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ON A FEW CLIQUE−GRAPH EQUATIONS

Iwao SATO (Received  Nbvember 10, 1978〕      Abstract      We shall give the solutions of graph equations C rL rG))_C」C(MrG〃=G and cr夕rGノ)=G.       1 Definitions      AIl graphs which we treat in the paper are finite mdirected without nrultipule edges a皿d loops・ We denote by VrGノ。ErG) the vertex set and the edge set of a graph G」 respectively. 〃rO/ ofσ is an intersection graph St(F/3where 匹{{・}1・∈γrω}U醐・Definiti・ns・・t・presented・here, may b・f・md血[3].       2Theorems      th・・r㎝1th…Z・ti・n 9・qph G・f・9・uph・〈櫛鋤c伍rG〃−G i・the・鳩 graphs whi・h・atisfy f・ Z Z・・7ing』θθ・・nditi・η8ω。r2ノαnd r3方      ωne deσree・了⑳ery ve?tex・了G isαカZeast tU。.      「2/be・iY P・ir・かω・励・ηgZθ8・アσ・is e・ig・臨ゴ・仇力.      「3/Ev・rg tni・ngZ・・f G ha・e・a・tZy…vertec・f d・ev・・鋤.      f「・。f〔・→SupP・se thatθis a g・aph satisfying th・three c。nditi。n,. Ifσh・・n・t any t・i鋤91・, th・n the eq・・ti・・CrLrG))−G bec㎝・・0・rG).G. ,ince in thi・ca・e L俳・rの・Acc・・di・gly,・(L‘σ〃=G h・1d・if飢d・nly if・v。ry ve「tex・f C i・・fd・g・ee at least t・。 by(【1],S・t・4). W・m・y・・n・ider i。 th。 f°11。・i㎎・ca・e wh・nσ・・nt・ins t・iang1・・. C…truct th・1i・・g・aph.LrGノ。f σ・

アen the「e c°「「es恥t。・v・ry・・i孤・…」rゴ・・・・・…随・一・ry

ve

Ftlcesり声・…・s) excePt f・r v・・tice・・」rゴ……・・)・f d・gree加・・n・h・

鵬e。1「1瀞跳;ll・熾蹴さ;・。ll:1嘘elllse竺1N認1認aa「e

mapPil19 φ of VrG) onto VrC(L rGノ)) as follows:

恥羅i;i篇蕊illl:欝i;:d:蕊;膓’一・1・

     (・〕th・ma即ingφi・abij・cti・n・f VrGノ・nt。 VrOrLrσノ〃.

1鷲・ご惣2二1㌶ぷ跳罐。㌔

31

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32 1..SATO .1      adj acent in o rz}rσノ).      (・)L・tb・th’∂k・・〆k・ゴ」・・…・・ノb…tvertices°f deg・ee tw°°f t「i孤91es

聯蹴ム,a霊慧’nG⇔X晒侮ソ͡ 〉φ「桝d

Fr㎝(α〕,(β〕and(Y〕,we know thatφis an iscmK)rphisin of G o直toσr乙rG〃. Therefore, the graphσ satisfying three conditions (1), 〔2〕 al且 〔3〕’satisfies the equation C CLCG)▲−C・.   、      ←〉) Let G sa土isfy the equation OrZ}CG)ノ=G and conaition (2),except・for (1) or (3〕. If all vertices of a triangle of G have degrees greater than ltwo, th・・1@we h・v・0.r五rG〃−G⊃K4(Fig・1)・Tl・i・c。就radi・t・t・.(2)・}le・ce・at m°st σ        、       、    @  @  @  @  @  @  @\    @  @  @  @ 

_、一

         、    ●

9,−⑪‘A’.一

       /   一    @  @  @  @  @ 

hか

  

@ 

@ 

@ 

@ 

@ 

@ 

@.

