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HOKUGA: W.B.イェイツとアイルランド・ナショナリズム

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タイトル

W.B.イェイツとアイルランド・ナショナリズム

著者

川上, 武志; KAWAKAMI, Takeshi

引用

年報新人文学(8): 172(80)-251(1)

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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I>Z_‚lo%Mi%‚/¹IÉ Á'#6à,QI.-EG3 8"(õ·Míþ)&Flight of Earls'I#F9X[Z:MÂ(²N!i %‚¼ãÍMSKX?¦3i%‚Ì”AMUMM¿1]‡!<G3B" i%‚¯ð¶63K8KEB:ILš^CaflN×ÙÇ"&Ulster plantation'LºY˜5ZMH2Z6!A[Nz„slo…tˆ"M» LWZUMH2EB"øëNA[†ÔM_…h„#_aj|MÇ"¶ H2Zd%‚u#a…hqj|LÜ<Gw|%#a…hqj|I§ O[Z:ILKZ6!:M;7ÒÀ¶H2YetqgM_…h„#_ aqj|M¸ÛŽ6Ê«<G38MNêÕMœ¤IKZ"Ú3G!a flñ*&(Пæ—$)'LÅ=BetqgM0¬ÓØ&Confederate War,+0.+−/-'6ž:Z6!:MûùMBTL™GX[Bg„{bc‚ M_a‚€…uŒÎI!A[L÷4éâMÿ¾KJLWEGz„slo …tÄÖµ’6¢Ï;[Z"Á´ÌLÑ=B:[XM‰0M£‘6! _a‚€…uMéâÃ&MÆÞ]etqgŸæ5Xz„slo…tL ‰ú;@G<R4"b`_{ÓØLWEGÈ­Mdƒ…k©b` _{LWEGä\[Bkca{m,Ì6!_a‚€…uL)D‹PG 8Z"AMkca{mLéâ%áIetqgŸ’MÍè–-]›Ý< Betqg#_a‚€…uN!RBUV‰óâLå[Z"¤!et qgLÝD½9G3BMN‘®KÈ¡ý&(etqg¡öý)&penal laws'H2EB6!AM¨M‰ÌLçZz„slo…t°ô&z„s lo…t#_n…p…j%$Protestant ascendancy'M³ß6ì(>Z :ILKZ" y€…l—$]£¥<BÁ ÌM~%„qx!à,M•âLË7ª [Zvj}vm{M+N!_a‚€…uHNetqg“üMŠîI < G!Ú 3 G+1*+ò L ± « ; [ B a f  l I M(¬ ï ý)&Act of &003' 249 W.B.acarI_a‚€…u#vj}vm{

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Union'HËwtÓEFBCÏò;@"K@!9Hµ€HėGI!æ òIâ¦ÊD/RUVnlpgHh]khm_j5!ÞöGPBCVZ m^4QHàó#ØôTyÖ;P1Eq~–Mh]khm_jHvŒÙ EFBC!?HŸTL>R9EGOFR"?;C´G!UVnlpgH h]khm_jI!Yfmc[HÎÃwßHÒ»&(Î÷»)Land War,*-,.−-+'E;C?HÇÌT‹2RHD/R" ¿7HŽ‚¤5Ôq;C0R9EG!h]khm_jHÓ6I×ÈH vÉT‰RE01OH5/R"ñí=RE!˜¬I¸7¶¢ÊF}øT  @F0¹äFè¾Ê#áuÊFrœHP1FOH5/R"¡G?ST •ãHP1Gð0Rá²&£²'Á5™u;C!˜©ÊGèªH ®T¨8RÀëFh]khm_jHtÓJE!?HەT§®8;C 07E01OHD/R"0L<7O!h]khm_jIáz¤HÛéÝ AE|Ú;@HI!h]khm_jŽ‚HzÍ E. \gW%m%D/B @&*'"UVnlpgG30CI9Hì{T†NRH5!ioe^ap f#U`pbp]%xƒG½=R¤E019EGFRHD/R5!«‡ µ€çG!VXVd5¥Õ;@(UVnlpgáŠß„)&Irish Literary Revival'HÆI!9SQH¤ÁH§GPBCº6ôCQS@!h]k hm_jH˜‘HåõHP1FOHD/B@"æ“I!h]khm_j GîSRUVnlpgG30C!áŠß„HtÓT³±=RVXVdH U`pbp]%E;CHô¯T!?HŚTİE;CÐ;C07O HD/R":QG!h]khm_jsÜH­¼TÑK2@12D!UV nlpgHh]khm_jH÷ž5>Rï$F…êEH}ˆT’2F 5Q”›;C079EG=R" &004'248

