二次林におけるプランテインの持続的生産

අਬȆ૩̥͙̹ͣͺΐͺȆͺές΃

Ϡ๖കɴȲȿʳ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɹ୫ᐚᇕᅊᅋ

⏎ˡ͍͡ͻͲആ׫ᨆɹၖय़ᮒകय़ɴȲȿʳ္ᅣᦅᓚ˹˽̘͌⏎

܋ǵ౅ǵǵǵ፻*

Sustainable Plantain Production in Secondary Forest:

A Shifting Cultivation System in the Tropical Rain Forest of

Southeastern Cameroon

Shikata Kagari*

Farmers in the tropical rain forest of Africa are mainly involved in shifting cultiva-tion activities that are criticized as a principal cause of deforestacultiva-tion. However, such criticisms are narrated on the basis of forest protection, rather than understanding the ecological role of what they are actually doing. This study aims to clarify the shifting cultivation system of the Bangandou farmers who live in the tropical rain forest of southeastern Cameroon with special reference to their plantain cultivation.

The Bangandou grow several crops for subsistence and cacao as a cash crop. They also depend on foraging, hunting and fishing to get animal protein and to enrich their diet. Their agricultural land use is characterized by three kinds of fields: fields of starch crops, including plantain, cassava, maize and cocoyam, opened in secondary forest near villages; cacao fields in virgin forest close to rivers; and groundnut-maize fields on sandy riverside land.

The main staple food of the Bangandou is plantain, which they are able to harvest throughout the year by staggering the time of planting and using several varieties with different growth periods. This plantain-based system is maintained by the periodical use of the secondary forest dominated by the quick-growing Musanga cecropioides R. Br., in which weeding is practiced for about one year after clearing and then abandoned thereafter. Plantain keeps growing and fruiting even in such bush-like “fallow fields,” and people can therefore continue harvesting plantains from several fields opened in different years.

The Bangandou have thus managed to achieve the stable production of plantain

* ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡܩݖ቉ድ቉ድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies. Kyoto University

and the sustainable use of the secondary forest in such a way that the fallow starts during the harvest period of plantain, which assists the quick regeneration of the forest.

1ȅ͉ȁ̲ȁ͛ȁͅ

ǵˏ̶͠ˡɫʢɤɭʢΥᖔᇕɲഗ႒ɹ 1 ɦɴ̫̠̠ȵȡʳ⏏̫̠̠ɴɻ޽৩ɲڃዛȵȡʱ⏋ʼ ʶʼʶȵʭȼሾʳᅊᰩᅎ̫̠̠ɹʓȴɴ⏋࡭ၓɌɩʢᅆȼɲʰɲȦǸ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɭᐵዌɇʶ ʳڃዛᒴʢيʚʶɩȦɩ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɫɹᅊᅋᩄɻʞɌʸ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɹ౅ȵᅊᰩᅎ̫̠̠ˁΫ ܌ɤɩȦʳ␩FAO 2002␭⏏̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɭɻ⏋ঃᒶɴɻᅊᰩɇʶɲȦషჿᅎ̫̠̠ˁɇɐȵ⏋ Ⴗᒶɴɻൕݛ̫̠̠ɹȩɠϯᮊ 3 ҆к AAB ɹ᧨Шࡎ݀ˁ೑ɐʳڃዛᒴɹ 1 ˫͡ͻ̺ɴՕᰖɇ ʶʳ⏏ីˏ̶͠ˡȴʰ˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩɴȴȿɩൕݛɇʶɩȦʳషჿᅎ̫̠̠ɻʢɤɿʰႷᒶɹ̺͞ Ͳ̘˓Ͳɫȡʱ⏋ɗɄɴɻ AAB Horn ɭ AAB French ɹ 2 ɦɹڃዛᒴȵՕ॒ɌɩȦʳ␩ᩂᅒ 2002␭⏏ ǵ̫̠̠ɻആ׫ˏ˻ˏˁᣱ྇ܩɭɐʳȵ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳൕݛɹ๴رɻإȼ⏋Ꮫӯմ৿ ɴɻɐɫɴШʼɤɩȦɛɭɇʶɩȦʳ␩μ࣊ 1966; Vansina 1990; Mbida 2000; ᩂᅒ 2002␭⏏ Vansina ␩1990␭ɻ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡرɹɲȴɫ⏋̫Ͳ̜˕ͻ᠝Ꮩᦅᓚ຦ȵᅊ༎ܞˁၖय़ᮒകय़ʍୟ ߂Ɍɛߕลɴ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲɹШ௢ȵȡɤɛɭɌɩȦʳ⏏Υᖔɴ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɻᔋ໋ɲܤޚˁ ߫ʛ⏋ྂ࿅ɲၖय़ᮒകɭȦȩᄩޅɴ᧟Ɍɛс႒ɫȡʳɭȦʼʶɩȲʱ⏋ၖय़ᮒകय़ɴȲȿʳ္ ᅣᦅᓚɴᬠɐʳӴ᝔቉ድɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ගകɭ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳൕݛɹᬠѥɴ៘ʶɛʢɹȵ޽Ȧ␩࡫ ཙ 1981; иᚹ 1984; ೰೴ 1987; ࢸഌ͹ݺ 2000␭⏏ ǵ္ᅣᦅᓚɻ⏋ȡʳܤܩˁౖࡔඨᅊɹФ஛͹္׹ɲɰɹ౅໬ɴʭɤɩ఩ܩɌ⏋с႒ˁቁೝᬚ ൕݛɌɛɹɠǸɗɄˁఔඉɌɩЈɹݭଘʍᓚܩˁው֪ɇɓʳᦅᓚɫȡʱ⏋ఔඉɇʶɛܤܩɻ⏋ Хᬘɴʭɤɩܤޚɹᔋ໋঎ȵ܌਋Ɍ⏋ԗ঎գᅎɇʶʳ␩иǾೠ 1983; ክϥ 1983; χᱛ 1997␭⏏ ɌȴɌ⏋ᦏॷ⏋္ᅣᓚсɴȲȿʳХᬘೝᬚȵቁᑘɇʶʳӃكɴȡʱ⏋ᔋ໋ɲܤޚˁਖឹɭɐʳ ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳʭʱʢʦɓܩɫᔒɦ˥͑̒˵̫ɹᩂឹਸȵވɌɩȦʳɭȦʼʶɩȦʳ␩Akinyemi and Tijani-Eniola 2000␭⏏ʚɛ⏋˱Ͳ˳຦ςԊٮܕ⏃ౙ˸˓ͻ͡⏆ɹၖय़ᮒകय़ɴ࣎зɐʳ္ ᅣᦅᓚ຦̓˓˙͞ (Boyela) ɹᅊ៟༎֪ɴɦȦɩᠭീɌɛиᚹ␩1984␭ɻ⏋৳ʰɹ္ᅣᦅᓚȵ Ϡ๖കˁգᅎɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩଁʱጓɤɩȦʳȵ⏋ɗʶɻ؅ᅊകɹέ᣸ȵ؅܍ɫɻɲȼ⏋৳ʰ ȵϠ๖കɫʢᔒɦ˥͑̒˵̫ˁςс႒ɭɌɩȦʳȴʰɫȡʳɭᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏ ǵȴɦɩɹ္ᅣᦅᓚɫɻ⏋з࣎ɹᦏȼɴගകȵέ᣸Ɍɩȼʳɭ⏋ృɛɲගകܩय़ʍውзɐʳɹ ȵΥᖔᇕɫȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ೎ᦏɫɻ⏋޽ȼɹࡎњȵ࡝ോʍᦲȩʭȩɴɲʱ⏋ʚɛழᩆᅎɹปೠ с႒ȵಔؖɐʳɲɰɌɩࡴз׋ȵɐɐʛ⏋ውзˁɭʢɲȩʭȩɲ္ᅣᓚсɻʓɭ˃ɰʛʰʶɲ ȼɲɤɛ⏏׋࡝ᔋషɹьᅎȵΥᖔᇕɫɲȦˡ͍͡ͻͲၖय़ᮒകय़ɹཉᨆɫɻ⏋ɄȩɌɛࡴз׋ ȵ˥͑̒˵̫ˁςс႒ɭɐʳϠ๖കɫɹ္ᅣˁಔؖɇɓɛΥឹ܍ɫȡʸȩ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡၖय़ᮒക

य़ɹɄȩɌɛ኏ЦᇕႥ໥ˁ֬൜ɐʳɭ⏋Ё৿ɇʰɴ˥͑̒˵̫ൕݛȵୟ߂ɐʳخᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏ ቁೝᬚɹХᬘɭ˥͑̒˵̫ɹсЊȿˁᑵʱᦐɐɄɭɫปೠɹԗᅊɻଵȭʰʶǸ೎ᏺᇕɴɻၖय़ ᮒകɹέخᦥᇕɲቑޙ⏋ɦʚʱᗳܩ׋ˁʚɷȼɄɭʢ׶ઉɇʶʳ⏏

ǵೣዣȵࢪᢒɭɐʳˡ͍͡ͻͲആ׫ᨆɹၖय़ᮒകय़ɻ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳൕݛȵɇȴ˃ɲܩݖɫȡʱ ␩Gowen 1996; Rossel 1998␭⏋ɗɄɴಬʰɐᦅᓚ຦̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ (Bangandou) ɻ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳ ˁςឹɲс႒ɭɐʳ္ᅣᦅᓚˁᐚȿɩȦʳ⏏ਃഀȴʰȦʼʶɩȦʳʭȩɴ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳൕݛ ɴɻ⏋ගകȵמՕɴԗᅊɫȷʳʭȩɲᬏȦХᬘೝᬚȵਖឹɫȡʳɭɐʳɲʰɽ⏋ࡴзɌɲȵʰ ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲˁൕݛɐʳГΫ⏋ᓚܩɻȲɹɑɭঃݖɴୟ߂Ɍ⏋ᩂȦ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳഗଗˁ᧙౅ȴ ʰ᧊ʉɭȦȩᩂ֝ӈˁ৔ȦʰʶʳɄɭɴɲʳɞʸȩ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻውзᅊ༎ˁȲɄ ɲʼɑ⏋ᨊ॑ˁᐄʉॻᐻ᧑ᤉ໤ȦɴࡴзɌɲȵʰ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲˁൕݛɌɩȦʳ⏏৳ʰɹᅣɻз ࣎ᦏȼɴՕ॒ɌɩȦɩ⏋Ϡ๖കɫɹ္ᅣᓚсȵݜೣɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏္ᅣᦅᓚɹ୫ᐚਸɻ⏋ගക ɹៀฐ⏋ᅣɹᯆዩ⏋ඨᅊɹ܌਋ᦵ঎ɴृزɇʶʳȵ⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ȵȲɄɲȩϠ๖കɫɹ̺͞ Ͳ̘˓Ͳൕݛɴɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ႕ਸɴࢪਝɌɛϺဤᇕɲ፬ჿˁݜᇻɭɐʳ⏋ᅣɭХᬘܩɹ਌ᄩ ˹˽̘͌ȵԒ׃ɇʶɩȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ ǵೣዣɫɻʚɑ⏋ˡ͍͡ͻͲആ׫ᨆၖय़ᮒകय़ɴಬʰɐ္ᅣᦅᓚ຦̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɹᅊ෌ɹෙ ឹˁᠦ౩Ɍ⏋ɗʶɴᰩϟᠭീɹᐄഗˁȡʼɓɩ⏋৳ʰȵගകˁɰɹʭȩɴգᅎɌ⏋ʚɛᦅᓚȵ ᅊ෌༎֪ɹɲȴɫɰɹʭȩɴеᒞɧȿʰʶʳɹȴˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳ⏏๖ɴ⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɹᦅᓚ ˹˽̘͌ɴɦȦɩ៨ᦚɌ⏋ɗɹଁጓݜᇻˁᅊ઴⏋֝ӈ⏋ᐁཕɭȦȩүᯆȴʰද២ɐʳ⏏ɗɹȩ ȭɫ⏋Ϡ๖കˁգᅎɐʳ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳൕݛˁଁጓ͹ᐣ୫ɇɓɩȦʳᡉឹ܍ɴɦȦɩ⏋̫ͲˤͲ ̝˕ɹൕݛ፬ჿ౅໬ɭɗʶˁఌȭʳᅣܩɹᅊ઴ᇕែဣȴʰ౩ʰȴɴɐʳ⏏

2ȅ಺औ౷֖ٽါ

2.1ȁুட۪ޏ ǵ ᠭ ീ ɻ⏋ ˡ ͍ ͡ ͻ Ͳ Ԋ ٮ ܕ ആ ᨆ ि ̸ Ͳ ̫͹ Ͳ ˳ ˱ (Boumba-Ngoko) ላ ͌ ͡ Ͳ ̝ ˕ (Moloundou) ᨃɴࣚɐʳ̫̘ˑˡ (Mbateka) ೴ɫȲɄɲɤɛ ⏃ܒ 1 ⏆⏏ ǵ̫̘ˑˡ೴⏃׌ᑅ 2.19Äആᐁ 15.36Ä⏆ɻ˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩɹ׌ីᑉɴеᒞɌɩȲʱ⏋ฌᲞɻ 500 mմ৿ɫܩ০ᇕɴɻࢸᣱУɹε᭙ܩय़ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏೴ɹ׫Ꮭ 25 km ɴеᒞɐʳ͌͡Ͳ ̝˕ɹຩᢒ̚ͻ̊ɴʭʶɽ⏋ॶܯॷᬚᭇອᩄɻ 1,400 mm ዐ঎⏋ॶܯຩཧɻ 1 ॷˁᦲɍɩ 25ŝ մ৿ɫȡʳ␩ܤ࣒ʰ 1972␭⏃ܒ 2 ⏆⏏˭̒̿ͲɹຩҌךՕΫ⏋Ʉɹܩݖɻၖय़ᮒകຩҌय़ɴࣚ ɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ϗೝɭᮒೝȵປᥒᇕ౩ርɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶəʶ 12 ೐μ౜⑯3 ೐μ౜ɴȴȿɩɹ߂ϗ ೝ⏋3 ೐μ౜⑯6 ೐μ౜ɹࢸᮒೝ⏋6 ೐μ౜⑯8 ೐ɹࢸϗೝ⏋9⑯12 ೐μ౜ɹ߂ᮒೝɹ 4 ɦɹ ࡚፲ɴՕȿʰʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ϗೝɭȦɤɩʢᭇᮒȵʚɤɛȼɲȦʼȿɫɻɲȦǺɗȩɌɛᭇອ ̮̊ͻͲȵɄɹܩݖ႕೑ɹගകඨᅊˁɦȼʱɞɌɩȦʳ⏏1)

ǵܒ 3 ɻ Letouzey ␩1985␭ɴʭɤɩயȴʶɛˡ͍͡ͻͲആ׫ᨆɹඨᅊܒɫ⏋ᠭീ೴ٞᦇɻץ ᘺᘽਸปക2)ɭ।ᐶปകɹཌྷϯകɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ˡ͍͡ͻͲɹץᘺᘽਸปകɻɗɹʓɭ˃ɰ ȵᘺᘽਸɹปዛɫ⏋႕ɴᲞ।ܧ঎ˁኍɐปዛɻӵឹິඨ႒⏃᭞ป⏆ɫȡʳݭغȵ޽Ȧ␩μ೼ 1992␭⏏ᠭീܩݖɹБᝠᇕɲᲞೠዛɫȡʳˏˠ˧͠ዀɹ Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum⏋ ́Ͳ̋Ͳዀɹ Entandrophragma cylindricum Sprague⏋̜˗̋˓˫˵ዀɹ Ricinodendron

heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre ex Pax ʦ⏋˹˪Ͳ˹ዀɹ Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels⏋̮Ͳ͓ዀ

ɹ Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn ɲɰ⏋Ȧɑʶʢᘺᘽปȴɦ᭞ปɫȡʳ⏏ɄȩȦɤɛปೠɹ ɲȴɴɻڧ෌Ф஛ɹࢪᢒɭɲʳ೑ᅎปʢ޽ȼيʚʶɩȦʳ⏏3) ˡ͍͡ͻͲആᨆिɻ⏋ܕԒɹЈ 1) ˡ͍͡ͻͲɹၖय़ᮒകय़ɫɻ⏋Ʉʶʚɫ޽ȼɹඨ႒ᅊ઴࡝ᓔȵɗɹᰖ݀׋ˁȲɄɲɤɩȷɛ␩μ೼ 1989; Letouzey 1985␭⏏μ೼␩1989␭ɹՕᰖɴʭʳɭ⏋ॷᭇອᩄȵ 2,000 mm ГΫɹܩݖɫɻ।ᐶปക⏋1,700-2,000 mm ɫɻ।ᐶปകឹᏬɹ৔Ȧው᝔ക⏋ 1,600-1,700 mm ɫɻץᘺᘽਸปകឹᏬɹ৔Ȧው᝔ക⏋ɗɌɩ 1,600 mm Гά ɹܩݖɫɻץᘺᘽਸปകȵՕ॒ɌɩȦʳ⏏ᠭീܩɻɄɹץᘺᘽਸปകय़ɴࣚɐʳ⏏ 2) Υᖔᇕɴ⏋ץᘺᘽਸปകɭɻ।ᐶปɭᘺᘽปȵཌྷϯɐʳගകˁɇɌ⏋ץ।ᐶปകɭʢʭɽʶɩȦʳ␩Martin 1991; ᬐ೴ 1992␭⏏

3) Б ᝠ ᇕ ɲ ʢ ɹ ɴ⏋Triplochiton scleroxylon, Entandrophragma cylindricum, Lophira alata Banks ex Gaertn.f.,

