西 南 交 通 大 学 学 报
第 56 卷 第 2 期
2021 年 4 月
JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY
Vol. 56 No. 2
Apr. 2021
ISSN: 0258-2724 DOI：10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.2.2
Research articleSocial Sciences
C
ONFLICT
A
NALYSIS OF
F
OREST AND
L
AND
F
IRES IN
I
MPLEMENTING
C
OLLABORATIVE
G
OVERNANCE ON
D
ISASTER
M
ANAGEMENT IN
K
ALIMANTAN
I
NDONESIA
森林和土地火灾在加里曼丹印度尼西亚实施合作治理减灾方面的
冲突分析
Dody Ruswandi a, b, Sumartono c, Syamsul Maarif d. e, Andy Fefta Wijaya f
a Doctoral Student at Public Policy Science, Faculty of Administrative Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya
Jalan MT, Haryono No.163, , Malang City, East Java 65145, Indonesia
b Deputy Head of the National Disaster Management Agency of the Republic of Indonesia, bаmbаng.riyаdi@civitas.unas.ac.id
c Promoter, Professor of the Faculty of Administrative Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya
Jalan MT, Haryono No. 163 Malang City, East Java, Indonesia
d Copromotor, Professor, Universitas Pertahanan, Komplek Indonesia Peace and Security Center (IPSC)
Sentul, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
e Major General of the Indonesian National Army (retired)
f Copromotor, Associate Professor of the Faculty of Administrative Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya
Jalan MT, Haryono No. 163 Malang City, East Java, Indonesia
Received: January 24, 2021 ▪ Review: March 7, 2021 ▪ Accepted: April 12, 2021 ▪ Published: April 30, 2021
This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
Abstract
This research combines the ontological and sociological levels of implementing collaborative governance that is very significant in reducing the risk of natural disasters in Indonesia. The problem is very interesting to be examined by conducting descriptive qualitative research. The research is based on public policy theory, collaborative governance theory, and conflict theory. Data were collected using the in-depth interview with several key informants, direct observation, and related documentation. Data were analyzed using interactive models in three steps: data reduction, data display, and data verification supported by triangulation to obtain better credibility. The results were based on ontology, epistemology, and sociology by empowering the collaborative governance theory and conflict theory in Indonesia's forest and land fires disaster. Vision and mission of public policies related to forest and land fires disaster are needed to complete disaster prevention management by providing relevant information to stakeholders regarding regulations and sanctions. The results were produced a revised and detailed relevant regulation and state agencies as public officials in making revised regulations on forest and land fires disaster and natural disaster in Indonesia. The results of this research should be improved related to the forest and land disaster management policies. The researchers suggested that state institutions should cover the collaborative governance of natural disaster reduction in making better regulations on natural disaster management in Indonesia.
Keywords: Public Policy, Collaborative Governance, Conflict Analysis, Disaster Management
I. I
NTRODUCTIONForest and land fire disasters often occur in Indonesia due to ineffective implementation of disaster risk reduction. Regulations related to forest and land fire disaster management are formulated by the legislative and executive state institutions facing many problems during their implementation [34]. This study analyzes forest and land fires disaster management using the theoretical principles of ontology, epistemology, and sociology.
A. Background
The scale-up of the fire-free area program's project is carried out to generate positive impacts and the success of policies in various places gradually by being replicated, adapted, and conserved to cover more beneficiaries. Scaling up a project or program is institutional, involves stakeholders, and extends geographically to involve large groups of people. Integrated forestry and agricultural systems are increasingly recognized as private sector efforts to prevent fires, but scaling up these programs must be reconsidered to have a greater positive impact. The success of a project or program is determined by the willingness and commitment of the parties involved. The regulations issued by the Government of Indonesia are contained in nine national priority programs by involving the community as part of the solution and developing a fire-free area program [1].
There is research on the relationship between forest fires and land-use change using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that there was a relationship between land use causing forest and land fires. Improvements in government policies are needed to improve land management programs. Improvements in government policies are needed to carry out more intensive administrative and technical monitoring [2].
