• 検索結果がありません。

Report on the Survey of the Archaeological Materials of Prehistoric Pakistan stored in the Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum Part 6: Human Figurines and Some Remarks on the Social Development in the Prehistoric Balochistan

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

シェア "Report on the Survey of the Archaeological Materials of Prehistoric Pakistan stored in the Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum Part 6: Human Figurines and Some Remarks on the Social Development in the Prehistoric Balochistan"

Copied!
25
0
0

読み込み中.... (全文を見る)

全文

(1)

Materials of Prehistoric Pakistan stored in

the Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum Part 6:

Human Figurines and Some Remarks on the Social

Development in the Prehistoric Balochistan

journal or

publication title

The bulletin of Tsurumi University. Pt. 4,

Studies in humanities, social and natural

sciences

number

52

page range

7-29

year

2015-03

(2)

土偶の考古学的検討と先史バローチスターン社会の展開

─ 愛知県陶磁美術館保管のパキスタン先史土偶から ─

Report on the Survey of the Archaeological Materials of Prehistoric Pakistan

stored in the Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum

Part 6: Human Figurines and Some Remarks on the Social Development

in the Prehistoric Balochistan

宗䑓 秀明、米山 あかね、宗䑓 富貴子、小茄子川 歩、木村 聡、遠藤 仁

SHUDAI Hideaki, YONEYAMA Akane, SHUDAI Fukiko,

KONASUKAWA Ayumu, KIMURA Satoshi and ENDŌ Hitoshi

「鶴見大学紀要」第 52 号 第 4 部 人文・社会・自然科学編 (平成 27 年 3 月) 別刷

(3)

土偶の考古学的検討と先史バローチスターン社会の展開

— 愛知県陶磁美術館保管のパキスタン先史土偶から ─

Report on the Survey of the Archaeological Materials of Prehistoric Pakistan stored in the Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum

Part 6: Human Figurines and Some Remarks on the Social Development in the Prehistoric Balochistan

宗䑓 秀明*、米山 あかね**、宗䑓 富貴子***、

小茄子川 歩****、木村 聡*****、遠藤 仁******

SHUDAI Hideaki*, YONEYAMA Akane**, SHUDAI Fukiko***, KONASUKAWA Ayumu****, KIMURA Satoshi*****, and ENDŌ Hitoshi******

* Associate Professor, Tsurumi University, Kanagawa/ Japan. 鶴見大学 ** Lecturer, Cyber University, Tokyo/ Japan. サイバー大学

*** Part-time staff, Kanagawa Archaeology Foundation. (公財)かながわ考古学財団 **** Lecturer, Tokai University, Kanagawa/ Japan. 東海大学

***** Curator, Educational Board of Numazu City /Japan 沼津市教育委員会

****** Visiting scholar, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto/ Japan. 総合地球環境学研究所

要旨:  本稿は、愛知県陶磁美術館に保管されている土偶に関する調査報告である。前稿[Konasukawa et al. 2011, 2012; Shudai et al. 2009, 2010, 2013]までに報告した彩文土器と共に陶磁美術館が保管してい る土偶は、人ひと形がたが23点、動物形が10点で、いずれも現在のパキスタン・イスラーム共和国の南西部にあ たるバーロチスータン丘陵部に展開した先史文化の所産であると考えられる。土偶は、紀元前3千年紀 初頭から前3千年紀中頃までのバローチスターン丘陵部に展開した先史社会における地域間交流と社会 展開の考察に多大な考古学的情報を提供するものである。こうした理由から、盗掘または骨董市場にて 入手された資料であっても、筆者らは愛知県陶磁美術館が保管しているこれらの土偶群をいち早く共有・ 活用できるデータとするために、その資料化を進めてきた。  ここに紹介する土偶は、クッリ式、ジョーブ式を中心としたバローチスターンの先史文化の土偶型式 に属し、先史土偶に多くみられる女性土偶の他にジョーブ式の男性土偶の表徴を備えた女性土偶も含ま れる。後者の土偶には後のインダス文明に現れる石製の「神官王」像や男性土偶との間に共通する表徴 を見いだせる。この男性土偶の表徴を備えた女性土偶は、南アジアの先史社会がどのようにして文明社 会へと展開したのかを考察するに多いに資するものである。  報告者は、女性土偶を含めた先史社会の土偶の変遷を概観した後に、女性土偶から男性土偶出現にいた る型式変化から、男性土偶に読み取れる社会的意味を考察し、バローチスターン丘陵の先史文化とイン ダス文明がその社会統一概念において対立していたとの見解を述べる。

(4)

1. Introduction

We had been reported the prehistoric pottery of Pakistan stored in Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum in Japan since 2009, vol. 46 to vol. 50 of this Journal [Konasukawa et al. 2011, 2012; Shudai et al. 2009, 2010, 2013]. 23 human figurines and 10 animal figurines besides pottery are stored in Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum, and they belong to prehistoric Balochistan cultures as described below. Other figurines of human and animal will be stored in the house of an antique dealer who entrusted those figurines to the Museum. Some of entrusted figurines are preserved in intact, not in fragments. Fragmental figurines are even remained upper portion, which means probably raiders dug them up from archaeological sites. On the light of its archaeological precious meaning, whatever they are dealt antiques and probably unearthed by illegal diggings, we are convinced that these materials will be useful to better understands for the culture of ancient Balochistan and Indus Civilization.

We had firstly surveyed with surprisingly some of the collection in the exhibition hall and others packed in wooden cases made of a paulownia tree like caps for the tea ceremony in the storeroom of the museum on 8th September 2005, and started to draw and take photographs of these materials in the working space of the Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum from 8th to 15th September 2007. The second season of research at the Museum had been held from 16th to 24th June 2008. And the third season of research had been held from 13th to 17th September 2009. Member of participants from first to third researches were KONISHI Masatoshi (Professor emeritus of Rikkyo University), SHUDAI Hideaki (Tsurumi University), KONASUKAWA Ayumu (Tokai University), ENDŌ Hitoshi (Research Institute for Humanity and Nature), KIMURA Satoshi (Educational Board of Numazu City), UENO Tsuyoshi (Graduate School of Tokai University), YONEYAMA Akane (Cyber University) and SHUDAI Fukiko.

We report here 8 human figurines of them and present some considerations on them in this paper. Figurines could be classified into Kulli type, Zhob type and Turkmenia Type by their forms.

2. Figurines

Figure 1-1 (registered no. 7 in the museum, described as no. 7 in following) is left almost intact without a tip of head. This terracotta figurine is made of gritty bright brown thickly clay and finished by burnish using a spatula. Height is 57 mm, width is 35 mm and diameter of base is 18-19 mm. Lower portion below a slender waist is end in extended outside and center of basement is concave by pinching out the clay for making a base. Arms are push out elbows and turn to the both side of a lower chest. Plastered clay clods on the body were engraved lines for expressing fingers. Head is made as succession of the thick neck, and pinched out the clay for making the face. Clay clods for ears and discs for eyes are applied on a face. Ears and eyes are hollowed by some small stick. Clay discs hollowed the center same as eyes are set on the chest between hands and it's underarms. And another clay cord cut lines was pasted from shoulders to chest. Clay cord was not pasted around the neck. This cut clay cord express some bead necklace or ornament. Hair is not expressed.

Two hollowed dics on it's underarms represent breasts But, it is possible that the hollowed clay discs express pots. A female figurine from Nindowari archaeological site holds a pot like this hollowed ring clay under left arm [Jarrige 1984].