Milicia excelsa (Welw.) CC Berg, Entandrophragma utile (Dawe & Sprague) Sprague, Terminalia superba ɲɰȵȡ

Ɂʰʶʳ⏏

଎ 2 ȁ಺औ౷֖͈࠮༆໹޳ࣛକၾ͂໹޳ܨأȁܤ࣒ʰ␩1972␭ʭʱፆᓔсଁ

ɹගകܩݖʭʱʢФ஛ณȵН෌ɴᨗয়ɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɹȵᧆȼ⏋ڧ෌Ф஛ȵୟ߂Ɍɛɹɻ 1990 ॷБɴɲɤɩȴʰɹɄɭɫȡʳ␩Bikie et al. 2000␭⏏ɗɹɛʠჼܧɫʢФ஛ࢪᢒɭɲʳ ปೠȵປᥒᇕ޽ȼ๿ɤɩȲʱ⏋ᦏॷ⏋Ф஛Ц኏ɹؒԂȵਸ਼ވɌɩȦʳ␩Ndoye and Kaimowitz 2000␭⏏

ǵɄɹܩݖɫɻ္ᅣȵఔඉɇʶɛȡɭɴ০ଁɇʶʳϠ๖കɴ⏋͓͇͡ዀ (CECROPIACEAE) ɹMusanga cecropioides R. Br. ⏃Гά⏋͌˵Ͳˤ⏆4) ȵӦװɐʳ⏏ɄɹปೠɻЅ᠝ɫ Parasolier, ᗔ᠝ɫ Umbrella tree ɭʭɽʶǸᘺᘽਸɹ߂ȷɲஒႥᘽȵ႕ਐᇕɫȡʳ⏏͌˵Ͳˤɻӵឹິਸ ȵᯃ।ɴᲞȦปೠɫȡʱ⏋္ᅣХᬘܩˁɻɍʠॻᐻ᧑ᤉ໤Ȧɲɰ⏋ᬖȿɛݭଘɴѢԂɌɩᏤക ˁ০ଁɐʳ⏏ᯃ।ɴଁᬏȵᦵȼ⏋ปᲞɻ 30 m ɴʢ᧒ɐʳ⏏͌˵ͲˤȵӦװɐʳϠ๖കɫɻ⏋ жೠࣝɹඨ᝵რȵ 90⑯100%ɭȷʼʠɩᲞȦɭȦȩ႕ਐȵȡʱ␩μ೼ 1992␭⏋ɗɹകআɴɻ ˪̀˗˱Ͳዀʦ˹͚˗ˤዀɲɰɹᗳೣᰖȵ៎࢘ɇʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ගകԒɴɻ߂ࢸɇʚɊʚɲाȵ ༑ʶ⏋ा໤Ȧɴɻ̶͞ˑˏ͓˹ (Raphia sp.) ˁμਕɭɌɛाᦇകȵᇍ᧒ɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵܒ 3 ɴኍɌɛʭȩɴ⏋ላংଘܧܩɫȡʳ͜ˡ̝˕͇ (Yokadouma) ȴʰ͌͡Ͳ̝˕ʚɫɹᏝ 250 kmˁ׫׌ɴॻᐻ᧑ᤉȵᣬʱ⏋Ʉɹ᧑ᤉ໤Ȧɴ္ᅣᦅᓚˁςɲᅊ෌ɭɐʳȦȼɦȴɹ̫Ͳ ̜˕ͻᏙ຦౏ᮃ܎ɭ⏋ᦏॷ⏋ᦅᓚˁȲɄɲȦɲȵʰץࡴзᅊ༎ˁۊʞʭȩɴɲɤɛ̴˫͊ͻᏙ ႵჃ஛ᮃ຦̫ˡ (Baka)5) ȵ࣎зɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹܩݖɫɻ⏋ॻᐻ᧑ᤉɴ໤ɤɩз࣎ȵጓɠιʃ⏋ ೴ȵ০ଁɇʶɩȦʳ⏏з࣎ɹɐȽȩɌʸɴɻගȵᦗɤɩȦʳȵ⏋ॻᐻ᧑ᤉɴ໤ɤɩ३Ꮭ 2 km ɹ፴ܑɴɻ္ᅣɭɗɹХᬘܩȵঃȵʱ⏋ɇʰɴ 2⑯5 km ɹ፴ܑɫɻϠ๖ඨᅊɭ؅ᅊץᘺᘽਸ ปകȵ͐˸˓˪ႥɴՕ॒ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶГ᧙ɴɲʳɭᦅᓚܩɻʓɭ˃ɰʛʰʶɑ⏋؅ᅊץᘺᘽ ਸปകȵঃȵɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴᠭീܩݖɫɻ⏋ॻᐻ᧑ᤉɴ໤ɤɩय़Ⴅɴඨᅊȵ޴׋ɐʳ⏏ 2.2ȁ΃ισȜϋ൐໐ਗ̤͍͢಺औఆ͈ٽါ ǵആᨆि⏃11 Ψ km2⏆ɻ 4 ɦɹላɴՕȴʶ⏋ᠭീˁȲɄɲɤɛ̸Ͳ̫͹Ͳ˳˱ላ⏃3 Ψ km2⏆ ɻɗɹ׫ആɴеᒞɌɩȦʳ⏏ആᨆिɻˡ͍͡ͻͲܕԒɴȲȦɩϺؤࢌ঎ȵжȦܩݖɹȩɠɹ 1 ɦɫȡʱ⏋1999 ॷɹ́Ͳ˵˽ɫɻ 6.5 Ϻ⏒km2⏋ላͤ̾͡ɫʛɩʛʳɭ̸Ͳ̫͹Ͳ˳˱ላɹϺ ؤࢌ঎ɻ 3.6 Ϻ⏒km2 ɭᯃ।ɴжȦ␩Ministere de l’Economie et des Finances 2000␭⏏

ǵᠭീˁȲɄɲɤɛ̫̘ˑˡ೴ɴɻ⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕6) ɭᕶዌɐʳ˫͡ͻ̺ˁμਕɭɌɛ္ᅣᦅ

4) ඨ႒࡝ᇕɴɻ˪ͩዀɹЗᬚɭɇʶɩȦɛȵ⏋ɹɠɴ˓͞˪˵ዀɴውɇʶɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋೎ᦏɻɄɹ 2 ዀɹμᬚᇕ ɲ႕ਐˁʢɦɄɭȴʰ⏋ృɛɴ͓͇͡ዀȵɛɩʰʶɩ 6 ࣚ 200 ዛɴՕᰖɇʶɩȦʳ␩ยೣ 2002␭⏏Hutchinson and Dalziel ␩1958␭ɫɻ˪ͩዀɴࣚɌɩȦʳȵ⏋Letouzey ␩1985␭ɹඨᅊܒɫɻ͓͇͡ዀɴՕᰖɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ͓͇͡ዀɴɻ Musanga ɭ Myrianthus ɹ 2 ࣚȵȡʱ⏋ᠭീܩݖɫɻ৿ᓔɴࣚɐ Myrianthus

arboreus P. Beauv. ʢঃȼՕ॒ɌɩȦʳ⏏

5) ̫ˡɻၖय़ᮒകɫɹႵჃ͹஛ᮃˁݜೣᇕɲᅊ෌ɭɐʳȵ⏋ჼܧɫɻʓɭ˃ɰɹ̫ˡȵ ᦅᓚɴਃϟɌɩȦʳ⏏Ϻ ؤɻˡ͍͡ͻͲആᨆि⏋ˤ̓Ͳ⏋˱Ͳ˳ԊٮܕˁغʼɓɩᏝ 25,000 ϺɭȦʼʶ␩Hewlett 1996␭⏋ៜ᠝ɻˏ͇̋ ͩ͹˓ͻ˽̊ͲᏙ ɴՕᰖɇʶʳ␩Greenberg 1963␭⏏

ᓚ຦ɭႵჃ஛ᮃ຦̫ˡȵ࣎зɌɩȦʳ⏏೴ɹᐵϺؤɻ 1,388 Ϻɫ⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ ȵ 673 Ϻ⏋ ̫ˡȵ 715 Ϻɫȡʳ⏏7) ೴ɻॻᐻ᧑ᤉɴ໤ɤɩ׫׌ 9 km ɴʼɛɤɩযʃ⏋ɇʰɴɗʶɻˡ͡ ̘ˑ˛ɭʭɽʶʳ 5 ɦɹ೴ךɴՕȴʶɩȦʳ⏏8) ɗʶəʶɹˡ̘͡ˑ˛ɻШᐏᇕɲ̜ͻ̘͌9) ˁؾɍȼɐʳ៊౏ᮃ܎ˁݜೣɭɌɩ০ଁɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ೣᠭീɫɻ̫̘ˑˡ೴ɹ೎׌ɴеᒞɐʳ ̫̘ˑˡ͹Ͳ˻͚Ͳ (Mbateka Ndjong)10) ɭʭɽʶʳˡ̘͡ˑ˛ˁᠭീࢪᢒܩɭɌɛ⏏Ϻؤɻ 478 Ϻɫ⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ȵ 248 Ϻ⏋̫ˡȵ 230 Ϻɫȡʳ⏏Ё܌ɹᠭീɫɻ⏋ςɛʳᅊ෌ˁ္ ᅣᦅᓚɭɐʳ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɹʛˁᠭീɹࢪᢒɭɌɛ⏏ ǵᠭീ೴ɫɻ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɭ̫ˡɹᮃᘺȵέៀհɴι˃ɫȦʳ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɹз࣎ɻݜೣᇕ ɴγय़ˁ׬еɭɌɩȲʱ⏋ၼ៊ˁؾɍȼɐʳӰ৉ɰȩɌȵ᭰ஞɌɩз࣎ˁ෯ȭʳɹȵΥᖔᇕɫ ȡʳ⏏೴ךԒɴɻ̩˗˵ (Hausa)11) ɹڧϺȵᐁۊɐʳڧঊȵ 1 ᥇ȡʱ⏋ݾ⏋ɓɤȿ˃ɲɰɹᅊ ༎ਖᮛڃɹ᢫ެ⏋᝟೓ɹЇጓɩɲɰˁȲɄɲɤɩȦʳʓȴ⏋͌͡Ͳ̝˕ȴʰɹ᝔ڧϺʢᰈᑢɴ ᝔ȷഀɌɩȦʳ⏏͜ˡ̝˕͇⏎͌͡Ͳ̝˕ᬚɻࡴೝ̫˽ȵ 1 ౗ɴ 1 ৵਋Ɍ⏋೴Ϻɹςឹɲϯ ᦲଝຍɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ගകԒɴɻФ஛᧑ᤉȵ఩Һɇʶ⏋Ф஛ݜܩȵဣܧɐʳɛʠ⏋π߄ ʦនೳˁዩ˃ɞ߂̜݀̒͞˪ȵ 1 ౗ɴధמدʢ৵ഀɐʳ⏏ 2.3ȁ಺औ༹͈༷ ǵೣᠭീɫɻ⏋ᦅᓚˁμਕɭɌɛᅊ෌༎֪ʦᰩᅊ༎ɴᬠɐʳ៨ᦚᇕ̚ͻ̊ɹʓȴ⏋Ʉʶʰɴᬠ ɐʳࡴᩄᇕ̚ͻ̊ˁؚᮃɌɛ⏏Ʉʶʰɹ̚ͻ̊ɻ⏋҅ϺˁࢪᢒɭɌɛʢɹɭγय़ˁࢪᢒɭɌɛ ʢɹɭɴՕȿʰʶʳ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕኏Цɫʢɤɭʢݜೣᇕɲᅊ៟׬еɻ္ᅣˁᐁۊɐʳ׬еɫ ȡʳ⏏ГάɫɻɄɹʭȩɲ္ᅣᐁۊɹ׬еˁȋγय़ȍɭʭʉ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕኏Цɫɻ⏋؅հɭ Ɍɩ߅ࠨɭೡࠦɹࡎњɛɠȴʰɲʳ൒ࢃ౏ȵȋγय़ȍɭɌɩลᔨɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶəʶɹγय़Ʌ ɭɴ⏋ςᰩɭɲʳс႒ʦտᰩɭɲʳვᔀ⏋᳋ɲɰˁᠭ᧒ɐʳȵ⏋༥ᢹɹ׬еɻਖɑɌʢγय़ɴ ΥᕹɌɩȦɲȦ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕኏Цɫɻ⏋៊ɹγय़ɭࡎњɹγय़ȵؾɍࢃ࣒ȡʳȦɻᦏஞɌɛ 6) ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻ⏋̸Ͳ̫͹Ͳ˳˱ላɹആ׫ᨆɴ࣎зɐʳ္ᅣᦅᓚ຦ɫȡʱ⏋19γᏛɴɻɐɫɴၖय़ᮒകय़ɴ࣎ зɌɩȦɛɭȦʼʶʳ␩Burnham et al. 1986␭⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɹៜ᠝ɻˡ͍͡ͻͲɹμᨆ˵̫Ͳ̠ɴՕ॒ɐʳ̫ ͓ (Gbaya) ɹΥ౅ៜɫȡʳɭȦʼʶ⏋ˏ͇̋ͩ͹˓ͻ˽̊ͲᏙɴՕᰖɇʶɩȦʳ␩Greenberg 1963␭⏏ჼܧɹϺ ؤɻᏝ 5,000 ϺɭȦʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ 7) 2001 ॷɴȲɄɲʼʶɛ೴׬еɹ́Ͳ˵˽ɴʭʳ⏏ 8) ˡ̘͡ˑ˛ (Quartier) ɭɻЅ᠝ɫȋܩךȍˁȡʰʼɐ⏏᝔కΫ⏋೴ɹάе׬еɴȡɛʱ⏋ᠭീ೴ɻ׌ȴʰ᯶ɴ Mbateka Ndjong, Mbateka Djalangoh, Mbateka Malembe, Mbateka Meleni, Mbateka Ohmbongo ɹ 5 ɦɹˡ͡ ̘ˑ˛ɴՕȴʶɩȦʳ⏏

9) Ʉɹܩݖɫɻ⏋ኘӴˁԊᦲɭɐʳ៊౏Ʌɭɴ៊౏ᮃ܎ȵ০ଁɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶəʶɹ៊౏ᮃ܎ɻ̼̲ʦ˵͡⏋ ปೠɲɰᩃᅊɹ֪ඨ႒ˁ̜ͻ̘͌ɭɌɩʢɤɩȦʳ⏏

10) ̫̘ˑˡ͹Ͳ˻͚Ͳɴɻ 1 ᏼɹؘࡎˁԊᦲɹኘӴɭɐʳ៊౏ᮃ܎ȵ࣎зɌɩȲʱ⏋৳ʰɻͲ̲˵ (mbisa;

Carpolobia alba G. Don) ɭʭɽʶʳೠೣඨ႒ˁ̜ͻ̘͌ɭɌɩȦʳ⏏

11) ˡ͍͡ͻͲ׌ᨆɴ࣎зɌɩȦʳ̩˗˵౏Տ᤹ɹڧϺˁɇɐ⏏̩˗˵ɻȲʢɴ̠˓˻˙͠ˏ׌ីᨆȴʰ̢˻˙ͻ ͡׫ᨆɴȴȿɩзʞΥ߂຦౏ɫȡʳ␩Рᢆʰ 1989␭⏏

ࢃ࣒ɫᅊ༎ɐʳɹȵΥᖔᇕɫȡʱ⏋عγय़ɹߨਸɴʭɤɩᠭჿɇʶɛᰩϟɻ⏋ɗʶʰɹγय़ɹ ᅖɛɠȵΥᐷɴᰩʏʳ⏏ ǵჼܩᠭീɻ⏋2001 ॷ 1 ೐ȴʰ 3 ೐ʚɫɹϜҺᠭീɭ⏋2001 ॷ 7 ೐ȴʰ 12 ೐ʚɫɹೣᠭീ ɹ 2 ܌ɴʼɛɤɩȲɄɲɤɛ⏏ೣዣɫᅎȦʳࡴᩄᇕɲ̚ͻ̊ɻςɭɌɩ 2 ܌ᇿɹೣᠭീɫؚ ᮃɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶəʶɹᠭീ᯵ᇿɭᠭീ౅໬ɴɦȦɩɻೣయμɫ᭦ಁᠦ౩ɐʳ⏏