^

G

℃ げ O‘ L(G) 、

b

C(T(G))        (Fi・9.1) two vertices of evefy triangle are of degree・greater than two・ Then, a cliqUO 1ζof 1}(G) ’is one of the following(c.f.[4]〕:       .      (・)K−Lr・、,ρr。ノ==K,r。ノ・砲・・e eith…醐G”is°n a t「i㎎1e鋤ρf∂ノ      華..・rびis・n n・tri孤91e飢dρω≧2・      〔2〕醐・ゴ)’「ゴー1・…・・)・油・re『{ち・…・T.}is a set°f t「iangles°f G・’ Now, we consider the follσwipg mappヰ㎎ψfr㎝V(C(LでG川toγrω:

     ‡f醐ち。ρωノ・κρω』th㎝ψω⇒・ ’ ..

     if X≒Z}r㌘J r右2⊃...3r)5 thenψ(K)_.v, where∂ is a vertex of degree七wo of        』9      at麺91e㌘ゴ・ It.is clear that’ψis a inj ecti㎝. Thus, the nmi)er of clique§ of Z}rσノ is at most lγr釧. Consequent1γ, if eitherσhas.avertex of degree』㎝e, or蜘o vertices・of a triangle of G are of degree two, then we obtain an inequality IγrO伍rω.川く1』γ‘ω1. T厄s contradictS the assu叩ti㎝Or砲〃−C.      Next, 1et G do not satisfy the condition (2〕.and contaill an induced sUb− graph K4−x whi・h・。ns.ist・・f加・tri・ngles・h・ving・・n・ve「t朕mC㎝∞n・

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Ktl♪ Ktn

k1 2 k       (Fig.2)      If G satisfies the eqμとtion O(LrG〃=G. then there is a subgraph冴of G

・・d血t血it・1桓・9r・ph・LrH). c・卿1・t・・ubg・、p㎏Xω.〆2㌔f乃㈲㎞。

・・rtex・in・ctm・・舳・each・f t㎞ee d卿1・t・鋤・gra旗・叉ω。・i,b。 th孤itself, ・eSP・・tiV・1y」魂・卿1・t・ ・ubgr・ph、 K「3ノ.K「4) 。f L(E) h。。 a v。rt,)x・in。⑩㎝ ・i・head・・f・K’(’)・nd・K「2ノ,・・SPec・iv・・y(Fig.2). Ac。。。di。g,。 ICrausz’s Theorem,there may be such a graph.     But・these °ccu「s伽・t・i・㎎1es<{vユ・・2・・3}・・く{・、・v4・・5}・・i・五伽血i・h

罐裁篇竺:li。、㌻e。:蒜11霊el。竪ll㌶e:。w纂

・T㎞s・G㎜・t・・砲㎞…bg・・ph K4・Since・CrLrσ〃−C.鋤G・・就・mS・・ub二.

graph K4・G・mu・t・・nt・in crLrK4」ノ〔Fig・3)・          K4      L(K4)      C(L(K4))        (Fig.3) H°weve「・0‘五「K4”c°nt・ins K4・紐d・・C・・武・in・2K4・S血丘1・・1y・σr五rG〃−C :c°ntains 2C「L(K4”=4㌦・C。nt迦ing this p・㏄ess,σb㏄㎝・・飢血・finit・9r・ph, but this is a c㎝tTadiction.}lence, if G does not satisfy condition(2), th㎝θd・es n・t・ati・fy.th・equati・n CrL‘θ〃=G./

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34

1.SATO

    Theor㎝2tZVIe soZution 9i・aph G of graph equαtion c rMrσ〃=σのθthe o殉 gmaPhe whiσh oontainπo’triangZes.     Proof. 1・et G be a gTaph obtained by adding to G new p vertices v撒ri=23

…・《・一垣ges・砲・r・・−1・・釧輌ω一{・、・・・…,}・…n…あi・

is㎝oτphic to丑f(Gノ ([2],Th 1)・ Hence・the equation CθM(G〃=G considered may be rewrittell as O r五r(;+))=G.      〔1)L・tθ・・nt・桓n・t・i飢91・・. Dra疏g th・1in・g・・.ph・Lrめ・fσチ。 ・i㏄・σ・・nt・in・n・t・i孤91・・, in thi・case e・ch・liqy・・f五rめi・th・1in・ graph of the sゆgraph induced by some vertex of G and its neighboエho(K【in G (Fig.4)・

      ? ↑ ↑       ♀ ♀ 9

      ‘     ‘     t       ω’       1    」    1      ∂       1      ‘      ‘ o−一一一 ー←‘1Φ G+ ‘1−10 一一一,r 《》一

6    6

L(G+)(heavy lines) 一◎       儂。b::1:㍑芸&「e)  ・      (Fig.4)

th・・, th・n迦b・f・f・1iqu…f五rめi・equa1 t・17r釧.

