霧島・御鉢火山の噴火史
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(2). . ,**0 . ,/ ,**0 +, 0 . Eruptive History of Ohachi Volcano, Kirishima Volcano Group, Southern Kyushu, Japan Masaaki TSUTSUI῍, Mitsuru OKUNO῍῍ and Tetsuo KOBAYASHI῍῍῍ The Kirishima Volcano Group is composed of many Quaternary volcanoes occupying an area about 0** km,. Ohachi Volcano is a small, active stratovolcano situated at the southeastern part of the Kirishima Volcano Group. It has a considerably large crater compared to the size of its volcanic edifice, with thick agglutinates that crop out on the wall of the crater. We studied the eruptive history of Ohachi Volcano by tephrochronological method, and recognized +/ tephra deposits around the volcano. Geological and archeological data and documentary records of eruption indicate that the oldest tephra from the Ohachi Volcano is the Araso tephra (AsT) erupted in ca. AD 1**. All other tephra deposits were erupted in historic time such as Katazoe tephra (KzT) in AD 122, Miyasugi tephra (MsT) in ca. AD +***, Takaharu tephra (ThT) in AD +,-/, and Takachihogawara tephra +-++ (TgT-+ to TgT-++) in the period of AD +,/*-+1**. Thus, the Ohachi is a very young volcano at +-** years old. We recognized two types of magmatic eruption : sub-plinian and vulcanian. Lava emission took place at least four times in association with sub-plinian eruptions. Among these eruptions, ThT is the most voluminous, and a pyroclastic flow was also generated. The total volume of erupted magma (volcanic edifice included) was calculated to be about ,./+*2 m- (DRE). Eruption rate was not constant throughout the eruptive history of Ohachi volcano, that is, the eruptive history is conveniently divided into three stages by the eruption rate : the early stage from AD 1** to +,-/ (ca. /.* years), the middle stage from AD +,-0 to +1+1 (.2* years), and the late stage from AD +1+2 up to present (,3* years). This indicates that more than 2*ῌ of the total amount of magma was produced in the early stage, while the remaining ,*ῌ of magma was erupted in the middle stage. Although there are many recorded eruptions during the late stage, it is di$cult to find any tephra deposits around the Ohachi Volcano, which suggests that the scale of volcanic eruption is progressively diminishing through time. The volcanic edifice of Ohachi is composed mainly of succession of thick tephra layers, some of them changed to agglutinates. Correlation of the proximal deposits to the distal tephra suggests that the volcanic edifice had grown mainly during the two eruptive stages of KzT and ThT, which are comparatively large-scale sub-plinian eruptions (order of +*1 m- to +*0 m- ). Hence, the most important process in generating agglutinates is rapid accumulation of voluminous tephra around the crater which are generated during sub-plinian eruptions. Key words : Ohachi volcano, Kirishima volcano group, eruptive history, sub-plinian eruption, agglutinate. 0123. =>. A. +ῌ ῐ ῎ ῑ ῏. /%456789:+;<2 "?@BC45 DE. !" +,.,/ m #$%&'()*+,-.. +322 7F:GHIJ.45KL.M "?@BC45 . N--+῍20-2 OP=3QRST
(3) U ,῍,1,῍VWXYZ[\]^_`a^bcddef^ag DIA Consultant Co., Ltd., Sabo and Disaster Prevention Center, ,῍,1,῍- Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama --+῍20-2, Japan.. N2+.῍*+2* hiQj8Skl 2῍+3῍+ himnn:opqrnr Department of Earth System Science, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, 2῍+3῍+ Nanakuma, Jonan-ku,. Fukuoka 2+.῍*+2*, Japan.. N23*῍**0/ #$%Qst +-,+--/ #$%mnn:opu*rnr Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kagoshima University, +῍,+῍-/ Korimoto, Kagoshima 23*῍**0/, Japan.. . Corresponding author : Masaaki Tsutsui e-mail : [email protected].
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(180) k Ui. (I , ;³ªfi-(>9:. -(>9: OP q:fg. # /WM´%2 3®¯de# WM. h,i;2 k> . V. Ed-M. ;U / m ST(µ q:f2 .
(181) ¸¹º Y¶ »
(182) . 13. P)v<RS
(183) Ed-M /0. -ῌ- (Ed-U). 1 23N ) Ed-M Ed-U . (Ed-U , !. JD'b (TgL ; Fig.+,) mne. " # $ Ed-U $%&'( ) *+ +/,* m ,-). Ed-M /01. . . . 234 56"789:; .<. .ῌ+
(184) . Ed-U =>? @A1BCDEF).G<<H IJ.
