2006.Membranes31new.pdf

ȖțȢȜȞȚȎȤȖȜțțȜȎțȎșȖȠȖȥȓȟȘȖȗȔȡȞțȎș

ɆɂɇɂɋɌȿɊɋɌȼɈɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂəɂɇȺɍɄɂ

ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ȼɋȿɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɂɃɂɇɋɌɂɌɍɌɇȺɍɑɇɈɃɂɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ

ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɂȼɂɇɂɌɂ

ʋ

ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂə ɇȺɍɄ

ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ȼɋȿɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɂɃ ɂɇɋɌɂɌɍɌ ɇȺɍɑɇɈɃ ɂ ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɂ

(ȼɂɇɂɌɂ)

ɋɟɪɢɹ.

Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ

ɆȿɆȻɊȺɇɕ

ɋɉȿɐɂȺɅɖɇɕɃ ȼɕɉɍɋɄ

ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ

ɂɡɞɚɟɬcɹ ɫ 1998 ɝ.

ʋ

3 (31)

ȼɵɯɨɞɢɬ 4 ɪɚɡɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ

Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2006

ɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɭɸ

ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ

ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ

ɨɬɟɱɟ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ

ɬɟɯ-ɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ.

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ: ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɵ

ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɢ

ɡɚɪɭ-ɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɨɛɡɨɪɵ,

ɩɚɬɟɧɬɵ, ɚɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɧɢɝɢ.

ɂɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɦ,

ɚɜɬɨɪ-ɫɤɢɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ.

ɋɟɪɢɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ,

ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ

ɬɟɯɧɨ-ɥɨɝɢɣ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜ ɢ

ɜɟ-ɞɨɦɫɬɜ, ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ.

ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ

ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ.

ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ – 4 ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ.

The interbranch information and analytical

journal represents the newest information on

the main directions of the current state and

development of home and foreign membrane

technologies.

Contents of the journal: articles, abstracts of

the leading Russian and foreign periodical

publications, reviews, patents, book

annota-tions.

The publication is supplied with author,

sub-ject and formula indexes.

The publication is recommended for

special-ists in the field of high technologies, heads of

departments and offices, scientists.

The journal is given in printed and electronic

forms.

Periodicity is 4 numbers a year.

Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɍɟɪɟɳɟɧɤɨ

ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬ ɇ.Ⱥ. ɉɥɚɬɷ

Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ

ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ ȼɂɇɂɌɂ ɘ.Ɇ. Ⱥɪɫɤɢɣ

Ɂɚɦ. ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɘ.ɉ. əɦɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ

Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ Ʌ.Ⱥ. ɉɚɪɟɧɚɝɨ

ɑɅȿɇɕ ɊȿȾɄɈɅɅȿȽɂɂ

Ⱥ.Ȼ. Ȼɚɡɢɥɢ, ɂ.Ȼ. Ȼɟɫɮɚɦɢɥɶɧɵɣ, Ɉ.ȼ.

Ȼɨɛɪɟ-ɲɨɜɚ, ȼ.ȼ. ȼɨɥɤɨɜ, ɋ.ɂ. Ƚɞɚɥɢɧ, ȼ.ɉ. Ⱦɭɛɹɝɚ,

ȼ.Ɇ. Ɂɚɰɟɩɢɧ, Ƚ.Ƚ. Ʉɚɝɪɚɦɚɧɨɜ, Ʌ.Ɇ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɚ,

ɇ.ɇ. Ʉɨɱɚɧɨɜɚ (ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ),

Ⱥ.ȿ. Ʉɪɚɜɱɢɤ, Ȼ.ȼ. Ɇɱɟɞɥɢɲɜɢɥɢ,

Ⱥ.Ɇ. Ɉɥɮɟɪɶɟɜ, Ⱥ.Ƚ. ɉɟɪɜɨɜ,

Ⱥ.ȼ. ɉɭɬɢɥɨɜ, ȼ.ȼ. Ɍɟɩɥɹɤɨɜ

ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ

ȼ.Ⱥ. ɂɜɚɧɱɟɧɤɨ, ȿ.ȼ. Ʉɨɥɬɭɧɨɜɚ,

Ⱥ.Ʉ. Ɇɚɪɬɢɪɨɫɨɜ, Ɋ.ȼ. Ɉɫɬɚɩɱɭɤ

ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ:

125190,

Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɭɥ. ɍɫɢɟɜɢɱɚ, 20, ȼɂɇɂɌɂ,

Ɉɇɂ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɭɤ ɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ

Ɍɟɥ.: (495) 155-42-42, 152-57-01

Ɏɚɤɫ: (495) 943-00-60

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

©

ȼɂɇɂɌɂ, 2006

©

Ɋɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɹ

ȽȺɁɈɊȺɁȾȿɅȿɇɂə ȾɅə ɉɈȾȽɈɌɈȼɄɂ ɂ ɉȿɊȿɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ ɉɊɂɊɈȾɇɈȽɈ ɂ

ɉɈɉɍɌɇɈȽɈ ȽȺɁɈȼ (ɑɚɫɬɶ 1)

ɋ.Ⱥ. ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜ

1

,

Ⱥ.Ɇ. ɉɨɥɹɤɨɜ

2 1

ɈɈɈ «ɗɤɨɞɚɪ Ʌ», ɝ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ

2

ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɧɟɮɬɟɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɢɦ. Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɍɨɩɱɢɟɜɚ ɊȺɇ, ɝ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ

ȼ ɨɛɡɨɪɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɚɡɨ- ɢ

ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɪɨɥɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ

ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɵɪɶɹ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ

ɦɟɦ-ɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ

ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ.

ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ

ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɢ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɝɚɡɨ- ɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɢ

ɩɨɩɭɬɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ.

Review presents critical analyses of current state and future prospects of gas- and oil processing industries

in the view of growing role of natural and associated gases as energy supply and raw material.

Physical-chemical basics of membrane processes and membrane material science described that might be useful for

efficient application of membrane systems in natural and associated gases’ treatment. Some examples of

ef-fective applications of membrane gas separation processes and basic ways and schemes of their prospective

industrialization are shown.

Key words: membrane, gas separation, gas- and oil processing, natural and associated gases.

1.

ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨ- ɢ

ɧɟɮɬɟ-ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ.

Ɋɨɥɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜ

ɭɧɢ-ɤɚɥɶɧɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɞɥɹ

ɯɢɦɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ

ɛɨ-ɥɟɟ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ

ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɢɡ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɰɟɧɧɵɦ

ɫɵɪɶɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ

ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ,

ɩɨɩɭɬ-ɧɵɟ, ɝɚɡɵ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ - ɤɪɟɤɢɧɝɚ,

ɪɢɮɨɪ-ɦɢɧɝɚ, ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡɚ [1].

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɚɡɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɡ

ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹ-ɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɭɸ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ

ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ H

2

S, CO

2

ɢ ɩɚɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:

ɍɪɟɧɝɨɣ-ɫɤɨɟ, Ɇɟɞɜɟɠɶɟ, ȼɭɤɬɵɥɶɍɪɟɧɝɨɣ-ɫɤɨɟ, Ɉɪɟɧɛɭɪɝɍɪɟɧɝɨɣ-ɫɤɨɟ,

Ƚɚɡ-ɥɢɧɫɤɨɟ, ɒɟɛɟɤɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɟ.

ɋɨ-ɫɬɚɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ:

ɦɟɬɚɧ 80-99%, ɷɬɚɧ 0,2-8,7%, ɩɪɨɩɚɧ 0,1-3,9%, ɋ

4

ɢ ɜɵɲɟ 0,5-8,2%, ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ 0,1-0,3%. Ʉɚɤ

ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ

ɫɨ-ɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɧ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ

ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟ-ɧɢɹɯ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 50%,

ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ɍɭɧɝɭɡɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ,

ɝɞɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ

ɢ ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ.

ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ

ɤɥɢ-ɦɚɬɚ Ɂɟɦɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ

ɤɚɬɚɫɬ-ɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɯ,

ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ

ɜɵ-ɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦɭ

ɷɮɮɟɤɬɭ: ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɦɟɬɚɧɚ, ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ

ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɫɺ ɠɟɫɬɱɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ

ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɮɚɤɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɫɠɢɝɚ-ɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ

ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨ-ɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚɯ,

ɧɟɮ-ɬɟ- ɢ ɝɚɡɨɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ

ɧɟɮɬɟɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɚɯ.

ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ

ɝɚɡɨɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɩɟɪɟ-ɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɞɨɛɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ

ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵ-ɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɧɟɮɬɹɧɵ-ɦɢ. ȼ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ

ɧɟɮɬɢ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɟɥɚɯ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ

ɤɨɥɢɱɟ-ɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɜ

Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɛɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ

ɧɟɮ-ɋɟɪɢɹ. Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɇɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, 2006, ʋ3 (31)

ɬɟɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚɯ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ

ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬ

ɡɧɚɱɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɍ

ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɢɪɦ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ

ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ,

ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ

ɢɫ-ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ

ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɑɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ

ɩɨɩɭɬɧɵɣ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɝɚɡ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ

ɫɠɢ-ɝɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɯ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ-ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ

ɫɨɛ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ.

ɉɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ

ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨ-ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ

ɤɨɦ-ɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɢɫɤ

ɜɚ-ɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ,

ɚɥɶ-ɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ, ɤ

ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ

ɚɥɶ-ɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚɦɢ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ,

ɹɜ-ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɠɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɢ

ɬɪɚɧɫ-ɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ

ɜɢ-ɞɟ ɬɚɧɤɟɪɚɦɢ-ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɚɦɢ, ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ

ɝɚ-ɡɚ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ GTL

(gas-to-liquid) - ɦɨɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɩɥɢɜ, ɦɚɫɟɥ, ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧɨɜ

ɢɥɢ ɞɢɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɢɪɚ, ɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ

ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɬɚɧɤɟɪɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ

ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ [2].

Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ

ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ

ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ, ɚ

ɬɚɤ-ɠɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ GTL

ɢɡ-ɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ 75 ɥɟɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ

ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ XX

ɜɟɤɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɹɞɭ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ

ɨɛɥɚɫ-ɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚ

ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ,

ɩɨɡɜɨ-ɥɢɜɲɢɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ

ɡɚɬɪɚ-ɬɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ. Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɦ

ɨɬ-ɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ

ɭɫ-ɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ

ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ

ɤɨɧɫɬ-ɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɚɡɧɵɯ

ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ-ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ

ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ

ɩɨ-ɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɟɳɟ

ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ

ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɫɢɢ

ɩɪɢɪɨɞ-ɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ

ɞɢɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɢɪ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ

ɡɚ-ɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ -

ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ

ɦɨɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɩɥɢɜ (ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɬɨɩɥɢ-ɜɚ). ɉɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ

ɧɟɩɪɟ-ɪɵɜɧɵɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ

ɦɨɬɨɪ-ɧɵɯ ɬɨɩɥɢɜ, ɪɚɡɜɟɞɚɧɦɨɬɨɪ-ɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ

ɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ 40 ɥɟɬ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɟɡɤɨ

ɜɨɡ-ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ

ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ,

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ.

Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ GTL ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ

ɩɪɨɢɡ-ɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ

ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɚ-ɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɟɫɫɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɵɯ

ɬɨɩɥɢɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ

ɦɟɫɬɨ-ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɩɚɫɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ

ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɣ

ɬɪɚɧɫ-ɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɢɯ

ɩɨ-ɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ

ɜɵɛɪɨ-ɫɨɜ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɋɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ

ɝɚɡɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 80 ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ, ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɟ

ɪɚɡɜɟɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɝɚɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ

ɜ ~155 ɬɪɥɧ. ɦ

3

_[2,3].

_{ɉɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚɦ}

ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ

ɩɨ-ɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɨɬ 1,2 ɞɨ 4% ɢ ɤ 2030 ɝɨɞɭ

ɫɨɫɬɚ-ɜɢɬ 5,0 ɬɪɥɧ. ɦ

3

.

Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ

ɦɨɦɟɧ-ɬɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬ 27% ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ

ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ

ɜɨɡɨɛ-ɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

ɛɭ-ɞɭɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ 20%. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɨɫɬ

ɩɨ-ɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ

ɷɥɟɤ-ɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ: ɨɤɨɥɨ 50% ɜ

ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȿɋ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 40% ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ.. ɋɬɨɢɬ

ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ

ɢɧ-ɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɤ ɫɠɢɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɝɚɡɭ,

ɩɪɨɢɡ-ɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤ 2020 ɝɨɞɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɹɬɶ

ɪɚɡ ɢ ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ

ɨɤɨɥɨ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ [2].

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ

ɩɚɪɧɢ-ɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɨɛɫɬɚ-ɧɨɜɤɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ

ɦɢɪɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɫ 1970 ɞɨ 2001 ɝɨɞ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ

ɩɪɢ-ɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɨ ɜ 2,5 ɪɚɡɚ ɢ ɧɚ

ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲ-ɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2,8 ɬɪɥɧ. ɦ

3

_.

ɂɫɩɨɥɶ-ɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,

ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɯ, ɧɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ

ɭɞɨɜ-ɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ

ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɹ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ,

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ

ɝɥɨ-ɛɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ.

Ⱦɨɥɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨ-ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ

ɤɨɦ-ɩɥɟɤɫɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɫ 19% ɜ 1970 ɝɨɞɭ

ɞɨ 50% ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ

ɞɨɥɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɲɟɜɨɣ

ɟɝɨ ɰɟɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɚɡɭɬɨɦ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɦ. ȼ

Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɞɨ 60% ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ

ɝɚ-ɡɟ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ ɞɨɥɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɢ

ɜɵ-ɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ,

ɢ ɝɚɡ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ ɢ ɞɥɹ

ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.

ɏɨɬɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ

ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ

ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɝɚɡɚ,

ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸ-ɳɟɦɭ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ

ɩɪɟɞ-ɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ «ɫɵɪɨɝɨ» ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɝɚɡɚ, ɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 20% ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ

ɬɪɟ-ɛɭɸɬ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ

ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɝɚɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ

ɝɚɡɨɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɜ

ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɋɒȺ «ɤɢɫɥɵɟ»

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1 ɦɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ H

2

S

ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 5 ɦɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ

CO

2

,

ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɞɥɹ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ

CO

2

ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 2 ɦɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ H

2

S - ɧɟ

ɛɨɥɟɟ 4 ɦɝ/ɥ (ppm). ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ

ɛɨɥɶ-ɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ

ɋɒȺ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɢɯ ɦɚɥɨɣ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɨɯɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ

ɩɪɢɪɨɞ-ɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 22 ɬɪɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɦ

3

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ

ɫɬɨɢ-ɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ [4]. Ʉɪɨɦɟ

ɬɨ-ɝɨ, ɩɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɟ

ɜɪɟ-ɦɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ

ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ

ɟɝɨ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ.

ɉɟɪɟɞ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ

ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɨɬ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ,

ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ.

ɍɞɚ-ɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɡ

ɩɪɢ-ɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ - ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ

ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ

ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ. ɋɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ - ɫɢɥɶɧɨ

ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ

ɜɵ-ɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ ɢ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚɯ ɝɚɡɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ

ɨɛɨ-ɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ

ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɹɯ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ

ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɢɞɪɚɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɡɚ

ɫɨɛɨɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟ-ɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɝɚ-ɡɚ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɵ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ

ɥɟ-ɬɭɱɢɯ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ - ɩɟɧɬɚɧɚ, ɝɟɤɫɚɧɚ,

ɝɟɩɬɚɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɨɬɛɟɧɡɢ-ɧɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɚɡɚ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ,

ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟ-ɦɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɛɟɧɡɢɧ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ

ɝɚ-ɡɨɥɢɧɨɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ

ɢɡ-ɜɥɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ

ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨ-ɞɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɞɥɹ

ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɬɟɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɩɪɨ-ɞɭɤɬɨɜ [5].

Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ

ɤɨɪ-ɪɨɡɢɟɣ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬ.ɧ. ɩɪɨɛɨɤ

ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɤ

ɦɟɫɬɭ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɝɚɡ,

ɩɨɞɚ-ɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ

ɪɹɞɭ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ

ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ-ɧɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ

ɋ

3+

.

Ɍɚɤ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ

ɛɵɬɨ-ɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ,

ɢɡɦɟɧɹ-ɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 4-5% ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ ɞɨ 10-13% ɜ

Ⱥɥɠɢɪɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ

ɭɝ-ɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɷɬɚɧ, ɚ ɩɪɨɩɚɧ ɢ ɛɭɬɚɧ

ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ [3]. ɗɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ

ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɣ

ɩɨɞɝɨ-ɬɨɜɤɢ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɟɝɨ

ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.

ɉɪɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ

ɝɚɡɨ-ɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 75 ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪ, ɧɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ

ɩɭ-ɬɢ ɨɧɨ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ - ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɡɚ 100

ɤɢɥɨ-ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɭɬɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ 100-120

ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɝɚɡɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ

(ȽɄɋ), ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɭɬɢ.

ɇɚ ȽɄɋ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɩɟɪɟɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ

ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɹ -

ɬɭɪ-ɛɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ,

ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ

ɞɜɢɝɚ-ɬɟɥɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ

ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɮɨɪɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɦ

ɞɥɹ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɨɞɪɭɱɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ - ɝɚɡ.

ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɤɢɫɥɵɯ

ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ

ɹɜ-ɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ

ɤɨɦ-ɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ

ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɞɟɬɨɧɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ

ɤ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ

ɜɧɭɬ-ɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧ, ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ

ɋɟɪɢɹ. Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɇɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, 2006, ʋ3 (31)

ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɸ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ

ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɧɟɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɸ

ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ

ɬɪɭɛɨ-ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ.

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ

ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ

ɧɟɮɬɟɡɚ-ɜɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ

ɦɟɬɨ-ɞɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ: 1)

ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧ-ɧɵɣ, 2) ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧ-ɧɵɣ, 3)

ɚɛ-ɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, 4)

ɚɞɫɨɪɛ-ɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ, 5)

ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ-ɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɪɟɤɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ,

ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ

ɧɚɯɨ-ɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ [6], ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ,

ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ-ɫɬɢ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ

ɤɪɢɨɝɟɧ-ɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ. Ⱦɚɧɤɪɢɨɝɟɧ-ɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ

ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ

ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ

ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɟɣ,

ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɤɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ,

ɩɪɢ-ɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ.

Ʉɪɢɨ-ɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ

ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫ-ɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ, ɩɚɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɟɪɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ

ɤɨɦɩɨ-ɧɟɧɬɵ (COS, CS

2

, H

2

S)

ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɚɡɨɬ, ɚɪɝɨɧ,

ɝɟɥɢɣ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, «ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɝɚɡ» ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ

ɭɝɥɟ-ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ (CH

4

, C

2

H

2

, C

2

H

4

, C

2

H

6

, C

3

H

6

,).

Ʉɪɨɦɟ

ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ

ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɫɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ (ɠɢɞɤɢɣ

ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɚɡɨɬ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ, ɫɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ

ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡɵ). Ɍɚɤ, ɛɨɥɟɟ 3% ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɝɚɡɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ, ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬɫɹ,

ɫɠɢ-ɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ

ɤɪɢɨ-ɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.

ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨ- ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ

ɩɪɨɰɟɫ-ɫɨɜ ɤɪɢɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɡɲɢɯ

ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨ-ɪɨɞɨɜ, ɢɝɪɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɯɢɦɢɢ,

ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ

ɫɨɨɪɭ-ɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ

ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɣ

ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.

ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ 10%

ɞɨɛɵɜɚɟ-ɦɨɝɨ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ

ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɧɚ ɝɚɡɨɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ

ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,

ɭ ɧɚɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ

ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟ-ɦɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ - ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɚɧ,

ɩɪɨɩɚɧ ɢ ɛɭɬɚɧ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɧɚ ȽɉɁ "Ƚɚɡɩɪɨɦɚ"

ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 7% ɷɬɚɧɚ ɢ 40% ɩɪɨɩɚɧɚ ɢ

ɛɭɬɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɜ ɬɨ

ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɜ

ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 50% ɞɨ 60% ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 90%,

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ

ɩɟɪɟ-ɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɬɶ.

ȿɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɚ

ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 5 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ, ɱɬɨ

ɞɟ-ɥɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɫɚɦɵɦ

ɤɪɭɩ-ɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɤɪɭɩ-ɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.

Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ

ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1% ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ (ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ

ɨɛɪɚ-ɡɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ

ɝɚ-ɡɚ).

2.

Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ

ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ-ɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.

ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɝɚɡɨ- ɢ

ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ

ɢɫ-ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ

ɬɚ-ɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɤɚɤ: ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ;

ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɡɨɬɚ,

ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ; ɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ

ɞɢɨɤ-ɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵ-ɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɥɢ

ɫɪɚɜ-ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ

ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɫɬɢ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ (ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ

ɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ). ȼ

ɤɚɱɟ-ɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ

ɢɫ-ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ,

ɜɵɫɨ-ɤɚɹ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ

ɫɩɨ-ɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ

ɪɚɡɧɢɰɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɧɬɨɜ, ɬ.ɟ. ɞɚɧɧɵɟ

ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ «ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ»

ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ

«ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ».

ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɹɞ

ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ

ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ.

Ɍɚɤ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ

ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɣ

ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ

ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ [7, 8]. ȼ

ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ,

ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɵɯ

ɧɟɮ-ɬɹɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɢ

ɧɢɡ-ɲɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ

ɬɪɚɧɫ-ɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ

ɜɵɞɟɥɟ-ɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɥɟɝɤɨɥɟɬɭɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɤɨɦɩɨ-ɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ

ɫɛɪɨ-ɫɨɜ.

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ

ɛɨ-ɥɟɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɹɯ

ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɞɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ

ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ

ɦɟɦ-ɛɪɚɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ

ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜ-ɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ

ɩɚ-ɪɚɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ

ɭɝɥɟɜɨ-ɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ (ɩɪɨɩɚɧɚ, ɛɭɬɚɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɝɚɡɚ, ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ

ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ

ɩɪɚɤ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ.

Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɢɡ

ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡ-ɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ

ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɬ.ɤ. ɨɧɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ

ɦɟ-ɬɚɧɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ

ɫɦɟɫɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ, ɱɬɨ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ

ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ

ɦɟɬɚ-ɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ

ɤɨɦɩɪɢɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɜ

ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɧɨ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɜ

ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ

ɢɫ-ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ

ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ

ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ

ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ.

ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ

ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-ɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ

ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ

ɞɪɭ-ɝɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɨɣ,

ɦɟ-ɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ) ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ

ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ

ɝɚɡɨ-ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ [9-11]. ɇɢɡɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ

ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ-ɧɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɟɝɤɨɫɬɶɸ

ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟ-ɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ

ɚɫɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱ-ɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɢɥɢ ɪɭɥɨɧɚɫɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱ-ɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ

ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ

ɫ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 0,1 ɦɤɦ

[12]

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ,

ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ

ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ

ɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ

ɪɚɛɨ-ɱɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ

ɩɪɢ-ɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ

ɩɨɞɜɢɠ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɰɟɩɟɣ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ

ɫɤɚɡɵ-ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶ

ɩɟ-ɧɟɬɪɚɧɬɵ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ [13].

Ⱦɥɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ

ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-ɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ

ɧɟɩɨ-ɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ,

ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ

ɨɬ-ɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɩɨɪ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ

ɧɦ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ

ɦɟɦ-ɛɪɚɧɚɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ

ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧ-ɬɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ, ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ

ɩɪɨ-ɫɬɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ

ɩɨ-ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ

ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ-ɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚɯ

ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ-ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɣ

ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ,

ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɭɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ

ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ-ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ

ɪɚɫ-ɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɤɚɤ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ.

ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ

ɷɮ-ɮɟɤɬɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ

ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚ-ɰɢɸ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ

ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨ-ɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɵ ɜ ɦɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɯ

ɤɨɦɩɨ-ɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ

ɜ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ

ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɤɨ-ɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ

ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ.

Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ-ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ-ɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ,

ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ-ɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɫ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ

ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɢ

ɦɚɬɟ-ɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ

ɦɟɦ-ɛɪɚɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ

ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ

ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ

ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ.

ɋɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɟɳɟ ɜ XIX ɜɟɤɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ

(Ƚɪɷɦ, ȼɪɨɛɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ) ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ

ɩɨɬɨɤ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ J

i

ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ

ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ¨p ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ

ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɟɟ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ Ɛ, ɬ.ɟ.





