ȷႥɴɐʳɄɭɫ⏋ဒɹད֓ɭၖɴʭʳՕៗ֟ഗˁʢʱԂʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ 3.2.2ȁ૩ႅݝ۽ ǵകˁՖʱᬖȦɩᅣˁᦶଁɐʳɭȷɻȦɦʢတȵьʼʶʳȵ⏋ɗʶɻਖɑɌʢၖʦဒɹ֟ഗˁ ೝ৺ɌɩȦʳɭɻᭉʰɲȦ⏏കˁ෯ଁɐʳปೠɹ߂ȷɇʦዛᰖɴʭɤɩɻ⏋աɹ֟ഗɴʭɤɩ ՕˁʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ɗɄɫ⏋ɄɄɫɻകˁ͊ˠͲ̓Υ๖കाᦇകɭ⏋͊ˠͲ̓Ϡ๖കɴ Օȿ⏋ɇʰɴϠ๖കඨᅊɫɹᦅˁၚ္݀ɭ⏋ၚ္ᔼඨ݀ɴՕȿɩៗᠦɐʳ⏏ (1)ǵ͊ˠͲ̓Υ๖ക⏋ाᦇക ǵആˏ̶͠ˡɹعܕకঌȵΥ๖കɫɹ္ᅣˁኧɌɛɛʠჼܧɫɻȡʚʱʼʶɲȼɲɤɛ ȵ⏋ȴɦɩɻ͊ˠͲ̓ɹΥ๖കʦाɴɤɩᇍ᧒ɐʳᲞೠɹץᘺᘽปകɫʢɇȴ˃ɴ္ᅣȵ ʼʶɩȦɛ⏏ाᦇകʦ͊ˠͲ̓ɹΥ๖കˁᬖȼɴɻ⏋߂ೠˁՖʱ҉ɐɭȦȩᩂ֝ӈȵȦʰʶ ʳȵ⏋ᬏȦᬚଝȵɦȿʰʶɲȴɤɛകɴɻᔼᘽܤȵݡዩɌɩȦɩ⏋Фɇȭɫȷʶɽɗʶˁգ ᅎɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ ǵ̊Ͳˤ̢˓ˡྲྀആࣳɹ͇̩ͤݳɻʢɭʢɭ̜Ͳ˫˗˙ (Tongwe) ɹ࣎зݖɫȡʱ⏋৳ʰ ɻɗɄɫ̶͡͞ (lufula) ɭ٧ɽʶʳᦅˁɤɩȦɛРᢆǵ1995⏏ˁɗɲȭɛปᲞ 50 ͍ͻ̜͡ʓɰʢȡʳ߂ೠˁՖʱ҉Ɍɩɗɹഘᘽˁၚʦɐɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ॻɹ߂ȷɇɴປʏʳɭ ഘᘽɹᩄɻࢹɲȼ⏋߄Ȧॻɻ္ȿɑɴɤɩɌʚȩ⏃Ԡሎ 5⏆⏏̜Ͳ˫˗˙ɴɭɤɩॻɹ္ ɻᩂឹɫɲȼ⏋৳ʰɹᇿয়ɩɻകআɴݡዩɌɛᔼᘽܤ⏋ȡʳȦɻသܤɫȡɤɩ⏋കɹФ ৢ૯!4ȁϋ·τศ͈͒غවͦȪΣͼΧȫ
ɭ္ɻӵˁ᧡ʳ᭭ࢀ႒ɹ᭑ؑˁȲʢɲᇿᇕɭɌɩȦʳ⏏̶͡͞ɫɻ⏋1 ॷᇿɴ̜˗͐ͦ˱ ˹ˁൕݛɌ⏋2 ॷᇿɴ˓Ͳ˰Ͳ͇͍ˁൕݛɌɛȡɭɻᅣˁఔඉɐʳ⏏̜Ͳ˫˗˙ɻ⏋ᭉʱȡʳ ाᦇകˁຘॷՖʱᬖȦɩȦɛʼȿɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗɹᔘಕɴɻ⏋ɹФˁៀըɐʳ̜Ͳ˫˗˙ ɹЦៀ፴ɭ⏋ॶ˥͍ͦͻ̜͡ȡɛʱ 0.1 ϺɭȦȩȷʼʠɩॕᚚɲϺؤࢌȵȡɤɛᢆ 1974⏏ ǵ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɭ˸Ͳ̲ˏɴʚɛȵɤɩзʞ̢͑͌ͩͲˤ (Nyamwanga) ʢ⏋ȴɦɩɻ͊ˠͲ̓ ɹΥ๖കˁࢪᢒɭɌɛ͌ͩͲ̋ (mwanda) ɭȦȩ္ᅣᦅˁɤɩȦɛ⏏Ʉɹᦅʢ߂ೠˁФ Ɍɩഘᘽˁ္ȷଡȩɞȿɫ⏋ᓚᣱʢɓɑɴ˹˱˪̲˛ˁൕݛɐʳ⏏1⑯2 ॷᬚ˹˱˪̲˛ˁ ൕݛɌɛȡɭɴᅣˁఔඉɐʳȵ⏋ೠǾȵԗᅊɌɩϠ๖കȵ০ଁɇʶʳɭ⏋ȡɭɫᦚʏʳաɹᦅ ɴʭɤɩ⏋ɗɹܤܩˁգᅎɌᐚȿɩȦȼ⏏ (2)ǵ͊ˠͲ̓Ϡ๖ക ǵ͊ˠͲ̓കɻᆂകɫȡʱ⏋ʚɛжೠࣝȵᇍ᧒ɌɩȦɲȦɛʠɴ⏋ɛɞകˁՖʱᬖȦɛɞȿɫ ɻמՕɲၚ္ೳˁተѳɐʳɄɭɻɫȷɑ⏋߄ȦೠɹॻɻၚȭɑɴɤɩɌʚȩ⏏ܤޚˁᲞཧɫ ၖɐʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ഘᘽɲɰɹၚ္ೳˁΥͶଘɴᮃʠɩ္ȼਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ʼȦਸ ɹകɫɻ⏋ঃȦᯆዩˁ္ȼɞȿɹഘᘽȵʰʶɲȦɛʠ⏋ೠɴБʼɤɩᑢᗛɌɛάᗳˁᔼʰɓ ʳȵᏼʛغʼɇʶʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏Гάɴ⏋Ʉɹ 2 ɦɹˁՕȿɩᠦ౩ɐʳ⏏ ၚ္݀ ǵ˸Ͳ̲ˏɹ̾Ͳ̫ (Bemba) ɻ⏋̘͍̦̍ (citemene) ɭ٧ɽʶʳܧഀᦅɴʭɤɩ⏋֟რᇕɴ ೠೳˁၚʦɌ⏋ʚɛɗɹೳˁ୫ᐚᇕɴњᐌɫȷʳ˹˽̘͌ˁɦȼʱɞɌɛ⏏৳ʰɻകˁᬖȼ᭬ ɴ⏋ೠˁॻȴʰՖʱ҉ɐɄɭɻɓɑ⏋ೠɴᇎɤɩഘɞȿˁՖʱᘺɭɐKakeya and Sugiyama 1987⏏Ֆʱᘺɭɇʶɛഘɻϗೝɹᬚɗɹʚʚఔᒞɇʶ⏋ϗೝɹȲʼʱɴФܩɹμ߈ɴዩʛ
ΫɁʰʶɩတȵɦȿʰʶʳ⏏מՕɴϗၥɌɛഘᘽɻᥴᯭɭɭʢɴၚȭΫȵʱ⏋ܤޚˁᲞཧɫ ၖɐʳ⏏ధಁᬚ⏋ԃɴတɐʳɭ⏋္ȿᤄɴɻሎɤᇐɲဒȵȼݡዩɌɩȦʳ⏏˗̸˪͞ (ubukula) ɭ٧ɽʶʳɄɹ္ȿᤄɞȿȵᅣɭɲʳȵ⏋ɗɹᯆዩɻФܩɹʼɑȴ 6 Օɹ 1 ዐ ɴȹɲȦ⏃Ԡሎ 6⏆⏏ܤɹၚ္ɭဒɹད֓ɴʭɤɩܤޚᝠࣝɴɻс႒ȵُؚخᔨɲՕȵњ ᐌɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋˥Ͳˤɹ͌˫Ͳ̋ᦅʦ̢˓̩ɹͲ˪ͤᦅɹɭɄʸɫᠦ౩Ɍɛɹɭ ؾɍʭȩɴၖɭဒɹ֟ഗɴʭʳʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋̾Ͳ̫ɻᅣɴဒȵད֓ɇʶɛɄɭʭʱʢ⏋ܤޚ ȵᲞཧɫၖɓʰʶʳɄɭˁɭȼɴᩂែɌ⏋ȏʭȼၚȭɛɭɄʸɴ̶͌Ͳ̝ȵԂʳȑɭៜȩ⏏ ǵ˗̸˪͞ɻᲞཧɫၖɓʰʶʳɛʠ⏋ɗɄɴᅊȭɩȦɛᗳೠɻɐʏɩഞɐʳȵ⏋တɹԂʰ ɲȴɤɛФܩ⏃ԃкɹᏝ 6 Օɹ 5⏆ɹೠǾɻഞʶɑ⏋ɛɞɠɴృᗂˁᘭᗂɇɓɩԗᅊᬏˁɻ ɍʠʳ⏏ɄɹೠɹԗᅊᬏˁԓྜྷɴɌɩȦʳɹȵปΫɫɹФɫ⏋ృɛɴࣙᬖɌɛᘽɻ؝ӵֳ ȵʭȼ⏋ʚɛᲞȦеᒞɫᘭᗂɐʳɄɭɫృൻȵᩃတɴ္ȴʶʳɄɭʢɲȦ⏏ᠭɴԗᅊɌɛക ɻ⏋10 ॷʢᐁɩɽഘᘽȵמՕɴᑢᗛɌ⏋ԗʃФɹࢪᢒɭɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏̘͍̦̍ɻၖ ɭဒɴʭɤɩс႒ɴਖឹɲՕˁተѳɐʳᦅɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗʶɻปΫФɭഘᘽɹᮃዩတԂ ʶɴʭɤɩകˁᐣ୫ɐʳɄɭɫ⏋ၚ္ೳɹ୫ᐚᇕɲњᐌˁخᔨɴɌɩȦʳ⏏ ၚ္ᔼඨ݀ ǵ̢͑͌ͩͲˤɻ⏋͊ˠͲ̓ɹΥ๖കˁ͌ͩͲ̋ᦅɫՖʱᬖȦɛȡɭ⏋Ͳ̘͍ͤ (ntemere) ɭȦȩ̘͍̦̍ɴʭȼаɛᦅˁɤɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ϻؤȵވ֓ɐʳɴɦʶɩകɴȴȴʳᢦ ᗼȵᲞʚʱ⏋കɻǾɴʼȦɌɩמՕɲၚ္ೳȵተѳɫȷɲȼɲʳɭ⏋৳ʰɻɗɄɴ̶ˑ̮ ȵɤɩȦʳ̜˕Ͳ̫ᦅˁʱԂʶ⏋Ϡ๖കȴʰɭʶʳʼɑȴɲഘᘽˁᮃʠɩ္ȼΥɫ⏋ ɗɹٞᦇɴ͇˗Ͳ̝ˁɦȼɤɩᗳˁᔼʰɓʳˁᏼʛغʼɓʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȦɤɛ⏃Ԡሎ 7⏆⏏Ʉɹᦅɻ⏋̶ˑ̮ɹ͇˗Ͳ̝ᦅɭؾɍ̜˕Ͳ̫ɭ٧ɽʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ܒ 2 ɫɻȋകܩȍ ৢ૯!6ȁ٭͈ఙୟ̱̹;ή·ρȪαϋΨȫ
ɭЊ៨ɌɩךաɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɻၚ္݀ɭᔼඨ݀ˁភغɌɛʢɹɫȡʳɹɫ⏋сʢɗɹθ ȵʼʶ⏋ϗೝɹɻɍʠɴകআˁᓚᣱɌ⏋ϗೝɹμɴɲɤɩೠˁФɐʳ⏏ഘᘽˁФܩɹ ଘǾɴᮃʠ⏋ϗೝɹȲʼʱɴၚʦɌ⏋ᮒȵᭇʱࠃʠʳɭᅣˁܩɌɩ˹˱˪̲˛ˁȼ⏏1970 ॷБץɴ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏకঌȵ͊ˠͲ̓Υ๖കɫɹ္ᅣˁኧɐʳɭ⏋Ʉɹʦʱɻɇʰɴಔؖ Ɍ⏋͇˗Ͳ̝ɹБʼʱɴႌᓚɫᓚᣱɐʳʢɭʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɩȦʳ⏏ ǵȴɦɩ˸Ͳ̲ˏᨆɹ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ɫ̘͍̦̍ᦅˁɤɩȦɛ͞Ͳ̫ (Lamba)⏋͞͞ (Lala)⏋͇Ͳ̸˗˙ (Mambwe) ɲɰɹᡉɻ⏋̾Ͳ̫ɴѢᅭɇʶ⏋ೠɹࢹɲȦ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ ɹٞᑉᨆʦᗳܩय़ʍᦠȦʦʰʶɛStromgard 1989⏏ဌೠཌྷɍʱɹᗳɫɹᅊ༎ˁоәɲ ȼɇʶɛ͞Ͳ̫ɭ͞͞ɻ⏋̘͍̦̍ᦅˁఒᖪɌɛ̸ͦ̒˪̘͍̦̍⏃͞Ͳ̫⏆ʦࢸԓ̘̍ ͍̦⏃͞͞⏆ɭ٧ɽʶʳృɛɲᦅˁɦȼʱɞɌɛ⏏ʚɛ͇Ͳ̸˗˙ɻ 2 ɦɴՕɌ⏋˗̝̒ ͞Ͳ̝ɴɤɛ͇˽˗˙̮ (Maswepa)͇Ͳ̸˗˙ɻ̘͍̦̍ˁᐚȿʳɄɭȵɫȷɛȵ⏋̶ˑ ̮͞Ͳ̝ɹүɹဌೠᗳʍውзɌɛˏ˓˵ (Aisa)͇Ͳ̸˗˙ɻ⏋̢͑͌ͩͲˤؾ⏋ക আɴ͇˗Ͳ̝ˁɦȼʳകܩ݀ɹ̜˕Ͳ̫ᦅˁȩʭȩɴɲɤɛWillis 1966⏏ဌೠᗳʍ ውзɇɓʰʶɛϺʃɭɻ⏋Ȧɑʶʢၚ္݀ɴᔼඨ݀ᦅˁʱԂʶʳɄɭɫၚ္ೳɹέˁជ Ȧ⏋ృɛɲᄩޅʍ᧟ਝɌɩȦɤɛ⏏
4
ȅ༹͂̆ͺέςު͈ྚြ
ǵɄɹʭȩɴ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɹ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɭɗɹٞᦇܩݖɞȿˁɭɤɩʛɩʢ⏋ࡸɴ৩ɲܧ ഀᦅȵឿʰʶʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ɄʶʰˁඨᅊɭՕɹკɭȦȩែဣȴʰՕᰖɌɩʛʳɭ⏋ ɗɄɴɻȋ္ȼȍɭȋᔼʰɓʳȍɭȦȩɴʭɤɩךաɫȷʳ 2 ɦɹкᏙȵࡔܧɐʳɄɭȵ Օȴʳ⏏Ʉɹ 2 ɦɹкᏙɻʚɤɛȼႶጓɌɩࡔܧɌɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ȋ̶͌Ͳ̝ˁკɐ ʳȍɭȦȩԊᦲɹ᠗ᡫɹʢɭ⏋ྻ๖ውʱʼʳᅊᏙʍɹ᧟ਝɭɌɩ᧧ିᇕɴьȦՕȿʰʶɩ ৢ૯!7ȁ೩࿐ႅ͈ႅͅै̹ͣͦζ;ϋΡȪΣλθχϋ΄ȫȦʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋Ʉʶʰɹɴɻؘكɹȵȡʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋കȴʰᗳܩʍɹɴɻ ϺဤȵᬠήɌ⏋Υ⏋ᗳܩȵകʍɭɐʳɛʠɴɻᕶးɹ܌ɴʪɞɷɲȿʶɽɲʰɑ⏋ ɗʶəʶɹɴឹɐʳಁᬚɴɻ߂ȷɲेȵȡʳ⏏ ǵStromgard 1989ɻ⏋˸Ͳ̲ˏᨆɴзʞ 3 ɦɹɹ္ᅣᦅᓚˁປᥒɌɩ⏋Ϻؤވ֓ɲ ɰɴɭʢɲȩඨᅊɹȵɗʶəʶɹᦅᓚ˹˽̘͌ˁȼៀࡴɌɩȦʳɄɭˁ୭ɌɩȦʳ⏏ ተȴɴ⏋ຩཧʦອᄩޅˁ᭑ȿɽ⏋ඨᅊʍɹϺဤᇕɲᢦᗼȵᲞʚʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ගകȴʰᗳ ʍ⏋ၚ္݀⏃္ȼ⏆ȴʰᔼඨ݀⏃ᔼʰɓʳ⏆ʍɭȦȩຍ᭥ɹ෯ܒˁயȼɄɭȵɫȷʳɹȴʢɌ ʶɲȦ⏏ʢɠʸ˃⏋ɐʏɩɹᦅȵගകܩय़ɫɻɍʚɤɛɭᓒȭɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ʚɛග കᣱ྇ɹᦅȵɐʏɩɄȩɌɛຍ᭥ˁɛɰʳɭៜɤɩȦʳʼȿɫʢɲȦ⏏ɛɞ⏋ԗᅊɴಁᬚɹ ȴȴʳകɻ⏋ᗳܩɴປʏʳɭϺؤܦɲɰɴࢪɌɩᔫɫȡʱ⏋ගകɭȦȩඨᅊɴȼћࡔɌɛ ᦅɻ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲԒ܍ɴʭɤɩ⏋ɄȩɌɛຍ᭥ˁɛɰʳخᔨਸȵᲞȦʭȩɴਲ਼ȩ⏏̢͑ ͌ͩͲˤɹᦅᓚرɹɲȴɴឿʰʶʳ⏋͊ˠͲ̓Υ๖കɫɹ͌ͩͲ̋ᦅȴʰ⏋Ϡ๖കɫɹͲ̘ ͍ͤᦅ⏋ɗɌɩʼȦਸϠ๖കɫɹ̜˕Ͳ̫ᦅɭȦȩ᧦ɻ⏋ɛ˃ɴᅵɲʳɹᦅȵϯ ᪻ɌɛɭȦȩرᇕɲϟࡸɞȿɴћɐʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋Ϻؤܦʦకፑɴʭʳඨᅊɭɗɹգᅎ০ ɹˁؙɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵΥ⏋ᦅɴɻɗʶəʶ᧟Ɍɛඨᅊȵȡʳʼȿɫ⏋ɗʶɴȡʼɓɩඨᅊȵȭʰʶʳɄɭ ʢȡʳ⏏͇̘Ͳ˳ɻ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡȴʰɹውзͲ˳̢ (Ngoni) ɹѢఓȴʰᦣʶɩਸ਼आɲࣰܩ य़ɴɛɩɄʢʱ⏋ᲞȦϺؤࢌɹɲȴɫͲ˳ͦɭȦȩᮃᏝᇕɲᗳܩХᬘᦅˁተጓɌɛ⏏ɗɹ ⏋ϝȵᯁɌɩ⏋ϺʃɭɻϺؤɹॕᚚɲගകܩय़ʍ࣎зݖˁୟ߂ɌɩȦɤɛȵ⏋৳ʰɻ ɗɄɫʢകˁᗳܩɴȭɲȵʰɄɹᦅˁᐚȿɩȦɤɛ⏏ᕶးʦЦᄩޅɴȡʼɓɩɦȼʱɞ ɇʶɛᦅȵ⏋ᅵɲʳᄩޅάɫʢ؝ȿᐙȵʶʳɄȩɌɛёɻ⏋ᦅȵɛ˃ɴᅊᅋȵࡸ៷ɇʶɛ ɭɌɩᐙମɇʶʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ЦɹΥᨆɭɌɩᐙମɇʶɩȦʳɄɭˁኍɌɩȦʳKato 2001⏏ ǵɄȩɌɛᦅɭЦɹᔭᐉɴɦȦɩ⏋1998ɻ̾Ͳ̫ɹᦅᓚɴȲȿʳȋଯȍɴɻ⏋ ᅊᅋɴᬠʼʳсɭɌɩɹүᯆɭ⏋ܩݖЦɴʭɤɩѝғˁମ᠗ɇʶ⏋̾Ͳ̫Цɭ႒ᣒɹ ᄩɹΥᨆՕɴᏼʛԂʶʰʶɛкᏙɭɌɩɹүᯆȵȡʳɄɭˁᠭɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹៗᨾˁᦅᅊ ɹែဣȴʰลᔨᇕɴȭɩʛʳɭ⏋մᓔɻ͊ˠͲ̓കɫɹᅊᅋˁተѳɌ⏋।