(185) KLM Ed-L Ed-M [\. &'(KLMNOPQ <RS
(186) Ed-U T. Ed-U T $VDb ¡¢U£¤#. UVWX YZ[\ Y] ^_`a bc d.
(187) ¥ ¦ Y§c¨KLM (KzT) 7©KLM. eWX YZ[\ Y]f =>3 gU. (ThT) [\7 8 9 « © KLM (TgT) @Q . ^_`a - h ijkl YZmno34. (Fig. +-) D4 ®¯Ym|{$ Ed-L Ed-M [. . pqrst u)v. \ Ed-U °±m²3 ±m³H. wx Ed-U Ed-M+Ed-M. yz{. #<¦S. <# . ª. <#. N ¬
(188). Ed-M #
(189) ´. |}m~ppqrst) + ,. m ,-. .ῌ+ῌ+ (Ed-M). ). 5 +- m Na tDG. Ed-M Ed-M+Ed-M. . uQ µ ±. 4 ).ND DY. D^_`a¶ VG@A1·? F{Q <. Fig. +-. Correlation of the proximal to distal tephra layers of Ohachi volcano. Ed-L (Lower unit) corresponds to KzT, Ed-M (Middle unit) to ThT, and Ed-U (Upper unit) to TgT, respectively. Ed-M+ to Ed-M. correspond to ThT-a to ThT-d..
(190) pq º»r ¼º7fst. 14. Ed-M,
(191)
(192) . ^!0 345D8<:(/.g7;
(193) k! .ῌ, . ThT
(194)
(195) ThT-b
(196)
(197)
(198). Fig. +. 34G xyz-. e{ :. ! ThT-b "#$ Ed-M, %. H | : U}~bf . &"'%() * +, . ef NOH" ef SiO, wtῌ" .῍+ >8. -.
(199) /0 1 Ed-M + ThT-a 2. .3_`abIJ 0' MsS % SnL B. Ed-M- % Ed-M. 1 Ed-M. 345. &3_`abKL
(200) @
(201) . / m %
(202)
(203) 678 3459$. 2M%34G _`abI HK. - -0!:! .; Ed-M-.
(204) HNO B HK . ThT-c 8< :=3459$. HP%1KL()QR8< % m. Ed-M. ThT 3>8<. . KL"S?0!. %
(205) )( ThT-a?ThT-c 1. ; ThS-d %@A. T2 AsT () MsT ( SiO,
(206) U-0! (/*/2 wtῌ) ]. TgT-+ (. .ῌ+ῌ, Ed-U). ) TgT-3?TgT-++ (0 1n SiO, wt. .῍+῍+ '-.B Ed-M %-0 ThT . ῌVJx
(207) (/-0* wtῌ) .G ThT W. C<DE Ed-U TgT-+?TgT-++ !F<. 3
(208) 2 ThT-a (). (8<%:. ThT-d (0 SiO, wtῌ
(209) U-0! (/,// wtῌ). ? ! Ed-U Ed-M 1-0!
(210) ! CG7
(211) :H" (TgL) "IJ TgL " # $ % 1 K L ( ) ?. ! Ed-U . TgT-, . &! Ed-U 1'(3MNO3) P*
(212) +,- TgT-+ %. <)X Y3Z
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(215) ¤ A¥"d/0. -* cm W
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(217) f %(;() Walker (+31-) B§¡T`. . TU TgT-.b ]. TgT-.a 1RST. t3- KzS MsS ThT TgT-, NO TgT-. U Y?Z[\ , 4!3MB/0 -. .b
(218) @ := H" !. ^_`abc8< C1% - ^. F<§¡T`t3_/0"m-0!. _`ab"d^%!() TgT-, . ] , ¡ ¤`M?£ab+c¨!. 1'(3MNO3) TgT-/?TgT-++ !. '(3M():X A¥"d.F Y".. F<( e- 56f g7 .h- . ©no ©ªv +3// dW«e e7. 1 TgT-+ %i-P*8- #j -?/ cm. f +320bf u +3.3 dW¬ghi3 ej +33+f. Wi2 :H9":#J() TgT-3?. Z >8<0!7
(219) : ®. TgT-++ 8<g7;
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(223) m=. l:% MsS TgT-. TgT-/ NO TgT-2 . @%rA<s Ed-L KzS 8<. +^. := AsT NO MsS TgT-, NO TgT-.b %3B. i2
(224) . : KzS u ThT. : ³´µ3¸n
(225) +^ :!.; !. t m=uvw
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(228) %-0 D8<(/.. 0 345 / m W-(: AsT % MsS . ¹.