    Each vert・)x・f五(めb・1・㎎・t・at m・st tw・cliqu・・〔[3],Tl・ 8.4). lh・

蒜’s㌶鑑。’;,蒜三,lxえt霊。麟(:,監;瀞∫tc;。’n

thi・ca・e, by n・glecti・g・uni・1iq・・1・・rtice・,ガヱb㏄㎝。、 th。叩eratエ㎝・, and then, G is obtained.      (2〕S”pP°se.thatθc°ntains t「iangl…Al1 three v・垣ce・・〆ゴ・vk°f

㌫三e。1;㌶{認>tlil,IC、hceale;:::t°1。:t,li三:.曲「㌘:、篇lll・

rめ〃li.・.・〔〃(G〃−C〔LCめ),‘G./

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     th…㎝.3 th…Z・ti・n 9卿h G・丁θ・鋤・(1・・iti・n crTrG〃−G鯉・殉 ,totaZZy〈iisconneeカed gra穀hs.      Proof・If G is a totally disco皿ected graph, then it is clear that O「a’「G)」−T(・[[heref・・e・1・t G b・an・nt・ivi・1・・m・ct・d・9r・ph, and。x、㎜。 th。 cliques of its tota]:graph.        e3      e e 3 e2={Vl,v3} 2 5 θ5 4 4 り (Fig.5)

1°:fC㌫’:隠:㌫撒篭θ6;{ξ・三:∼{㌫1::1㌶㍑eble:ご

set・f・11 verti・e・砿th th・d・gree n・1ess th・n t・・. N㎝,鴨。。n、id。。 th。 following cliques of T〔G):      ・ 「t)一..・・ゴご…㌔.、1・ゴ;・声・…・卿}・妙・仁・一刎・       z      .      の

、、、。1{讃鑓ゴ壷1θ‘;1〃嶽t∫tl=誌1;1。.

   ・Next・f°・each vert・x%a一ヱ・….1πGノ∪・fσ,・・rre・p・nd t・acli早。 of T rG) as follows:      lf−一:1;㌶:隠ll:::::1:慧::口妾r部Σ1鷺㌘・}・ It is clear甑・t th・t・t・1・㎝b…f・1iques i・〔#〕i・equa1・t・IVC釧. L。t G

::蕊1㌢1㌶蕊1∼;=麟認〃ゴ畿協isa

lV「「・rTrG川L H・nce, G・・n・・t・。…血・・i・ng・es. N。。,,・。t b。th.v.飢d。.

1㌔1麟蹴tG隠蕊ll)lea:。㌘ll,隠蹴多1》

1・H・nce・・㎜・t b・a・tar・K、.。 r塾・・・…,・f・i・・…ess・・h・n・tU・,・h。。

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36

1.$ATO C(・(K、.。〃.・k、..・if・i・equa1・t・・n・・血・・°「T「K・.ヱ!ノr’Thus・it is clea「        it fbllows that there does llot exist any n㎝一 that C(T(C))SG.  FiCorn the above, Crivial com㏄te4 graph whiCh satisfies given graPh e(pati㎝.!     ACknowl寧ユge殴ents     The author thanks Professor T. Hamada and.Prof. 1. Yoshimlra.fbr receiving mudh advice and cc晒nent. [1] 【2] −■﹂︼

34

︻︻

       REFERENCES F.Escalante, Uber iterieτte Clique−Graphen,.Abh. M已th. S㎝一血iv. HambUrg   39, pp.、58−68 (1973〕.      f T.Hamada an l I. Yosh㎞τa,1beaversability and(bnnectivity of Middle   Graph of a Graph;discrete Mathematics, vo1.14, pp. 247−256 (1976): F・Harary,°°Graph Theory・,. Addison−Wesley, Reading, Mass, (1969). S.T. Hedetn工emi and P. J. Slater, Li ne Graph of Triangleless Graphs and   Iterated Clique Graphs,303,”Graph theO. ry and Applications・㌧   SI)ringer−Verlag, BerlinTHeidelberg−New Ybr](.       SCI正小lCE.. UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO, TOKYO, JAPAN

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