The Informal Sector of Cities <b>Characteristics of Local Codes for Street Vendors as Urban Elements and Employment in Makassar</b>

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(1)Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 8, 2021. | 85. The Informal Sector of Cities: Characteristics of Local Codes for Street Vendors as Urban Elements and Employment in Makassar Andi Lolo Sinrang AP* and Junichiro Asano** Abstract Since the economic crisis, the informal business has become one of the most important factors which characterize the urban environment. The informal sector consists up multiple, different job types one of which is street vending. This study examines street vending by comparing and contrasting groups of street vendors. In this analysis, detailed information of the social demographic characteristics, earnings, aspirations, and perceptions of this type of work are used. Data collection was carried out at vendors concentrations in Makassar City which are located in a special area by using quantitative methods based on interviews and questionnaire forms distributed to the street vendors. This study shows that for various functions which are grounded on land-use planning for which street vendors have different local codes for city identity, policymakers should consider these when framing public policies. Accordingly, this paper calls for the need to shed light on these conditions, not only due to their importance for city of Makassar but also due to the potential to transform our understanding. Keywords: Informal sector, characteristics, urban element, street vendors, public space 1.. Introduction The process of economic development in the Makassar region, South Sulawesi, has been able to increase the overall income of society. However, the development process has not been able to completely absorb the existing workforce. This has resulted in some workers not being able to find work in the formal sector and has led to their performing business activities in the urban informal sector, namely street vending. In urban planning and design studies, the strengths and potential of urban informality for creating a livable city have rarely been examined, while street vending is a basic urban informal activity which still plays a significant role in the urban socioeconomics of many countries. Street vending can be found both in developed and especially in developing countries (Schneider et al., 2000). A prime example is the city of Makassar. Street vending provides convenient access for the entire population to obtain inexpensive food and commodities and provides employment for low-income members of society to earn a living (Chen, 2012). The visual characteristics of street vendors in Makassar were found to create images which represent each of the local identities of street culture through the vendors in urban public spaces. Despite many government efforts to eradicate street vending, it remains a thriving * Doctoral Student, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan, andilolosinrang@gmail.com ** Professor, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan, asano@ace.tut.ac.jp. (c) 2021 City Planning Institute of Japan. http://dx.doi.org/10.14398/urpr.8.85.

(2) Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 8, 2021. | 86. phenomenon in many cities because demand exists from large low-income populations (Martinez et. al, 2017). Currently, the role of street vending is to provide not only economic value but also sociocultural values in which sustainability should be maintained as part of diversity to create a sustainable city. For a city to be sustainable, the city must be based on the principles of democracy, which means equality for all groups (Budiharjo, 1999); in this case, it is important to achieve a good balance of spatial use and linkage with informal sectors. As in some other developing countries, the informal sector is an important component of the economy which employs many people and contributes to economic growth and development (Grant and Oteng, 2012). Accordingly, this study attempts to expand the knowledge by examining the phenomena of street vending identities and roles as a reflection of its context and the selling space composed of the vendors’ manifestations. Very few tourisms plan for the informal sector address the needs of these roles and have been viewed as having minor significance in modernizing economies (Timothy and Wall, 1997). By examining the relationship between street vending locations, distributions, and other urban activities, a more comprehensive understanding of how street vendors should be accommodated in the city of Makassar in particular and other cities in general will be obtained. Well-planned and managed street vending can be a part of the city that responds through its identity of informality, temporality, and flexibility to survive diverse pressures in urban contexts. 2.. Overview of types of street vendors in Makassar In this study, the street vendor is considered to be a subset of the category informal traders, which are business that are privately owned and operated. A person who offers goods for sale to the public without having a permanent structure is considered to be a street vendor (Bhowmik, 2005). The development and activities of street vendors in Makassar continue to increase; they grow spontaneously and slowly take or control certain territories through various licensed or unlicensed methods and exhibit diversity in their forms and services. Informal ventures generally operate without legal recognition and are neither registered and enumerated nor officially taxed (Michaud, 1991). The type of vending merchandise is strongly influenced by the activity of surrounding area where the vendors do the business. The existence of street vendors in public places creates an assumption that their activities are not accommodated and that they do not have official business location. The transportation modes of types vary depending on what the vendors are selling, in the traditional trading style they may be mobile from place to place by carrying their wares on pushcarts or tricycle carts to sell on any location they wish. Those selling style has changed and most street vendors often choose to sell by settling in one location such as public space as the most attractive places. Concentrated on one major food category based on the commodity by offering homemade specialties, visible foods can be considered as the trademarks of street vendors. The nature of street vending generally involved the low-income portions of society. Our study found, there are several typologies of street vending in the city which are grouped into sections include activities where can be mobile or temporary on the roadside, sidewalk, front of school or office and some change location. According to the survey, our classification of.