(229) º»lmR¼]R`. 15. Fig. +.. Variation of Whole-rock SiO, content of the erupted material on the crater wall of Ohachi volcano and distal area. Br : breccia. Date of CrL are taken from Shinno (+300).. .ῌ. ΐ῏῍ῒῑ. +33, ; }~ +322 ; +321 ; . (+32/) +.C
(230) . +32/ 7'( MM ThT Z* 3+* . +331 ; +33, ; !"#$.
(231) M +330 ; ῌ +331' ). %& +332 ; Okuno et al. +332'( )*+ ,-.. +o
(232) 52( wx Okuno et al. (+332). /012 +.C 34ῒ / Table - +56( 78 ῒ. <+w2f7 +.C [\/M ]Rb. C =ῒ >&%#?@. b/dῐM21 KzT ]R / 122 sῒ. 9 : ; <. +.. tuv. INTCAL32 (Stuiver et al., +332) +ABCD$EF&. 1' ThT ]R / +,-/ . %GHIJK Oxcal ver. -.+* (Bronk Ramsey, +33/ ;. OP (+331) < lmrr+6ῌQ ,. ῒ P' B^\M2(. ,**+) /L῍M2( N2 OP (+331) < ῌQ῎BRS. KjL B JdL + ' +oW῏X!YZ/[\M. ῎TUVW῏X!YZ/[\M ]R /^\M. KjL B JdL
(233) KzT B ThT +¡¢)B/5. 2( )*[\_.+ΐ`a ]Rbcdef. M2( ,£*2 KjL ¤¥!¦§¨ +.C . 7gh/ijk lm]R /dn6(. (Table -) A Okuno et al.(+332) ©ªyzB«¬f. .ῌ.ῌ+. AsTῌ KzT ῐ῎ ThT. KzT 34 ThT +o< +. C
(234) . ( ThT +o< pO (+3/1)
(235) ]R 1tuv. i( )*)B* KzT B ThT ]R < ®¯°+ rῒ 122 sῒ 1' 34 +,-/ ῒP' B±²Mῑi³(. b+q*M rῒ 122 s ῒ 1' ]RB^\M w. ´Z AsT <£*72µ KzT. xyz-.A)d1/{|M2 +33. ;. MsT 34 ThT ¶·¸¹/AB+ ·¸T.
(236) *¸¹+º6 »º¼,-.. 16 Table -.. Radiocarbon dates for the erupted material of Ohachi volcano.. ?SE.
(237) AsT . ghijklhi MsT C-O? 3 89m. KzT /*,** . no"S4 5 0^_`pAqrs]\ +332 ;. ! AsT "#. abctuvwx ,**-1 MsT /yz:{. KzT +** $. %&'( 1** ) *+ .ῌ.ῌ,. . ( 30* #)|
(238) } 0~1 { +5. /. ( +++, 0 -1 ++01 0 ,1 ++2-. MsT. +5. MsT ,-./ KzT 0122 1 ThT 0+,-/ 1 /. 0 ,1 { EG' |
(239) } {. 234 5 6 (,**,) Okuno et al. (+332) +.C. ~/:7+ /> 5> . # 7 / MsT. +* 89:
(240) ;. C % O ~. < (+331) MsT =/ " SnL />5 (. =/& :. 2**+*** )
(241) ?4 C #. 3 ( +++, 0 -1 / 0 . MsT @A
(242) ( +***+,** SnL BC. !¡1 ++01 0 ,1 /( ¢ ¡ 0^_`a. @A
(243) ( 2**+*** # D EFG. bc£¤"1 ¥¦{S4 5§47:¨O? /. +.. . " 5 DS4 5. G5. L 3e. S5 G . / MsT /H%# IJK?>L =/. 0 km #©/-ª% (Fig. +) E O? «.¬$. M 55 (Table -) E4 .ῌ- ND FG. L:® E
(244) ¯L ® 5§47. / MsT OP QRS4 TUV. :!°% {7±&²'³7. E HW%XG. ( 5 &´ !:{µS4 55z. O. eX&?. *YZ.[\] ^_`abcdbf. ²7 E ¶ ·) MsT :# .