There is research to describe the collaborative governance process related to regional development and the obstacles that occur. To develop the area, the local government collaborates with the private sector and the community. The results showed that the collaboration process in developing the area was quite good, and the collaboration was through shared principles, mutual motivation, and shared capacity. Then collaborative actions were
implemented that reduce barriers, including the difficulty of forming business groups. The government facilitates increased productivity but does not provide marketing alternatives so that the private sector is not heavily involved in all collaborative activities [3].
The National Disaster Management Agency carries out disaster management implementation by preparing contingency plans to deal with the threat of disasters due to forest and land fires. Forest and land fire control policies are needed to support coordination with other policies. National contingency plans to deal with disasters' threat due to the forest and land fires are preparedness carried out by The National Disaster Management Agency, consisting of a basic plan, current situation, monitoring, and evaluation. It is hoped that it will improve integrated coordination and provide an appropriate and effective action plan for disaster management every year to be fast, effective, and efficient among all stakeholders. Implementing the plan requires multisector cooperation and information in order to create sustainable cooperation [4].
Disaster management is a dynamic, continuous, and integrated process for enhancing disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness, early warning, emergency response, rehabilitation, and reconstruction measures. The disaster management approach in Indonesia consists of three activities; before the disaster, during the disaster, and after the disaster. Activities before a disaster include disaster preparedness and disaster mitigation. Activities when a disaster occurs, namely disaster response or emergency response. And activities after a disaster, namely disaster recovery.
A plantation company is a legal entity incorporated under Indonesian law and domiciled in Indonesia's territory, which manages plantation businesses on a certain scale. Plantation products are all products of plantation plants and their processing, which consist of main products, processed products to extend their shelf life, and by-products. Processing plantation products is a series of activities carried out on plantation plants' results to meet product quality standards, prolong storage capacity, reduce loss and damage, and obtain optimal yields to achieve higher added value [5].
Forest and land fire disaster phenomena in Indonesia, as described, still have impacted many
problems that need to be explored more deeply related to disaster management's collaborative governance. Why forest and land fires disaster should be reduced, and how is the revised regulation proposed in Indonesia?
B. Research Objectives
Based on the description of the multi-regulatory policies in forest and land fires disaster related to Indonesia's natural disaster management at the ontological and sociological levels, this research is very significant and interesting to be studied.
This research is useful for academicians and practitioners by adding knowledge related to public policy concepts and collaborative governance in forest and land fires disaster. This research is also useful for public officials due to a revised regulation on forest and land fire disaster management.
C. Original Research
Forest and land fires are classified as natural disasters. Prevention and treatment are needed to resolve negative impacts, such as health, environment, and economy. The government is given the authority to solve problems together with stakeholders in handling these problems by paying attention to communication, human resources, budget, facilities, and information. There are obstacles: the budget is still small, and community participation is still low. Attention is needed to balance policies and budgets for handling this problem and active public participation [6].
There are an asymmetrical forest transition and forest and land fires associated with rights violations. Industry and infrastructure development affect forests and people. The constitution and regulations can promote development, such as energy policies and financial flows but can create environmental pressures. Controversial forms of action occur because pressures and arguments have created conflicts that require changes in policies to regulate investment and industry. These changes are expected to reduce pressure on the remaining forest. There is a need for further analysis in forest and land conflicts [7]
There is research investigating multi-stakeholder conflict on wildfires in America. Qualitative research found a high diversity of responses stemming from forest management behaviors that contribute to forest destruction. The results show that the government will get the most from the benefits of forest management. The private sector only gets a small benefit from
forest management. Although there is high social and ecological heterogeneity, this does not make it resistant to fire. A theory of resilience based on heterogeneity must support the environmental and social conditions that shape heterogeneity. The social, economic, and ecological components of a fire-prone ecosystem are necessary to identify forest fires' socio-ecological resilience, and interventions are needed to overcome the system's constraints. The implications of current natural resource management practices require adaptation and socio-ecological resilience [8].
Adaptability in collaborative governance is related to ecosystems. The growth of collaborative environmental governance has occurred worldwide. American case studies analyze internal and external forces related to environmental governance's adaptive capacity, namely social capital, learning, and innovation. Change, social networks, and learning are linked to the bureaucracy that increases sustainable adaptability. Three propositions are generated related to social capital, social learning, and policy change. Collaborative governance and adaptability over time will support ecosystem improvement [9].