Figure 1-2 (no. 18) is left almost intact without a base end, and made of grayish brown gritty clay. But the surface colour of figurine is dark as this was fired in the reduction atmosphere. Height in left is 67 mm, width is 41 mm and diameter of base is 18-19 mm. Lower portion below a slender waist is slightly extended outside and lost an end. Arms are not visible, shoulders are extended outside. Head is made as succession of the thick neck, and pinched out the clay for making a face. Head is applied a clay cord for the hair ornament and the center of clay discs are hollowed by some small stick for eyes. Conical clay clods are sticked on the chest using fingers and spatula for Breasts. Ornaments between the neck and chest, and necklace are represented by clay cords that are sticked by finger pressures. Pendants are attached this ornaments and necklace has a round terminal, they are pierced by some pointed tool. Hair

(5)

Fig. 1 Figurines (1)

1

2

Scale 1 / 1

These chest ornaments and necklace are presented only on the front not on the back. This means clay figurines were displayed their front, not used as toy. Evident breasts show this figurine as a female.

Figure 2-1 (no. 6) is left intact. Figurine is made of bright brown gritty and compact clay and finished by finger smoothings. Height is 78 mm, width is 56 mm

and diameter of base is 30 mm. Lower portion below a slender waist is extended outside and the surface of base is smoothed by finger pressures but is not flat. Arms were push out elbows and turn wrists to the both side of a chest. Although it is not clear on left hand, hands, probably, are engraved in a hole each. It may be made for holding something to which inserting in a hole. Head is made as succession of the

(6)

Fig. 2 Figurines (2)

1

2

(7)

thick neck, and pinched out the clay for making a face. Head is applied a clay cord for the hair ornament and clay discs for eyes. Eyes, center of clay discs are hollowed by some small stick. A hair ornament is made wavy by pressing a spatula, and down to the chest over the neck ornament and necklace. Neck ornament and necklace are also expressed by putting clay cords on the body. Surface of neck ornament is engraved diagonally some intervals by a spatula. Hair is not expressed.

Neck ornaments and necklace of this figurine are also presented only on the front not on the back. We could not see breasts on this figurine. But some features of hair ornament and necklace, and a wide chest indicate this figurine as a female.

Fig. 2-2 (no. 5) is left intact. This figurine is made of gritty bright brown compact clay and finished by finger smoothings. Height is 74 mm, width is 48 mm and diameter of base is 38 mm. Lower portion below a slender waist is extended outside and the surface of base is smoothed by finger pressures but is not flat. Arms are put on the body, which push out elbows and turn wrists to the chest. Fingers are not expressed. Clay cords are put on the neck as neck ornaments and on the upper chest like “v” shape as some bead necklace or ornament. These clay cords did not thoroughly wind back neck. Other clay cord is attached on the head down to the shoulder over neck ornaments and necklace. Head are made as succession of the thick neck, and pinched out the clay for making a face. It seems clay portion of neck and head are put to the body, because wrinkles of clay are seen on the back of neck. Clay discs for eyes plastered on face are hollowed in the center by some small stick. Hair is not expressed.

We could not see breasts on this figurine. But some features of hair ornaments and necklace, and a wide chest indicate this figurine as a female.

Fig3-1 (no. 11) is left upper part of a body without legs. Figurines like this form of full length from top to toe will be described below. This figurine is made of grayish brown colour compact clay and finished by finger smoothings. Remained height is 59 mm and width is 22 mm. Body is made from long flat boards of clay, and arms without fingers like wings, triangular boards are plastered to the main body. Head is made as succession of the thick neck, and pinched out the clay for making a face. Eyes and ears are not

expressed. Hair is put up tied on the top of a head and hang down its back in three strings to the hip. Three long braided hairs are engraved horizontally many times by a spatula or some thin blade tool. Breasts are also put conical clay clods to the chest. And some clod as belt is plastered to remaining end. It is clear this figurine represent a female.

Fig. 3-2 (no. 12) is left upper part of a body without legs. This figurine are made of grayish brown colour compact clay and finished by finger smoothings. Remained height is 41 mm and width is 31 mm. A construction way of clay parts attachment is same as a figurine indicated on Fig 3-1. Plastered arms are bended downward without hands. Face is expressed by pinched out the clay from a head. Clay discs put on the face are hollowed in the center to display eyes. Hair is put up tied on the top of a head, and hang down its back and sides in three directions to the shoulders like a bottomed wig used by barristers in commonwealth nations. Three long braided hairs are engraved horizontally many times by a spatula or some thin blade tool. Breasts are also put conical clay clods to the chest. After putting clay parts on the body, small pentagonal or polygon holes are punched from neck to chest by some pointed tool.

This figurine is represented as a female indicated by breasts.

Fig. 3-3 (no. 10 temporary, do not exact register number) is left intact. We can see a trace of bounding broken parts on the waist. It is supposed that antique dealer did this joining. This figurine is made of bright orange colour compact clay and fired in the air of excess temperature, a surface is rough although finished by finger smoothings. Height is 100 mm and width is 45 mm. A construction way of clay parts attachment is same as a figurine indicated on Fig 3-1. Arms without fingers like wings, triangular boards are plastered to the main body which is a flat board and slightly getting thicker for the hip. Legs bend on a hip and knees. Figurine is a sitting posture with putting its knees and toes together on a chair or some platform. It stretches toes slightly upward. Face is expressed by pinched out the clay from a head. Two clay discs put on the face are hollowed in the center to display eyes. Hair is put up tied on the top of a head, and hang down its back and chest in three directions like a bottomed wig. Three long braided hairs are engraved horizontally many times

(8)

Fig. 3 Figurines (3)

1

3

2

(9)

by a spatula or some thin blade tool. Breasts are also put conical clay clods to the chest over braided hairs. Two clay clods and a clay cord with a clay ball are seen from its neck to chest. It will be a necklace with a pendant. After putting clay parts on the body, painting was done. Black colour is seen on eyes, hair and left shoulder or arm. Red is seen on its nose and right shoulder or arm.

This figurine is represented as a female indicated by breasts.

Fig. 4 (no. 17) is left the upper half of the body. This figurine is made of gritty grayish brown colour compact clay and finished by finger smoothings, but smoothings are not clear for wearing down the surface. Remaining height is 57 mm and remaining width is 35 mm. Arms, head, nose, hair and ornaments are put on the body. Body is made of thick and tubular clay and breasts are slightly

developed under a clay sheet cover which represent necklaces or some chest ornaments. Heads is made from cylindrical clay plastered on the body, and which was pinched out a little clay for making a face and a nose. Long elliptical clay discs are put on both sides of its nose and hollowed in its center for making eyes. And it is possible that mouth is lost under its nose, becoase around the nose is broken. Hair or possibly hair ornament like a long cloth is put on the top and hang down to its chest along both cheeks. And more ornament is seen on forehead. The ornament forms a long triangle, a tip is downward. However, it is unclear that this is an independent ornament or end of hair ornament. It will be discuss on later. Another ornament is on the left shoulder. It is tied up long something in folding by a cord, and carry on the shoulder. These forming techniques of plastered parts are identified on observations of the Fig. 4 Figurines (4)

(10)

back of a head and shoulder where are peel off some clay. This figurine is painted the front in yellow. We recognize this figurine as a female why we can confirm an obvious swell of breasts on the chest under some ornaments, its breasts are clearly seen in the drawing of a broken section.