(3) Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 8, 2021. Vending typology. Commodity Selling drinks (soft drink, coffe,.etc).. Mobile with rack. Place to sell: On the park and roadside.. Selling drinks (soft drink, coffe,.etc). Modified motorcycle. Place to sell: Roadside and sidewalk. Selling fried food and cake. Pushcart Mobile vendors. Not setteld in a Place to sell: Roadside single location, and sidewalk, selling/offer to another Selling process food locations (fast food). Food truck Place to sell: Roadside with table and chairs. Selling snacks, boiled peanuts, meatballs, vegetables, fruits. Tricycle cart Place to sell: Roadside.. Mobile with service. Scanned with CamScanner. On ground. Offers service vending, cosplayer, photography, and animal show Place to sell: On the park. Selling clothes, pants, and bags. Place to sell: Front of store/office.. Stall with tenant table. Temporary vendors. categories based on commodities as an approach to distinguish types of street vendors based on visual characteristics and activities that are classified into two different groups (Figure-1), mobile vendors and temporary vendors. Those vendors typically rely on profits from vending as their primary source of household income and work long hours from the same site on a daily basis. A variety of employment statuses can be found among street vendors. Most vendors work independently and are selfemployed, are either with or without employees and operate outside of the governmental system. Our study about the influence of usage alteration to the spatial occupancy of urban areas (2019) exposed that the street vendors will continue to strive and survive in urban areas to earn income. Furthermore, in this case, we focused on street vendors in the tourist area. Among the street vendors that have been grouped, our sample on mobile with rack and mobile with service vendors, as well as on temporary vendors were static temporary with stand and static temporary with pushcart, tables, and chairs which represents the form of vendors in the tourist area. In terms of mobile with rack vendors, a form of activity these type by carrying rack which serving some snacks, soft drinks, coffee and etc., while mobile with service vendors refers to the type of vendor who offers services to customer such as photography, cosplay, and animal shows. Categorized in the form of. | 87. Static temporary with Static operational temporary hours on a with stand single location. Static temporary with pushcart, table, and chair. Kiosk. Selling news paper, soft drink, coffe, snacks, gasoline,.etc Place to sell: Front of school or office with tent and chairs. Selling accessories, toys, grilled meatball, siomay, and cloths. Place to sell: On the park and front of school. Selling processes food and traditional food Place to sell: On the park with tent, table and chairs. Selling cigarette, mobile phone voucher, soft drink, coffe, mineral water, snacks,.etc. Place to sell: Front of office.. Figure-1: Type of street vendors in Makassar city Source: Observation of author.

(4) Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 8, 2021. | 88. mobile with rack and service vendors due to the activity that tends to keep moving from place to place or are not settled in a single location. Behavior patterns of these types, their approaching potential consumers to take advantage. Some of them rotate among two to three regular vending locations and different patterns of urban movement over the course of the day. It is different with static temporary with stand type and static temporary with pushcart, table, and chairs type that only settled in one location with operational hours, used unique form of traditional vending devices of marking territories in public spaces by placing object of business equipment. These charms include with parasols or tents, once the operating hours end, their pack all physical components and return to their home. The local identity is expressed through their physical attributes. The Makassar City Government has issued specific regional regulations for street vending; the regulations are contained in Mayor Regulation Number 44 of 2002 which concerns the designation of those places that can and cannot be used by street vendors. In addition, to follow the law or official accepted rules, vendors comply with the provisions of the government regulations found in Article 13 of Law No. 09 of 1995 and Decree of Major of Makassar No. 20 of 2004 concerning the permanent procedures for controlling vendors; also the Presidential Regulations No. 125 of 2012 must be followed. Some well-known street vending locations are located in Losari Beach, which is a famous public center where some supported facilities are located; it is a famous area for enjoying sunsets, recreation, and as a tourist destination. This location has become a more attractive site for vendors and Losari Beach is a commercial area that is very popular in the city of Makassar. 3.. Method of study The survey consists of various statistical data, interviews, and a questionnaire as well as onsite surveys. Data collected from interviews with street vendors were used to develop an understanding of the state of street vending in Makassar. While focusing on the case of Losari Beach as a public space and tourism area, the major street vending operations in this area were then selected for case studies and to explore their roles and identities in urban scenarios and the context of local codes. The study then outlines the methodologies used to achieve the objectives. We also obtained surveys on costomer/visitor behaviors and their attitudes on street vending and interviews were then conducted to clarify the current state of street vending within the broader context of other shopping activities. During the interviews, questionnaire sheets, photographs, and visual, descriptive, and statistical data were used for both the qualitative and quantitative data analyses described in detail in Section 4 and Section 5. This paper describes our study method as follows: a preliminary survey was first conducted from 30 June to 06 July, 2019 to define the nature of street vending activities in specific contexts for three intervals during the day (Figure-5, Section 4) according to the use of space by street vendors during the weekdays as well as the weekends. Notes, drawings, and photographs were collected on-site to provide related data to provide spatial contexts such as the numbers of street vendors and supporting facilities. Secondary data were obtained for three weeks from 05 August, 2019 to 11 August, 2019 regarding the numbers and activities of vendors, vending device types, vending mobility, and categories of items sold by the street vendors. This information was then.