ᅊ༎ˁఌȭ ʳɛʠɹଯɫȡʱ⏋ᓔɻᅊᅋਸɹكΫɹᦠິˁଵɌ⏋͊ˠͲ̓കɹੈχᇕɲգᅎɴكȿ ɛዊইɭɌɩӈȼଯɲɹɫȡʳ⏋ɭៜȩɄɭȵɫȷʳɞʸȩ⏏ᦅȵЦʦయɭȦȩങᏼ ʛɹɲȴɫᐙମɇʶɩȦȼᔘಕɴɻ⏋ٞᦇᄩޅȵѳɛʶɩȦʳɭȦȩմரȵȡʳʼȿɞȵ⏋Ʉ ȩɌɛዊইɭᅊᅋ༎֪ɭɌɩɹଯȵᦹொɌɩɻɍʠɩᦅȵ୫ᐚਸˁЊय़ɐʳɄɭɴɲʳ ɹɫȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ᦅɴɻ⏋ɗʶȵඨᅊˁȭɩɌʚȩɄɭɻȡʳɴɌɩʢ⏋ɗɹᦅ ɴਖឹɲඨᅊˁᐣ୫ɐʳЦᇕล෯ȵԒܧɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ඨᅊɹգᅎɭԗᅊɹ̫͞Ͳ˽ȵ
ᬏೝɴʼɛɤɩѳɛʶʳɄɭɫ⏋ᦅɴɻȋܧഀȍɭȦȩಁᬚᇕឹᏬȵЊήɇʶɩȦȼɹɫȡ ʳ⏏ ǵೣഀ⏋ܧഀᦅɻ୫ᐚਸˁɐʳʢɹɫȡʳɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹܧഀᦅɻ⏋ඨ ᅊɴȼћࡔɌɩȦʳɭȦȩჿᅓȴʰ⏋ȋᄩޅቑޙɹӯՌȍɲɰɭȦȩູؿˁȷɓʰʶɩȷɛ Kjekshus 1996; Kikula 1997⏏ࡸ᭬⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɫɻගകȵਸ਼ᦵɴཝࢹɌɩȦʳʭȩɫȡʳȵ⏋ ɗʶɻܧഀᦅɹ˹˽̘͌ᕶкɴکᰍȵȡʳɭȦȩʭʱɻ⏋ᏪϝʦకВɲɰɴʭʳЦᇕը ܦ⏋Ϻؤܦ⏋ᢪॳᐁཕɹ༡ᦩɭɗʶɴɭʢɲȩзɹѝғ៎ɹɲɰɴʭɤɩ⏋ඨᅊɹգᅎ ɭԗᅊɹ̫͞Ͳ˽ȵगʶɻɍʠɩȷɛɄɭɴᣱ܍ɐʳʭȩɴਲ਼ȩ⏏ɗɹࢪፑɭɌɩɐɐʠʰʶ ɩȷɛɹȵᦅɹᦏБɫȡʳȵ⏋ɻɍʠɴʢᦚʏɛʭȩɴ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɫɻܧഀᦅȵᦏБ ᦅɴݸʱ್ȭʰʶʳɭȦȩࣙᬖɴɻɲɤɩȦɲȦ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋ܕࢃᢧకʦភᮊɲᅊᏙɭȦȩ کᰍʢɇʳɄɭɲȵʰ⏋ܧഀᦅȵܩݖɹЦʦయɭȼᐄʃɦȦɩȦʳɄɭʢᬠѥɌɩȦ ʳɹɞʸȩ⏏ ǵЦᇕɲֳɹɴɭʢɲɤɩ⏋ܧഀᦅȵ୫ᐚਸˁ๕ȦɩȷɩȦʳɹʢϟࡸɫȡʳ⏏ਸ਼ ᦵɲЦ⏋ᐁཕɹʦϺؤܦɹᲞʚʱɲɰɴʭɤɩ⏋ගകඨᅊȵέخᦥᇕɴʼʸȩɭɌɩ Ȧʳɲȴɫ⏋ᦏБᦅˁಔؖɌɩᰩᏒɹᅊᅋਸˁᲞʠʳΥɫ⏋ගകѳᡸךˁȿɩ⏋കˁᓚ ܩȴʰՕᮐɌʭȩɭɐʳፑɴɻʢɻʦᭉᅠȵȷɩȦʳ⏏ʞɌʸ⏋ϺɻകˁգᅎɌɲȵʰѳԃ ɌɩȦȼɭȦȩయᔭɹɲȴɫ⏋ܧഀᦅɴԒ׃ɇʶʳᄩޅѳԃɹឹᏬˁৄȷՏɌɦɦ⏋ᅊᅋਸ ɹᲞȦᦏБᦅȵɰɹʭȩɴᢨɫȷʳȴˁዩෑᇕɴද២ɌɩȦȼʏȷɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏ ǵ ֨ȁဥȁȁࡃ
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