2. Figurines of the Prehistoric Balochistan and its Chronology (Fig. 5. Table 1)

Prehistoric Balochistan clay figurines had been classified into many types on styles and belonging ages or regional distributions by scholars. Mr. Noetling had explored northern Balochistan area in 1890’s already. Stein, A. had explored and excavated northern Balochistan sites on being triggered by Noetling report [Noetling 1899]. He found clay human figurines at Periano Ghundai, Kaudani and Dabar Kot in 1929, which figurines were called later as Zhob type [Stein 1929]. In southern Balochistan, Hargreaves, H. had found human figurines at Nal in 1924, which figurines were called later as Kulli type [Hargreaves 1929]. Stein also excavated in southern Balochistan at Kulli site and found figurines, he called these figurines as “Goddess” [Stein 1931]. Fairservis, W.A. had re-excavated at Periano Ghundai and found clay figurines again from lower layers of the site [Fairservis 1959]. He called layers as Zhob cult phase and the figurines from these layers as Zhob culture mother-goddess in 1959. Piggott, S. classified and called these clay human figurines as figurines of Zhob culture in northern Balochistan and Kulli type figurine of Kulli culture in southern Balochistan [1950]. It has been called that figurines from prehistoric Balochistan sites Zhob type and Kulli type onward. After 1970’s when Mughal, R. present a hyptheses that Kot Diji culture as early Harappan culture appeared in Indus river valley, it had been took notice of the study for the formation of Indus Civilization to the excavations, re-excavations and re-research in Indus river valley and Balochistan adjacent to Indus valley [Mughal 1970]. They are at Balochistan sites such as Mehrgarh and Nausharo [Jarrige 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990] in Kachi plain, Rahman Dehri [Durrani 1988] and Lewan [Farid Khan et al. 1991, 2000a, 2002] in Gomal plain, Nal [Hargreaves 1929; Franke-Vogt 2005] and Nindowari [Casal 1966; Jarrige et al. 2011b] in central Balochistan. These researches also brought

new types of figurines like Gomal, sub-division the Zhob type, and chronological changes of figurines [Shudai 2004]. So we will identify the character of each figurine types and chronological changes to recognize figurines reported here classified to any types and belonging age.

A. Kulli Type

It is unclear that the origin and chronology of Kulli culture. Many interpretations have been presented to understanding Kulli culture, since Stein had recognized prehistoric Kulli site [Fairservis 1967, 1975; Piggott 1946, 1950]. Our idea about pottery of Kulli culture was also presented in this journal of last volume [Shudai et al. 2013]. However, it is presented new data for the understanding Kulli culture that recent researches on the old materials from Nindowari, which was excavated by Casal in 1964-1965 [Casal 1966; Jarrige, C. 1984; Jarrige et al. 2011b]. Kulli type figurines had been excavated from many sites after the first finding in Stein’s exploration, Kulli, Mehi, Amri, Siah Damb, Nindowari and etc. We understand that Kulli culture had started from Nindowari I period or Nal culture [Shudai 2010]. First Kulli type figurines appeared in this Nindowari I period. C. Jarrige classified Kulli figurines in her paper, and typical Kulli figurines were appeared in Nindowari II period. Andmore she pointed out Kulli type figurines originated from western Asia or southern Turkmenia [Jarrige, C. 1984]. It is an quationable interpretation that southern Balochistan culture, including Kulli, had not been familiar with northern Balochistan but central Asia also. Anyhow, she indicated typical Kulli figurines were made in Nindowari II period firstly. But, Kulli type figurines appeared certainly in Nindowari I. Although it is different from typical Kulli figurines of head ornaments, statue of the upper half of the body or from the hip up, round base, pointed (beak) face by pinching out clay from head are already appeared in Nindowari I period (Fig 5). It holds a pot under a left arm. This design of holding a pot is important to understand the meaning of clay figurines and chronological comparison with other figurines types. Figurine holding a pot of Zhob type, described later, is founded from Mehrgarh VII B Period. So, Kulli type figurine appeared around 2700 BC. And it had followed by figurines excavate from Nindowari II

(11)

A m ri C ul tu re K ul li Cu ltu re Q ue tt a Cu ltu re G om al C ul tu re E ar ly H ar ap pa ns H el m an d (S .E . I ra n) S. T ur km en ia S. A fg ha ni st an Cu ltu re Distr ic t si te So ci al D ad u A m ri II I II b II a Id Ic Ib Ia K al at N in do w ar i II K G M IV III II I ea rl y la ye r of I D am b Sa da at II I II I II Ic II Ib II Ia II Ib Ia V II VI V IV III II c b a R an a G hu nd ai Pe ia no G hu nd ai U pp er la ye r) R ah m an D eh ri II IB A II I Sh aa r-I So kh ta II I II M eh rg ar h N au sh ar o II I II ID IC IB IA G uml a IV III II I Sa ra i K ho la II I K al ib an ga n II Ja ri lp ur K ot D iji M un di ga k 3 2 1 II D je itu n N am az ug a Q ue tt a Z ho b L or al i K ac ch i G om al Pa nj ab t yp e Si nd t yp e N .W . Pa nj ab 23 00 26 00 30 00 40 00 50 00 Dat e B .C . NW So uth A

sia tio iza iod Per

n us Ind a app Har ly Ear ) avi (R ra Hak

Thi rd Lay re on n ijia D Kot NE Ba loc his

tan tio iza iod Per

n al Gom al om hi G Toc kai ara T han ri K She

Bal och ist

an tio iza iod Per

n

Per

iod nze Bro ic lith lco Cha PN PPN

Ind

us tta Que eg hi B Kec KGM I rh rga Meh

Ter rito ria l S tat

e City ly Ear t men of to ttle Semen ral ish ltu abl icu Est Agr t men f ttlee o Se enc ral aeg ltu Em icu Agr

Spr ead

of ltu icu Agr

ral ent lem sett

Ta bl e. 1 S ch em at ic C hr on ol og ic al C ha rt

(12)

Fi g 5. B al oc hi st an H um an F ig ur in es [ S hu da i 2 00 4 re vi se d]

Kulli Culture

Mehrgarh VI

I

Mehrgarh VI

Mehrgarh

V

Mehrgarh IV

Mehrgarh I~II

Quetta Culture

Gomal Culture

K ul li N in do w ar i p ha se 3 N au sh ar o ID N au sh ar o IB D am b Sa da at II Su r J an gh al II II Jh an di B ab ar I Sa ra i K ol a I al l a re e xc av at ed fr om G um la w ith ou t s ite n am e al l a re e xc av at ed fr om M eh rg ar h w ith ou t s ite n am e Sc al l i s n ot sa m e So ut he rn Z ho b Ty pe N or th er n Zh ob T yp e Ra hm a D eh ri II Sa ra i k ol a II Le w an III G om al T yp e A m ri III la te p ha se M oe nj o D ar o IV

(13)

B.Zhob Type

Zhob type figurines are that Stein found firstly at Periano Ghundai in Zhob district of Balochistan, Fairservis called them Zhob mother - goddess [Fairservis 1959]. They have been found from archaeological sites of northern Balochistan, such as Zhob-Loralai, Quetta valley and Kachi Plain [Fairservis 1956; Jarrige et al. 1995]. Especially they have been excavated so many from pre-pottery Neolithic to Chalcolithic age of Mehrgarh [Jarrige, C. 1991, 1997, 2005,2006]. Mehrgarh located in Kachi Plain where was alluvial plain of Bolan river flowing from Quetta area of Balochistan hills to the west of Indus river valley, and its culture was belonging to Quetta culture.