(5) Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 8, 2021. | 89. Table-1: Number of visitor - Losari beach area. 1. Average Number of Visitors. Time. No. Weekdays. 07.00 - 11.00 Monday - Friday. 2. 450. 14.00 - 18.00. 1470. 18.00 - 21.00. 2730. 21.00 - 24.00. 850. Total Visitor per day on Weekdays Weekends 07.00 - 11.00. 6800 1675. 11.00 - 14.00. 630. 14.00 - 18.00. 2850. 18.00 - 21.00. 3965. 21.00 - 24.00 Total Visitor per day on Saturday Weekends. 2290 11410. 07.00 - 11.00. 5980. Saturday. 3. 1300. 11.00 - 14.00. 11.00 - 14.00. 748. 14.00 - 18.00. 3130. 18.00 - 21.00. 2175. 21.00 - 24.00 Total Visitor per day on Sunday. 1140 13173. Sunday. Source: Survey on 12 August, 2019 – 15 August, 2019. 𝑡 ! . 𝑝. 𝑞 𝑑! n= 1 𝑡 !. 𝑝. 𝑞 1+𝑁, 𝑑! 1,96! . 0,5.0,5 0,05 n= 1 1,96! . 0,5.0,5 , 1+ 11410 0,05! n = 371,64 n = number of required samples N = population size P = percentage occurrence of a state or condition (50%) d = percentage margin of error required (5%) q =1–P t = value corresponding to level of confidence required (95% equal to 1,96) Function; Cochran formula Source: Cochran, Sampling Techniques (1977). mapped together along with the surrounding contexts such as road networks, accessibility, buildings, and land-use characteristics (Figure-4). A survey was conducted from 12 August 2019 to 25 August 2019 to get the number of visitors to Losari Beach, as shown in Table-1. To gather information about customer and visitor experiences and attitudes toward street vendors. Numerous approaches incorporate several different formulas for calculating the appropriate sample size for categorical data. To obtain a representative sampling of customers and visitors, we determine the population taken to calculate the sample size used on the weekend of Saturday. Cochran (1977) provided a formula for determining sample size in survey research (Function; Cochran formula). Therefore, based on the calculations, the number of samples was determined to be 372 respondents. In September and October, 2019, a questionnaire was distributed to 159 street vendors and was used to conduct interviews for gathering information regarding street vendors; questions related to the attitudes, cultural, and local identity of street vending were integrated into the questionnaire. Also, the questionnaire was distributed to 372 respondents who were customers and visitors. The potential respondents were chosen after the purpose of the study was explained. A limitation of the survey was that the respondents had difficulty distinguishing the various forms of commerce. The Likert scale (Solomon, 2006) was used for qualitative questions such as attitudes and consumer satisfaction levels. Afterwards, to define and identify the key issues concerning the problems, a SWOT analysis was performed to assess the possibility for future strategic. The outcomes will further prompt to make improvements..

(6) Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 8, 2021. | 90. 4. Street vendors, social culture, and tourism 4.1 Vending temporal identity The famous street vending spots in Makassar are in Losari Beach, which is one of the main public spaces in the Ujung Pandang subdistricts. The Makassar City Development Map 2010 2030 comprehensive plan shows that Ujung Pandang is a subdistrict which is located in a brown area (Figure-2) which means that it is a high-density commercial and residential zone and is a downtown area for main activities in Makassar (Figure-3). Many street vendors are located in the Losari area from morning to midnight. This location is very popular with locals and tourists use it as a gathering place and for entertainment; it visited at nearly all times in the morning, Figure-2: Makassar City Development Map 2010 – 2030 evening, and night. Source: Regional Development Planning Agency City of Makassar Street vending in Losari Beach is known for its strong presence and offers vending services for tourists and for workers and people living in surrounding areas. The most popular type of vending in this area is the traditional food of Makassar, which is a way of life in both the economic and cultural sense. Factors which also effect the spatial identity of street food include the economy, urbanization, urban policies and planning, local geography, climate, and the local people (Maglumtong, 2017). This case shows that traditional street Figure-3: Map of Ujung Pandang sub-district vending's identity is rich in the Source: Based on observation and interpretation authors sense of having a local feel..

(7) Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 8, 2021. | 91. Losari Beach was renovated in 2012 and has become a part of the main area for tourism. There are also several other main activities in this area, namely hotels, markets and stores, which are situated along the road (Figure-4). Street vending in Losari Beach Figure-4: Map of Land use and activity in Ujung Pandang sub-district overall presents a Source: Based on observation and interpretation authors strong local 08.00 – 13.00 (Morning) 18.00 – 24.00 (Night) 13.00 – 18.00 (Day) sense and there is a distinct spatial pattern of tourism and local products. There is a North side North side distinct spatial pattern North side of local code types for different sections in this area. The visible features of street vending in this area produce a very South side South side South side conventional image of street vending. Static temporary with pushcart, table, and chairs Mobile with racks Vending sets, which Mobile service vendors Static temporary with stand include pushcarts with Figure-5: Position of street vending by daytime and night Source: Based on observation and interpretation authors tables and chairs or stands that can be both mobile and stationary are the main element of street vending at this location. However, according to the survey, the identities of street vending in Losari were found to be more diverse. The mix of land uses in this area has resulted in variety based on vendors activities and customers. The number of street vendors fluctuates according to the day and time from morning to evening, and it decreases in number late at night. There were different sets of street vendors working in this area at three different intervals: morning, afternoon, and evening (Figure-5). There.