There is investigating research focused on stakeholder collaboration using a structured process for decision-making to manage natural disasters such as forests and land fire taken under a qualitative approach to examine stakeholders' collaborative decision-making process challenges. The study results found thorough monitoring and commitment of agencies managing natural resources to implement collaborative decisions. However, there are challenges in decision-making and ecological and social complexities. The results found a need to reduce ecological uncertainty in the production process and social learning. Adaptive management separates uncertainty reduction from the participatory dimension. There are several complexities such as time lag, trade-offs, dependencies, and tensions between stakeholders that limit decision making [10].
Collaborative governance is in great demand by academics because it responds to failed implementation, high costs, and public sector regulations' politicization. Collaborative governance is a new paradigm for understanding multi-stakeholders in public affairs. This research described the dynamics of collaborative governance in public policy studies. The complicated relationship between stakeholders in public policy gave birth to a new concept called collaborative governance, namely processes and structures that involve various parties across
organizational boundaries to describe formal, active, explicit cooperation in public policy. Integrated values are needed, namely consensus in decision making, collective leadership in institutions, multi-way communication in human relations, and resources sharing [11].
Forest and land fires in Indonesia require various stakeholders' attention to focus on the community because they are closest to the fire location and understand the situation best. There is a study aimed at understanding the role of actors in the field in 2017 in Riau, Indonesia, which has a high frequency of fires. With qualitative methods and data collection interviews and documentation, it was found that there were negative actors and positive actors in forest fires. It is necessary to harmonize the Central and Regional Government's regulations by giving a big role to the National Disaster Management Agency in fire management activities [12].
The government initially carried out disaster management, but the community's need for disaster management information has increased, such as pre-disaster, during a disaster, and after a disaster. The involvement of the private sector and the community in providing disaster management services is a necessity. Such conditions make it possible to view disaster management problems from a governance perspective [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19].
The application of governance in disaster management considering the many incidents and impacts of disasters, the government is required to provide disaster management services quickly, accurately, and reliably. One form of disaster management in the first phase of a disaster event is emergency response equipment to reduce the affected victims' burden. The irregularity in the number, timing, and location of requests for disaster equipment assistance makes this an interesting phenomenon that must be addressed by existing disaster management systems [20].
The difference of the above previous research on natural disaster and disaster management regulation is that the government and its agencies should manage natural disasters and environmental problems by enforcing rules and standards set up in laws and treaties. This study analyzed a multi policies approach regarding natural disaster management in Indonesia.
II. R
ESEARCHM
ETHODSOntology describes a reality produced of the consciousness of various individuals and viewed from various points of view. Epistemology explains how to obtain knowledge and the
relationship between the researcher and the object under study. The methodology describes collecting and analyzing data to prove existing concepts for a deductive approach or to obtain the deep meaning of a natural activity for an inductive approach [21].
A qualitative research strategy can be applied if research problems still need to be explored more deeply. Qualitative research can also be applied to follow up on previous quantitative research [22]. The qualitative research approach produces descriptive data in the form of words or writings and behaviors observed from the study's subject and object. The qualitative approach was chosen in accordance with the aims of the research to describe and understand the phenomena, events, social activities, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions of people.
Data collection in this research were interviews, observation, and documentation. The in-depth interview was carried out with key informants. The authors conducted the observation to obtain records in the field of study. Related documentation was gathered from many sources such as internet media and library documents.
Data analysis in this research used three steps: data reduction (for sorting out the primary data), data display (for presenting the data), and data verification (for concluding the main themes of the results), referring to the interactive model [23].
Triangulation was deployed based on the observation record, in-depth interview transcript, and documentation analysis to obtain valid and reliable data. Credibility is related to the truth aspect through triangulation to compare the results of an interview with those of interviews with colleagues. Transferability shows the applicability of research to other studies that readers can understand the results of qualitative research. The report is made in a detailed, clear, and systematic manner. Auditability means that it can be tested by examining the entire research process. Since researchers design case studies, determine data sources, collect data, conduct data analysis to make conclusions, they must show the stages, processes, and results. Confirmability is related to the objectivity that the research results are agreed and accepted [22].