"

" i io i i

p

p

P

J

˜



(1)

ɝɞɟ P

i

–

ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, p

io

ɢ

p

iƐ

- ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɟɪɦɟɚɬɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.

ɋɟɪɢɹ. Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɇɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, 2006, ʋ3 (31)

Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ

ɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ (ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ-ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ

ɩɨ-ɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ

ɩɪɨ-ɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ Ɋ

i

).

ȿɫɥɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ

ɨɩɢɫɵ-ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ Ɏɢɤɚ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ i-ɝɨ

ɤɨɦɩɨ-ɧɟɧɬɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ Ɛ ɦɨɠɧɨ

ɡɚɩɢ-ɫɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ:

"

"

¸

_¹

·

¨

©

§

_

) ( ) (m i m io i i

c

c

D

J

(2)

ɝɞɟ D

i

-

ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ

ɡɧɚ-ɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, c

io(m)

ɢ c

iƐ(m)

-

ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ

ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɫɨ

ɫɬɨ-ɪɨɧɵ ɩɟɪɦɟɚɬɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ƚɟɧɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ i-ɝɨ

ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɫɨ

ɫɬɨ-ɪɨɧɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ

io i m io

S

p

c

˜

¸ ¹ · ¨ © §

(3)

ɝɞɟ S

i

- ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ.

Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ

ɜɵ-ɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ i-ɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ

ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɟɪɦɟɚɬɚ

" " i i i

S

p

c

˜

₍₄₎

ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ (3) ɢ (4) ɜ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ

(2),

ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ





"

" i io i i i

p

p

S

D

J

˜

˜



(5)

ȼ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨɦ

ɤɚɧɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɢɦɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ

ɞɚɜ-ɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ

i i i

D

S

P

˜

₍₆₎

ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ

ɩɪɨ-ɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɝɚɡɚ,

ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ,

ɩɪɨɯɨ-ɞɹɳɢɣ ɡɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ

ɟɞɢ-ɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɦ

ɩɟ-ɪɟɩɚɞɟ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ ɋɂ

ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ

–

ɦɨɥɶ/ɦ·ɫ·ɉɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ

ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ-ɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ

Ȼɚɪɪɟɪɚɯ (1 Ȼɚɪɪɟɪ = 10

-10

ɫɦ

3

·ɫɦ/ɫɦ

2

·ɫ·ɫɦ ɪɬ.

ɫɬ.). Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ

ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ

ɝɚ-ɡɭ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ

ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɝɚɡɚɦ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ

ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 3-6

ɩɨɪɹɞ-ɤɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɧɬɚ [14].

ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɇ

2

ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ

ɩɪɨ-ɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ Ɋ (ɫɦ

3

·ɫɦ/ɫɦ

2

·ɫ·ɉɚ) ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ

ɩɪɟɞɟ-ɥɚɯ ɨɬ 10

-11

ɞɨ 10

-9

,

ɚ ɞɥɹ ɋɇ

4

-

ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬ 10

-17

_{ɞɨ 10}

-11

_.

_{ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ P ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ}

ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ «ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ-ɝɚɡ» ɩɪɢ

ɩɨ-ɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. ɗɬɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɥɢɲɶ

ɞɥɹ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɦ

ɝɚ-ɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɜ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ). ȼ

ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɤɢɟ

ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ Ɋ ɨɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ.

ȼ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ (6) ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨ-ɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ

ɡɚ-ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢ-ɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ,

ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ -

ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ

ɩɟ-ɧɟɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ.

ȼɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ

ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚ-ɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ

ɨɬ-ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɦ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟ

ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɟɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ

ɦɟɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ

ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ

ɜɚɠɧɚ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ:

j i ij

_P

P

D

(7)

ɋɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ

ɫɬɟ-ɩɟɧɶ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ i-ɦ

ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧ-ɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ j-ɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɦ

ɩɪɨɯɨ-ɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ: ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ D

ij

,

ɬɟɦ

ɜɵɲɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ i-ɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ

ɩɪɨɲɟɞ-ɲɟɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ (ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ

ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ). ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ D

ij

ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚ-ɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ

ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ. ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ

ɜɵ-ɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ.

ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ (6), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɤ

ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ:

0 1 10 100 1 000 10 000 100 000 50 100 150 200 250 300 Vc,ɫɦ3/ɦɨɥɶ Ɋ ,Ȼɚɪ ɪ ɟɪ ɉȼɌɆɋ ɉȾɆɋ

Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ

ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟ-ɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɉȼɌɆɋ ɢ

ɤɚɭɱɭɤɨɩɨ-ɞɨɛɧɨɦ ɉȾɆɋ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɧɬɚ

S ij D ij j i j i j i ij

_S

S

D

D

P

P

D

D

D

˜

¸¸

¸

¹

·

¨¨

¨

©

§

˜

(8)

ɬ. ɟ. ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ D

D

ɢ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ D

S

_.

_{ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɱɟɧɶ}

ɜɚɠɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ

ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ.

ɂɡ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ (6) ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ

ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ,

ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ

ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɤ

«ɯɨɪɨ-ɲɢɦ» ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ – ɷɬɨ

ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚ-ɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ (Ɋ

i

)

ɢ

ɫɟ-ɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (D

ij

).

Ɍɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬ.ɤ.

ɞɚɜɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ:

«ɜɵɫɨ-ɤɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ – ɧɢɡɤɨ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ»

(«trade-off»

ɜ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ).

ɇɚɢ-ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ

ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚ-ɰɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɚ

Ɋɨɛɫɨ-ɧɨɦ ɜ 1991 ɝ. ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ

D

ij

>1 ɨɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ P

i

ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɪ

ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ [15]. ɗɬɚ

ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ

ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ

ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ

ɤɨ-ɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ

ɩɪɨɬɢ-ɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ,

ɤɨɷɮɮɢ-ɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ

ɦɨɥɟ-ɤɭɥɵ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɧɬɚ (ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ

ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ,

ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ, ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ

ɬ.ɩ.), ɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ

ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,

ɦɟɦ-ɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ

ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ «ɬɟɦɩɚ» ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ

ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɚɪ

ɝɚ-ɡɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɧɬɨɜ.

0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 50 100 150 200 250 300 Vc,ɫɦ3/ɦɨɥɶ D· 1 0 7 ,ɫɦ 2 /ɫ ɉȼɌɆɋ ɉȾɆɋ

Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɜ

ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɉȼɌɆɋ ɢ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɦ

ɉȾɆɋ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɧɬɚ

0,01 0,1 1 10 100 50 100 150 200 250 300 Vc,ɫɦ 3 /ɦɨɥɶ S· 1 0 2 ,ɫɦ 3 (ɧ .ɭ .) /ɫɦ 3 ·ɚɬ ɦ ɉȼɌɆɋ ɉȾɆɋ

Ɋɢɫ. 3. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢ-ɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɉȼɌɆɋ ɢ

ɤɚɭɱɭɤɨɩɨ-ɞɨɛɧɨɦ ɉȾɆɋ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɧɬɚ

Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ, ɤɚɤ

ɢɡɦɟ-ɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ

ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨ-ɫɬɢ (ɪɢɫ. 1), ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ (ɪɢɫ. 2) ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨ-ɫɬɢ

(ɪɢɫ. 3) ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ

ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɟ – ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɬɪɢɦɟɬɢɥɫɢɥɚɧɟ

(ɉȼɌɆɋ) ɢ ɜ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɟ – ɩɨɥɢɞɢɦɟɬɢɥɞɫɢɥɨɤɫɚɧɟ

(ɉȾɆɋ) [16].

ɋɟɪɢɹ. Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɇɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, 2006, ʋ3 (31)

Ʌɟɝɤɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ

ɤɨɷɮɮɢ-ɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɤɨɷɮɮɢ-ɰɢɟɧɬ

ɪɚɫ-ɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɧɬɚ. ɇɨ

«ɬɟɦɩɵ» ɷɬɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢ

ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɬɚɤɨɜɵ, ɱɬɨ ɜ

ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚ

ɢɡɦɟ-ɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ

(ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧ-ɧɚɹ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ «ɩɨ

ɩɨɞɜɢɠ-ɧɨɫɬɢ» ɢɥɢ «ɫɢɬɨɜɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ

ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨ-ɫɬɢ»), ɚ ɜ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɨɣ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ

ɡɚɤɨ-ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɵ Ɏɪɢɦɚɧɨɦ ɢ

ɉɢɧ-ɧɚɭ [17], ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ

ɬɚɤɠɟ ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 4 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ

ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɵ

ɋ

3

ɇ

8

/ɋɇ

4

ɨɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɩɚɧɭ ɞɥɹ

ɪɹ-ɞɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ

ɩɨɥɢ-ɦɟɪɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ.

ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ

ɢɡ-ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ

ɡɚɜɢɫɢ-ɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ

ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ

ɧɚ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ, ɚ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ

«ɩɪɨɩɚɧ-ɦɟɬɚɧ» - ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ

ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ

ɤɨɷɮ-ɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɧɬɨɜ

ɨɬ-ɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ 15 ɪɚɡ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,

ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ

ɩɪɨ-ɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɧɚ ɢ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ

ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɯ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɧɚ ɢ

ɦɟɬɚɧɚ.

ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɞɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ

ɩɪɨɧɢ-ɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɚɧɚ, ɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ, ɫ

ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟ-ɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɧɚ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ

«ɩɪɨɩɚɧ-ɦɟɬɚɧ» ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɍ.ɟ. ɛɨɥɟɟ

ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ

ɫɟ-ɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨ

ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ

ɨɫ-ɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ

ɧɚɛɥɸ-ɞɟɧɢɟ: ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɫɟɥɟɤ-ɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ

ɭɜɟɥɢ-ɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ

ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɟ)

ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɨɜ, ɧɨ

ɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɨɜ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫ

ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ [17].

ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ

ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ

ɦɚ-ɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ

ɪɚɡ-ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.

Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ,

ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,

ɛɢɧɚɪɧɭɸ

ɫɦɟɫɶ Ⱥ+ȼ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ

[A] >> ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ [B]. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ,

ɱɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ

ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ȼ ɜ ɩɟɪɦɟɚɬɟ, ɬ.ɤ.

ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ

ɧɟɨɩ-ɪɚɜɞɚɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɜ

ɚɩ-ɩɚɪɚɬɟ, ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ

ɤɨɦɩɪɢ-ɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɝɚɡɚ.

ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ȼ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ

ɦɨɥɟɤɭ-ɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ (ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɛɨɥɟɟ

ɜɵɫɨ-ɤɢɟ M, V

c

, T

c

, S), ɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ

ɨɬ-ɞɚɬɶ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɦ ɫ

ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɢ

ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ

ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ

ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨ-ɞɨɜ ɋ

3+

ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.

ɇɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ

ɢɡɜɥɟ-ɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɦ, ɜɵɛɨɪ

ɦɚɬɟ-ɪɢɚɥɚ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɫɪɟɞɢ

ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɫ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ

ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ.

ɉɄ ɉɋ AF2400 ɉɌɆɋɉ ɇ2Ɉ ɉȾɆɋ ɋ6ɇ14 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 0 0 1 100 10 000 1 000 000 P(C3H8),Ȼɚɪɪɟɪ (C 3 H 8 /C H 4 ) ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ

Ɋɢɫ. 4. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ

ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɵ ɋ3ɇ8/ɋɇ4 ɨɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ

ɩɪɨ-ɩɚɧɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ

ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛ-ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ

ɉɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ

ɪɚɛɨ-ɱɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ: ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɥɢ

ɫɨɫɬɚ-ɜɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ. ɇɢɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ

ɜɥɢɹ-ɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ

ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟ-ɦɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢ

ɪɚɫ-ɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ.

Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ

(6),

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ

(p/p

s

<<1)

ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɧɨ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ

ɞɚɜ-ɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪ,

ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟ-ɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ Ƚɟɧɪɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ

ɡɚɜɢ-ɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢ

ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟ-ɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ [18].

ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ

ɤɨɷɮɮɢ-ɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ

ɜɢɞ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ

ɡɚɜɢ-ɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ

ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ

ɫɦɟ-ɫɟɣ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ

ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ

ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬ-ɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɭ.

ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɜ

ɩɨ-ɥɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬ. Ⱦɥɹ

ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɢɯ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-ɬɭɪ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ

ɜɢɞ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ

Ɏɥɨɪɢ-ɏɚɝɝɢɧɫɚ [19]. ɋɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɜ

ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡ-ɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ

ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɜ

ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ-ɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ƚɟɧɪɢ ɢ ɥɷɧɝɦɸɪɨɜɫɤɭɸ

ɚɞɫɨɪɛ-ɰɢɸ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɭɫɬɨɬɚɯ ɢɥɢ «ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚɯ».

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ

ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ

ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ

[20-24].

Ɍɚɤ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɢ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɜ

ɉɗ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ƚɟɧɪɢ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ

ɤɪɢɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ

ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ-ɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ

ɝɚ-ɡɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ

ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ [18].

ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ

ɞɢɮɮɭ-ɡɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɞɜɚ

ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ

ɪɟɧɨɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ

ɩɟ-ɧɟɬɪɚɧɬɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ

ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚ-ɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ

ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨ ɭɛɵɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ

ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪ-ɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ [25]. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ

ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ

ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɨɪɛɚɬɚ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ

ɤɨɷɮ-ɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ

ɢɦɟɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ

ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ [26].

ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ

ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ-ɫɬɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ-ɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ

ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨ-ɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢ

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɯ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ [27].

Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ

ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ

ɫɦɟ-ɫɟɣ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ

ɚɛ-ɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ

ɦɟɦ-ɛɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ. ȿɫɥɢ

ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ

ɨɫɭ-ɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɚ ɧɟ

ɬɟɪɦɨ-ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ

ɞɚɜɥɟ-ɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ

ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ

ɦɟɧɶ-ɲɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,

ɯɚ-ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɡɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɣ

ɡɚ-ɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,

ɨɬɧɨ-ɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ

ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɉȼɌɆɋ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ

ɢ ɧ-ɛɭɬɚɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 4 ɞɨ 1,6 ɩɪɢ

ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟ-ɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 0,1 ɞɨ 0,7 ɚɬɦ [28].

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ

ɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ, ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɫɟɥɟɤ-ɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ

ɤɨɦ-ɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ

ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ, ɬɨ

ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ

ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ

ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ [27,29].

ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɧɚ

ɫɤɨ-ɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɤɨɦ-ɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ

ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧ-ɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ

ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɫɬɹɯ (p/p

s

<1,0).

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨɝɨ

ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ

ɫɥɚɛɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɝɚɡɨɜ,

ɤɚɤ ɇ

2

ɢ ɋɈ: ɞɥɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ

ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ

3,0

ɚɬɦ. ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ

ɚɞɞɢɬɢɜɧɨ-ɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ

ɢɧɞɢ-ɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ [30]. ɉɪɢ

ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟ-ɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ

ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ

ɫɦɟ-ɫɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ - ɨɛɵɱɧɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢ

ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ

ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ

ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ

[31,32].

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ

ɋɟɪɢɹ. Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɇɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, 2006, ʋ3 (31)