3ȅΨϋ΄ϋΡͽ͈୆ުڰ൲

3.1ȁ୆ުڰ൲͈ٽါ 3.1.1ȁ෠ࣈ ǵᠭീ೴ɫൕݛɌɩȦʳс႒ˁᝠ 1 ɴኍɌɛ⏏ɄɄɫɻ޽෵ɲ̚Ͳ̺Ͳс႒ˁൕݛɐʳؙᯆ⏋ տᰩɭɲʳ͇͍ᰖʦᩃᘛᰖɹዛᰖɻࢹɲȦ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɴɭɤɩ೎ʢᩂឹɲςᰩс႒ɻ̺͞ Ͳ̘˓Ͳɫȡʱ⏋ຘ౗ɹᰩϟɴ๕ȴɐɄɭɹɫȷɲȦʢɹɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏃Ԡሎ 1 ⏆⏏̫ͲˤͲ ̝˕ɻǸଁၓɹ౛ಓ⏋ُᗂɹధɲɰǸᅊᔒ႕ਸɹᅵɲʳɇʚɊʚɲڃዛˁൕݛɌɩȲʱ⏋ᠭീ ܩɫɻ 13 ڃዛˁ៎࢘Ɍɛ⏏ɲȴɫʢ Horn ̊˓̺ɹ̓˓ (boi) ɭȦȩڃዛɻᅊᔒೝᬚȵቁȼ⏋ ᇍᅊɐʳُᗂధȵ޽ȦɛʠᲞȦᰈ঎ɫൕݛɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ ǵ˥͑̒˵̫ɴɻధڃዛȡʱ⏋ɰɹγय़ʢភధɹڃዛˁൕݛɌɩȦʳ⏏ᅊᰩɫȷʳዛ⏃ᅆ٢ ዛ⏆ɞȿˁ̫Ͳ˰ (bange) ɭʭʃʼȿ⏋ɗʶГ޺ˁڃዛؿɫךաɐʳɄɭɻȡʚʱɲȦ⏏ ǵ˱˱͓͌ɴɻ⏋ᘽനɹᖬ⏃ᣧ͹ᇐ⏆ɫךաɇʶʳ 2 ڃዛȵȡʱ⏋ᣧȦ̊˓̺ɹ˓͐ɻᎳਸȵ ৔Ȧ⏏Ʉɹ 3 ɦɹс႒ȵςឹɲςᰩೳషɫ⏋Ʉɹʓȴɴ͓͌⏋˵͇̓˓͐⏋̊ͦɲɰʢɭȷɰ ȷգᅎɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɻ္ȼȴ⏋ȡʳȦɻᗰɫɩᬚᰩɭɐʳɄɭʢȡʳȵ⏋޽ȼɻᨸᦶɴᅎȦɩȦ ʳ⏏Ͳ˳ͦͲ˳ͦ (ngorongoro) ɭʭɽʶʳ˥͑̒˵̫ɹᙜᅥᨙˁᨸᦶɐʳ᭬ɴɻ⏋˥͑̒˵ ̫ɹ̚Ͳ̺ͲˁᏋɴՕៗɐʳɛʠ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹᇍᗂዛࡎˁᅎȦʳ⏏˥͑̒˵̫ᨙɻ̫ͲˤͲ ̝˕ɹߨਸɛɠɴʭɤɩᦶʰʶ⏋೴ԒɫެᢷɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ߨਸɹᢵᩂɲჼᩆკ਄྇ɭɲɤɩȦ ʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋᭑ᗳʦؚዲɲɰᅣɫɹ֝ӈɴࢪɐʳݬᨢɭɌɩ⏋̫ˡɴʈʳʚʼʶʳɄɭʢ޽Ȧ⏏ ǵ̒͞ˡ́˓ɻ⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ȵᯃ।ɴ߫ʞᠭ٢షɹ 1 ɦɫȡʳ⏏̿ͻ˽̜ႥɴɌɛʢɹˁᔀ ʦ᳋ɴ֓ȭɩ၊ᦉʞ⏏৳ʰȵൕݛɌɩȦʳᩃᘛɹዛᰖɻࢹɲȼ⏋ˠ˪͞⏋̼͐ͦ˓͓⏋̜͇ ̜⏋͇̦̊˧⏋̜˗ˤ͞˹ɲɰɻտᰩɹೳషɭȦȩʭʱɻ⏋ʞɌʸᠭ٢షɹʭȩɲઢៅɫࢹ ᩄˁգᅎɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹʓȴᬚᰩᅎɭɌɩ⏋̮˓̠̺̒͡⏋ˏ̓ˡ̝⏋͇Ͳ˳ɲɰɹഗࡸʦ˵ ̜˗˥̲⏋ې߫ڃɭɌɩ̫̊˱ȵȡʳ⏏̠˽ዀඨ႒ɹ˪̴ (kupi) ʦͲ̋ˡ (ndaka) ⏃Ȧɑʶʢ Solanum sp.⏆ɻ⏋ɗɹࡸȵɄɹܩݖ႕೑ɹᰰష ˽˽˪ (susuku) ɹᗑ٢ɧȿɹೳషɭɲʳ⏏ʚ ɛ⏋Ʉɹܩݖɫɻൕݛዛɹˏ̸͓͞˹ȵᅣɞȿɫɲȼගകԒɴʢᕶᅊɌɩȲʱ⏋ഗᔀᨆՕȴʰ ɭʶʳໞˁᠭ٢షɭɐʳʓȴ⏋ɗɹป༰ɻ͓˹ᨙɹ؅షɭɲʳ⏏

ນ 1 ȁऩ෽ै໤̷͈͂၌ဥ໐պ ǵٮؿ ǵჼܩؿ ⏃̫ͲˤͲ̝˕᠝⏆ǵ࡝ؿ գᅎᨆе ዛࡎ ഗࡸ ᘽ ᗡ ˓͐ ͌ˡ˳ ̚Ͳ̺Ͳс႒ ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳ kondu Musa spp. ǣ

˥͑̒˵̫ kuma Manihot esculenta ǣ ǣ

˱˱͓͌ mamao Xanthosoma sp. ǣ ǣ

͓͌ bidi (kelekese) Dioscorea sp. ǣ

ˡ˹͖˗˓͐ kwele Dioscorea bulbifera ǣ

˵͇̓˓͐ petete Ipomoea batatas ǣ ǣ

̊ͦ˓͐ taro Colocasia sp. ǣ

̮Ͳ̨˥ dondoki tendele Artocarpus altilis ǣ

ኺዤᰖ ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ sango Zea mays ǣ

͇͍ᰖ ̒͞ˡ́˓ nguba Arachis hypogaea ǣ

ᩃᘛᰖ ˠ˪͞ boala Hibiscus esculentus ǣ ǣ

̼͐ͦ˓͓ kelekele Corchorus olitorius ǣ

̯͘ dobu Amaranthus hybridus ǣ

̠˽ ndaka Solanum sp. ǣ

̜͇̜ tobato Lycopersicum esculentum ǣ

͇̦̊˧ zonion Allium sp. ǣ ǣ

̜˗ˤ͞˹ domguliba Capsicum sp. ǣ

ˡ̓̍͑ sai Cucurbita maxima ǣ ǣ

ഗ႒ᰖ ˡˡˠ cacao* Theobroma cacao ǣ

̫̠̠ atona Musa spp. ǣ

͇Ͳ˳ mangolo Mangifera indica ǣ

̮̮˓͓ papai Carica papaya ǣ

̮˓̠̺̒͡ keli Ananas comosus ǣ

ˏ̓ˡ̝ avocat* Persea americana ǣ

ͤ͐Ͳ citron* Citrus sp. ǣ

͇Ͳ̋͠Ͳ malala Citrus sp. ǣ

̜˰̫Ͳͤ˓˹ corossol* Annona squamosa ǣ

⏎ safou* Dacryodes edulis ǣ

͇̊˳̨˥ casse mangue* Spondias cytherea ǣ

˫ˏ̫ guyafi Psidium guyuva ǣ

ɗɹЈ ̫̊˱ dakwe Nicotiana tabacum ǣ

˗͠ gombe Cucumeropsis mannii ǣ

ͤ͐Ͳ˫͞˽ dute Cymbopogon citratus ǣ ˵̜˗˥̲ ngoka Saccharum officinarum ǣ

˹͚˗ˤ ginger Zingiber officinale ǣ

ˏ̸͓͞˹ mbia Elaeis guineensis ǣ ǣ ǣ

ǵ৳ʰɴɭɤɩʢɤɭʢᩂឹɲழᩆс႒ɻˡˡˠɫȡʱ⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ˁɻɍʠ⏋ჼܧɫ ɻ޽ȼɹ̫ˡʢൕݛɌɩȦʳ⏏ˡˡˠȵˡ͍͡ͻͲɴࢷԂɇʶɛɹɻ 20 γᏛ՟ᰄɹɄɭɫ ␩Endeley 1958␭⏋ആᨆिʍɻፀϠ๖γᅠ߂଍৿ɹ 1940 ॷБ৿ץɴɲɤɩȴʰɭȦʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ ᠭീ೴ɴ߂ៀฐɲ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳɻɲȼ⏋ൕݛɻγय़ˁ׬еɭɌɛ҅Ϻᐁۊɫȡʳ⏏̫Ͳˤ Ͳ̝˕ɹᦅᓚ˹˽̘͌ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ፀ 4 ጟɫ᠎Ɍȼᦚʏʳ⏏ 3.1.2ȁनਬ ǵᩃᅊඨ႒ɻςɭɌɩߨਸ⏋ࡎњȵ஛ᮃɌ⏋ॷᬚˁᦲɍɩࡸɴ޽৩ɲඨ႒ȵգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ɲȴɫʢ˪Ͳ̲ (kumbi; Gnetum africanum Welw.) ɭʭɽʶʳ˫̦̓͌ዀɹɦʳਸඨ႒ɹᘽ12) ɻտᰩೳషɭɌɩᯃ।ɴᩂឹɫȡʱ⏋1 ॷμᰈᑢɴᰩʏʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ȋගɹ̶͡ͻ̓ȵ ɛȼɇ˃ࡸʳ࡚፲ȍɭϺʃɭȵ০ࢅɐʳࢸϗೝɴɻ⏋ගɹɲȴˁ๰ȦɩȦʳɭȡɠʰɄɠʰ ɴɇʚɊʚɲഗࡸȵᘺɠɩȦʳ⏏̿˥ (peki; Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex OʼnRorke) Baill.) ɭʭɽʶʳ˓͡ʹˑͲ˧ˏዀ (IRVINGIACEAE) ɹปೠɹഗࡸɻ⏋ഗᔀɹᨆՕˁᅊᰩɐ ʳɭɭʢɴ⏋ዛࡎȴʰɭʶʳໞɻᯃ।ɴ߫ʚʶʳᠭ٢షɫ⏋ᅊʱॷɴɻɗɹഗࡸˁᮃʠʳɛʠ ɴ 2 ᦼᬚГΫʢගˁ๰ȷʚʼʳɄɭȵȡʳ⏏

ǵɇʰɴ⏋Ʉɹಁೝɴɻᰩᅎ౤ᛚʢᢌ࢏ɫȡʳ⏏̓͜ (boyo; Entandrophragma cylindricum) ʦ̸Ͳ˫ (bungu; Petersianthus macrocarpus (P. Beauv.) Liben) ɭȦȩปೠɴɦȼ˓͐͌˹ɻ⏋

ৢ૯ 1 ȁίρϋΞͼϋͬ಺ၑ̳ͥ੫଻

12) ˫̦̓͌ዀɹඨ႒ɻ⏋ၖय़ˏ̶͠ˡ͹ၖय़ˏ˻ˏȲʭʃˏ͇̈ͲɴՕ॒Ɍ⏋ԃᨆɫᏝ30ዛȡʳɭȦʼʶʳ␩ย ೣ 1978␭⏏ˏ̶͠ˡɴɻ⏋Gnetum africanum Welw. ɭ G. buchholzianum Engl. ɹ 2 ዛȵࡔܧɌ⏋ ̠˓˻˙͠ˏ⏋ ˡ͍͡ͻͲ⏋μ߈ˏ̶͠ˡ⏋ˤ̓Ͳ⏋˱Ͳ˳⏋ౙ˸˓ͻ͡⏋ˏͲ˳͞ɹගകܩय़ɴՕ॒ɌɩȦʳ⏏θᓔɻɭʢ ɴɦʳਸඨ႒ɫ⏋ᘽȵᰩᅎɭɌɩգᅎɇʶʳ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕᠝ɫɗʶəʶ˪Ͳ̲ (kumbi)⏋ˡͤ (kale) ɭʭɽʶ⏋ ႕ɴմᓔɻᰈᑢɴգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏G. africanum ɻ⏋െ᰸ѝȵᲞȼ⏋ਖ᯷ˏ̨͊ᨧ⏋̦͊͞͡ɹњᐌ྇ɭɌɩ ᯃ।ɴᩂឹɲᰩᅎඨ႒ɫȡʳ␩Mialoundama 1993␭⏏

ɗɹปೠɭؾɍؿմɫʭɽʶ⏋ปೠɹʚʼʱɴᘺɠɛ˓͐͌˹ˁ୩Ȧᮃʠʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛᰩᅎ౤ ᛚʢ৳ʰɹᢵᩂɲɛ˃ɿȼ྇ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏

ǵ11 ೐ά౜ȴʰ 12 ೐ɴɲʳɭ˳̓ (gobo; Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre ex Pax) ɭ ʭɽʶʳഗࡸȵගɹȡɠʰɄɠʰɫᘺɠɻɍʠʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ̿˥ɭؾ෵⏋ɗɹዛࡎˁໞᏒᠭ٢ షɭɌɩգᅎɌ⏋ᦏ᭰ɹᅘʦ᱔ᨊ͓˗Ͳ̚ɫʢʭȼ᢫ެɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʓȴɴʢ⏋̫ˡɹςᰩ ɭɌɩሾʰʶʳᩃᅊɹ͓͌ (Dioscorea spp.)⏋ᜂᜍ⏋˥̨˱ɲɰ޽ࣦɴʼɛʳගകᣂ྇ȵ৳ʰ ɹᰩᅊ༎ˁᢌȴɲʢɹɭɌɩȦʳ⏏ᩃᅊඨ႒ɹɲȴɴɻᚫᅎɭɌɩ஛ᮃɐʳʢɹʢ޽Ȧ⏏Ʉȩ Ȧɤɛ೑ᅎඨ႒ɻᅣȡʳȦɻႵჃʍɹ᝔ȷॠʱʦᦅс෌μɴ஛ᮃɐʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ 3.1.3ȁਃၶ͂ݽႻȁ ǵႵჃɻᅖਸɹЇϟɫ⏋1 ॷˁɭȲɌɩȲɄɲȩ⏏ূሼ⏋Ⴣ᪄⏋෱ˁᅎȦʳɄɭʢȡʳȵ⏋ͩ ˓͓ͻˁᅎȦɛɻɷᒘჃȵΥᖔᇕɫ⏋޽Ȧɭȷɴɻ 1 ܌ɴ 200ͶଘʢᒘˁɌȴȿʳɄɭȵȡʳ ɭȦȩ⏏̸͡ͻ̋˓ˡͻ (Cephalophus monticola)⏋̶˵ˠ͓͇ˏ͞˹ (Atherurus africanus)⏋ ˥̨̓́͠Ͳ˸Ͳ˱˗ (Phataginus tricuspis) ˁɻɍʠ⏋ปΫਸɹ჏ᰖʢɌɽɌɽ஁კɌɩȼʳ⏏ ႵჃɻςɭɌɩ೴ȴʰ 10 km ГΫᮐʶɛ؅ᅊകԒɫȲɄɲȦ⏋ᒘˁɌȴȿɩȴʰ 2⏋3 ౗ɫԗ ៮ɐʳɹȵʭȦɭɇʶ⏋ගɹߡཉȼʚɫԂʳݭغɴɻ⏋1⏋2 ᦼᬚʢගɴྡྷܧɐʳɄɭȵȡʳ⏏ ʚɛ⏋ᅣˁᗷʰɐᩃᅊ֪႒ˁ஁კɐʳɛʠɴ⏋ᅣɹʚʼʱɴʢᒘˁɻʱʠȽʰɓɩȦʳ⏏ႵჃ ɴʭɤɩ஁კɇʶɛᩃᅊ֪႒ɹვᔀɻ⏋৳ʰɴɭɤɩȷʼʠɩᩂឹɲᰩᏒɫȡʳɭɭʢɴ⏋೴ ԒȡʳȦɻೠೳ᧊ெ̜̒͞˪ɹ᧊᥊ଝɴެ׹Ɍɩ⏋ᅖɛɠɹჼᩆؚԂɭʢɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ ǵྫ֝ɻςɴϗೝɹ༎֪ɫ⏋ᅖਸɻЇ஘ȿᩍ⏋ࡴᒞᐨྫ⏋ߨਸɻநȦՏɌྫˁ୊য়ɐʳ⏏஁კ Ɍɛ᳋⏋˛̲⏋ˡ̢ɲɰɻγय़ɫ༥ᢹɐʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧȵ⏋߂ᩄɴკʶɛݭغɴɻ೴Ԓɫ᢫ެɐ ʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ᠭീ೴ɫɻ߂ȷɲाȵᦏȼɴɲȦɛʠɴ⏋ྫ֝༎֪ɹៀฐɻࢸɇȦ⏏ 3.2ȁ૙୆ڰ̤̫ͥͅڎ୆ު͈࿨ڬȁ ǵ2001 ॷ 8 ೐ 21 ౗⑯2002 ॷ 1 ೐ 20 ౗ɹ 5 Ͷ೐ᬚ⏋೴ɴ࣎зɐʳଁϺᅖਸ 3 Ϻˁࢪᢒɴ⏋ ̨ͻ̜ˁཡɌɩຘ౗ᰩʏɛʢɹˁ៨᪼Ɍɩʢʰɤɛ⏏Гάɫɻɗɹᰩϟᠭീɹᐄഗˁʢɭɴ⏋ ᰩೳɹዛᰖ⏋ᰈ঎⏋Ԃଝ౅໬ɲɰɴʛʰʶʳӃكˁᠦ౩ɐʳ⏏ ǵΥᖔɴ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɹᰩϟɫɻ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳʦ˥͑̒˵̫ɲɰɹ̚Ͳ̺Ͳс႒ˁೳషɭɐ ʳςᰩɭ⏋ᔀʦ᳋ɲɰɹ֪႒ਸɛ˃ɿȼᣒɭᩃᘛɲɰˁೳషɭɐʳտᰩȵᅎઝɇʶʳ⏏ ǵܒ 4 ɴςᰩɭɌɩњɇʶɛ̚Ͳ̺Ͳс႒ɹՏჼ܌ధɹւغˁኍɌɛ⏏ᰩϟɴՏɇʶɛςᰩೳ షɹȩɠ 51⎾ɻ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɫȡʱ⏋৳ʰȵ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲˁᰩʏɲȦ౗ɻɲȦɭȦɤɩʢ᧌ ៜɫɻɲȦ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕᠝ɫ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɻ ˱Ͳ̝˕ (kondu) ɭʭɽʶ⏋ᇤˁʞȦɩ္Ȧ ɛʢɹ (bea kondu)⏋ᙜɌɛʢɹ (mboka kondu)⏋ȡʳȦɻᙜɌɛʢɹˁഉɫɦȦɩ܎ࡎႥɴ Ɍɛʢɹ (kima kondu) ȵςᰩɭɇʶʳ⏏

ɐʳ⏏Ʉɹϗၥ˓͐ˁ̶˗̶˗ (fufu) ɭʭʃ⏋͇ͻ˭̜̒ɫʢ᢫ެɇʶɩȦʳ⏏̶˗̶˗ˁᎬ ႥɴɌɛʢɹˁ⏋ໝ᱿ɌɛཾɴԂʶɩɄɷ⏋܎ࡎႥɴɌɩᰩʏʳ⏏˽˓ͻ̜͹˥͑̒˵̫ɻນ ାȷˁɐʳਖឹȵɲȦɹɫ⏋္Ȧɛʢɹʦ⏋ʪɫɛʢɹˁᥐᰩɭɌɩգᅎɐʳȵ⏋̲̊ͻዛɭ ؾ෵̶˗̶˗ɴʢɐʳ⏏˥͑̒˵̫ʦ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁςᰩɭɌɩᅎȦʳɄɭʢȡʳȵ⏋̺͞Ͳ ̘˓Ͳʭʱɻɗɹգᅎᰈ঎ȵжȼ⏋ςɭɌɩᙜᅥᨙɹೳషɭɌɩգᅎɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹЈɹ˓͐ ᰖʢᬚᰩʦᥐᰩɭɌɩտ๖ᇕɴգᅎɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᩃᅊ͓͌ɻගɴᅓഀɐʳڞΥɹςᰩೳష ɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗɹգᅎᰈ঎ɻȷʼʠɩࢹɲȦ⏏ ǵܒ 5 ɻ⏋౗Ǿɹᰩೳˁςᰩ⏃̚Ͳ̺Ͳᰩ႒⏆⏋֪႒ਸɛ˃ɿȼᣒ⏋ᩃᘛᰖɴՕᰖɌ⏋ɗʶə ʶɹԂଝ౅໬⏃ᦅᓚ͹ࢃᅨ⏋஛ᮃ͹ႵჃ͹ྫ֝⏋ɗɹЈ⏆ɹւغɫኍɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ςᰩೳ షɻᅣɫؚዲɌɛс႒ȵ 90⎾ГΫɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌ⏋տᰩɹೳషɫɻගɫ஛ᮃ⏋ႵჃɌɛ֪ඨ ႒ɹւغȵᲞȼ⏋֪႒ਸɛ˃ɿȼᣒɻ 85%ˁᩃᅊ֪႒ɴ⏋ᩃᘛᰖɫɻ 36%ˁᩃᅊඨ႒ʦ˥̨ ˱ᰖɴћࡔɌɩȦɛ⏏ᩃᘛᰖɻգᅎ܌ధɗɹʢɹȵࢹɲȦɄɭˁᓒૅɐʶɽ⏋տᰩɹᰩೳɴȲ ȿʳᩃᅊ֪႒ɹᩂឹਸɻᯃ।ɴᲞȦ⏏ ǵʚɛ⏋ᔀʦ᳋ˁᠭჿɐʳ᭬ɹᠭ٢షɭɌɩਖɑݾɭ̜˗ˤ͞˹ˁьᅎɐʳʓȴ⏋৳ʰɻໞ ˁ߫ʛ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲໞᏒᠭ٢షˁᰈᑢɴьȩ⏏ᔀʦ᳋ɹᠭჿɴьᅎɌɛᠭ٢షɹьᅎ܌ధɹ ւغɻ⏋ݾ͹̜˗ˤ͞˹ɹʛȵ 36%⏋̒͞ˡ́˓ˁ֓ȭʳ˭ͻ˽ȵ 25⎾⏋ˏ̸͓͞˹ɹࡸȵ 13⎾⏋˳̓ɹዛࡎȵ 10%ɫȡɤɛ⏏ ଎ 4 ȁ৽૙ऺၳ͈ඤ࿫͈͓͂੄࡛ٝତ͈ڬࣣ ⏃2001 ॷ 8 ॷ 21 ౗⑯2002 ॷ 1 ೐ 20 ౗ǵn⏮1,530⏃܌⏆⏆ * ɗɹЈɴɻ˵͇̓˓͐⏋͓͌⏋ᩃᅊ͓͌⏋˱͍⏋ࢸᵺ⏃̮Ͳ⏆ȵيʚʶʳ⏏

ǵГΫɹᰩϟᠭീɹᐄഗȴʰ⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻςឹɲˡͦ͠ͻ྇ˁᅣɴћࡔɌɲȵʰʢ⏋տᰩ ႒ɹ޽ȼˁගȴʰ਄ɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏

4ȅΨϋ΄ϋΡͽ͈෠ࣈΏΑΞθ

4.1ȁ3 ਅ႒͈ศ ǵ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻ⏋ᅣˁɗɹൕݛс႒ɹዛᰖɴʭɤɩςᰩс႒ᅣ⏋ˡˡˠܟ⏋̒͞ˡ́˓͹̜ ˗͐ͦ˱˹ᅣɹ 3 ዛᰖɴ߂աɌɩȦʳ⏏ᩃᘛൕݛᅎɴɻ႕ɴࡴʚɤɛᅣȵȡʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ ዷȦɛ˽̿ͻ˽ˁʛɦȿɩࢸៀฐɴൕݛɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵᠭീܩݖɹсЊ෵িɻ⏋Υፆɹᅣɴؾಁɴ޽ዛᰖɹс႒ˁඨȭɦȿʳཌྷсɫ⏋ςᰩс႒ᅣɫ ɻ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳ⏋˥͑̒˵̫⏋˱˱͓͌⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɲɰɹភధɹ̚Ͳ̺Ͳс႒ˁൕݛɌɩ Ȧʳ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕᠝ɫᅣɹɄɭˁȋ̴Ͳ̫ (pimba)ȍɭȦȩ⏏ςᰩс႒ᅣɻ׬ɴȋ̴Ͳ̫ȍ ɭʭʉɄɭȵ޽Ȧȵ⏋ཌྷඨɇʶɛс႒ɹᅊᔒೝᬚȵ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹ 2.5Ͷ೐ȴʰ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳ ɹ 18Ͷ೐ГΫʚɫ߂ȷȼᅵɲʳɹɫ⏋عಁဣɫᅣɴᇿጓɦс႒ɹؿմˁЊɌɩ˥͑̒˵̫ᅣ (pimba kuma) ʦ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳᅣ (pimba kondu) ɲɰɭʭʉ⏏ˡˡˠܟ (pimba cacao) ɫɻᬖ ᅣয়՟ɴ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ʦ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲɭȦɤɛςᰩс႒ˁཌྷඨɐʳ⏏̒͞ˡ́˓ɭ̜˗͐ͦ˱ ˹ɹൕݛˁᇿᇕɭɌɩᦶଁɐʳᅣɞȿɻȋ̅̓ (sobo)ȍɭȦȩܔ೑ɹؿዌɫʭɽʶɩȦʳ⏏ Г άɫɻ⏋Ʉɹ 3 ዛᰖɹᅣɴɦȦɩᠦ౩ɌɩȦȼ⏏ 4.1.1ȁ৽૙ै໤ศȪάϋΨȫ ǵ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻ 1 ॷˁ 3 ɦɹ࡚፲ɴՕᰖɌɩȦʳ⏏12 ೐μ౜⑯3 ೐μ౜ɴȴȿɩɹ߂ϗೝ ଎ 5 ȁ৽૙ऺၳ͂໗૙ऺၳ͈ව਀୶ ⏃2001 ॷ 8 ॷ 21 ౗⑯2002 ॷ 1 ೐ 20 ౗⏆ ԃᰩϟ܌ధ 1,359 ܌ɹȩɠњɇʶɛ܌ధɹւغɫᝠኍ⏏ * ȋɗɹЈȍɻᣘԂɴʭɤɩɌȴଝɴԂʰɲȦʢɹˁኍɐ⏃ςᰩ⏩˱͍⏋ࢸᵺ⏃̮Ͳ⏆⏋֪႒ਸɛ˃ɿȼᣒ⏩ ˵ͻ̚ˑͲᒊ⏋ႌᔀ⏋ᩃᘛ⏩˓Ͳ˰Ͳ͇͍⏆⏏

ɻ̿Ͳ̾͹˽˛ (pembe sue)⏋3 ೐μ౜⑯8 ೐ɴȴȿɩɹࢸᮒೝɭࢸϗೝɻ̿Ͳ̾͹ˡ͞ (pembe

kala)⏋9 ೐⑯12 ೐μ౜ɴȴȿɩɹ߂ᮒೝɻ̿Ͳ̾͹˱ͦ (pembe kolo) ɭʭɽʶɩȦʳ⏏৳ʰ

ɻॷɴ 2 ܌ɹϗೝ̿Ͳ̾͹˽˛ɭ̿Ͳ̾͹ˡ͞ɴɄɹᅣˁᬖȼ⏏Υᦹɹᦅс෌ɻݜೣᇕɴγय़ ׬еɫȲɄɲʼʶʳȵ⏋̫ˡˁᮄȩɄɭʢʭȼȡʱ⏋ɗɹݬᨢɭɌɩ˥͑̒˵̫ɹᙜᅥᨙʦჼ ᩆȵఌଡʼʶʳ⏏ ǵςᰩᅎɹ̚Ͳ̺Ͳс႒ɻ⏋ςɭɌɩཉȦගˁФʱᬖȦɛᅣɫൕݛɇʶʳ⏏Фᬖɹࢪᢒɭɲʳ ඨᅊɴɻȋͲˤ˱ˏ (ngakoa)ȍɭȋ̸ (bu)ȍɹ 2 ᦲʱȵȡʳ⏏Ͳˤ˱ˏɭɻ᧌ؑɴᓚܩɭɌ ɩգᅎɇʶɛɄɭɹɲȦගɫ⏋؅հᇕɴଘ೑ᓔɻȦɲȦ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ФᬖɌɛᓔɴɗɹьᅎ ณȵᅊɍ⏋Фᬖ৿ɻɗɹࢃ౏⏋ȡʳȦɻɗɹୟ߂ࢃ౏ȵգᅎɐʳ⏏Ͳˤ˱ˏɴɻปᲞ 50 m ɴ ᧒ɐʳʭȩɲᲞೠʦ⏋഍൓ɹᇍ᧒Ɍɛปೠȵࡔܧɐʳɛʠ⏋Фᬖс෌ɴɻ޽ȼɹ֝ӈ֐ȵਖឹ ɭɲʳ⏏ɗɹɹɠᅣȵఔඉɇʶʳɭ⏋ɗɹݭଘɻȋ̸ȍɭʭɽʶʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏̸ɫɻ⏋Ϋࣝ ˁ͌˵ͲˤɹᲞೠȵשᣴɌ⏋άࣝɴɻ˹͚˗ˤዀʦ˪̀˗˱Ͳዀɹඨ႒ȵᑢᗛɐʳ⏏߂ȷɲ̸ ɫɻ͌˵ͲˤɹปᲞɻ 30 m ɴʢ᧒ɐʳ⏏13) ǵϗೝɹࠃʚʱ⏃߂ϗೝɫɻ 12 ೐μ౜⏋ࢸϗೝɫɻ 7 ೐՟౜⏆ɭɭʢɴФ஛ȵࠃʚʳ⏏˪̀ ˗˱Ͳዀʦ˹͚˗ˤዀɲɰɹᗳೣඨ႒ˁ՗ʱ҉Ɍɛ৿⏋ᏳȦปೠȴʰ߄ȦปೠʍɭФ஛ɌɩȦ ȼ⏏Ф஛ˁɻɍʠʓɭ˃ɰɹᦅс෌ˁ࣢ՒΥೣɫȲɄɲȦ⏃Ԡሎ 2 ⏆⏋ᔦᲞሁ৹ȵ 1 m ГΫȡ ʳʭȩɲ߄ȦೠˁФʳɭȷɴɻాˁᅎȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋഍൓ɹᇍ᧒Ɍɛปೠɻ⏋ปɴᇎɤɩ഍൓ɹ Ϋ౅ˁФʳ⏃Ԡሎ 3 ⏆⏏άᗳɲʰʃɴᏳȦೠೣɹФ஛с෌ɴɻߨਸʢؒ֓ɐʳȵ⏋Ф஛с෌ɻ ݜೣᇕɴᅖɹЇϟɫȡʳ⏏ ǵФᬖ৿⏋҉ೠˁɌɽʰȼϗၥɇɓ⏋ᮒೝɹࠃʚʳሁմɴတԂʶɐʳȵ⏋ɗʶɻਖɑɌʢਖឹ ɫɻɲȼ⏋႕ɴࢸϗೝɴɻปೠȵמՕϗၥɌɲȦɛʠɴတˁԂʶɲȦɄɭʢȡʳ⏏္ᅣᓚсɫ ɻတԂʶɴʭʳ᭑ᗳ֟ഗȵʭȼ୭௎ɇʶʳɭɄʸɫȡʳȵ⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻတԂʶɴʭɤɩȴ ȭɤɩᮊᗳȵވȭʳɭ᠝ʳ⏏14) ɄɄɫɹတԂʶɹ৲ւɻ⏋с႒ˁඨȭɦȿʳ᭬ɴ᧹᳉ɭɲʳป ೠɹഘᘽˁ္ȷଡȩɄɭɫȡʸȩ⏏ ǵ௢ዛʦඨȭɦȿɻςɭɌɩߨਸȵ୊Ȧ⏋̫ˡɹߨਸˁᮄȩɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ᠭീ೴ɫɻ⏋Ф஛ɭ ш᝔Ɍɩ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳʦ˱˱͓͌ˁඨȭɦȿ⏋ɗɹɹɠတˁԂʶʳɄɭȵȡʳȵ⏋ɄʶɴɦȦ ɩ೴ʃɭɻ⏋တȵᗈɹᅊᔒˁѦᦽɐʳɭᠦ౩ɐʳ⏏15) ɗɹЈɹс႒ɻ⏋တԂʶɹᓂ౗ȴʰ⏋҉ 13) ГάɫɻѤࡶΫ⏋ȋͲˤ˱ˏȍˁ؅ᅊക⏋ȋ̸ȍˁϠ๖കɭ៨ᥔɐʳ⏏ 14) Norgrove et al. ␩2000␭ɻ⏋ˡ͍͡ͻͲ׫ᨆɹ္ᅣɴȲȦɩࡸᱻˁȲɄɲȦ⏋တԂʶȵᮊᗳ⏋႕ɴɄɹܩݖɫБ ᝠᇕɲᮊᗳɫȡʳ Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King and H. Robinson ɹ̫˓ˠ͇˽ᩄˁވ֓ɇɓʳɄɭˁኍ Ɍɛ⏏တԂʶɴʭɤɩȦɤɛ˃ᮊᗳɹܩΫᨆɻ๷ྙɐʳȵ⏋C. odorata ɻܩ᭬ᨆȵೠ׋ɌɩȦɩܩμɹ൓ɻ৯ ᯱˁȩȿɲȦ⏏ᐄഗᇕɴɻ⏋C. odorata ȵӦװɌɩ̫˓ˠ͇˽ȵވ߂Ɍ⏋с႒ɭɹጫغȵȲɄʳɭɭʢɴ⏋᭑ ᗳɴਖឹɭɲʳ֝ӈ֐ʢވ֓ɐʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ɄɹܩݖɴȲȦɩတԂʶɻ⏋ᮊᗳ፬ჿɹଝຍɭɌɩ᧟Ֆɫɲ ȦɭᐄᠶɧȿɩȦʳ⏏

ೠȵ๿ʳᅣɹɲȴɴඨȭʰʶɩȦȼ⏃Ԡሎ 4 ⏆⏏ ǵ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲɹඨȭɦȿɴɻݳᗡˁᅎȦʳ⏏ݳᗡɻ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲɹൎȴʰᇍᅊɌɛُᗂ ˁ஗ʱᣱɄɌ⏋ܩΫᨆˁՖʱஅɩɩ 15⑯20 cm ȼʰȦɹᬏɇɴɌɛʢɹɫ⏋Ʉʶˁཉɇ 15 cm ዐ঎ɹዴˁ஗ɤɩඨȭʳ⏏ȡʳߨਸɻ⏋Υᦇ 4 ๰ɹ๭Ϊ៓০ˁ˓͍ͻ˻Ɍɲȵʰ⏋ɗɹع᯳ ဣɴݳᗡˁඨȭɦȿʳɭ᠝ɤɩȦɛ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻ޽ڃዛɹ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳˁൕݛɐʳȵ⏋Υ ৢ૯ 2 ȁ५൅ͬဥ̞̹ะनैު ৢ૯ 3 ȁຼͬဥ̞̹ਏષะन ৢ૯ 4 ȁ৽૙ै໤ศ͈́૒̢̫̾ैު 15) Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ඨȭɦȿ৿ɴတԂʶȵȲɄɲʼʶʳёɻ⏋˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩɹЈɹ຦౏ɫʢݬٚɇʶɩȦʳ␩Miracle 1967; ஘ᢆ 1998␭⏏Miracle ␩1967␭ɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲс෌̮̊ͻͲˁ 1 ɦɹсЊкᏙɭɌɩ؜ʱ଩ɤɩȦʳ⏏ͤ ˤ (Rega) ɹϺʃɭʢඨȭɦȿ৿ɴတԂʶɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ᇍᔒȵѦᦽɇʶʳɭᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏

ፆɹᅣɴඨȭʳధᇑ҅ɹݳᗡɹڃዛʦᨗᒞɴɦȦɩ႕աɲ໶ઝȵଡʼʶʳɄɭɻȡʚʱɲȦ⏏ ݳᗡˁᮃʠʳຍ᭥ɫʢ႕ɴڃዛˁ᧧ɽɲȦɛʠ⏋ృɌȼсɤɛᅣɴɻ⏋ُᗂˁ޽ȼᇍᅊɇɓʳ ڃዛɹൎȵ޽ȼɲʳ⏏ ǵ˱˱͓͌ɹඨȭɦȿɴɻ⏋ዛ˓͐ȡʳȦɻݳᗡˁᅎȦʳ⏏˥͑̒˵̫ɹඨȭɦȿɻ୻Ɍೠɴ ʭʳ⏏࣢Ւɫܤˁᥐȼ஗ʱᣱɄɌ⏋20⑯30 cm ɹᬏɇɴՖɤɛ˥͑̒˵̫ɹዛᗡˁ 2 ೣɑɦॶ ᝔ɴιʏɩܩᯆɭອॶɴᒞȷ⏋ܤˁȴʉɓʳ⏏̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹ௢ዛɻ⏋࣢Ւɫᥐȼዴˁ஗ʱ⏋ ɗɄɴ 6⑯8 Ꮀɹዛࡎˁఔʱᦉ˃ɫុܤɌɩȦȼ⏏ ǵඨȭɦȿ৿ 2Ͷ೐ץʓɰᐁ᧌ɌɛɄʸȴʰ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁ᧟ࡶؚዲɌ⏋ɗʶȵཕʞɭᅣԃᯆ ˁ᭑ᗳɌɩؚዲᤄܩɴʚɛ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳˁඨȭʳ⏏˥͑̒˵̫ȵᗳᲞ 1⑯1.5 m ዐ঎ɴଁᬏɐ ʳɭᗐᘽ (koko) ˁ௎ʛ؜ɤɩᩃᘛɴɐʳ⏏ඨȭɦȿȴʰ 8Ͷ೐ʢᐁ᧌ɐʳɭ 3 m ГΫɴᅊᔒ Ɍ⏋˓͐ɹؚዲȵࠃʚʳ⏏ؚዲɭؾಁɴᗡˁՖుɌɩԗʃɗɹݭɴዛᗡˁඨȭɦȿʳɄɭʢȡ ʳȵ⏋ʈɦȩɻɗɄɴ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳˁඨȭʳ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻ˥͑̒˵̫ɹ՟ೝᅊᔒɴȲȿʳ ౗၇ɹਖឹਸˁ৔ȼઝᡫɌɩȲʱ⏋᧟ࡶ᭑ᗳɐʳ⏏ ǵඨȭɦȿ৿ 1 ॷˁᐁ᧌ɐʳɭ⏋˱˱͓͌⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɹؚዲȵࠃʚʳ⏏̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɹᅊ ᔒೝᬚɻڃዛɴʭɤɩᅵɲʱ⏋11Ͷ೐ʓɰɹ౛ᅊȴʰ 18Ͷ೐ГΫȴȴʳಓᅊɹʢɹʚɫɇʚ Ɋʚɫȡʳ⏏̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲɹؚዲᤄܩɴԗʃݳᗡˁඨȭʳɄɭɻɲȼ⏋ؚዲɌɛൎȴʰᇍᅊɌ ɩȦɛُᗂˁ๿Ɍɩɗɹʚʚᔒɩʳ⏏ُᗂȴʰɹԗᅊൎɻଁᬏȵ౛ȼ⏋ݳᗡˁውඨɌɛൎʭʱ ʢᐄࡸʚɫɹೝᬚȵ 100 ౗մ৿ʢቁȦɭȦʼʶɩȦʳ␩߂ആ 2000␭⏏ ǵ˥͑̒˵̫ɹؚዲȵࠃʚʳ᯴ɴɻ᭑ᗳɇʶɲȼɲʱ⏋ɗʶɴɭʢɲɤɩϠ๖കȵԗᅊɌɻ ɍʠʳ⏏Фᬖ৿ 2 ॷʢᐁ᧌ɐʳɭ⏋͌˵Ͳˤɻ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲˁុȩʓɰɴᅊᬏɌɩȼʳ⏃Ԡሎ 5 ⏆⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲᚼɹɲȴȴʰɫʢ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɹؚዲɻᐚȼ⏏ؚዲೝᬚɻᅣɴʭɤɩᅵɲʳ ȵ⏋ఔඉɇʶɛᅣɻధॷɫأകɭɲʱ⏋ʦȵɩཉȦගɭɲɤɩȦȼ⏏ඨᅊɹ܌਋ɴЫɤɩ⏋ക ৢ૯ 5 ȁ৽૙ै໤ศ͈အঊȪ૒̢̫̾ࢃ 2 ාȫ

আʍɹ౗ࢮɻ਀ǾɴཝɤɩȦȼȵ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɻ৑ӵάɫʢଁᬏˁᐚȿ⏋ತȦගɹɲȴȴʰ ഗଗȵؚዲɇʶʳɄɭʢხɌȼɲȦ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲɹᅊᔒɭϠ๖കԗᅊɹш᝔ȵ̫ ͲˤͲ̝˕ɹ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲൕݛɴȲȿʳ߂ȷɲ႕ਐɫȡʳ⏃ܒ 6 ⏆⏏ఔඉɌɛᅣɻధॷȴʰמ ధॷᬚХᬘɌɛ৿ɴԗʃᅣɭɌɩգᅎɐʳȵ⏋ɗɹɭȷගകɹɲȴɫᕶးೃృˁɌɩȦɛմс ɹ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲൎȵࠒˁȡʰʼɐɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ 4.1.2ȁ΃΃΂׬ȪάϋΨȆ΃΃΂ȫ ǵˡˡˠܟɻा໤Ȧɹ؅ᅊകɴᬖȼɄɭȵ޽Ȧȵ⏋ɄɹɄɭɴɦȦɩ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻ⏋ˡˡ ˠɻᔋ໋ɫྂ࿅ɲᄩޅˁ߫ʞȴʰɞɭ᠝ʳ⏏৳ʰɻ̮́ (sepa; Triplochiton scleroxylon), ̓͜ ɭȦɤɛปೠȵˡˡˠɹঅ ปɴ᧟ɌɩȦʳɭᓒȭɩȲʱ⏋Ʉʶʰɹปೠȵ๿ʳʭȩɴିФɌ ɩˡˡˠܟˁᦶଁɐʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɹปೠɻሁࢮӵˁ᧡ʱ⏋ʚɛᘺɠᘽȵ᰸Օɹњᐌ྇ɴɲʳɹɞ ɭȦȩ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ˡˡˠɹᔋషɭɲʳᔼɤɛᘺᘽȵ߉ʼʶɩɌʚȩɄɭˁ૴ਥɌɩ⏋ʼɊɭ တˁԂʶɲȦɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ృɛɴᦶଁɌɛˡˡˠܟɴɻ⏋ྂܩɴɦȼɤɛᗈআɫᔒɩɛᗈˁው ඨɌ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɲɰɹᰩᅎс႒ˁൎᬚɴཌྷඨɐʳ⏃ܒ 7 ⏆⏏ˡˡˠܟɫʢɤɭʢ޽ȼɹ֝ ӈˁឹɐʳɹȵ᭑ᗳɫ⏋႕ɴॾೠೝɴɻ̫ˡˁ޽ధᮄɤɩᮃμᇕɴ᭑ᗳˁȲɄɲȩ⏏̫ͲˤͲ ̝˕ɻ⏋ˡˡˠɹᅊᔒˁᖪ߫ɴѳɦɛʠɴɻӵᄩޅɹᠭ፲ȵᯃ।ɴᩂឹɫȡʳɭȦȦ⏋ˡˡˠ ܟɴ๿ɇʶɛঅ᭖ปˁˡˡˠɹଁᬏɴȡʼɓɩ਀ǾɴՖʱ҉Ɍ⏋೎ᏺᇕɴɻᔦᲞሁ৹ 1 m Г Ϋɹ߂ೠɞȿˁ๿ɐ⏏ඨȭɦȿ৿ 5 ॷʢᐁ᧌ɐʳɭ⏋ˡˡˠɻปᲞ 5⑯6 m ʓɰɴଁᬏɌ⏋ؚ ዲȵࠃʚʳ⏏ ǵؚዲɻ⏋ӴɴՓɹɦȦɛೠɹඑɫଁၓɌɛഗࡸˁՖʱᘺɭɌ⏋ɗʶˁ୩Ȧᮃʠɛ৿⏋ຐˁ ւɤɩዛࡎˁɭʱɞɐ⏏߃౗ॵɌɌɛዛࡎɻ೴ɴᢷȦɦȿɴȼʳЗᢷɴৄȷ؜ʰʶʳ⏏ˡˡˠ ɹѝൔɻॷʦ࡚፲ɴʭɤɩᅵɲʱ⏋2001 ॷ 12 ೐ɹѝൔɻ 550 CFA ̶͞Ͳ⏒kgɫȡɤɛ⏏16) 1 ଎ 6 ȁ৽૙ै໤ศ̤̫ͥͅै໤͈ऩ෽ܢۼ͂ඵষ૒୆͈ٝ໘ 16) 1 CFA ̶͞ͲɻᏝ 0.2 ԓɴሂয়ɐʳ⏏

γय़ȵʢɦˡˡˠܟɻॶܯ 2 ha ɫ⏋1 ha ȡɛʱ 300⑯400 kg ɹϗၥˡˡˠȵؚዲɫȷʳɹɫ⏋ ˡˡˠȴʰɹჼᩆؚԂɻᏝ 30⑯45 Ψ CFA ̶͞Ͳ⏒ॷ⏒γय़ɭȦȩɄɭɴɲʳ⏏̺͞Ͳ̘˓ Ͳɻɗɹ߂ȷɇɴʢʭʳȵ⏋1 ഗଗȡɛʱᏝ 500⑯1,000 CFA ̶͞Ͳɫȡʱ⏋Еɴγय़ȵຘ౗ ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲˁᣘԂɌɛɭɌɩʢǸɗʶˁΫ܌ʳؚԂȵˡˡˠȴʰ਄ʰʶʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ঃȦ ˡˡˠܟˁʢɦγय़ɹݭغ⏋100 Ψ CFA ̶͞ͲГΫɹؚԂˁ਄ɩȲʱ⏋ˡˡˠȴʰɹؚԂȵ Ȧȴɴ߂ȷȦȴˁ࢘ɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ ǵϺʃɭɻ⏋ˡˡˠܟɻຯχɴգᅎɫȷʳɭ᠝ʳȵ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴɻܤޚ೼Иʦൕݛ፬ჿɹᖪوɴ ʭɤɩգᅎೝᬚȵ߂ȷȼᅵɲʱ⏋ధॷȴʰ 30 ॷГΫɹ३ȵȡʳ⏏ˡˡˠɻᆖࢀɴ৑ȼ⏋ᅊᔒ ᄩޅˁᖪ߫ɴѳɦɛʠɴɻॷᬚˁᦲɍɛ᭑ᗳ⏋վࡴɲɰɹ፬ჿȵਖឹɫȡʳ⏏ᆖຩɹᙶযʦᮊ ᗳɹᑢᗛɹɛʠɴఔඉɇʶɛˡˡˠܟʢ޽ȼ⏋ɗȩȦɤɛݭଘɻϠ๖ඨᅊȵ܌਋Ɍɛɹɠ⏋ԗ ʃˡˡˠܟɭɌɩФᬖ⏋գᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ 4.1.3ȁρΛ΃ΓͼȆΠ;κυ΋ΏศȪΕδȫ ǵ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻගകԒɴՕ॒ɐʳᣧȦܤޚˁȋͲ͇̓ (mboma)ȍ⏋ा໤ȦɴՕ॒ɐʳቆᣒ ܤޚˁȋ˻˙Ͳ˧ (jengi)ȍɭʭ˃ɫךաɐʳ⏏̒͞ˡ́˓17) ɭ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹᅣȋ̅̓ȍɻ⏋ ອɻȿʢʭȼປᥒᇕʦʼʰȴȦ˻˙Ͳ˧ȵՕ॒ɐʳౙໜ᧑ɹቆܩय़ɴᬖȼȵ⏋ɄɹɄɭɴɦȦ ɩ৳ʰɻ⏋˻˙Ͳ˧ɻʦʼʰȴȦɹɫ̒͞ˡ́˓ɹᘋȵܩμɴʢȽʱʦɐȼ⏋߂ȷȼɲʱʦɐ 17) ೴ɹᬏᓑɹ᠌ɴʭʳɭ⏋Ʉɹܩݖɴ̒͞ˡ́˓ȵࢷԂɇʶɛɹɻ 1940 ॷБ৿ץɹɄɭɭȦʼʶɩȲʱ⏋ປᥒ ᇕృɌȦൕݛс႒ɫȡʳ⏏ ଎ 7 ȁะٳࢃ 1 ාࠐً̱̹΃΃΂׬̤̫ͥͅै໤͈ࢹ̷଼͈͂պ౾

Ȧ⏋ɇʰɴؚዲʢࢅ౫ɫȡʳɭ᠝ʳ⏏Фᬖɹࢪᢒɭɲʳɹɻ⏋ȴɦɩ̅̓ɭɌɩգᅎɇʶɛɄ ɭɹȡʳХᬘܩɫȡʱ⏋ɗɄɴɻ˓˙˰ͤ (yegele; Chromolaena odorata) ɭʭɽʶʳ˥˪ዀɹ ᗳೣඨ႒ȵӦװɐʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ18)⏃Ԡሎ 6 ⏆⏏ ǵ̅̓ɻʈɦȩ߂ϗೝɴᬖȼ⏏̅̓ɹᦶଁɴȡɛɤɩɻᅣԒɹปೠˁᇖФɐʳȵ⏋ɗʶɻ̫Ͳ ˤͲ̝˕ȵ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ʦ̒͞ˡ́˓ɹൕݛɴɻמՕɲ౗၇ȵਖឹɫȡʳɭᓒȭɩȦʳɄɭ ɴʭʳ⏏̅̓ɫɻ 1⑯2 ॷɹ˵˓˪͡ɫᓚсɭХᬘˁᑵʱᦐɐɛʠ⏋Хᬘܩȵගകʚɫ܌਋ɓ ɑ⏋˓˙˰ͤȵᒴᅊɐʳᗳܩɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏19) ɗɹɛʠФᬖс෌ɻ˓˙˰ͤˁ࣢Ւɫ՗ʱ҉ɐ ɞȿɫʭȼ⏋ᦅс෌ԃᖔˁߨਸɞȿȵ୊ȩɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ ǵ̅̓ɫɻတԂʶˁ਒ঈᇕɴȲɄɲȩ⏏တԂʶɹ৿⏋ၚȭ๿ɤɛปೠɹॻʦഘɻᅣɹ᭟ɴ᧊ʃ Տɐȴ⏋͌˵ͲˤɹᘭᗂˁᬿȽɛʠɴՖʱൎɴዩʛΫɁʳ⏏ܤޚμɴ๿ɤɛ˓˙˰ͤɹܩάᗡ ৢ૯ 6 ȁChromolaena odorata ͈࿹୸̳ͥݝ۽౷ 18) Chromolaena odorata ɻ׫ˏ͍͠ˡ؅ᅋɫˏ˻ˏɹၖय़ȴʰϩၖय़ɴȴȿɩঃȼॠ׋ɌɩȦʳжೠʚɛɻ޽ॷ ᅊᗳೣɫȡʳ⏏౗য়ɛʱɹᖪȦݭଘɴᇍᅊɌ⏋႕ɴ⏋ගകˁՖʱᬖȦɛᤄɴɻɐȽɴѢԂɌɩȼʳ⏏ᅣܩ⏋ป ܟܩ⏋ᗳܩፈɹ৔ࢀᮊᗳɭɲʳ␩؅ᅒʰ 1993␭⏏ˏ̶͠ˡ߂᭜ʍɻ⏋1937 ॷ⏋̠˓˻˙͠ˏɴඨകᇿᇕɫ˽͠ ͞ͲˡȴʰᥥԂɇʶɛ Gmelima arborea ɭȦȩปೠɹዛࡎɴཌྷɍɤɩࢷԂɇʶɛɭȦʼʶɩȦʳ␩Hoevers and M’boob 1996␭⏏1970 ॷʚɫɴˡ͍͡ͻͲμ׫ᨆʍɭୟ߂⏋1980 ॷʚɫɴ᧑ᤉʦᐻᤉ໤Ȧ⏋೴ٞᦇɹᅣʦዷ ܩɫΥᖔᇕɴʛʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏Chromolaena odorata ɹୟ߂ɻ˓Ͳ̶͞఩Һʦᧉ႑ɲɰϺᬚɹ༎֪ɴʭʳ ɭɄʸȵ߂ȷȦ⏏ˡ͍͡ͻͲആ׫ᨆʍɹѢԂɻ 1984 ॷմ৿ɭປᥒᇕᧆȦ⏏ɄɹჿᅓɭɌɩ⏋Ϻؤࢌ঎ȵࢹɲ ȴɤɛɛʠɴගകɹᬖޕȵࢹɲȴɤɛɄɭ⏋ʚɛХᬘೝᬚȵᬏȴɤɛɄɭ⏋˓Ͳ̶͞ȵ఩ҺɇʶɩȲʰɑ͇ͻ ˭̜̒ʍɹˏ˪́˽ȵੲȴɤɛɄɭፈȵᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳ␩Weise 1996␭⏏ᠭീ೴ɫɻ⏋Хᬘᅣɻʢɠʸ˃⏋ൕݛ μɹᅣʦ᧑ᤉ໤Ȧɲɰɫᰈᑢɴ៎࢘ɇʶʳ⏏ᓬ؜ʱᠭീɫɻ⏋˓Ͳ̶˝ͻ͇Ͳ̜ɹࠗ⏃ჼܧ 18 ๳⏆ȵʭɠʭɠ ๰ȷɞɤɛ᯴ɴڧ෌Ф஛ɹؒԂɭɭʢɴѢԂɌɩȷɛɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶʚɫ⏋Ϻʃɭɻɗɹඨ႒ˁʛɛ Ʉɭȵɲȼ⏋ɗɹؿմˁФ஛Ц኏ɹ֝ӈᓔɴࢵɷɛɭȦȩ⏏Гᭇ⏋ਸ਼ᦵɴ˓˙˰ͤɻᑢᗛɌɛ⏏ 19) Chromolaena odorata ɻ⏋ჼܧˡ͍͡ͻͲɹၖय़ᮒകय़ɴȲȿʳШᐏᇕ္ᅣᦅᓚ˹˽̘͌ɹᕶး᧦ውɴȲȦɩᩂ ឹɲΥឹᏬɭɲɤɩȦʳ␩Weise 1996␭⏏De Foresta and Schwartz ␩1991␭ɴʭʳ˱Ͳ˳ɫɹݬٚɫɻ⏋Хᬘೝ ᬚɹቁᑘ⏃15 ॷŷ5 ॷ⏆ȵෑሂകʍɹ᧦ውˁμుɌ⏋Ʉʶʚɫɹ؅ᅊകɹᬖޕȴʰ C. odorata ᒴᘺɹᬖޕʍɭ ޴׋ɌɦɦȡʳɭȦȩ⏏ǵ