(8) Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 8, 2021. | 92. were at least 159 street vendors present on-site. There were 32 to 35 vendors in the morning, 75 to 84 vendors in the afternoon, and 159 during the night; these numbers included itinerant vendors. There are two principal spaces for vendors in Losari, namely on the north and the south sides of the location. 4.2 Current situation of vendor activities Different types of vending were found in the research location and were classified by vending type into four categories according to their type of business form and commodity as shown in Figure-6 and Table-2 about spatial context identities. The majority of street vendors are statictemporary with pushcarts, tables, and chairs and accounted for 111 vendors and provide traditional food (pisang epe) as the main food; stand-type vending offers non-processed products such as clothes and accessories with 23 vendors. In terms of mobility, vendors with service. Static temporary with pushcart, table and chair. Static temporary with stand. Mobile services vendor. Mobile with racks (tricycle cart) Scanned with CamScanner. Scanned with CamScanner. Figure-6: Type of vendors on Losari beach Source: Based on observation. commodities totaled 11 Table-2. Overview; Identity of vendors and made sales by Type of Vendors approaching customers Identity of vendors Static temporary with Static temporary with Mobile with racks Mobile service vendors who wanted to use pushcart, table and chair stand snacks and nonPeanuts, snacks, Provide services (robot Traditional food, juice, photo services with Commodity processed food drinks, cigarette, and and animal show) and and desert (clothes, watch, .etc) gas ballon photographer cosplay. There were 14 Number 111 vendors 23 vendors 14 vendors 11 vendors O X X X itinerant vendors with Eating space Kitchen O X X X tricycle carts and they Elecric utility O O X X O X X X had two regular Water utility temporary permitted temporary permitted Permit of street vending no permitted no permitted area area vending locations 11.00 - 24.00 (trade in Business hours 08.00 - 24.00 16.00 - 24.00 15.00 - 23.00 other location) within Losari Beach Original place; - Makassar city O O O O and other nearby - Takalar subdistrict O X X X districts. The vendors - Gowa subdistrict O X X X - Others subdistrict O O O X mainly came from Customers Local and Tourist Local people Local people Local people several areas. Most of static stand with movable (self support static pushcart with tent Forms of structure movable umbrella mobility) the respondents lived in Place fee O X X X Makassar city. There are respondents from the Takalar district close to the vending location, and some respondents from the Gowa district also came from other districts. Growth in the informal sector in urban areas is most commonly connected to rural to urban migration, which places increased pressures on scarce employment opportunities (IL0, 1985). Migration from rural areas has pushed people out of their villages. This rural-urban drift arises partly because of a lack of economic opportunities and is partly due to the perception of a better life in cities. Furthermore, there is often a divergence between perception and reality regarding conditions in urban areas..

(9) Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 8, 2021. | 93. Table-3 and Table-3: Duration of vending based on vendor type Figure-7 show that Type of Vendors Total Duration of Static temporary with Static temporary Mobile service Mobile with racks 5.7% of the Vending pushcart, table and chair with stand vendors No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % respondents have - 1989 - 1997 8 7,2 1 4,3 9 5,7 - 1998 - 2004 30 27,0 2 14,3 32 20,1 worked as street - 2005 - 2012 22 19,8 2 8,7 1 7,1 25 15,7 - 2015 35 31,5 7 30,4 5 35,7 8 72,7 55 34,6 vendors in Losari -- 2013 2016 - now 16 14,4 13 56,5 6 42,9 3 27,3 38 23,9 Respondents 111 100 23 100 14 100 11 100 159 100 Beach since 1989 while this number then increased dramatically from 1998 to 2004 to 20,1%; most vendors mentioned the impact of the monetary crisis in Indonesia that occurred in that year, they chose to be part of the informal sector as street vendors. It also can be seen from the data showing occupations before becoming street vendors, and many people contacted had previously worked as laborers. Losari Beach became one of the best locations to work in the street vending at that time, and street vendors were able to Figure-7: Chart of vending duration earn more income during the Source: Based on analysis of author monetary crisis. In 2004, the government began a revitalization and reclamation project to improve the image of Losari Beach; the street vendors were relocated to Laguna Beach; despite being rejected by street vendors, this relocation effort went well but did not benefit the vendors working in the informal sector for their main income. It was demonstrated that only 15.7% entered the informal sector in this new area and street vending at Laguna beach, where the relocation during the Losari Beach reclamation was carried out, complained of a lack of visitors. Some of the vendors were forced to stop working because they considered that the location as unfavorable for attracting visitors to a new place. In 2013, after the reclamation was completed, the success of the government produced a new image and many visitors from local and foreign areas were attracted to Losari Beach as a tourism destination. This opportunity was noticed by street vendors so some street vendors began to come from the Laguna area and trade again in Losari Beach. From 2013 to 2015, the number of street vendors increased by 34.6%. After seeing the large number of street vendors at this location, the government began to limit the number of street vendors who could enter Losari Beach; this was seen from 2016 to 2019 as the number of street vendors was only 23.9% and was also due to limited space. As part of this research, hawkers were generally youths or productive age individuals who expressed a desire to become vendors; as shown in Table-4, more than half of all vendors were.