Mehrgarh is divided 8 periods, I to VII are succeeding periods. It is dated that Period I had started 7000 B.C., but it was unclear. 14C dating

sample from upper layer of Period I indicate around 5000 B.C. Excavation team reported that date of earliest Period I retroactive to 7000 B.C., because cultural deposit of Period I was over 7 meters beneath the layer from which dating sample was collected [Jarrige et al. 1995]. It is supposed Period I of Mehrgarh was placed to around 6000 B.C. at earliest, it is better understanding that Neolithic culture had spread from west. It is 6000 B.C. that Turkmenia Djeitun culture to the west of Balochistan, pre-pottery Neolithic, had flourished.

Oldest figurine is not made of clay, which is mother of pearl. Clay figurines are excavated from the earliest level to 8 level, 9 level is latest. They are almost all unbaked and grouped into the standing and sitting posture. But, the standing figurine did not mean standing as literally. Standing figurines have breasts and a head on upper part of long rods. They have no feet representation. Another shape of sitting figurine, appear from level 3 on, are slightly bended biconical, one end for the head, the other for the feet, bended part is for the hip (Fig. 5). Many of these sitting figurines wear some ornaments on a waist, a hip and feet. These very simple clay figurines continue to Period II without standing figurines along with pebble made figurines. Clay figurine did not yielded from Period III without probably one unclear standing human figurine.

In Period IV, figurines are getting more representational make. It is that a head is apparent,

prominent breasts are plastered, feet are divide in two. A face, eyes and a nose, are made on standing figurines, but an oval flatten face without a nose and eyes by finger pressures on a part of head are only made on bended biconical statues. Standing figurines are successor of ones in Period I, but they disappeared during Period IV, did not appear the successor of this type figurine ever. The standing figurines appear in later period is the successor of another sitting figurines. The sitting figurines, that is to say, main figurine type of Mehrgarh, and Quetta culture. The features of sitting figurines are the construction technique to make and chest ornaments, necklaces. Sitting figurines indicated in Fig. 5 are made from several clay parts, two triangular pyramids for feet, another triangular pyramids for upper part of the body, small triangular pyramids for breasts and a rod for a head. Clay strings are plastered on above breasts for necklaces.

Typical Zhob figurines appear in Period V onward. Biconical style and the way of making t e c h n i q u e a r e b a s i c a l l y s u c c e e d e d , b u t representational make developed and exaggeration of feminine like as a hip, breasts, plentiful ornaments and huge hair or hair ornaments. Face is made of nose of pinching out, eyes of hollowed clay disc and a lip of plastered clay strings.

Some changes of appearance had happened in Period VII. Posture shift to sitting on a chair, and feet are separated in perfect, arms are also separated from the body. Modeling of body, hip, breasts and balance of limbs are getting naturally. And more evident change of figurines in Mehrgarh is the emergence of male, and besides it stands straight on feet with his penis bared. First Male figurine appeared from Nausharo site where is located near Mehrgarh. It seems male figurines are made by same artisan who making female figurines, why the making technique is same to that of female figurines Period V onward. Differences from female figurines, male figurines wear pendant like a necktie and a hair ornament or a turban. It is most important that a male figurine of almond eyes holds an infant in his arms. He wears a headband with a triangular ornament and a pair of pants. It is same to one of female figurines in Period VII to be style of a hair ornament. And some female figurines hold also an infant in her arms.

(14)

This Zhob type figurines could be divide into two, Southern Zhob and Northern Zhob type. It can be seen that a flat type and a rod type of lower part of body in chronologically Mehrgarh V Period parallel, former in around Quetta as seen above, latter in Gomal and Tochi river Plain and Eastern Punjab. This Northern Zhob type is an element of the origin of Gomal type figurines

C.Gomal Type

Gomal type figurines had been firstly excavated from Gumla in Gomal Plain right bank of Indus River [Dani 1970-71; Durrani 1988; Farid Khan et al. 1991, 200b; Halim 1972ab]. It is features of this type, we assume, that a flat body and bending lower part of the body, and a huge hip and plastered breasts indicate as a female [Shudai 2004]. Face expression is only a nose without eyes and a mouth. It appeared in Period III of Gumla corresponding to Mehrgarh VI to VII and originated from Northern Zhob type. Figurine from Gumla Period IV holds a pot in her hand in front of the waist. Gomal type include another group of figurines in Gomal culture, Tochi-Gomal culture in some scholar called [Allchin et al. 1986; Farid Khan et al. 2000c]. That is a more solid make figurines originated from figurines of Jhandi Babar site in Gomal Plain. This figurine of Jhandi Babar I Period influenced to solid but simplified painted ones of Lewan site in Tochi river plain where was north-west to Gomal Plain. Hair or hair ornament, a nose, eyes, a mouth, breasts and other ornaments are represented by black painting.

3. Discussions

A. Typological Classification of Figurines in Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum

The outline of prehistoric figurines, basically clay made, of Balochistan area is described on our understanding. It could be classified that the reported figurines stored in the Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum to which types. Figurines illustrated in Fig. 1 and 2 are classified to Kulli type on a pinched out nose and a beaked face, and a flat base of lower portion of the body. In these figurines, Fig. 1-2 is resembles the figurine that Jarrige pointed out the prototype of Kulli figurine unearthed from Nausharo IC Period [Jarrige, C 1997]. A face of Fig.

expressed, much less hands. Although it maybe left ancient form, it is unknown to which period Fig. 1-2 figurine belongs as not to be excavated from the stratified layer. But, Kulli type figurine had already appeared Nindowari Period I that corresponds to Nausharo IC, it is no wander Kulli type had established until Nausharo IC, not a prototype.

Long hair or wig and coloured arms like wings illustrated in Fig. 3 are not familiar to any Balochistan figurines. Are these figurines different from Balochistan cultures? However, pinched out noses are seen in Kulli, Zhob, Gomal and Lewan figurines, hollowed clay disc for eyes are seen in Kulli and Zhob type, and paintings is seen in Lewan figurines. Body colouring is also seen on figurines from Mehrgarh Period I-II. And arms like wings or slightly down elbows and hands are similar to Lewan figurines. Sitting posture on a chair and long braided hair are often seen on the figurines from central Asia, southern Turkmenia [Masson 1988]. Sitting posture on a chair is also seen in Zhob type of Mehrgarh VII Period. But it could not look for rigid sitting posture on a chair like Fig. 3-3 in Balochistan figurines. It is wander that unfamiliar elements to Balochistan figurines, long hair or wig and rigid sitting posture, did belongs to. It could be appreciated this heterogeneity figurines had made under the cultural influences from Central Asia in Balochistan [Jarrige, C. 1984].

Figurine illustrated in Fig. 4 is the important female figurine, because almond eyes and a headband with an ornament are the characteristic elements of Zhob male figurines of Zhob type belonging to Mehrgarh Period VII and Nausharo Period ID on the chronological chart of Fig. 5.