ʦˏ̶͠ˡ˹͚˗ˤɹ൓ˁ࣢Ւɫ᭑ؑɐʳȵ⏋˓˙˰ͤɹܩάᗡɻ৔ᯌɫ⏋ɗɹ᭑ؑс෌ɻᯃ ।ɴᩂ֝ӈɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ρਥɴ᭑ᗳɌɩʢɐȽɴʚɛ˓˙˰ͤɻᅊȭɩȼʳɹɫ⏋̅̓ɫ ɻᰈᑢɲ᭑ᗳȵ๕ȴɓɲȦ⏏ ǵᅣɹྈҺȵ఩ȩɭ⏋̒͞ˡ́˓ɭ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁ௢ዛɐʳ⏃Ԡሎ 7 ⏆⏏̅̓ɫɻ⏋̒͞ˡ ́˓ɭ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁཌྷсɐʳݭغɭ⏋ΥፆɹᅣˁךՖɤɩաǾɹ̸ͦ̒˪ɴ׬сɐʳݭ غɭȵȡʳ⏏̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɻ࣢Ւɫዴˁȡȿɩ௢ዛɐʳȵ⏋̒͞ˡ́˓ɹ௢ዛɴɻ˱̮˱̮ (kopakopa) ɭʭɽʶʳଝ᫊ˁьȩ⏏Ʉʶɻ࣐ುനিɹଝ᫊ɫ⏋̒͞ˡ́˓ɹ௢ዛɴɹʛᅎȦ ʳ⏏Ʉɹଝ᫊ɫᝠࣝɹቆˁᇵʱΫɁ⏋ሁ৹ 30 cm ʓɰɹࢸɇɲ͇˗Ͳ̝ɴ௢ዛɐʳ⏏ᣧܤɴ ປʏʳɭ᥉ʰȴȦቆᣒܤޚɫɇȭ⏋ଝ᫊ʦ࣢ՒȵւʶɩɌʚȩʓɰ቙Ȧݭଘʢȡʱ⏋̒͞ˡ́ ˓ɹᘋȵᖪ߫ɴᅊᔒɐʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ᓚᣱɻέخ๕ɫȡʳ⏏ ̒͞ˡ́˓ɭ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɻ௢ዛ৿ 2⏋3Ͷ೐ɫؚዲȵࠃʚʱ⏋ၓೝȵປᥒᇕɗʸɤɩȦʳɛʠቁೝᬚɫ࡭ϛɐʳ⏏̅̓ɻ⏋ఔඉ ɇʶʳɭɛɠʚɠ˓˙˰ͤɹᒴᅊܩɭɲʳɛʠ⏋ೠೣඨ႒ɹᅊᔒɻᦽʛɴȼȦ⏏20) ǵܩάᐄࡸਸɹ̒͞ˡ́˓ɴɭɤɩ⏋ᝠܤȵʦʼʰȴȦɄɭɻᘋȵ๭।ɴᅊᔒɐʳɛʠɹਖ᯷ ೼Иɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶȵ̅̓ɭȦȩቆܩᅣȵਖឹɭɇʶʳჿᅓɫȡʳ⏏Υᖔɴ⏋ɄȩȦȩቆܩय़ɻ ाፉɴ໤ɤɩՕ॒ɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ᠭീ೴ᦏȼɴɻाȵɲȼ⏋̅̓ʍ᝔ȼɴɻႅ᧑ 1 ಁᬚˁឹɐʳ⏏ ʚɛΫᦚɌɛʭȩɴ⏋˓˙˰ͤȵᑢᗛɐʳᅣɫɻᰈᑢɴ᭑ᗳɐʳਖឹȵȡʱ⏋̅̓ɹ፬ჿɴɻ ᕛ߂ɲಁᬚɭ֝֐ˁឹɐʳ⏏ɗʶɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋̅̓ɫɹᓚсȵᐙᐚɇʶɩȦʳᔘಕɴɻ⏋ ፀ 3 ጟɫᦚʏɛʭȩɲ̒͞ˡ́˓ɭȦȩໞᏒᰩ႒ɴࢪɐʳ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɹ৔Ȧې߫ȵȡʳ⏏ ǵӴᦚɌɛʭȩɴ⏋ɄɹܩݖɹςឹɲჼᩆؚԂ྇ɻˡˡˠɭႵჃɴʭʳვᔀɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗʶʰ ɻȦɑʶʢᅖਸɹ፬ჿάɴȡʱ⏋ߨਸȵɗɄȴʰሁஞჼᩆˁଝɴɐʳɄɭɻɲȦ⏏ɗɄɫ⏋ߨ ৢ૯ 7 ȁρΛ΃ΓͼȆΠ;κυ΋Ώศ͈́૒̢̫̾ 20) Chromolaena odorata ɻϠ๖കɹ᧦ውɴȲȿʳ̮˓ˠ̢ˏዛɫȡʱ⏋౟ᇵɴᑢᗛɐʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋Ϡ๖കɹ᭞ป ˁ᝵ុɌ⏋ගകɹԗᅊˁᧆʰɓɩɌʚȩ␩Hoevers and Mʼnboob 1996␭⏏

ਸɛɠɻᨙˁᦶʱ⏋ɗʶˁᅖਸɴ᢫ެɌɩჼᩆˁ਄ɩȦʳ⏏ᨙɻ˥͑̒˵̫ˁ؅షɴᦶʳȵ⏋ ɄɄɫ˽̊ͻ̊ͻɭɌɩьʼʶɩȦʳɹȵ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹᇍᗂዛࡎɫ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹʓɭ˃ ɰȵɄɹᇿᇕɹɛʠɴьʼʶʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋̅̓ɹ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɻߨਸɴɭɤɩɹழᩆс႒ɲ ɹɫȡʳ⏏̅̓ɻςɭɌɩߨਸȵ፬ჿɐʳȵ⏋৳ߨʰȵ޽߂ɲ֝֐ˁઃɌʚɲȦɹɻɄȩȦȩ ჿᅓɴʭʳ⏏ 4.2ȁڎศ͈۾߸ ǵᠭീܩɫɻϺʃɭɹз࣎ȵॻᐻ᧑ᤉɴ໤ɤɩলɠι˃ɫȦʳɛʠ⏋ගɴήȭʳϺဤɹ৯ᯱɻ ᧑ȴʰ᧙Ɋȴʳɴɦʶɩࢸɇȼɲʳ⏏৳ʰɻ⏋ɄɹᅵɲʳඨᅊᄩޅˁดుᇕɴգᅎɌ⏋ɗʶɴ с႒ɹᅊჿᅊ઴ᇕ႕ਸˁᏼʛغʼɓɩ 3 ዛᰖɹᅣˁсɤɩȦʳ⏏೴ٞᦇɴɻςᰩс႒ᅣȵՕ॒ Ɍ⏋೴ȴʰሁᐻᤂᮐɫ 2⑯3 km ᮐʶɛा໤Ȧɴˡˡˠܟɭ̒͞ˡ́˓͹̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ᅣȵՕ ॒ɌɩȦʳ⏏ፀ 5 ጟɫ᠎Ɍȼᠦ౩ɐʳȵ⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳˁᰈᑢɴؚዲɐʳɛʠ⏋ з࣎ɹᦏȼɴςᰩс႒ᅣˁсɤɩȲȼɭᨊغȵʭȦ⏏ˡˡˠܟɹᦅᑢೝɴɻՏсʱࢸ࣒ɫಬʰ ɐγय़ȵ޽Ȧɹɫ⏋ɗɹᦏȼɴςᰩс႒ᅣˁсʳݭغʢȡʳȵ⏋޽ȼɹݭغ⏋ృɌȦˡˡˠܟ ɴςᰩс႒ˁཌྷඨɌ⏋ɗɄˁಫࡴᇕɲςᰩс႒ᅣɭɌɩգᅎɌɩȦʳ⏏ᝠ 2 ɴ⏋ᠭീࢪᢒɭɌ ɛ 12 γय़ȵ 2001 ॷɴᬖȦɛᅣɭɗɹඨᅊɹᬠѥˁኍɌɛ⏏ςᰩс႒ᅣɻз࣎ٞᦇɹϠ๖ക ɴ⏋ˡˡˠܟɻा໤Ȧɹ؅ᅊകȴϠ๖ക⏃ౙˡˡˠܟ⏆ɴᬖȷ⏋ʚɛ̒͞ˡ́˓͹̜˗͐ͦ˱ ˹ᅣɻȴɲʰɑౙໜ᧑ɹቆܩय़ɴᬖȦɩȦʳ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋৳ʰɻᇿᇕɴȡʼɓɩᅊ઴ᏙˁьȦՕ ȿɩȦɩ⏋Ʉʶʰ 3 ዛᰖɹᅣɹȡȦɞɫݭଘȵጫغɐʳɄɭɻʓɭ˃ɰɲȦ⏏ ǵܒ 8 ɴᦅϟಪˁኍɌɛ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻॷ 2 ܌ɹϗೝɴᅣˁᬖȼȵ⏋ɗɹФ஛с෌ɻᩂ֝ ӈɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛˡˡˠɹᬖᖽᐄࡸೝɴȡɛʳࢸϗೝɹɻɍʠɴɻΥఱɴ᭑ᗳȵȲɄɲʼʶʳ⏏ عᅣɫɹᦅс෌ˁປᥒɌɩʛʳɭ⏋߂ϗೝɴɻςᰩс႒ᅣɭ̅̓ɫɹФ஛с෌ȵ⏋ࢸϗೝɴɻ ςᰩс႒ᅣɹФ஛с෌ɭˡˡˠܟɹ᭑ᗳс෌ȵᩂɲɤɩȦɩ⏋Ʉɹಁೝɴ֝ӈȵᮃμɐʳ⏏ɇ ʰɴ⏋ˡˡˠɹؚዲȴʰዛࡎɹϗၥɴȦɛʳूዐɴɻ޽ȼɹϺଝˁឹɐʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛᦅс෌ɹ ጫغɐʳಁೝʦˡˡˠɹؚዲೝɲɰ⏋֝ӈ֐ȵਖឹɲಁೝɴɻ޽ȼɹ̫ˡȵ֝ӈᓔɭɌɩᮄʼ ʶ⏋ɭȷɴɻ̫ˡɹࡎњʚɫʢȵᱤʱՏɇʶʳ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ȵᕶᐌс႒ɭழᩆс႒ɹൕݛˁ ນ 2 ȁ2001 ාͅٳ̥̹ͦศ͈ຊତ̷͈͂૒୆ ᅣɹዛᰖ ؅ᅊക Ϡ๖ക ቆܩय़ ៟ ςᰩс႒ᅣ 2 14 0 16 ˡˡˠܟ* 4 9** 0 13 ̒͞ˡ́˓͹̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ᅣ 0 0 6 6 ៟ 6 23 6 35 * ృɌȼᬖȴʶɛˡˡˠܟɻ⏋ధॷᬚɻςᰩс႒ᅣɭɌɩգᅎɐʳ **ౙˡˡˠܟȵϠ๖ക׋Ɍɛݭଘ

θጓɌɩȦȼɛʠɴɻ⏋̫ˡɹ֝ӈ֐ɻέخ๕ɲʢɹɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏̫ˡʍɹᣀᩆɻˡˡˠɹ ؚᇰȴʰఌଡʼʶɩȲʱ⏋ˡˡˠൕݛɻჼ᝔ɹᦅᓚ˹˽̘͌ɹᐁཕᇕݜᇻɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ ǵˡˡˠɫ਄ɛؚԂɻᅖਸȵ፬ჿɌ⏋ߨਸȵଝɴɐʳɄɭɻɲȦ⏏ɗɄɫߨਸɛɠɻ⏋̅̓ɫ ɹ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ൕݛɴᏄˁՏɌ⏋ᨙˁᦶɤɩᅖɛɠɴ᢫ެɐʳ⏏ᨙɻ҅Ϻ׬еɫᨸᦶ͹᢫ެɇ ʶʳ⏏ˡˡˠɹؚዲˁᏺȭɛ᯴ɴɻ⏋ाɹᅤɴсʰʶɛЕ៯ɹᨙݭɴᅖɛɠȵᮃȦ⏋ɓɤȴȼ ዠȦɞჼᩆˁɻȷՏɌɩɌʚȩ⏏ჼᩆˁ܌ؚɌɛߨਸɛɠɻ⏋ɗʶɫ̅̓ɫɹ௢ዛʦ᭑ᗳс෌ ɴ̫ˡˁᮄȦ⏋ʚɛࡎњɹ࡝ᢹˁఌଡɤɛʱ⏋ɗɹЈɹᅊ༎ᅎڃˁᣘԂɌɛʱɐʳ⏏ ǵɄʶʰ 3 ዛᰖɹᅣˁ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɹᅊ༎ɴ၇ʰɌɩʛʶɽ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲൕݛˁμਕɭɌɛ ςᰩс႒ᅣɻ˵̸˹˽̘Ͳ˽ɹᐣ୫⏋̒͞ˡ́˓͹̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ᅣɫȡʳ̅̓ɻᨙˁЂɌɛ ೴ᘺᐁཕʦ኏ϯ⏋ᰩ႒ˁЂɌɛᰩయ׋⏋ˡˡˠܟɻݖ޺ʢɌȼɻ॑ݭᐁཕʍɹˏ˪́˽ˁɗʶ əʶࡸჼɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɹᦅᓚɻ⏋Ʉʶʰ 3 ɦɹ๖ӯˁ׃يɐʳᅊ෌ɭɌɩ⏋ Ϻʃɭɹᅊ༎ɹݜ᥍ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏

5ȅΨϋ΄ϋΡͽ͈ίρϋΞͼϋऩ෽

ǵ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɴɭɤɩ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɻᯃ।ɴᩂឹɲςᰩс႒ɫȡʱ⏋ٞᦇ຦౏ɹȡȦɞɫʢ ȋ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳ߫ȷȍɭ᠗ᡫɇʶɩȦʳ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ᕶ᤹ɻ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳȵ ।ɴଝɴԂʳႥ઴ˁჿ઎ɭᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏ೣጟɫɻ⏋ȦȴɴɌɩჿ઎ᇕɲႥ઴ˁࡸჼɇɓɩȦʳ ɹȴ⏋ȡʳγय़ɹϟёˁᅎȦɩᠦ౩Ɍ⏋ɇʰɴ৳ʰɹ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳൕݛȵɰɹʭȩɲᅊ઴ᇕᔘ ಕɹʢɭɫȲɄɲʼʶɩȦʳɹȴද២ɐʳ⏏ 5.1ȁίρϋΞͼϋ͈ਔාਓڗ ǵ2001 ॷ 9 ೐ȴʰ 2002 ॷ 4 ೐ʚɫɹᏝ 8Ͷ೐ᬚ⏋ᠭീ೴ɴ࣎зɐʳȡʳγय़ɹߨਸ V ˁࢪ ᢒɴ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɹؚዲᩄˁᠭʏɛ⏏ᠭീɫɻ⏋V ȵؚዲɌɩȷɛഗଗɹᅊᩂᩄˁкᩂ៟ɫ ៟ཀྵɌ⏋خᰩრ21) ȴʰخᰩᨆɹᩂᩄˁ፤ՏɌɛ⏏ɗʶɴʭʳɭ⏋1 ౗ॶܯ 1.2 ഗଗˁؚዲɌ⏋ ଎ 8 ȁ಺औఆ̤̫ͥͅ෠মႣ