(10) Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 8, 2021. | 94. generally at a productive Table-4: Number of ages and types of vendors in the Losari beach area age; 33 of the respondents were 20-30 years old, and 53 respondents were 31-40 years old and worked as vendors and street entrepreneurs to conduct income-making ventures but did not have significant Table-5: Number by age and education financial capital to do so; there were 44 respondents who were 41-50 years old and 29 respondents were >50 years old. Therefore, through various ways the government could tabulate and enroll interested Table-6: Type of vendors and range income/month persons in skills training for Type of Vendors Static temporary with Static temporary with Mobile service Mobile with racks Total Type of Income pushcart, table and chair stand vendors street entrepreneurs. No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % (IDR) However, skills training -- <1 -12Million Million (IDR) 7 30,4 4 28,6 4 36,4 15 9,4 - 2 - 3 Million (IDR) 33 29,7 10 43,5 6 42,9 6 54,5 55 34,6 and development are not - 3 - 4 Million (IDR) 38 34,2 4 17,4 4 28,6 1 9,1 47 29,6 - 4 - 5 Million (IDR) 29 26,1 2 8,7 31 19,5 11 9,9 11 6,9 strongly oriented toward - > 5 Million (IDR) Respondents 111 100 23 100 14 100 11 100 159 100 the informal economy but Note; Makassar City Minimum Wage (UMK) in 2019, are rather focused much IDR 2,941,270. Governor's Decree No. 2834 / XI / 2018. more on employment in the Table-7: Number of age and occupation before vending formal sector. The people of productive age who become vendors in this area are not only poorly-educated individuals who have entered this field but are also more highly-educated individuals who work as street vendors. Regarding education levels (Table-5), many street vendors are graduates of high school and as many as 40.3% had attended senior high school and 3.8% had graduated from a diploma program or undergraduate school; a total of 27% of vendors had graduated from junior high school, which means that street vendors is no longer a loweducation sector. Only a few vendors had low-education levels with 11.3% having attended primary school and 17.6% of all vendors had no educational degree and had an average age of 45 to > 50 years; due to the financial responsibilities for their families and this was often one of the reasons that they became vendors. It is important to note that some of the migrants came from outside of Makassar city to become street vendors because of the difficulty in finding work in the.

(11) Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 8, 2021. | 95. formal sector due their lack of education. There were several migrants who came from outside the city of Makassar who had received education to the junior high school level who worked as street vendors. Otherwise, street vendors who lived in Makassar had received education at senior high schools and some had even graduated from diploma/undergraduate programs. The vendors stated that working as street vendor provided an opportunity to be entrepreneurs rather than working in the formal sector. A large number of vendors in this area had to compete not only among themselves but with other forms of commercial facilities in the surrounding area. Nevertheless, despite such circumstances, most vendors had incomes higher than the typical starting income for workers or minimum wage in Makassar. The higher incomes were for static temporary operations with a pushcart, table, and chair vendors which provided local food and had incomes of IDR 4-5 million (19.5%) and over than IDR 5 million (6.9%). The average income for other vendors ranged from IDR 2-3 million to IDR 3-4 million, as shown in Table-6. Vendors working hours and merchandize types affected the income generated. According to the vendors, they usually worked more than 9 hours per day; the food sellers usually worked longer hours than the non-food sellers and the locations they occupied were very strategically located and organized compared to the other traders. The above information reveals that most of the vendors earned more than sufficient incomes when compared to the minimum wage in Makassar. These data highlight that in the face of economic changes, street vending is an important source of livelihoods and incorporates many otherwise unemployed persons into the workforce. Most people taking advantage of this opportunity are productive-age youths who have not got a job; this can be seen from Table-7 and shows that 25.2% are otherwise unemployed and most of them have an average age of 20 to 35 years, so they decided to become self-entrepreneurs instead of waiting to work in the formal sector. Some respondents also had previously worked and obtained experience as freelancers (13.8%) and in self-owned business (11.9%), such as experiences as entrepreneurs in other areas and then became vendors in Losari Beach. Other vendors previously had been factory workers (16.4%) and most people in this group averaged 45 to > 50 years old; they had lost their jobs because of closures in the industries they had worked in for a variety of reasons. The remaining street vendors had worked as construction workers and had to seek low-paid work in the informal sector to survive in the city. This was especially the case for vendors living in the Makassar area, thus making it a business opportunity. The labor absorption capacity of the informal sector is impressive. Every single vendor provides labor opportunities by hiring employees. Particularly in the food selling sector, it was estimated that for most vendors, labor relations are socially negotiated which means that workers are family members or friends/partner of the owner and the employees working informally; this is the a common case for micro-scale business with two or three employees who are enough to operate a shop which is lively and frequently visited. Family workers are important to the informal sector in Makassar. If the informal economy naturally adapts to absorption by the labor market and economic circumstances and migration, the presence of family members provides one approach to understanding the place of informal work within the labor market (ILO, 1985; SaintPaul, 1997) will automatically help as an element of urban areas..