B. Typological Change and Social Change

Formative changes of Zhob type happened in female and male figurines newly appeared in Period VII, male figurines changed its representation as having almond eyes and wearing a headband with an ornament in Nausharo ID Period in addition. He holds an infant in his arms. The infant maybe indicates the fertility, a person who holds in arms mean in his fertility in that situation. Female who could give a birth to a baby has fertility basically. Female figurines hold an infant repeat and emphasis

(15)

female figurines also means fertility. An infant holded in the male figurine’s arms, however, is a spokesperson and symbol for fertility of a male who could not give a birth. This male figurine holding an infant appeared in Period ID of Nausharo when corresponds to the end and just after the decline of Mehrgarh. It is supposed that new social system of a male leader needed emerged in that period. But new social system and its expression did not appear suddenly. Male figurine having hollowed eyes same as female figurines holds a pot in his hands in Mehrgarh Period VII before emergence of male figurie with having almond eyes and wearing a headband with a ornament holding an infant. Male figurines were expressed as same as features of female figurine’s appearance. It means that a pot is the symbol of fertility. A Kulli female figurine also holds a pot in under her arm as described above (Fig. 5). Male figurine holds up a pot in his hands in front of his chest indicates the form of taking transition to male f i g u r i n e h o l d i n g a n i n f a n t i n h i s a r m s f o r demonstrating to assure the social fertility by him. The transition of expression of figurine modeling was further progressed to give male figurines new

features as almond eyes and a headband with an ornament. However, he could not express his fertility without holding a fertile infant. A figurine illustrated in Fig. 4 acts as the bridge between a fertile female figurine and a fertile male figurine with new representation.

It is necessary to take notice on the new representation of almond eyes and a headband with an ornament that seems to it to eyes of the male statue of Indus Civilization and Mundigak Period IV in Afghanistan (Fig. 6). Although “Priest King” of Indus Civilization is a famous statue with almond eyes and a headband with an ornament, this is a later phase of Indus Civilization. Other stone statues with almond eyes and a headband with an ornament indicate these features of male had been familiar to the social of Indus Civilization (Fig. 7). And these features of male statues had spread over Indus river valley to Afghanistan. It is the Civilization that these male figurines and statues with new representational features suggest new social.

It had been needed in the area through ancient Northwestern Asia that male figurines and statues with new representational features different from the

Mundigak

Moenjo - daro

(16)

former female figurines show new social system. However, Mehrgarh site, regional major city in Quetta and Kachi Plain of Balochistan, had fallen after Period VII when male figurine had appeared in Kachi Plain. After that, regional major site of Kachi Plain shifted to Nausharo Period II, and their culture also shifted from Balochistan to Harappa. Therefore, it could be supposed that the social male leader who had been represented by the male figurine with new characters was well on way to appear in Harappan and Balochistan cultures, and early phase of Harappan culture or Indus Civilization had conflicted with late phase of Balochistan culture, especially Mehrgarh Period VII, and Indus Civilization had spread into Kachi Plain on Nausharo Period II. These social and cultural interactions had done with Central Asia, as seen in figurines of Fig. 3.

5. Closing

It is very interesting to consider the formative change of prehistoric figurines through Nausharo IB to Mehrgarh VII Period that Vidale reported a complex terracotta sculpture of private collections which female and male figurines ride in a boat or a cart with a cow head bow [Vidale 2011]. Female and male figurines alternately sit on chairs on the both sides of a boat or cart, two male figurines are standing in front of lines of chairs on both sides of it. Male figurines wear turbans and pendants, female figurines wear hair ornaments and necklaces. They all have hollowed clay disc eyes. Another female

are formed by horned cow, accompanied both sides by standing male figurines in roofed stern wears a hair ornament and necklaces, but she has almond eyes, hollowed oval clay disc same as Fig. 4 of this paper. It is important that female figurine sitting on a chair has representational elements for female without almond eyes, she is accompanied by male figurines with round eyes. It certainly indicates the almond eyes are a symbol for the leader of some social unit, if this complex sculpture was an authentic object.

An ideological female leader with almond eyes who assure the agricultural and social fertility appeared first, a male leader with almond eyes holding an infant as a guardian for the fertility appeared later. Male could not be a leader without the fertility, and also express directly the power of force. Female figurines of Fig. 4 and reported by Vidale indicate the struggle for the social change as representing symbol of fertility by figurines from female to male.

Responsibility for this paper’s text is on SHUDAI Hideaki. YONEYAMA Akane did drawing of figurines. Tracing of drawing is done by SHUDAI Fukiko. Photograph of figurines is done by SHUDAI Hideaki and ENDŌ Hitoshi.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all of member of the Aichi Fig 6. Male Figurine from Moenjo - daro

(17)

manager INOUE Kikuo, chief Curator MORI Tatsuya and curator OGAWA Hiroki, they kindly provided the necessary equipment and facilities to our research activities at the museum. And it is a worthy mention that the museum gave us a permission to place the report on the figurines stored in the museum to this bulletin.

And last but not least, we would like to thank to the editor of this Journal for kindly giving us an opportunity to publish the result of our research. I, SHUDAI Hideaki, would like to acknowledge the financial support without which I could not have been able to conduct my research . The support has been provided by Tsurumi University as the individual research financial support.

References

Allchin, F.R., B. Allchin, F.A. Durrani and M. Farid Khan. (eds.)  1986 Lewan and the Bannu Basin, Excavation and Survey of sites and environments in North West Pakistan. BAR International Series 310. Cambridge.

Andeleanu-Jansen, A. 1992 “New Evidence on the Distribution of Artifacts: An Approach Towards a Qualitative-Quantitative Assessment of the Terracotta Figurines of Mohenjo-daro”. In Jarrige, C. (ed.) South Asian Archaeology 1989: 5-14. Wisconsin: Prehistory Press (Monographs in World Archaeology 14).

Andeleanu-Jansen, A. 1993 Die Terrakotten in Mohenjo-Daro. Aachen University Misson, Occasional Papers. Casal, J.M. 1961 Fouilles De Mundigak, Vol. I and II. Paris:

Librairie C. Klincksieck.

Casal, J.M. 1963 Fouilles D’Amri, Vol. I and II. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.

Casal, J. M. 1966 “Nindowari: a Chalcolithic Site of South Baluchistan”. Pakistan Archaeology, 3: 10-21.

Clark, S. R. 2005 “The Elusive "Mother goddess": a Critical Approach to the Interpretation of Harappan Terracotta Figurines”. In Jarrige, C. and V. Lefèvre. (eds.) South Asian Archaeology 2001: 61-77. Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris.

Cortesi, M., M. Tosi, A. Lazzari and M. Vidale. 2008 “Cultural Relationships beyond the Iranian Plateau: The Helmand Civilization, Baluchistan and the Indus Valley in the 3rd Millennium BCE”. Paléorient, 34 (2): 5-35.

Dales, G.F. 1965 “A Suggested Chronology for Afghanistan, Baluchistan, and the Indus Valley”. Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 257-284. Chicago.

Dales, G.F. 1973 “Archaeological and Radiocarbon Chronologies for Protohistoric South Asia”. In Hammond (ed.) South Asian Archaeology 1971: 151-170.

Dani, A.H. 1970-71 “Excavations in the Gomal Valley”.

Ancient Pakistan, 5: 1-177.

de Cardi, B. 1965 “Excavation and Reconnaissance on Karat, West Pakistan”. Pakistan Archaeology, 2: 86-182.

de Cardi, B. 1979 Excavation at Bampur, a Third Millennium Settlement in Persia Baluchistan. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of National History, 51 (3). de Cardi, B. 1983 Archaeological Survey in Baluchistan 1948

and 1957. University of London Institute of Archaeology Occasional Publication No. 8. London.