ଁϺ 1 Ϻȵ༥ᢹɐʳخᰩᨆɻ 1 ౗ 1.1 kg⏋ॷᬚ 382 kg ɭɲɤɛ⏏ܒ 9 ɴኍɌɛʭȩɴ⏋̺͞ Ͳ̘˓Ͳɹؚዲɻᠭീೝᬚμ 1 ౗ʢ᦭ՖʶʳɄɭɲȼຘ౗ȲɄɲʼʶɩȦɛ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲؚዲ ౅໬ɻ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳȵؚዲ৿ɴѳࡔɌɩȲȼɄɭȵɫȷɲȦɄɭʦ⏋ഗࡸɹؚዲ᧟ೝȵቁ ȼ⏋ؚዲೝˁᦎȭɛഗଗˁᬏȦᬚᅣɴఔᒞɌɩȲȼɄɭȵɫȷɲȦɄɭ⏋ʚɛᩂȦഗଗˁᅣȴ ʰ୫ɠॠʳɄɭɹɫȷʳᩂᩄȵᭉʰʶɩȦʳɄɭɲɰˁؙ౱ɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵຘ౗ؚዲɐʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ഗࡸɹၓೝˁᦹᐚᇕɴՕతɇɓʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏৳ʰɹ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ ͲɹсЊ౅໬ɴɻɗɹɛʠɹू߅ȵ᭦ଘɴʛʰʶʳ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻॷɴ 2 ܌⏋ࢸɇɲᅣˁᬖ ȦɩඨȭɦȿˁȲɄɲȩɄɭɴʭɤɩଁၓೝˁ߂ȷȼɑʰɐɄɭɴଁ֒ɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̺ ͞Ͳ̘˓ͲˁൕݛɐʳᅣɫɻЈɹ̚Ͳ̺Ͳс႒ˁཌྷඨɌ⏋ɗɹؚዲᤄܩɴ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɹݳᗡ ˁඨȭɩȦȼ⏏ཌྷсɐʳс႒ɻɗʶəʶؚዲೝȵᅵɲʱ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɻ௢ዛȴʰ 2Ͷ೐ץ⏋ ˥͑̒˵̫ɻ 8Ͷ೐᯴ȴʰ 1 ॷᬚ⏋᧟ࡶؚዲɇʶʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɹؚዲᤄܩɴ᯶๖̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳˁ ඨȭɦȿʳɄɭɫ⏋1 ɦɹᅣԒɴᅊᔒຍ᭥ɹᅵɲʳൎȵཌྷܧɐʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏ ǵܒ 10 ɻǸȡʳߨਸ V ȵ 2001 ॷ 10 ೐ȴʰ 2002 ॷ 4 ೐ʚɫɹ 7Ͷ೐ᬚɴؚዲɌɛഗଗధ ɹ೐޴׋ˁڃዛɅɭɴኍɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ᠭീೝᬚˁᦲɍɩភధڃዛɹؚዲȵተ᠗ɇʶɛȵ⏋ ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻɄɹʭȩɴɇʚɊʚɲڃዛȵɭʶʳႥ઴ˁ߫ʞ⏏ʚɛ⏋৿ᦚɐʳʭȩɴ V ɻ ភధɹᅣȴʰ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲˁؚዲɌɩȲʱ⏋ɰɹᅣɴʢភధɹڃዛȵඨȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵܒ 11 ɴ⏋ᠭീೝᬚμɴ V ȵ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲˁؚዲɌɛςᰩс႒ᅣɹеᒞˁኍɌɛ⏏ගകԒɴ ɻॻᐻ᧑ᤉɭʓʖሁ᝔ɐʳࢸ᧑ȵлೣʢᣬɤɩȦɩ⏋Ʉɹ᧑ɴ໤ɤɩ္ᅣᦅᓚܩɭ္ᅣХᬘܩ ɫȡʳϠ๖കȵుᐚᇕɴᐚȼ⏏ܒμɴኍɌɛధࡓɻФᬖॷ೐ˁኍɌ⏋ဣᐻɫኍɌɛ E ɭ F ɹ ᅣɻɐɫɴϠ๖ඨᅊȵ౟ᇵɴᑢᗛɌɩȦɩගɭɹޅᅠˁɻɤȷʱɭɻተ᠗ɫȷɲȴɤɛᅣɫ ȡʳȵ⏋ɄȩȦɤɛᚼɹʭȩɲᅣȴʰʢ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲɻؚዲɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ܒ 12 ɴ⏋2002 ॷ 1 ೐ɹ 1Ͷ೐ᬚɴ V ȵɰɹᅣȴʰ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲˁؚዲɌɩȷɛɹȴˁኍɌɛ⏏ด᥍ɻ౗Њˁ⏋ 21) ࡸཀྵɴݜɧȼ፤Տɴʭʱ⏋ɄɹܩݖɴȲȿʳ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɹخᰩრ⏃⏮خᰩᨆ⏒ᅊᩂᩄ⏆ɻॶܯ 46⎾ɫȡʳ⏏ ଎ 9 ȁ̜ͥଲఝ͈੫଻ V ͈ίρϋΞͼϋਓڗၾ ⏃2001 ॷ 9 ೐ 9 ౗⑯2002 ॷ 4 ೐ 30 ౗⏆

ᑖ᥍ɻ V ȵ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲɹؚዲˁȲɄɲɤɛ 7 ɦɹᅣˁኍɌ⏋ˏ̶͡ˎ̜̾̒ɻܒ 11 ɫኍ ɌɛɗʶəʶɹᅣɴࢪਝɌɩȦʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ܒμɴيʚʶɩȦɲȦᅣ G ɻ೴ȴʰᏝ 3 km ᮐʶ ɛˡˡˠܟɴ᭰ஞɌɩృɌȼᬖȴʶɛᅣɫ⏋Ʉɹᅣɻࢰഀˡˡˠܟɴɲʳ⏏ᶌȼݸɤɛ͇˽ᇿ ɻ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳ 1 ഗଗɴሂয়ɌɩȲʱ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳȵຘ౗ᅵɲʳᅣȴʰ 1⑯2 ഗଗɑɦؚዲ ɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏Ʉɹᐄഗɻ⏋V ȵ੐ઝᇕɴؚዲɐʳᅣˁɽʰɦȴɓɩȦʳʭȩɴʢ ʛȭʳȵ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴɻ⏋ȡʳ 1 ౗ɴၓೝˁᦎȭɩȦʳ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɹధȵᯃ।ɴᭉʰʶɩȦʳɄ ଎ 11 ȁ̜ͥଲఝ͈੫଻ V ̦ίρϋΞͼϋ͈ਓڗ̤̭̹ͬ̈́̽৽૙ै໤ศ͈պ౾ ⏃2002 ॷ 1 ೐ჼܧ⏆ ଎ 10 ȁ̜ͥଲఝ͈੫଻ V ̦ਓڗ̱̹ίρϋΞͼϋ຦ਅ̮͈͂ਓڗضཔତ͈ܬ୯་ا ⏃1 Ͷ೐ᬚɹᐵؚዲధɫኍɌɛ⏆

ɭˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋V ȵʢɦ 7 ɦɹᅣԃкɫ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲɹၓೝɻȩʚȼՕతɌɩ Ȧʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ᅣ F ɻФᬖ৿ɐɫɴ 7 ॷˁᐁɩȲʱ⏋ΥឿɌɛɞȿɫɻɰɄɴ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳ ȵȡʳɹȴʢՠաɫȷɲȦʭȩɲᚼɴɲɤɩȦʳȵ⏋ɄȩɌɛݭଘʢ౗Ǿɹ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɹؚ ዲˁఌȭʳᅣɭɌɩգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵʚɛ⏋ᠭീˁȲɄɲɤɛ 12 γय़ȵ 2001 ॷɹ߂ϗೝɭࢸϗೝɴᬖȦɛᅣɹᯆዩˁཀྵࡴɐʳ ɭ⏋ॶܯ 0.37 ha ɫΥፆɹᅣɻɗʶʓɰ߂ȷȼɲȦ⏏ɄʶɻФᬖಁɴɰʶɞȿɹ֝ӈ֐ˁተѳ ɌɛȴɴʭʳɭɄʸȵ߂ȷȦȵ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɹٞॷؚዲˁᓒȭʳݭغɴɻ⏋ਖɑɌʢΥፆ ɹᯆዩɹ߂ȷȦᅣȵ߫ʚɌȦɭɻȴȹʰɲȦ⏏ςᰩс႒ᅣɻ 2 ॷʢᐁɦɭ͌˵Ͳˤɴុʼʶ⏋ ʚɛܤޚʢᆌ঻ɌɩؚᩄɻྻཝɌɩȦȼ⏏ɗɹݭغ⏋߂ȷɲᅣˁࢹధʢɤɩȦʳɭ⏋Υፆɹᅣ ɹཝؚɻؚᩄɹ࡚፲޴֪⏋ȡʳȦɻॷ޴֪ˁ߂ȷȼɌɩɌʚȩ⏏ࡸ᭬⏋߂ȷɲᅣˁᬖȦɛɭȷ ɻ⏋ᅣԃᯆɴ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳˁඨȭɦȿʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ઝܒᇕɴᅣɹΥᨆˁ๖ɹᮒೝᅎɴ๿Ɍɩ Ȳȼ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ȵФᬖೝɹᅵɲʳࢸɇɲᅣˁ޽ధʢɦɄɭɻ⏋ᐄഗᇕɴΥፆɹᅣɹ৯ᯱˁ ࢸɇȼɌ⏋ؚᩄɹ޴֪ˁᥐཝɐʳɹɴ৲ጓɤɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ 5.2ȁίρϋΞͼϋऩ෽ͬ঑̢ͥθ΍ϋ΄ႅ ǵ࡫ཙ␩1981: 141␭ɻ⏋̅Ͳ˳ͻ͞ɴȲȿʳ္ᅣᦅᓚɹ቉ድɹɲȴɫ⏋ȋϠ๖കˁФɤɛᅣɴ ʢషჿ̫̠̠ˁඨȭʳȵ⏋ȩʚȼࡸȵԂʰɑʛ˃ɲɐȽɞʠɴɲɤɩɌʚȩ⏏˥͑̒˵̫ɞ ȿȵȩʚȼᔒɦ⏏̒͞ˡ́˓ᅣɴඨȭɛషჿ̫̠̠ɻʢɤɭᔒɠȵੲȼ⏋1 ܌Ɍȴؚዲɫȷɲ ȦȍɭȦȩ೴Ϻɹ˱͍Ͳ̜ˁ᏷ЂɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋೰೴␩1987␭ɻ̫˪͌ɹ္ᅣᦅᓚɴɦȦ ɩ⏋Хᬘೝᬚȵᬏȼɲʳʓɰൕݛɇʶʳс႒ȵ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ȴʰ̫̠̠ʍɭው᝔ɐʳɄɭˁݬ ٚɌɩȦʳ⏏ Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹၖय़ᮒകय़ɴಬʰɐᦅᓚ຦ȵ⏋ȋ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɻᔋ໋ɲ ܤޚˁ߫ʛ⏋ɗɹൕݛɴɻ؅ᅊകˁᬖȦɛܤܩȵਖឹɫȡʳȍɭȦȩ᠗ᡫˁʢɤɩȦʳɄɭɻ ɌɽɌɽ୭௎ɇʶɩȷɛɄɭɫ⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ʢɗɹё޺ɫɻɲȦ⏏ ǵɭɄʸȵ⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ȵ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳˁൕݛɐʳɛʠɴᬖȼඨᅊˁᠭʏɩʛʳɭ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴ ଎ 12 ȁ̜ͥଲఝ͈੫଻ V ͈ίρϋΞͼϋਓڗ͙ͣͦͥͅໝତ͈ศ͈၌ဥ ⏃2002 ॷ 1 ೐ 1 ౗⑯1 ೐ 31 ౗⏆

ɻ؅ᅊകʭʱʢз࣎ᦏȼɹϠ๖കˁᬖȦɩȦɛ⏃ᝠ 2 ⏆⏏೴ɹᬏᓑɻ⏋ȋ೴ȵօ៯ɇʶɛ 1930 ॷБয়ಁ⏋ɄɹᦇʱɻͲˤ˱ˏ⏃؅ᅊക⏆ɫុʼʶɩȦɩ⏋ɗɹФᬖɴɻ޽ȼɹ֝֐ˁឹɌ ɛ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋̸⏃Ϡ๖ക⏆ˁᬖȼʭȩɴɲɤɩȦɤɛȍɭ᠝ʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗʶɻɛ˃ɴФ஛ ɴឹɐʳ֝֐ˁᥐཝɐʳɛʠɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋৳ʰɹ࣎з෵িʦ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲɭȦȩᰩ႒ɹ႕ਸ ɭʢࢌஞɴᬠѥɌɩȦʳ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻॻᐻ᧑ᤉɴ໤ɤɩз࣎ˁ෯ȭɩȦʳȵ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɴ ࡴзɌɲȵʰ؅ᅊകɫɹ္ᅣˁᐚȿɩȦȿɽ⏋ಁˁᐁʳɴɦʶɩᅣɻ᧙ȼɲɤɩȦȼ⏏ɭɄʸ ȵ⏋৳ʰɻ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳˁຘ౗ؚዲɐʳɹɫ⏋᧙Ȧᅣɻഗଗɹ᧊ெɭȦȩဣɫߨਸɛɠɴ޽߂ ɲ֝֐ˁ৔ȦʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳᅣȵз࣎ɹᦏȼɴȡʳɄɭȵ೚ʚɌȦɹɻȦȩʚɫ ʢɲȼ⏋ɄȩɌɛჿᅓȴʰʢ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳᅣɻ೴ᦏ᧿ɹϠ๖കɴᦶଁɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɭᓒ ȭʰʶʳ⏏ ນ 3 ȁඵষႅ́۷ख़̯̹ͦਏ࿐͈ਅྴ͂ࡢఘତȄޝࣞ౯࿂ୟ̤͍͢ޝࣞ౯࿂ୟ๤Ȫ಺औ࿂ୟ 0.68 haȫ ǵჼܩؿ ⏃̫ͲˤͲ̝˕᠝⏆ǵዀǵؿ ǵǵዛǵؿ ҅кధ ᔦᲞు ᯆዩ (m2₎ ᔦᲞు ᯆዩປ ⏃⎾⏆

kombo CECROPIACEAE Musanga cecropioides R. Br. 46 3.6256 43.2

bungu LECYTHIDACEAE Petersianthus macrocarpus (P. Beauv.) Lieben 4 1.3707 16.3

sumbembu MORACEAE Ficus exasperata Vahl 35 0.7145 8.5

gobo EUPHORBIACEAE Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre ex Pax 2 0.5683 6.8

basa EUPHORBIACEAE Macaranga spinosa Müll. Arg. 11 0.1431 1.7

solo EUPHORBIACEAE Tetrochidium didymostemon (Baill.) Pax & K. Hoffm. 18 0.1304 1.6

ongo CECROPIACEAE Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv. 2 0.1079 1.3

ngei MORACEAE Ficus sp. 10 0.0904 1.1

kanga COMBRETACEAE Terminalia superba Engl.& Diels. 3 0.0778 0.9

feda ULMACEAE Trema orientalis (L.) Blume 11 0.0718 0.9

keke EUPHORBIACEAE Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster 8 0.0711 0.8

sukudada FLACOURTIACEAECaloncoba welwitschii (Oliv.) Gilg 9 0.0352 0.4

busombo APOCYNACEAE Rauvolfia macrophylla Stapf 2 0.0350 0.4

fembu LEGUMINOSAE

(MIMOSOIDEAE)

Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) W. F. Wight 5 0.0313 0.4

gela BOMBACACEAE Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. 2 0.0293 0.3

gofi LEGUMINOSAE (MIMOSOIDEAE)

Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth. 1 0.0161 0.2

ngombe ULMACEAE Celtis mildbraedii Engl. 1 0.0152 0.2

tute EBENACEAE Diospyros sp. 1 0.0059 0.1

pembeka ANNONACEAE Cleistopholis patens (Benth.) Engl. & Diels 1 0.0045 0.1

tenge MYRISTICACEAE Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Warb.ǵ 1 0.0044 0.1

mosambilinina LEGUMINOSAE

(PAPILIONOIDEAE)

Millettia sp. 1 0.0044 0.1

ɗɹЈ 41 1.2450 14.8

ǵɗɹΥ౅ɫ⏋৳ʰɻȋ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳൕݛɴɻᔋ໋ɲගകܤޚȵਖឹɫȡʳȍɭȦȩɄɭˁ৔ ȼઝᡫɌɩȦɩ⏋Ϡ๖ඨᅊˁգᅎɐʳɴɌɩʢ⏋ɗʶȵͲˤ˱ˏ⏃؅ᅊക⏆ɹʭȩɴ߂ȷɲക ɴ܌਋ɌɩȦɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦɭ᠝ʳ⏏ ǵᝠ 3 ɻФᬖϜࡴܩɹϠ๖കɴȲȦɩ៎࢘ɇʶɛปᲞ 2 m ГΫɹปೠɭɗɹ҅кధ⏋ᔦᲞు ᯆዩ⏋ᔦᲞుᯆዩປˁኍɌɛʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋Ʉʶɴʭʳɭ⏋Ϡ๖കɴӦװɌɩȦʳɹɻ͌˵ Ͳˤɫ⏃Ԡሎ 8 ⏆⏋҅кధɻԃкɹ 21⎾⏋ᔦᲞుᯆዩປɫɻ 43⎾ˁװʠɩȦɛ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡɹ ၖय़ᮒകय़ɫɻ⏋္ᅣᤄܩɴ՟ೝϠ๖കɭɌɩ͌˵Ͳˤകȵᇍ᧒ɐʳɄɭɻʭȼሾʰʶɩȦ ɩ⏋ɗɹଁᬏɻᦵȼ⏋˱Ͳ˳ɴȲȿʳ္ᅣఔඉ৿ɹϠ๖᧦ውɴᬠɐʳ቉ድɫɻ⏋တԂʶ৿Ꮭ 6 ॷɫӦװɌ⏋Ꮭ 13 ॷɫปᲞɹᅊᬏᭉᅠ⏃Ꮭ 27 m⏆ɴ᧒ɐʳɭɌɩȦʳ␩μ೼ 1994; 1996; 1997␭⏏ ǵ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ȵϠ๖കɹ܌਋঎ˁՠుɐʳ୭ฌɻ⏋Хᬘɹॷధɫɻɲȼ⏋͌˵Ͳˤɹ߂ȷɇ ɫȡʳ⏏ȋГմ⏋ɄɹᅣˁᬖȦɛɹɻȦɦȴȍɭȦȩᣒکɴፐȭʰʶʳϺɻࢹɲȼ⏋2001 ॷɴ Ϡ๖കˁᬖȦɛ 23 ፆɹᅣɹȩɠ 13 ፆɻၼ៊ɲɰȵᬖȦɩȦɩ⏋Хᬘೝᬚˁ஠ࡴɫȷɲȦʓ ɰإȦʢɹɫȡɤɛȵ⏋๿ʱɹ 10 ፆɹȩɠ⏋4 ፆɻ 10 ॷГΫմɴ⏋4 ፆɻ 3⑯10 ॷմɴɗ ʶəʶჼܧɹѳ೑ᓔȵᬖȦɛᅣɫ⏋๿ʱɹ 2 ፆɻᦹсȡʳȦɻέ౩ɫȡɤɛ⏏ɄɹɄɭȴʰ ஠࢘ɐʳɭ⏋޽ȼɹᅣɻ 10 ॷГΫɹХᬘೝᬚˁȲȦɩԗʃФᬖɇʶɩȦʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏Ʉɹ ஠ࡴғɻ͌˵Ͳˤɹᅊᬏᭉᅠɫȡʳ 13 ॷɭʓʖΥᕹɌɩȦɩ⏋৳ʰɻ͌˵ͲˤɹปᲞˁᇿ࡫ ɴФᬖɹخوˁໆʠɩȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏22) ǵГΫɹɄɭȴʰᓒȭʳɭ⏋Ϡ๖കˁᬖȦɛ္ᅣɫɹ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲൕݛˁخᔨɴɌɩȦʳ೎߂ ৢ૯ 8 ȁθ΍ϋ΄ (Musanga cecropioides R. Br.)