(245) ./¼t#$% $h Table ... 17. The estimated eruption age of Takachihogawara tephra (TgT-+ to TgT-++)..
(246)
(247) 3**++** . .ῌ/ . +*** . t# uvL .wUVW %v $xy. .ῌ.ῌ-. $x$KL]^%z$ . {< | -w. TgT-+TgT-++. TgT-+TgT-++ ThT +,-/ Sm-KP. M&}~: ' (UVW $). +1+0+1+1 ! ". 5 Fierstein and Nathenson (+33,) u[ . #$%&' () ! * . <: ' (CAUVW (TgT-.. +//. ,- -./01 $' 23 . a) u* *./+*0 m- 2b: :~ '. $/45617 ,* /8
(248) 93). ( CAUVW (TgT-/TgT-1 TgT-3. ! : ;4 <4< 5 TgT-+TgT-++. TgT-++) u* *+ *./+*0 m- H<: %. !+,+. => ?@ A BC<!
(249) 3 .ῌ0 DE. v! g ! + KzT ThT $. F $'45GH). ST) %,UVW45GH) - $-. $AIJKL. UVW KL<! 45 $% ./%. AM 1NO<! : TgT-+TgT-++ PCA $ 2. B +/+*,*** +32/ ,/ m 8[ %. QR<!ST) :UVW23 XYUVWZ. v ) ,/m 0 b!T). [H< 5. <!}~: $x$KL%z$ g ! 12. : +. C Z\. 7 TgT-, ]^ TgL $Z +-/* GH. ! . L 3[!u<:. -_ Z\ `<! 772. : :~ DRE (dense rock equivalent) v. 3 aZ[H 4b: c. L[}~ Table / ~: 44 $%. def TgT-+TgT-++ $Z g ! . [ +./ g/cm- ¡¢£[ *.2 g/cm- $x$KL[. h'iUVW ]^jk[ < Table . . +.* g/cm- $xy[ +., g/cm- %z$[ ,./ g/cm- . M GH<:. H<: UVW $x$[¤¥ 5 +.,+*2 m- $x. ;l TgT-+ mn C Z\ (10*o3* BP ;. y5 *.3+*2 m- %z$5 *./+*2 m- 3 ¦. Okuno et al, +332) pq45 +,/*+-/* . u*5 ,./+*2 m- ;l¦ u* 2 §-. TgT-, . UVW<! u<: . +.. +.. C Z\ (/-*o.* BP) ]^ =". TgL +.C Z\ (/,*o.* BP) 45 +-/* G. .ῌ0
(250) . H<:
(251) 5 $ N $'#. $)=>6¨[ ©ª¢«¬. ! TgT-- +.C Z\ (03*o.* BP) . $[v<:& (AsTKzTThT) 45 ?@ A. pq45 +-/*+0/* TgT-. p. [BC<gg ®¯°± $[v<:&. q45 +.C Z\ (,,*o.* BP) [r < +0/* . (TgT-+TgT-++) ²³´<! : TgT-+ 45. ). GH<: TgT-/TgT-++ $Z TgT-1. TgT-++ 4!7 7µ[ST. TgT-2 ]^ TgT-3 g ! +.C Z\[: *!. ®¯°± $ (TgT-+ TgT--) ¶CA©ª¢«¬. "s\723 pq45P 42. $ (TgT-, TgT-.) ·¸ TgT-. +0/*+1** GH<:. / -. ®¯°± $7¹8º9$%¶z. : ;4 »; $ TgT-/TgT-1 ¶.