Durrani, F.A. 1988 “Excavation in the Gomal Valley, Rehman Dheri Excavation Report No. 1”. Ancient Pakistan, 6: 1-232. Ehrich, R.W. (ed.) 1992 Chronologies in Old World Archaeology.

Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press.

Fairservis, W.A. 1956 “Excavation in the Quetta Valley, West Pakistan”. Anthropological Papers of American Museum of Natural History, 45 (2): 162-402.

Fairservis, W.A. 1959 “Archaeological Survey in the Zhob and Loralai Districts, West Pakistan”. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural history, 47 (2): 277-448.

Fairservis, W.A. 1967 “The Origin, Character and Decline of an Early Civilization”. American Museum Novitates, 2302: 1-48.

Fairservis, W.A. 1975 The roots of ancient India. New York: Macmillan.

Farid Khan, J.R. Knox and K.D. Thomas. 1991 Explorations and Excavations in Bannu District, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan, 1985-1988. British Museum.

Farid Khan, J.R. Knox and K.D. Thomas. 2000a “Settlements and Settlement Systems in the Southwest Gomal Plain in the Proto-Historic Period”. Journal of Asian Civilizations, 23 (2): 7-23.

Farid Khan, J.R. Knox and K.D. Thomas. 2000b “Jhandi Babar, A New Site in the Gomal Plain, and the Sheri Khan Tarakai Culture Complex”. Journal of Asian Civilizations, 23 (2): 25-50.

Farid Khan, J.R. Knox and K.D. Thomas. 2000c “The ‘Tochi-Gomal phase’ : An Early 3rd Millennium BC Culture Horizon in Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan Divisions, Northwest Frontier Province, Pakistan”. Journal of Asian Civilizations, 23 (2): 51-56.

Farid Khan, J.R. Knox and K.D. Thomas. 2002d “West of the Indus: the Chronology of Settlement in the Protohistoric Culture Phase, with Special Reference to the Bannu Region”. Ancient Pakistan, 15: 119-125.

Franke-Vogt, U. 2005 “Excavations at Sohr Damb/Nal: Results of the 2002 and 2004 Seasons”. In Ute Franke-Vogt & Hans-Joachim Weisshaar. (eds.) South Asian Archaeology 2003: 63-76. Aachen: Linden Soft Verlag e.K. Franke-Vogt, U. 2008 “Prehistoric Balochistan”. Cultural

relations between the Indus and the Iranian plateau during the third millennium BCE, 31-36. Indus Project,

(18)

Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Japan.

Franke-Vogt, U. & A. Ibrahim. 2005 “A New Perspective of an Old Site: Reopening Excavations at Sohr Damb/Nal (Balochistan)”. In Jarrige, C. and V. Lefèvre. (eds.) South Asian Archaeology 2001: 105-115. Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris.

Gorsdorf, J. 2005 “Radiocarbon Dates from Sohr Damb/Nal, Balochistan”. In U. Franke-Vogt and H. - J. Weisshaar. (eds.)

South Asian Archaeology 2003: 77-80. Aachen: Linden Soft Verlag e.K.

Gosline, S. L. 1994 “Instrumentalists or Devotees?: Three "Female" figurines from Nippur”. From Sumer to Meluhha: Contributions to the Archaeology of South and West Asia in Memory of George F. Dales: 193-198. Madison: Wisconsin Archaeology Reports, Volume 3. Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin.

Guputa, S. P. 1979 Archaeology of Soviet Central Asia, and The Indian Borderlands: Vol. 2. Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation.

Halim, M.A. 1972a “Excavation at Sarai Khola”. Pakistan Archaeology, 7: 23-89.

Halim, M.A. 1972b “Excavation at Sarai Khola”. Pakistan Archaeology, 8: 1-112.

Hargreaves, H. 1929 Excavations in Baluchistan Sampur Mound, Mastung and Sohr Damb, Nal. New Delhi.

Jansen, M. 1985 “Moenjo-daro HR-A, House I, a Temple? Analysis of an Atchitectural Structure”. In Schotsmans, J. and M. Taddei (eds.) South Asian Archaeology 1983: 157-206. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici.

Jansen, M., M. Mulloy and G. Urban. 1991 Forgotten Cities on the Indus, Early Civilization in Pakistan from the 8th to the 2nd Millennium BC. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zaben. Jarrige, C. 1984 “The Terracotta Human Figurines from

Nindowari”. In Allchin, B. (ed.) South Asian Archaeology

1981: 129- 134. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jarrige, C. 1991 “The Terracotta Figurines from Mehrgarh”.

in Jansen, M. et al. (eds.) 1991: 87-93.

Jarrige, C. 1997 “The Figurines from Nausharo Period I and their Further Developments”. Allchin, R. and B. Allchin. (eds.) South Asian Archaeology 1995: 33-43. London: The Ancient India and Iran Trust.

Jarrige, C. 2005 “Human Figurines from the Neolithic Levels at Mehrgarh (Balochistan, Pakistan)”. In Ute Franke-Vogt and Hans-Joachim Weisshaar (eds.) South Asian Archaeology 2003: 27-37. Aachen: Linden Soft Verlag e.K. Jarrige, C. 2006 “The Figurines of the First Farmers at

Mehrgarh and their Offshoots”. Prāgdhārā, 18: 155-166. Lucknow.

Jarrige, J.-F. 1986 “Excavations at Mehrgarh-Nausharo”.

Pakistan Archaeology, 10-22 (1974-1986), 63-131, pls. 35-47.

Archaeology, 23: 149-203, pls. 9-26.

Jarrige, J.-F. 1989 “Excavations at Nausharo 1987-88”.

Pakistan Archaeology, 24: 21-67, pls. 2-19.

Jarrige, J.-F. 1990 “Excavations at Nausharo 1988-89”.

Pakistan Archaeology, 25: 193-240, pls. 11-20.

Jarrige, J.F. 1993 “The Question of the Beginning of the Mature Harappan Civilization as Seen from Nausharo excavations”. In Gail, A. J. Gerd J.R. Mevissen, and Franz Steiner Verlag (eds.) South Asian Archaeology 1991: 149-164. Stuttgart.

Jarrige, J.F. 1994 “The Final Phase of the Indus Occupation at Nausharo and Its Connection with the Following Cultural Complex of Mehrgrlh VIII”. In Parpola, A. and P. Koskikallio (eds.) South Asian Archaeology 1993 (Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae B 271), I: 295-313. Helsinki.

Jarrige J.-F, C. Jarrige, R.H. Meadow and G. Quivron. 1995 

Mehrgarh Field Reports 1974-1985 From Neolithic Times to the Indus Civilization. The Department of Culture and Tourism, Government of Sindh, Pakistan in Collaboration with the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Jarrige, J.-F. 1997 “From Nausharo to Pirak: Continuity and Change in the Kachi/Bolan Region from the 3rd to the 2nd Millennium B.C”. In Allchin, R. and B. Allchin. (eds.)

South Asian Archaeology 1995, 11-32. Cambridge: The Ancient India and Iran Trust.

Jarrige, J.-F. and M. Santoni (avec des contributions de M. Lechevallier, L. Costantini et R. Meadow; et la collaboration de C. Jarrige) 1979 Fouilles de Pirak. Vols. I and II. Paris: Diffusion De Boccard (Publications de la Commission des fouilles archaeologiques. Fouilles du Pakistan; no 2).