(12) Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 8, 2021. | 96. 5.. Customer and visitor evaluations of street vending conditions This section discusses an empirical study on consumer behaviors including the frequency of shopping and consumer attitudes regarding street vending in Losari Beach. It clarifies how the current state of street vending affects the city and also the demands and trends in street vending. Figure-8: The distribution patterns of visitors and customers in Makassar Source: Field survey and interpretation of author. Table-8: Number of visitors based on area Resident place -. Makassar Gowa Maros Others Repsondents. < 20 yrs No % 42 89,4 2 4,3 3 6,4 47 100. 20 - 30 yrs No % 97 92,4 2 1,9 1 1,0 5 4,8 105 100. Age 31 - 40 yrs No % 110 94,8 3 2,6 1 0,9 2 1,7 116 100. 41 - 50 yrs No % 63 96,9 2 3,1 65 100. > 50 yrs No % 33 84,6 4 10,3 1 2,6 1 2,6 39 100. Total No 345 13 3 11 372. % 92,7 3,5 0,8 3,0 100. Table-9: Frequency of visiting based on resident area in Makassar. Weekdays. Zone A 0 - 2km B 2 - 4km C 4 - 6km D 6 - 12km E 12 - 18km Others Respondents. Weekends. when compared to other forms of commerce. Table-8 shows the results; a majority of respondents were from the Makassar local population with 345 respondents (92.7%) and came from various regions in the city while other respondents came from the Gowa district for 13 respondents (3.5%), Maros district 3 respondents (0.8%), and other districts 11 respondents (3%). The relationship between the use of street vending and the. A 0 - 2km B 2 - 4km C 4 - 6km D 6 - 12km E 12 - 18km Others Respondents. 1 - 2 Times No. % 1 6,7 6 40,0 3 20,0 4 26,7 1 6,7 15 100,0 8 5,5 30 20,7 38 26,2 38 26,2 7 4,8 24 16,6 145 100,0. Visit location once a week 3 - 5 Times 5 - 10 Times No. % No. % 35 38,5 35 64,8 24 26,4 6 11,1 22 24,2 11 20,4 9 9,9 1 1,9 1 1,1 1 1,9 91 100,0 54 100 2 5,7 7 20,0 19 54,3 7 20,0 35 100,0 0 0. > 10 Times No. % 31 96,9 1 3,1 0 32 100 0 0. Total No. 102 36 37 14 3 192 10 37 57 45 7 24 180. % 53,1 18,8 19,3 7,3 1,6 100 5,6 20,6 31,7 25,0 3,9 13,3 100.

(13) Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 8, 2021. Table-10: Evaluation of customer by interval time purchasing at street vendors Type of Vendors. Day. Morning. Interval time purchasing at vendors. Night. respondent’s age and the young-adult community culture’s experience while eating outside or hanging out with friends is part of this finding. The results clearly indicate that user evaluation about street vendors on Losari Beach had a highly significant number of young-adult respondents with ages from 31 to 40 years (116 respondents) and 20-30 years old (105 respondents). Furthermore, analysis of the spatial distribution of residential locations and how often the respondents. | 97. Never 1 - 2 times 3 - 5 times 5 - 10 times > 10 times Respondents Never 1 - 2 times 3 - 5 times 5 - 10 times > 10 times Respondents Never 1 - 2 times 3 - 5 times 5 - 10 times > 10 times Respondents. Static temporary with pushcart, table and chair. Only visited. %. Static temporary with stand. No.. %. Mobile with racks. No. 2. % 100. No.. %. No.. %. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. 53,8. 100 100. 25,0 21,9 34,4 18,8 100. 7. 2 14. 8 7 11 6 32. 2 1 2 3 8. 25,0 12,5 25,0 37,5 100. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. 40 25 11 6 82. 48,8 30,5 13,4 7,3 100. 24 12 6 3 45. 53,3 26,7 13,3 6,7 100. 12 21 0 0 33. 36,4 63,6 0,0 0,0 100. 17 12 4 0 33. 51,5 36,4 12,1 0,0 100. No. 2 17 8 15 13 55 14 40 35 15 10 114 10 93 70 21 9 203. -. -. 2 6 2. 20,0 60,0 20,0. 14 10. 100 100. -. -. 10. 100. > 10 Times No. % 1 3,1. No. 40. % 10,8. -. 0,0. 2 4 13. 15,4 30,8 100. No.. -. -. -. -. -. -. 21 11 5 6 43. 48,8 25,6 11,6 14,0 100. 12 11 3 1 27. 44,4 40,7 11,1 3,7 100. 5 7 5 3 20. 25,0 35,0 25,0 15,0 100. -. -. 10. 100. % 3,6 30,9 14,5 27,3 23,6 100 12,3 35,1 30,7 13,2 8,8 100 4,9 45,8 34,5 10,3 4,4 100. Table-11: Frequency of purchasing goods or service by income status of respondents Type of income - < 1 Million (IDR). Never No. % 6 23,1. Times purchasing at vendors 1 - 2 Times 3 - 5 Times 5 - 10 Times No. % No. % No. % 18 12,0 11 9,7 4 7,8. Total. - 1 - 2 Million (IDR). -. -. 14. 9,3. 35. 31,0. 10. 19,6. 8. 25,0. 67. 18,0. - 2 - 3 Million (IDR). 4. 15,4. 18. 12,0. 16. 14,2. 10. 19,6. 7. 21,9. 55. 14,8. - 3 - 4 Million (IDR). 3. 11,5. 28. 18,7. 25. 22,1. 12. 23,5. 5. 15,6. 73. 19,6. - 4 - 5 Million (IDR). 6. 23,1. 35. 23,3. 23. 20,4. 9. 17,6. 6. 18,8. 79. 21,2. - > 5 Million (IDR). 7. 26,9. 37. 24,7. 3. 2,7. 6. 11,8. 5. 15,6. 58. 15,6. 26. 100. 150. 100. 113. 100. 51. 100. 32. 100. 372. 100. Respondents. Figure-9: Spatial distribution of respondent in Makassar area Source: Central Agency on Statistics Makassar and interpretation of author. Total. Mobile service vendors.