(252) YTZ»: ¼Z ;<=. 18 Table /.. Volume (DRE) of erupted material of each eruption of Ohachi volcano. Eruption age is also shown.. TgT-3TgT-++
(253) . 1** ! "# +,-** $
(254). 4 3 >H65 zj5] z*e+, -.7M # X Vh@, / > #. %&'(# ,.*)+* m /ky (Fig. +/) *. z*#qr/Fc *0 !pVh. + , +*1 +*0 m- -./. (KzT. e, KzS #\M^ +/* m Vh. ThT) *0 +*0+*/ m- -./. (TgT-+TgT-.) +*/. A 0145}7* L@ ThT. m -./. (TgT-/TgT-++) 123 45. *0^ 2* m Vh A TgT. 2. -. -. 678 AsT *0 ThT "#9:*0;< /.* . ^_,F O2 b#P. $ = 3 >?@ ABCD 2 > E. F g z{ ,* m # 45. 3 >?@ F TgT-+ ?G 11* $. FP4 z*36 -S+ . HIJK
(255) A *..)+*2 m-/ky HL. . KzS ThT # }M0 , ¡. M?N A ..*)+*2 m-/ky O4 +/+* P45. P4!p¢£4¤Vhb\MF5. Q RSTU F V. ] ¥¦6 E§¨©ª« qr¬®. #BCD W#X5 AYZ[ ,**/ F. BCD 5¯MH #Vhi H°#. P4 L \0 455]. F~ z±5"}#X¯ Vh@ 1. .ῌ1 ῍῏ῌ῎ῐ. 6¢²³7455. ^_`.a bc Fig. +0 d6 !. SX. # z±5I. efM45^_ g. BCD´ 8,xµ¶©·¸.¹!. j54 Vk"l m#$V A n + /. F µ¶©·¸.¹bF ThT-a ThT-b ThT-c. +*,*** +32/o H !p ! ]45^_. +*1+*0 m- -./.# º µ¶©. Vhi. %gqr&gVhi st u0*vw#. ·¸.¹b455 MsS qr TgT-.b . '^wxr(yF ^ g z{# . +*/ m- -./.# Q TgT-, H +*/ m- -.. z)*0 ,/* m # z) -* m e ^_. /.*I z{ g# 9x#. Vhi |p45 }F~ Vh^. z{& g#µ¶©·¸.¹P45 TgT-.
(256) 01;<4;. 19. Fig. +/. Cumulative magma volume (DRE) versus calibrated age of each eruption of Ohachi volcano. Light : tepura, upper middle : volcanic edifice, lower middle : lava and left : total erupted material.. Fig.+0.. Cross section of the Ohachi volcano.. ,
(257) (TgL) . op45qrst (Fig. +1) uX/( .bc. !"#$%&'( )*. d v"@mg ThT-c /MwxMOy TgL X. +$ ; Bacon +32-,- ./( 01% +*0 m- 23. % VWLbcdz{| }L ~"N- .. 456789:4; <=>?@ABCD. /("cd ;< )B. E(F%GH"IJKLMNE-. < ,**., #$/( 4;m5. "O PQ3 (+322) 01RS<=TU VWX. "wxm? dACxE;%LL. E ;YZ[\] +,+** m ^_ %`aXEbcd . \x }XE }L;q . eNM ;Y[\5LfghLN )01. /MCxE.m%dACxE- KzS. ῌ ; TgL ij, klmnF- L[L01;Y. 4;%gRS< KjL 5LMOy .4;.
(258) t $»¼T ¨»<©ª. 20. TgT-+ @U3 11* Z&<];) ^.=
(259) +/+* >*_?,
(260) Sm-KP `+1+0E+1+1 A @U
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(262) 234 % g*! 0*"C, \234,&
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(264) 5 D 1)1
(265) 1,&i*Rc11@jc
(266) 8Ek "C lF,) .A ']; ThT
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(268) ThT-b CD ThT-c 2 234 Fig. +1. Distribution of tephra and lava deposits around Ohachi crater.. % g*
(269) 9QgmXLnoJp ", mXLnoJp
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(271) 8Ek"C GH)IY ?, .
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(297).
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(299) )*O +# & 5
(300). sMs ® Maria Hannah Mirabueno Q
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(304) 0 P1! CrL / :&'F 5. E °±a ²)³ ,.
(305) 9Q KjL KzS
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(310) [. !5
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(315) ¡" / ¢ JKLsk£. #S 2 Y@8234 , <
(316) AsT. ¤¥fz 9/|£ ¹&
(317) . 1 ThT <'93 /.* Z
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(319) [\]; ",. .