Jarrige, J.-F. and M. Usman Hassan. 1989 “Funerary Complexes in Baluchistan at the End of the Third Millennium in the Light of Recent Discoveries at Mehrgarh and Quetta”. In Karen Frifelt and Per Sørensen (eds.) South Asian Archaeology 1985, 150-166. London: Riverdale, Curzon Press/The Riverdale Company.

Jarrige, J.-F., A. Didier and G. Quivron 2011a “Shahr-I Sokhta and the Chronology of the Indo-Iranian Regions”.

Paléorient, 37 (2): 7-34.

Jarrige, J.-F., Quivron, G and Jarrige, C. 2011b Nindowari: Pakistan (The Kulli Culture: Its Origins and Its Relations with the Indus Civilization). UMR 9993, Centre de Recherches Archaeologiques Indus-Balochistan, Asie centrale et orientale. Musee Guimet. Paris: Ginkgo editeur. Kenoyer,J.M. 1991 “The Indus Valley Tradition of Pakistan

and Western India”. Journal of World Prehistory, 5 (4): 331-385.

Kenoyer, J.M. 1998 Ancient Cities of Indus Valley. Karachi: American Institute of Pakistan Studies/Oxford.

(19)

Archaeology 1977: 55-85. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale.

Konasukawa, A., H. Shudai, S. Kimura, T. Ueno and H. Endō.  2011 “Report on the Survey of the Archaeological Materials of Prehistoric Pakistan stored in Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum. Part 3: Emir Ware and Quetta Style pottery”. The Bulletin of Tsurumi University: Studies in Humanities, Social and Natural Sciences, 48 (4): 73-110. Tsurumi University, Yokohama/Japan.

Konasukawa, A., H. Shudai, H. Endō and S. Kimura. 2012  “Report on the Survey of the Archaeological Materials of

Prehistoric Pakistan stored in the Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum. Part 4: Togau Ware, Kechi-Beg Ware and Other Prehistoric Balochistan Pottery”. The Bulletin of Tsurumi University: Studies in Humanities, Social and Natural Sciences, 49 (4): 141-158. Tsurumi University, Yokohama/Japan.

Mackay, E.J.H. 1938 Further Excavations at Mohenjo Daro. Government of India Press.

Majumudar, N. G. 1934 Explorations in Sind. Memories of the Archaeological Survey of India, No. 48. New Delhi.

Marshall, S.J. 1931 Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization. London: Arthur Probsthain.

Masson, V.M. (transrated by Henry N. Michael) 1988  Altyn-Depe (University Museum Monographs, No. 55). Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Museum Publication.

Masson, V.M. 1992 “The Bronze Age in Khorasan and Transoxania”. In Dani, A.H. and V.M. Masson. (eds.) History of Civilization of Central Asia-I The Dawn of Civilization, Earliest Times to 700 B.C. : 225-245.

Masson, V.M. 1992 “The Decline of the Bronze Age Civilization and Movements of the Tribes”. In Dani, A.H. and V.M. Masson. (eds.) History of Civilization of Central Asia-I The Dawn of Civilization, Earliest Times to 700 B.C., : 337-356.

Masson, V. M. and V. I. Sarianidi. 1972 Central Asia Turkmenia Before the Achaemenids. New york: Thames and Hudson.

MaCown, D.E. 1942 The Comparative Stratigraphy of Early Iran. The Original Institute of The University of Chicago Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, No. 23. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.

Mughal, M.R. 1970 The Early Harappan Period in the Greater Indus Valley and Northern Baluchistan(c.3000-2400B.C.), Ph. D. Dissertation, Dept. of Archaeology, Univ. of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia.

NHK・NHK Promotions. 2000 Exhibitions of the World’s Four Great Civilizations: Indus Civilization. Tokyo: NHK. N o e t l i n g , F . W . 1899 “Ü b e r e i n e P r a h i s t o r i c h e

Neiderlassungen in Baluchistan”. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie: Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie Ethnologie und Urgeschichte.

Pearsall, D.M. (ed.) 2008 Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Vol. 1. New York: Academic Press.

Piggott, S. 1946 “The Chronology of Prehistoric North-West India”. Ancient India, 1: 8-26.

Piggott, S. 1950 Prehistoric India To 1000 B. C. London: Penguin Books.

Piperno, M. and S. Salvatori. 2007 The Shahr-I Sokhta Graveyard (Sistan, Iran) Excavation Campaigns 1972-1978. IsIAO-Rome.

Possehl, G.L. 1986 Kulli An Exploration of Ancient Civilization in Asia. Durham,: Carolina Academic Press. Possehl, G.L. 1989 Radio Carbon Dates for South Asian

Archaeology. The University Museum Philadelphia. Possehl, G.L. 1990 “Revolution in the Urban Revolution: The

Emergence of Indus Urbanization”. Annual Review of Anthropology, 19: 261-82.

Possehl, G.L. 1997 “The Transformation of the Indus Civilization”. Journal of World Prehistory, 11 (4): 425-472. Possehl, G.L. 1999 Indus Age the Beginnings. Philadelphia:

University of Pennsylvania Press.

Possehl, G.L. 2002 The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Lanham: Alta Mira Press.

Possehl, G.L. and P.C. Rissman. 1992 “The Chronology of Prehistoric India: From Earliest Times to the Iron Age”. In Ehrich (ed.) Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 465-490.

P’yankova, L. 1994 “Central Asia in the Bronze Age: Sedentary and Nomadic Cultures”. Antiquity, 68 (259): 355-372.

Quivron, G. 2008 “New Light on the Kulli Culture: A Reconsideration of the Painted Pottery uncovered by Sir Aurel Stein at Kulli and Mehi in Southern Baluchistan”. In Raven, E. M. (ed.) South Asian Archaeology 1999: 47-59. Groningen: Egbert Forsten.

Rahman, A. 1997 “The Discovery of A New Cultural Horizon At Jhandi Babar Near Dera Ismail Khan”. Punjab Journal of Archaeology and History, 1: 37-41. Lahore.

Sajjadi, S.M.S. 2004 “Archaeological Report. Sistan and Baluchestan Project”. Iran, 42: 247-250.

Sajjadi, S.M.S. et al. 2003 “Excavations at Shahr-i Sokhta. First Preliminary Report on the Excavations of the Graveyard 1997-2000”. Iran, 41: 21-97.

Salvatori, S. and M. Tosi. 2005 “Shahr-i Sokhta Revised Sequence”. In Jarrige, C. and V. Lefèvre (eds.) South Asian Archaeology 2001: 281-292. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations.

Samzun, A. 1992 “Observations on the Characteristics of the Pre-Harappan Remains, Pottery, and Artifacts at Nausharo, Pakistan (2700-2500B.C.)”. In Jarrige, C. (ed.)

South Asian Archaeology 1989: 245-252. Madison: Prehistory Press.

Santoni, M. 1984 “Sibri and the South Cemetery of Mehrgarh: Third Millennium Connections between the

(20)

Northern Kachi Plain (Pakistan) and Central Asia”. In Allchin, B. (ed.) South Asian Archaeology 1981: 51-60. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Shaffer, J.G. 1992 “The Indus Valley, Baluchistan, and Helmand Traditions: Neolithic through Bronze Age”. In Ehrich, R.W. (ed.) Chronologies in Old World Archaeology: 441-464. Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press.