(14) Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 8, 2021. | 98. visit Losari Beach per week during the weekdays and weekends is shown in Table-9 and Figure-8. Most respondents are located close to the Losari Beach area (zone A) because the majority of its workers use street vending for their daily lives, followed by the Cendrawasih region. This location is very popular with the city community. Some respondents came from Note; Response is evaluated by scale from 1 strongly disagree to 5 strongly agree another region, especially from the city center in zone C with Figure-10: Chart response of street vending activity Source: analysis of author distances of 4 to 6 km such as the Panakukang, Pengayoman, Hertasning, and Alauddin regions. On the other hand, the respondents also came from areas farther from the Losari area (zone D), such as Tamalanrea, Perintis, and Sudiang (zone E). This proves that customers and visitors come from various regions. It can be stated that street vendors have potential customers who are constantly visiting Losari Beach. The respondents’ interval times purchasing at vendors were arranged into three categories (Table-10) from morning to night. The high number of customers purchase food and drink from vendors on the night for 203 respondents of the total, followed by the day (114 respondents) and morning (55 respondents). Furthermore, for interval time of respondents purchasing from vendors in the Losari area shows that the greatest number of purchases was 1-2 times per week for 40 respondents during the daytime and 93 respondents on the night, followed by 3-5 times per week. Respondents with the most significant number of purchasing at vendors in the static temporary with pushcart, table, and chair offered traditional food. As mentioned in the previous section, the high income of street vending is related to customers who have large incomes. However, some respondents did not purchase foods and drinks from street vendors only visited the location due to cleanliness reasons. Another interesting points are that high and middle incomes customers most actively used street vending. Table-11 shows an analysis of street vending and the respondent incomes showed a significant outcome that street vending was not only for low-income customers. Respondents who made purchases from vendors had higher incomes and 21.2% of respondents had incomes from 4 to 5 million (IDR), 19.6% had incomes from 3 to 4 million (IDR), and 15.6% had incomes >5 million (IDR). Upper-middle income shoppers made the greatest use of street vending and regularly visited 1-2 times per week. Figure-9 shows the spatial distribution of customers and visitors based on income combined with data from a Central Agency on Statistics Makassar; the number of respondents with high incomes came from various regions, especially the city center of Makassar. There are interesting attractions which cause people to visit Losari Beach; in addition to Losari Beach being a tourism spot, vendors in surrounding areas with local characteristics are able to be supporting elements of that area..

(15) Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 8, 2021. | 99. On the other hand, Figure-10 shows there are several factors which attract consumers to Losari Beach; most of the respondents strongly agreed with the reasonable prices offered by street vendors and also that vendors offered a variety of goods and services, especially local food, to attract visitors; this is followed by a good location and comfortable space. Losari Beach with its vendors is the main attraction for tourism and this adds to the impression that the vendors lend a sense of charm to the Losari Beach area and suggests that the street vendors are considered as an essential element in urban areas. However, almost all respondents had an opposite impression of cleanliness and their presence was perceived as being less due to the cleanliness and beauty of the city, which were not maintained; the respondents claimed that this factor was critical as a tourism location. 6.. Discussion SWOT analysis We investigated all vendors in the Losari Beach area, observed their various types of business categories and behavior. Each vendor selling something specialized and making it diverse. From the observation; identification of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (Table-12) related to street vendors’ situation in the Losari Beach which directions improvement of the situation could be established. 1) S-O strategic, from these results, the most striking is a profitable strategic location for street vendors. Their traditional roles rich in the sense of locality had created identity during the daytime until midnight and influenced the urban structure. Therefore, it is important to be maintained in urban elements. However, from the aspect of image and comfort this area has not been able to give a special impression to users. Improvement is needed which strengthens the potential of the area to expressed duality in their meaning and values of the image cultural, complexity, and simplicity where induce local codes of liveliness to public space. 2) S-T strategic, we have briefly taken this dimension into consideration with a deeper analysis. The location of street vendors in urban public spaces imposes serious challenges for the Table-12: Implications of research by SWOT analysis. Key growth strategies from SWOT model. Opportunities - Middle and high income - Supporting element of urban areas. External Factor. - Improvement plan for public policy -. Internal Factor Strenghts Weaknesses - Creating of local code types for city - Less the cleanliness - Offers service for society - Irregularity of place and vending shape - No longer a low-education sector. - Activities are not accommodated - Have potential customers - Lack of skills training and development - Giving a sense of charm to city S - O strategic W - O strategic - Improve the image to expressed duality in their - Arranging of area to ensure comfort, security, meaning and values of the cultural, complexity, and safety and attractiveness for users simplicity induce a sense of liveliness to public - Training and skill development for labor spaces. absorbtion of youth or productive age - Promoting as a shopping tourism area by utilizing - Arranging of street vendors based on the type of the high visiting and purchasing of consumers merchandise and trading time. Offers to youths or productive age and migrants to be self-entrepreneurs. - Labor absorption Threats - Legislation threat. S - T strategic - Register and regulate their business activities to become the identity that enlivened of area. W - T strategic - Policies framework that provides economic contributions in urban areas that legitimize vending zones to become tourism spot on a national scale.. - Recreate concept of street vendors stall in accordance with the theme of regional tourism. - Creating public space in order to permit for street vending activities through spatial design for vendor that are not accommodate - Providing facilities such as public waste places and sanitary support. - Seen as illegal activity - Increasing number of vendors - Not paying taxes -. Compete with other forms of formal facilities..