(320) [>&U ῌ ῏ ῎ ῍ Bacon, C. R. (+32-) Eruptive history of Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Caldera, Cascade Range, U.S.A J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., +2, /1ῌ++/ Bronk Ramsey C. (+33/) Radiocarbon calibration and analysis of stratigraphy : The OxCal program Radiocarbon, -1, .,/ῌ.-* Bronk Ramsey C. (,**+) Development of the radiocarbon program OxCal Radiocarbon, .-, -//ῌ-0-
(321) (+303)
(322) +-ῌ-* Fierstein, J. and Nathenson, M. (+33,) Another look at the calculation of fallout tephra volumes Bull. Volcanol., /., +/0ῌ+01 (+330) !"#$%&'() *+% ,-./"012 (῍) .2ῌ/3 34 (+3.2) 56! 0789 :;<=> +-, ,/+ῌ,/3 ? !@ (+33+) "#$%AB ,** C& '()%D&E*F+,G% 0H 31, 20/ῌ202 Imura, R. (+33,) Eruptive history of Kirishima volcano during the past ,,,*** years Geogr. Rep. Tokyo Metropol. Univ., ,1, 1-ῌ23 ? !@ (+33.) 0 - . 03, +23-,*3 ? !@/0 (+33+) I12JAB -** C&E* -0, +-/ῌ+.2 ? !@/0 (,**+) 03 / 4 + 03 ++ 0
(323) K ? !@,L5M (+33,) NO6PQ7 +. C 8 -1 33ῌ+*, ?RS 9 (+322) IT:;<&E *U V 2-, ,0ῌ.+ Inoue, K. (+33-) Across-arc minerelogical and variations in Kirishima Volcano Group and its implication in the genesis of the volcanism of the Ryukyu arc (ῌ) Sci. Hiroshima Univ., C., 3, 1-/ῌ132 /0 (+313) NW=XQYZ ,., +20 /0 (+32.) [>Q\ ]?^@ AB _ AB.= `.aC = +**ῌ+*+ /0 (+320a) b_DU!Q7 EFcd Ge fgHI 1h i&Jjk KLM7 Q7 H0!fgl +-1ῌ+0- /0 (+320b) bNO&m9_Dno p qr.d sPtuv HI w +, +ῌ+, Kobayashi, T. and Kagiyama, T. (+322) Kirishima Volcano Guide book of post-conference scientific excursions, Kagoshima International Conference on Volcanoes Volcanol. Soc. Japan +ῌ++ Kobayashi, T., Aramaki, S., Watanabe, T. and Kamada,. 21. M. (+32+) Kirishima Volcano In IAVCEI symposium filde excursion guide to Sakurajima, Kirishima and Aso Volcanoes Volcanol. Soc. Japan +2ῌ-, ῌQxR (+331) !y,z) {| } +3, ,*2ῌ,+. ~ST (+331) , .UV[> &a) 8 , .UVW8pE*U X `Y.Zf K[ = 3Sῌ. `Y.Zf K ,-ῌ,2 \] (+30/) ^T _Q .`F . +, ,+ῌ-+ abEtuv (+332) czd a bEtuve
(324) ++ ,/,p +f,g (,**.) hi J I&U .H> ++-, -.3ῌ-2, ? @j (+321) IE*klU% &m! 8no% p q --, +13ῌ +22 D% r (+300) _s Tephra s . 00, +/ῌ-- tu (+3,,) 0
(325) E -fvZ
(326) = 30 +ῌ/2 w (+32/) I&a)!exU -*, -+/ ¡y ¢ (,**, z£AB{ - 4 C 8.U s .+, ,,/ῌ,-0 Okuno, M., Nakamura, T. and Kobayashi, T. (+332) AMS +. C dating of historic eruptions of the Kirishima, Sakurajima and Kaimondake volcanoes, southern Kyushu, Japan Radiocarbon, .*, 2,/ῌ2-, |}¤ (+3+2) & AB&¥ S -f vZ
(327) = 20, +11ῌ+3* ~ ¦$§~? (+3/1) / 4 + 03 i l ¨O 0
(328) K /2p y (+300) .U V /0, /0ῌ 1. (+331) !©_D U U ª,8 + --ῌ11 Stuiver, M., Reimer, P. J., Bard, E., Beck, J.W., Burr, G.S., Hughen, K.A., Kromer, B., McCormac, F.G., van der Plicht, J. and Spurk, M. (+332) INTCAL 32 radiocarbon age calibration ,.,***-*cal BP Radiocarbon, .*, +*.+ῌ +*2- T«¬= (,**-) Lzd%,8z®z) %¯y °±²³2JjabEe
(329) (+)% TE
(330) +*, +/2p ?´/0 (,**/) [> NW ,**- +, {*+&E*!µ¶ 8E* /*, .1/ῌ.23 ·¸¹ º»
(331) (+33.) F¼®9 (+) - . 03, ,.+ῌ,// Walker, G.P.L. (+31-) Explosive volcanic eruptions -a new classification scheme Geol. Rundsch., 0,, .-+ῌ..0 ¸.
(332)
図
+2
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