Shaffer, J. G. and B. K. Thapar. 1992 Pre-Indus and Early Indus Cultures of Pakistan and India. In Dani, A. H., and V. M. Masson, (eds.) History of Civilizations of Central Asia

Vol.1: The dawn of civilization: earliest times to 700 B.C.: 247-281. Paris: Unesco Publishing.

Shudai, H. 1982 “Surface-collections from Mehrgarh Site in Pakistan”. Cultura Antiqua, 34 (3): 14-24. The Palaeological Association of Japan. (in Japanese).

Shudai, H. 1997 “The Development of Balochistan Cultures”.

Material Culture, 62: 1-21. (in Japanese).

Shudai, H. 2004 “Decline and coexist of Prehistoric Culture encounter the Civilization: Figurines of Balochistan Cultures”. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Searching for Ancient Indian Cities, 83-102. Kansai University. Japan. (in Japanese).

Shudai, H. 2010 “Kulli Pottery and Its Meanings in South Asian Prehistory”. INDO-KOKO-KENKYU- Studies in South Asian Art and Archaeology, 31: 57-68. Indian Archaeological Society (JAPAN)。

Shudai, H, A. Konasukawa, H. Endō and S. Kimura. 2009  “Report on the Survey of the Archaeological Materials of

Prehistoric Pakistan stored in Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum. Part 1: Painted Pottery of Nal Ware”. Bulletin of the Tsurumi University: Studies in Humanities, Social and Natural Sciences, 46 (4): 75-108.

Shudai, H., A. Konasukawa., H. Endō., S. Kimura. And T. Ueno.  2010 “Report on the Survey of the Archaeological Materials of Prehistoric Pakistan stored in Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum. Part 2: Kulli Ware”. The Bulletin of Tsurumi University: Studies in Humanities, Social and Natural Sciences, 47 (4): 53-115. Yokohama. Shudai, H., A. Konasukawa., H. Endō., S. Kimura. And T. Ueno.

 2013 “Report on the Survey of the Archaeological Materials of Prehistoric Pakistan, stored in Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum. Part 5: Archaeological Considerations on the Pottery and Cultures In the Pre-/ Protohistoric Balochistan”. The Bulletin of Tsurumi University: Studies in Humanities, Social and Natural Sciences, 50 (4): 81-123. Yokohama.

Stein, A. 1905 “Report on Archaeological Survey Work in the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan for the Period from January 2nd, 1904 to March 31st, 1905”. North-West Frontier Province Government Press, for the Archaeological Survey of India.

Stein, A. 1929 An Archaeological Tour in Waziristan and

Survey of India 43. New Delhi.

Stein, A. 1931 An Archaeological Tour in Gedorosia. Memoirs oh the Archaeological Survey of India, No. 43. Calcutta: Government of India.

Stein, A. 1937 Archeological Reconnaissance in Northwestern India Southeastern Iran. London.

Tosi, M. 1968 “Excavation at Shahr-I Sokhta, a Chalcolithic Settlement in the Iranian Sistan. Preliminary Report on the First Campaign, October-December 1967”. East and West, 18: 9-68.

Tosi, M. 1969 “Excavation at Shahr-I Sokhta. Preliminary Report on the Second Campaign”. East and West, 19: 283-386.

Tosi, M. 1979 “The Proto-urban Cultures of Eastern Iran and the Indus Civilization. Notes and Suggestions for a Spatio-temporal Frame to Study the Early Relations between India and Iran”. In Taddei, M. (ed.) South Asian Archaeology 1977, Vol. 1: 149-171. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale.

Tosi, M., S. Malek Shahmirzadi and M. A. Joyenda. 1992  “The Bronze Age in Iran and Afghanistan”. In Dani, A.H.

and V.M. Masson. (eds.) History of Civilization of Central Asia-I The Dawn of Civilization, Earliest Times to 700 B.C.: 191-223.

Uesugi, A. 2008 “Cultural Interaction between the Indus Valley and the Iranian Plateau”. Cultural relations between the Indus and the Iranian plateau during the third millennium BCE: 20-24. Indus Project, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Japan.

Uesugi, A. and A. Konasukawa 2008 “A Note on the Rise and Decline of the Indus Civilization with Focus o Ceramic Evidence”. Journal of West Asian Archaeology, 9: 101-118. (in Japanese).

Vidale, M. 2011 The Lady of the Spiked Throne: the Power of a lost ritual. Trieste: Dept. of Asian and North African Studies.

Weiner, S. 1984 “Hypotheses Regarding the Development and Chronology of the Indus Valley Civilization”. In Lal, B.B. and S.P. Gupta (eds.) Frontiers of the Indus Civilization : Sir Mortimer Wheeler Commemoration Volume: 395-415. New Delhi.

Winkelmann, S. 1994 “Intercultural relations between Iran, Central Asia and northwestern India in the light of squatting stone sculptures from Mohenjo-daro”. In Parpola, A. and P. Koskikallio (eds.) South Asian Archaeology 1993: 815-831.

Wright, R.P. 1987 “The Frontiers of Prehistoric Baluchistan and the development of the Indus Civilization”. In Trinkaus, K.M. (ed.) Polities and Partitions: Human Boundaries and the Growth of Complex Societies (Arizona State Anthropological Research Papers 37): 61-82. Tucson: Arizona State University.

(21)

Fig. 1-1 Kulli Type Female Figurine

Fig. 1-2 Kulli Type Female Figurine Left Side Left Side Front Front Right Side Right Side Reverse Reverse

Plate 1

(22)

Fig. 2-1 Kulli Type Female Figurine Base

Plate2

Left Side Front Right Side Reverse

(23)

Fig. 3-1 Central Asian Type ? Female Figurine

Plate 3

Left Side Front Right Side Reverse

(24)

Fig. 3-3 Central Asian Type ? Female Figurine Left Side Front Right Side Reverse

Plate 4

(25)

Left Side

Front

Right Side

Reverse

Fig. 4 Zhob Type Female Figurine

Fig. 1    Figurines (1)
Fig. 2    Figurines (2)
Fig. 3    Figurines (3)
Fig 5.  Balochistan Human Figurines  [Shudai 2004 revised]
+6

参照

関連したドキュメント

Eskandani, “Stability of a mixed additive and cubic functional equation in quasi- Banach spaces,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol.. Eshaghi Gordji, “Stability

An easy-to-use procedure is presented for improving the ε-constraint method for computing the efficient frontier of the portfolio selection problem endowed with additional cardinality

Let X be a smooth projective variety defined over an algebraically closed field k of positive characteristic.. By our assumption the image of f contains

She reviews the status of a number of interrelated problems on diameters of graphs, including: (i) degree/diameter problem, (ii) order/degree problem, (iii) given n, D, D 0 ,

Kilbas; Conditions of the existence of a classical solution of a Cauchy type problem for the diffusion equation with the Riemann-Liouville partial derivative, Differential Equations,

Then it follows immediately from a suitable version of “Hensel’s Lemma” [cf., e.g., the argument of [4], Lemma 2.1] that S may be obtained, as the notation suggests, as the m A

Applications of msets in Logic Programming languages is found to over- come “computational inefficiency” inherent in otherwise situation, especially in solving a sweep of

Our method of proof can also be used to recover the rational homotopy of L K(2) S 0 as well as the chromatic splitting conjecture at primes p > 3 [16]; we only need to use the