III. L
ITERATURER
EVIEW A. Review of Public Policy TheoryPublic and private stakeholders should have consensus-oriented decision-making to solve the crucial factors and still need collaborative forums
[24]. The development of public policy has a paradigm shift in governance. This development studies the behavior of stakeholders and networks who collaborate in policymaking.
Public policy focuses on collaboration for solving problems and goals. The collaboration has a broad scope and focuses on substance and process in solving problems effectively. Nonhierarchical mechanisms and participation will provide a better contribution to collaborative public management with practices in the future [25].
Public policy is related to the extent of authority and responsibility of the government and stakeholders. The distribution of power is related to law and policy. The aspirations of stakeholders and the restructuring of the country's political and economic role need attention. Ineffective public services will cause social, political, and economic problems [26]. Increased cooperation is a new government era, but implementation in the field has not been done much [27].
Implementation in the field is related to uncertainty and limitations in dealing with stakeholders. Stakeholders resolving conflicts require public policies to achieve goals and are expected to make a positive contribution. Actions and thoughts related to the public interest are motivated by public policies related to power [10], [25], [26], [27]. It should be done together and designed to achieve better goals in disaster management [28]. Integration is necessary and can be applied to manage complexity in dynamic interactions [29].
Based on the epistemological and sociological description of several definitions of public policy theory for refining the research, it can be stated that the making of multi-policies on natural disaster management occurs in Indonesia is a part of public policy theory.
B. Collaborative Governance Theory
Collaborative management between stakeholders is necessary for decision-making. It is necessary to learn what the decision-making facilities are and how to influence stakeholders. Reducing uncertainty and social learning are needed to reduce the limitations and complexities that occur [10]. Stakeholders come together to engage in decision-making and resolve conflicts. Collaborative governance breaks down this crucial factor with dialogue, trust, and commitment. Good collaboration depends on trust, commitment, and understanding [24].
Preparation for dealing with disasters must be carried out together with the necessary guidance
in collaboration. Good results are those that lead to the final goal, and there is an interaction between parties. Disaster risk forms the basis for implementing processes and practices that enhance disaster preparedness. Collaborative processes encouraging preparation for natural disasters can contribute to disaster risk reduction systems [28]. Collaboration provides for joint system exploration between stakeholders based on policy and stakeholders and public-private partnerships. Knowledge of obstacles and actions to overcome disasters is needed to implement various policies [29].
The interactions between stakeholders can be viewed from different perspectives. Conflict in dealing with forest and land fires requires a plurality of actions and effective conflict resolution. Decision-making requires collaboration and collaborative governance that can help promote sustainable conflict resolution [30]. Collaborative governance needs to be carried out to support goals by involving formal mechanisms in the distribution of power between resource holders by building trust and being performance-oriented. By implementing collaborative governance, it shows a consensus-based system to support sustainability [31].
Based on the epistemological and sociological description of several definitions of collaborative governance theory for refining the research, it can be stated that the making of multi-policies of forest and land fires disaster management that occurs in Indonesia can be analyzed by the concept of collaborative governance.
C. Conflict Theory
Interaction between social actors in managing disaster drive disputes and need to be resolved to obtain effective conflict resolution and decision making [30]. The collaborative process needs conditions that support the goals to succeed and involving communities, mechanisms, power, and resources [31].
There is investigation research about the abuse of power due to conflicts in managing natural resources in Indonesia equipped with abundant natural resources that the state should control for the people's greatest prosperity. This research finds the abuse of power due to conflicts of interest to maintain power in the management of natural resources impacting state losses. The sudden change component, caused by global changes and the modernization of the tendency of society to comply while ignoring the cultural values in the life of the nation [14].
Land law studied and analyzed related to the dispute of land rights taken over by the state that
is principally different in every region. Agrarian law describes that the land rights tend to communal and individual property. Indonesia has adopted individual, communal, and self-government property rights. Land disputes are analyzed through conflict theory, public policy, and ownership theory [17].
Abuse of power from the perspective of criminology and law impacts deviant actions and moral behavior of some public officials. It is a system in the life of nation and state when public officials who depart do not view life as a nation. The nation needs to return to a collaborative culture of life that carries out the points of practice and appreciation of the precepts of the Pancasila with the truth, not just merely rhetoric because it was the state ideology [18].