ɹឹ܍ȵ⏋Ϡ๖ඨᅊɭɌɩ౟ᇵɴᅊᔒɐʳ͌˵ͲˤɴʭʳʢɹɫȡʳɄɭɻᬚ᧓ȦɲȦ⏏ ǵȡʳዐ঎ଁᬏɌɛ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɻ৑ӵάɫʢᅊᔒ͹ᐄࡸɐʳɛʠ⏋ᅊᔒ՟ೝɌȴ᭑ᗳɇʶɲ Ȧ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋᭑ᗳɐʳɹɻФᬖɌɛ՟ॷ঎ɹץॷɞȿɫ⏋ɗɹ৿ɻඨᅊɹԗᅊȵࠃʚʱ⏋̺͞ Ͳ̘˓Ͳɹؚዲɻᚼɹɲȴɫᐚȿʰʶʳ⏏Еɴ⏋ȋ᭑ᗳȵɇʶɲȼɲɤɛຍ᭥ˁʢɤɩХᬘȵ ࠃʚʳȍɭࡴᒶɐʳɲʰɽ⏋Ʉɹᦅ໬ɫɻФᬖɹץॷ৿ɴ౛ȼʢХᬘȵࠃʚɤɩȦʳɄɭɴɲ ʳ⏏Ʉɹ౛ೝɹХᬘʍɹው᝔ȵඨᅊɹ܌਋ˁѦɌ⏋сЊȿɭХᬘɹ˵˓˪͡ˁԓྜྷɴɌɩȦʳ ɹɫȡʳ⏏

6ȅ͂͛͂͘ࣉख़

ǵೣዣɫɻ⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɹᦅᓚ˹˽̘͌ˁᦅ෌ᅊ઴࡝ᇕɴៗഓɌɲȵʰၖय़ᮒകय़ɴȲȿʳ ္ᅣᦅᓚ຦ɹಬʰɌˁʛɩȷɛ⏏৳ʰɻ⏋ςᰩɭɲʳ̚Ͳ̺Ͳᰩ႒ˁᅣȴʰ਄ʳΥ౅ɫ⏋տᰩ ႒ɹ޽ȼˁ஛ᮃ⏋ႵჃ⏋ྫ֝ˁɭȲɌɩගɹᩃᅊ֪ඨ႒ɴћࡔɐʳᅊ༎ˁۊ˃ɫȦʳ⏏ᠭീܩ ݖɫɻ⏋ᮃᘺˁμਕɭɌɩ⏋͌˵ͲˤˁݜᠭɭɐʳХᬘϠ๖കȵ޺যᇕɴঃȵʱ⏋ٞᑉɴ᝔ȼ ɴɦʶɩ؅ᅊകȵވȭ⏋Ϡ๖കɭ؅ᅊകɹཌྷϯക⏋ɇʰɴ؅ᅊകय़ʍɭውɤɩȦȼ⏏ɄɄɫɹ ္ᅣɻȲʢɴϠ๖കɭཌྷϯകˁᖏدɭɌɩᑵʱঃɁʰʶ⏋ɗʶɻ਌ᄩᇕɫ⏋္ᅣȵၖय़ᮒക༥ ߉ɹӯՌɭɐʳΥᖔᇕɲឿៗɴɻয়ɩɻʚʰɲȦ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻ 3 ɦɹᅵɲʳᄩޅɴᅣˁᬖ ȦɩȦɩ⏋ɗʶɻϠ๖കɫɹςᰩс႒ᅣ⏋ཌྷϯകɫɹץ।ᅣˡˡˠܟ⏋ቆܩɫɹ̒͞ˡ́˓͹ ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ᅣɫ෯ଁɇʶɩȦʳ⏏৳ʰɴɭɤɩ೎ʢᩂឹɲс႒ɻ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹ ᅊჿ͹ᅊ઴࡝ᇕɲ႕ਸˁʈʚȭɛсЊ෵িɻ⏋ɄɹܩݖɴȲȿʳගകɹգᅎ০઴ɴ৔ȼ৯ᯱɌ ɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɻؚዲ৿ɹѳࡔȵգȴɲȦɛʠ⏋ɗʶˁςᰩɭɐʳɴɻഗࡸɹၓೝȵՕతɌɩ Ȧɩ⏋ຘ౗ؚዲɫȷʳʭȩɴɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻ⏋ॷɴ 2 ܌ɹϗೝɴɗʶə ʶᅣˁᬖȦɩ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳˁඨȭɦȿʳȵ⏋ɄɹɄɭɫؚዲೝɻ߂ȷȼ 2 ɦɴʼȴʶʳɄɭɴ ɲʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋Υፆɹᅣɹɲȴɫʢ⏋ඨȭɦȿಁೝˁɑʰɌɛʱ⏋ᅊᔒೝᬚɹᅵɲʳڃዛˁཌྷඨ ɌɛʱɐʳɄɭɫ⏋ᐄഗᇕɴᅊᔒຍ᭥ɹᅵɲʳൎȵཌྷܧɐʳႥ໥ȵɦȼʱՏɇʶ⏋ॷᬚˁᦲɍ ɩ̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲɹؚዲȵخᔨɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏Ȧɤʗȩ⏋കˁᬖȦɛɭȷɴ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɭཌྷс ɇʶʳ˥͑̒˵̫ʦ˱˱͓͌ɭȦɤɛЈɹςᰩᅎс႒ɻ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲɴȲȿʳؚዲɹ޽࢙ˁ ជ࡭ɐʳɭȦȩ৲ւˁഗɛɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵФᬖ৿⏋ᅣɴɄʶʰɹс႒ˁ᯶๖ඨȭɩȦȼȵ⏋Ȧɑʶʢඨȭɦȿሁ৿ɹଁᬏɻᧆȼ⏋ఔɤ 22) ᘺᘽปɫȡʳ͌˵Ͳˤɻ⏋ਸ਼ᦵɴЭ৓Ɍɲȵʰ๖ǾɭᘽˁᘺɭɌ⏋കআɴ޽ᩄɹᔼᘽܤˁݡዩɐʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋͌ ˵Ͳˤปɻˡ͠˗͌ɹيᩄȵᲞȦɭȦȩݬٚȵȡʳȵ␩Nye and Greenland 1960␭⏋ˡ͠˗͌ɻ̫̠̠ɴɭɤɩ ᯃ।ɴᩂឹɲ᰸Օɫȡʳ␩߂ആ 2000␭⏏ɄȩɌɛ͌˵Ͳˤɹ႕ਸʢ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳൕݛɴɭɤɩ߫᧟ɲᄩޅˁ ɦȼʱɞɐឹ܍ɴɲɤɩȦʳɹȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏

ɩȲȿɽɐȽɴᮊᗳɴុʼʶɩഞʶɩɌʚȩɹɫ⏋ඨȭɦȿ৿ధͶ೐ɻ᭑ᗳȵ೎ʢᩂឹɲс෌ ɭɲʳ⏏ॷɴ 2 ܌ɹФᬖɴɭʢɲɤɩృɛɴс႒ˁඨȭɦȿʳɭ⏋ృɌȦᅣɹ᭑ᗳȵӦӴɇʶ ɩ⏋ץॷմɴᬖȦɛᅣɻ᭑ᗳɇʶɲȼɲʳ⏏ᅣˁఔᒞɐʳɄɭɫೠɹՖʱൎȴʰᘭᗂɌɛഘᘽ ɻଁᬏˁᐚȿ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳȵؚዲೝˁᦎȭʳ᯴ɴɻᚼɹʭȩɲ෵ሂˁ٘ɐʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ග കˁՖʱᬖȦɛȡɭʼɑȴץॷɫᗳೠɹԗᅊȵࠃʚʳɹɫȡʳ⏏̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɻُᗂɴʭɤ ɩᕶးɴވຂɐʳȵ⏋ɗɹଁᬏɻ៊ൎȴʰ᥊༑ɇʶʳ᰸ՕɴћࡔɌɩȲʱ⏋៊ൎɇȭӵغଁɫ ȷʶɽُᗂɻᚼɴុʼʶɩȦɩʢЭᬏɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏৳ʰɻ⏋ɄȩɌɛ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɹਸ ᣒˁʭȼମሾɌɩȦɩ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳȵȡʳዐ঎ଁᬏɌɛᅣˁ᭑ᗳɌʭȩɭɻɌɲȦ⏏ɗɹᐄ ഗ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɻʈɦȩᚼɹɲȴȴʰؚዲɇʶʳ⏏23) ǵɄɹʭȩɲႥ໥ɻ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ᦅ෌ɴ႕೑ɲʢɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡၖय़ᮒകɫ္ᅣᦅᓚɴ ਃϟɐʳЈɹ຦౏ɴᬠɐʳӴ᝔቉ድɴȲȦɩʢݬٚɇʶɩȷɛ⏏࡫ཙ␩1981: 136␭ɻȋإȦ ္ᅣɴɻ⏋ȡɭ 1⑯2 ॷɻʚɞؚዲɹɫȷʳ˥͑̒˵̫ʦషჿ̫̠̠ɲɰȵɦɷɴ๿ɤɩȦʳȍ ɭᦚʏ⏋ʚɛиᚹ␩1984: 687␭ɻȋ̫̠̠ʦ͓͌ɲɰɻ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴఔඉɇʶɛ္ᅣȴʰؚዲɇ ʶʳɄɭȵɌɽɌɽឿʰʶɛȍɭݬٚɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ȋᚼɹɲȴȴʰɹؚዲȍɻˏ̶ ͠ˡၖय़ᮒകɴȲȿʳ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳൕݛɴঃȼʛʰʶʳჼᢒɫȡʳȵ⏋Ʉʶʚɫ፬ჿɹᎲఔਸ ˁኍɐГ޺ɴ႕աɲៗᨾɻɲɇʶɩɄɲȴɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɄɹᚼɻȿɤɌɩȋఔඉɇʶɛᅣȍ ɫɻɲȼ⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɴɭɤɩɻɻɍʠȴʰ઎ࡴɇʶɛႥ໥ɫȡʱ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɹؚዲɭ Ϡ๖കɹԗᅊɭȵш᝔ɌɩᦽʞɄɭȵၖय़ᮒകय़ɴȲȿʳ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳൕݛɹ႕ਐɭȦȩɄɭ ȵɫȷʳ⏏ ǵˏ̶͠ˡɹ္ᅣᦅᓚɴᬠɐʳ቉ድɻ⏋ɗɹ޽ȼȵץϗၥܩɹʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ɗɄɫɻᅣɭХᬘ ܩɹȡȦɞɴ౩ርɲޅᅠȵࡔܧɌ⏋ϺʃɭȵᅣˁఔඉɐʳಁೝɭХᬘȵࠃʚʳಁೝɻΥᕹɌɩ Ȧʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳˁςс႒ɭɐʳ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɹ္ᅣɫɻ⏋ȋᅣɹఔඉȍɭȋХᬘȍ ɹȡȦɞɴ౩ርɲޅᅠȵɲȦ⏏Ꮭץॷɫ᭑ᗳˁʦʠɩɌʚȩʼȿɞȴʰ⏋ᩃᅊᗳೣɹԗᅊȵࠃ ʚʶɽᦅ෌ᅊ઴࡝ᇕɴɻХᬘɹɻɍʚʱɭʛɲɐɄɭȵɫȷʳȵ⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɴɭɤɩɗɄ ɻؚዲೝˁடȭɛጓ༐ɲᅣɲɹɫȡʳ⏏৳ʰȵХᬘܩɭʛɲɐɹɻ⏋ɗɹᅣȴʰ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳ ˁؚዲɌɲȼɲɤɛɭȷɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹɭȷɴɻɐɫɴཉȦᚼȵ০ଁɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵᅣɭХᬘɹᩂភɻ⏋ගകɹԓྜྷɲԗᅊɴᩂឹɲઝ٢ˁʢɦȵ⏋ɗʶɻ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ȵϠ๖ക ԗᅊɹਖឹਸˁ৔ȼઝᡫɌɛᐄഗɫɻɲȼ⏋ȡȼʚɫʢଁᬏɌɛ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɴɻɗʶʓɰ౗ 23) ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳˁᚬɹɲȴȴʰؚዲɐʳ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɹ္ᅣɻ⏋ክϥ␩1983␭ȵரڟɐʳȋ᧦ውᅣȍɭɌɩ୼ȭ ʳɄɭȵɫȷʳȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ȋ᧦ውᅣȍЕᠦɭɻ⏋ჼБɹႵჃ஛ᮃ຦ʦᑊయಁБɹϺʃɭȵ⏋ᕶးඨᅊˁઝܒ ᇕɴቑޙɌ⏋৿ɹඨᅊɹ᧦ውɴϺဤ༾ໃˁ֓ȭʳɄɭɫ⏋႕ࡴɹ೑ᅎඨ႒ˁգᅎɌʦɐȦϠ๖ඨᅊɴɦȼʱȴ ȭɩȦʳɭȦȩʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ክϥɻ⏋ჼБɹ္ᅣɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ХᬘೝᬚˁృɛɲᅊᅋɹݭɭɌɩᅊȴɌ⏋္ᅣ ᤄܩˁգᅎɌᐚȿʳɄɭɹ೑ᇰਸˁς৓ɌɩȦʳ⏏

ࢮɻਖឹɫɲȼ⏋ɗʶʭʱʢඨȭɦȿሁ৿ɹᅣɫ᭑ᗳȵӦӴɇʶʳʏȷɫȡʳ⏋ɭȦȩ৳ʰɹ ᠗ᡫɴݜɧȦɩȦʳ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɻ৑ӵ೼ИάɴȲȿʳ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɹඨ႒࡝ᇕਸ ᣒɭ͌˵Ͳˤɹ౟ᇵɲԗᅊ֐ˁȩʚȼᏼʛغʼɓ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘˓ͲɹٞॷؚዲɭϠ๖കɹ਌ᄩᇕ ɲգᅎˁࡸჼɌɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʚɫភᮊɇʦܩݖ޽෵ਸɽȴʱȵ৔ᠭɇʶɩȷɛၖय़ᮒ കɹ္ᅣɫȡɤɛȵ⏋ɗʶɻȿɤɌɩံዊইɲʢɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ɗɄɴɻ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɭ͌˵Ͳ ˤˁݜ᥍ɭɐʳ਌ᄩ˹˽̘͌ȵࡔܧɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ৫ȁৃ ǵೣ቉ድɻ⏋యᨆዀ࡝ህዀ࡝቉ድᢹជ֖ᩆ⏃ݜᇻ቉ድ A2 ⏆ȋᅊ༎ᄩޅɭɌɩɹˏ̶͠ˡၖय़ᮒകɴᬠɐ ʳϺᰖ࡝ᇕ቉ድȍ⏃቉ድБᝠᓔ⏧ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡܩݖ቉ድ቉ድዀ͹॑ाӵᮁఠஐ⏆ɹ֖ ଁˁ؝ȿɩࡸేɌɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᣂషؚᮃɲʰʃɴជ֖ᠭീɻ⏋ॶଁ 15 ॷ঎ၖय़ᅊ႒ᣂ྇቉ድ֖ଁϟ෌ɴʭ ʳ֖ଁˁ؝ȿɩࡸేɌɛ⏏៨Ɍɩ⏋ᡚઝˁᝠɌɛȦ⏏ ֨ȁဥȁ໲ȁࡃ

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