(16) Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 8, 2021. | 100. government to ensure generating policy alternatives that allow street vendors to work and to control the expansion of street vending. Policy implications have to take into the diversity and segmentation of this sector that varies spatially. To prevent overcrowding, the government should enact controls for vending lots and limit these to those who registered their names and types of business at the Regional Technical Implementation Unit office of city to become the identity that enlivened of area. 3) W-O strategic, the street vending sector is not static but is instead a fluid phenomenon. As a practice of economic development based on the dynamics of the market space, the study has enabled an approach to understanding the relationship between the informal sector and expanding economy of urban space. Our results add to the literature on city’s economic growth by indicating the mechanisms through vending activities as an economic development of the city. Provides many opportunities for local people and migrants due to the impressive number of labor absorption. Likewise, this sector is no longer for low-education sector which is often viewed as residue from a pre-modern era that is gradually marginalized from the modern economy. By arranging of vending zone in conditions of cleanliness (food hygiene and sanitation), safety and orderliness with concepts that are contextual to the environment and urban scale context, their role in urban areas provides a good contribution for income per capita and national economy, accompanied training and skills development. 4) W-T strategic, despite the potential of street vending to the economy, street vending is an urban element which causes the area to be more lively and to retain its traditional practices; in this case, the strong attraction of Losari Beach causes street vending to obtain a portion of its place on those environments. Their play the role of tourist attractions in cities but is still politically allocated to the informal sector. This study has shown the development of street vending activities has become key to urban livelihoods with socio-cultural context. For improvement, there needs to be a policy framework for vendors to provide an economic contribution in urban areas, legitimize vending zones to become tourism spots and focus on registering their micro-scale business to solve the unclear situation. 7.. Conclusion A methodological approach could be applied for studying street vending in different contexts, not only in Makassar, Indonesia but also in other cities. The social and cultural function of the street vendor makes this sector is precious. Our result in this study revealed the emerging role of street vending and local identities in an urban scale context. The characteristics of street vending in Losari Beach were found to be more diverse. The mix of land use and visible features in this area has resulted in variations based on vendor activities, creating a very conventional image of street vending. Using traditional forms such as stand, pushcarts with tables and chairs in the form of static temporary and mobile vendors with racks and service gives a strong sense of locality. The identity of these street vendors differed from other vendors in the city, they were the new generation with high educational background and mostly earned incomes higher than minimum wage. These evolved of characteristics make street vending no longer underestimated in economic growth and have assumed a significant role in everyday city life. When viewed as business activities at a macro-spatial level, the government needs to understand the social.

(17) Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 8, 2021. | 101. situation that the new generation of street vending increasingly tends to cluster by their commodity. The existence of street vending is a factor in driving the tourism industry’s economy toward urban sustainability as part of traditional markets and economic assets for the region. In particular, the study also concluded that the vendors’ standard living has improved through their vending activities, alleviates poverty, and reduces urban unemployment. The flexibility of activity allows people are able to access much more easily than formal employment, providing an opportunity for people to operate their own businesses as an income source. It shows a viable employment opportunity due to its popularity with consumers of all social classes. They represent a unique resource that provides social and cultural assets where sustainability should be maintained as part of a diverse environment. From an urban planning perspective, street vending has a multiplier effect that is often overlooked due to the number and activity that has caused several adverse urban problems. However, street vending had potential and provided unique characteristics to the area, and imbued the public space with liveliness and a spatial-cultural identity if applied in urban planning properly. Improvement appearance of street vendors, legitimizes vending zones, registering their micro-scale business to legalize their activities, and promote street vending culture as a potential of urban elements. In conclusion, the street vendors have a positive contribution that may enhance urban structure's visual image. It would be better to add approach policy in urban planning and integrate it to the compact city concept for the city's future sustainable development. Acknowledgements This study was supported by the Amano Institute of Technology, which granted a scholarship for the author's study and conduct research at Toyohashi University of Technology. We thank the Research Administration Center (RAC) of Toyohashi University of Technology which provided language help. We express our gratitude to the street vendors, visitors/consumers respondents, and the Regional Technical Implementation Unit office of Makassar City for their kind responses to the survey and for their cooperation in replying to the questionnaire. Reference 1) Andi Lolo Sinrang., Yichen Liu., and Junichiro Asano. "Influence of Usage Alteration to the Spatial Occupancy of Urban Areas." Urban and Regional Planning Review 6 (2019): 64-83. 2) Budiharjo, E. (1999), Kota Berkelanjutan, Penerbit Alumni, Bandung, p.201-216 (In Indonesian) 3) Bhowmik, S. K. (2005). Street vendors in Asia: a review. Economic and Political Weekly, 2256-2264. 4) Chen, M. A. (2012). The informal economy: Definitions, theories and policies. Women in informal economy globalizing and organizing. WIEGO Working Paper, 1. 5) Cochran, W. G. (1977), Sampling Techniques (3rd ed.), New York: John Wiley. 6) David, F. R. (2011). Strategic Management, concepts and cases Thirteenth. 7) Grant, R., & Oteng-Ababio, M. (2012). Mapping the invisible and real" African" economy: urban e-waste circuitry. Urban Geography, 33(1), 1-21..

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