A case study presenting a red notice was use a qualitative approach method based on a constructive in various meanings constructed socially and historically to develop a theory or pattern. Data were collected and analyzed to develop the main themes. The study results expose to the case analysis that there has been an abuse of power against the authority of the state institution. The researchers suggested that it is better if the legislators of the laws and regulations think about operational accountability that needs a law enforcement check and balance system [15].
A study about conflict resolution in mediating the relationship among capability, partnership, and information sharing on performance was conducted by collecting and distributing questionnaires to managers and analyzed statistically. This study found that supply chain capability, supply chain partnership, and information sharing, have no significant impact on supply chain performance but have to be fully mediated by conflict resolution. These findings imply that managers should pay more attention to conflict resolution in the supply chain context [32].
Managing conflicts still needed to be explored in terms of causes, processes, and results. This study was conducted in a qualitative approach, using the case study method to obtain the managerial process's meaning. The data were collected using interviews and analyzed using an interactive model such as data reduction, data display, and data verification. Findings are classified into three themes, causes of conflicts, processes of managing conflicts, and results of conflicts [33].
Conflicts between the government, the company, and the community occurred because of disputes between companies holding
plantation license rights and then hiring outside workers to work and burning local community lands, which the company would take over by expelling the community. In some cases, local people also set fire to protest the expropriation of their land.
Based on the epistemological and sociological description of several definitions of conflict theory for refining the research, it can be stated that the making of multi-policies of forest and land fires disaster that occurs in Indonesia can be analyzed by the concept of conflict theory.
IV.
D
ISCUSSION ANDA
NALYSISBased on data collection and data analysis, it can result as follows.
Forest and land fires in Indonesia are grouped into a high-risk category (red color) hazard index level found in West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Jambi, Aceh, Riau, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Bali, West Java, and East Java. The medium hazard index (yellow color) is found in parts of Riau, parts of Jambi and West Sumatra, West Sulawesi, Maluku, and East Nusa Tenggara.
Forest fires occurred in parts of Indonesia. This forest and land fire disaster's big impact is the haze that spreads its effects to neighboring countries. There are efforts to handle forest fires that cause haze disasters through monitoring, mitigation, risk reduction, preparedness, emergency response, and disaster impact control. As a member of Southeast Asian countries, Indonesia cooperates in forest and land fire control by observing the agreed international agreements' principles.
Forest areas in Indonesia hold a lot of economic and environmental potential. This encourages exploitation, resulting in deforestation, namely illegal logging and forest fires. This negative practice can cause the land to become barren and lead to natural disasters such as floods and landslides.
Forest and land governance in Indonesia refers to the rules and government institutions that decide how to manage forests and land. Governance mechanism is top-down, formal, government policies or programs governing forest and land use. Communities carry out informal monitoring, which determines the forest, land, and natural resources used. The stakeholders involved in this process are government, society, non-governmental organizations, and private corporations.
Indonesia's forest and land management system assigns responsibility to the national, provincial, and district governments covering
spatial planning, licensing, land concessions, environmental protection, and environmental management budget aspects. Law Number 32/2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management in relation to forest and land governance deals with forest fires, which authorizes the Ministry of Environment to determine environmental damage standards.
Law Number 41/1999 on Forestry regulates fundamental differences in community participation in forestry information and involvement in forest management in general. There are two forest statuses, namely state forest and private forest. Although there is recognition of indigenous peoples, forest management and utilization are still carried out on state forests in practice.
Collaboration by the government, private sector, and communities around the forest is one of the community development efforts in handling forest governance in terms of sustainable land. Good land and forest governance must be able to reduce forest and land fire disasters. The research results show that a large fire is very difficult to extinguish even using high-tech equipment. The fire was extinguished after the forest burned down. The fire source is a key factor in increasing the success of forest and land fire prevention.
It is difficult to prevent forest fires in Indonesia because the fires started from negligence during land burning, incidental incidents, burning illegal logging, clearing new land, cigarette butts, and other natural events. The cause of fire data in a place cannot be determined. The source of fire is produced by human activities with a specific purpose or occurs naturally. Forest communities' role is very important in fire management because they can act as a deterrent and extinguishers before the fire gets bigger.
Forest fires cause social and economic losses and are categorized as disasters. Forest and land fires are a series of events that threaten and disrupt people's lives caused by natural and non-natural factors resulting in human casualties, environmental damage, property loss, and psychological impact of disasters.
The government's role in collaborating to prevent forest fires in Kalimantan is as a coordinator, regulator, and facilitator providing regulations, legal sanctions, budgeting, socialization, training, provision of facilities and infrastructure. The private sector's role is facilitating fire prevention and infrastructure, forming a fire fighting team, reporting and monitoring at company locations, and each
company has the responsibility for preventing forest and land fires. The role of the community is to carry out early prevention and early suppression. This cooperation between the government, the private sector, and the community is cooperation in socialization and information exchange, which is the manifestation of the existing collaborative governance. A collaboration involving the three stakeholders to improve the implementation of forest fire prevention in Kalimantan should prevent fires that are increasingly widespread and contain them effectively and efficiently.
Forest fires cause enormous losses to life, including ecological impacts, namely disrupting the ecological processes of organic matter production, hydrological cycles, and soil formation, disrupting forests' function as climate regulators and carbon sinks, damaging watersheds, and causing loss of biodiversity and ecosystems. The economic impact is the loss of forest products and the disruption of economic activities from the plantation, transportation, tourism, trade, etc. Health impacts are respiratory problems and smoke, containing several harmful gases and particles such as carbon dioxide, benzene, nitrogen oxides, and ozone.
Prevention is needed to eliminate negative health effects. The government must consider communication and information. Attention must be given to creating programs and budgets for disaster management of forest and land fires. Forest and land fires can create environmental pressures that create conflict in public policy. Changes are needed to reduce pressure on forest and land policies.
Conflicts in forests and land stem and contribute to forest destruction. Ecological heterogeneity makes it resistant to the forest and land fire disasters. Environmental and social conditions that form heterogeneity are indispensable in land and forest management to overcome obstacles in the ecological system. Natural resource management requires adaptation and resilience. Adaptation is related to ecosystems and collaborating with external environmental forces concerning the adaptive capacity of environmental governance. Changes in disaster management are related to procedural access that requires adaptability. Collaboration and adaptation will support ecosystem improvement.
Stakeholder collaboration is needed in handling forest and land fire disasters. Monitoring and commitment of public bodies and related stakeholders are essential in management and decision making. Making decisions about the
complexity of ecological and social origins and reducing ecological uncertainty. Complexities such as time and tension have an impact on the decision-making process. The high costs of regulation in the public sector must be reduced. Dynamic, collaborative governance in public policy should be promoted. Conflicts and relationships between stakeholders are applied to new collaborations involving various parties. Multidirectional communication in human relations and sharing of resources related to forest and land fire disasters in Indonesia requires various stakeholders' attention.
Decision-making facilities affect stakeholders in uncertainty, giving rise to limitations and complexity. Stakeholders are involved in decision-making to solve important factors with trust and commitment. Collaborative disaster management will lead to the ultimate goal of improving disaster preparedness. Collaboration encourages disaster preparation and disaster risk mitigation.
Collaboration provides a shared system between stakeholders and partnerships to reduce barriers and actions in dealing with disasters and implementing policies. Conflict in dealing with forest and land fires requires effective action in a collaborative way to help conflict resolution support goals be successful. Formal mechanisms for discussions between stakeholders and natural resource managers need to be put in place to build trust and performance. Consensus-based collaborative governance will support sustainable disaster management.
Based on epistemological and sociological descriptions of several theoretical and conceptual definitions of collaborative governance, it can be said that policymaking for forest and land fire disaster management that occurs in Indonesia needs to be analyzed with the concept of collaborative governance.
V. C
ONCLUSIONBased on the research results analysis, it can be concluded that managing fire and land disaster is not effective and not efficient yet. It can be concluded that it is necessary to have a detailed regulation on managing fire and land disaster made by legislative, executive power, and academia for solving the forest and land fires disaster problem. The forest and land fires disaster is needed to be managed successfully.
It can be recommended that legislative and executive power as public officials have to regulate the forest and land fires disaster management. State institutions should be involved in making effective disaster
management. It can be suggested to revise the regulations related to disaster management law. It can be suggested that the legislative and executive should have to be involved. Related state institutions as the public officials in making regulation on forest and land fires disaster management in Indonesia should form a better regulation.