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.. ^`{y~pú£ù L S. J. be|`n_

`a`lP^u`°×Ò'.3-0ò(OVHJ"–?E‰¤™ïQ! ^`{y~pO7<Yú£ù PёLNHJ•AY"=Pá.\‚ ]FŒÇO$\éBYL!S. J. be|`n_'Standish James O’Grady( P+^`{y~pP/´$ˆ*ºà,'History of Ireland : Heroic Period, .212(L56}v~èN¨ÙO„ZYíÉ\§ÄA=L9K:Y"8I J`a`lQ!^`{y~pú£ù ‡ïQbe|`n_P+^`{y ~pP/´,PȀ\UHJ¶SYL¬HE=L94Y"^`{y~p ¯Ÿ“P!¸P·ÜL?J!f&dOÐSZEbe|`n_Q!÷ËP «\åHJ)ozrm_#c|kh*'Trinity College(O—]F4L! =]MQDPOô?Jþ۔OÌ\î@V6L¥Ê?J5E"äìD ]N&ÔO!ESESÿZJ5Eê¼P‹öK†O§ø[Z!³ýN; D=PÎÅ»K’>A=LONY"ŏ\žHJ5Y6GO¢ÕÀO? E S. bs}y~'Sylvester O’Halloran(P+^`{y~pP/´L© ঝÆÓ,'An Introduction to the Study of the History and Antiquities of

Ireland,.11/(OVHJ!þçû­µONXEJP=PñÃ0±P¾½

Q!^`{y~pP©àϔOAH8X#CWZJ?S6"jtz~R %HEbe|`n_Q!ÚÝ)Š+^`{y~p—µ…*'Royal Irish

Academy(Ræ5¶T!bs}y~P+^`{y~p´,'General History

of Ireland,.110(²šPâðO¿X˜8YPK4Y" be|`n_\=PV6O^`{y~pP(ØN/´Ï”O)HEP Q!ƒß!ŽK4HEP8%^`{y~pKQ!›O'ƒÏœ¡;Oë HJ8NXP-P©ú¹,PÁÂL¦9®N[ZJ5E9!DZWQ —½P¦»8úÅüÞªOóTWZYF<K!Ö;ƒõPÍPãYL '005( 247 W.B.`a`lL^`{y~p#qgxqziw

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;\LNK4EB"=4U!_axw{qMÉ/#ÿ/] Y–8;J 5I6Z·U!UNVg%xmsp(Gaeltacht)JžO[Z_axw {qÎôù’Lª$JúX>íÿÝ]Ä1HN1K4EBMI0Z"j hnpw{qLN,di_{-(Ossian)0Y!bc%xkLN,vtr %ed{-(Mabinogion)50Z5!_axw{qLNA212,MU M5K1;JL!dfyao`NãDLG1BL}1K1"ñN÷ ÁM˜Lº]ÑTZJ6!¤‡·4X&3X[B_axw{qM-®³*]‰åL޾>ZC9INþÙ=K4EB",_axw{qM -®-MÃ÷I¾QH1ZW2L!*;M§MÒÐ5ÖEH6B͈]! Õ×åKuzljLWEH¨ÔØ>ZBT+(for the reconstruction by imaginative processes of the life led by our ancestors in this country)(.)M ¥ðK¬*]!-®ƒLä‘>Z;J5I6Z¿òN‹LÌEH1Z" ²SX[BºüN!¹YÆ:X[Z€%µÜM-®L—½åK)Ó]‚ 3Z;JLWEH!&Í6B'-®J=Hõš>ZJ12UMI0E B"•ÛåLN!-®]çÜM¦‡Mî™LWEHÅX<[B¡Lß 1HÏ3?âTZK4I!I6ZC9”$±ÊMó›MjmaxVéá ]¹Yë[!RB=O=OñèM¶«Mœ(]­'>ZJ12ûüI0 Z(/)"12K[OAMŠÈNÜM"·µÜM³*]01!…ø=! —½åK)Ó]‚3B_axw{q®!~»M´±]Á7;JL£ 9X[BMI0Z",_axw{qM-®-¼ïMêìŸLÁ4[B. ÷,ÀŒ”$±ÊM÷‡-(Early Bardic Literature)IN!©'<[B ºüLF1HNÚ$|.50EHU!_axw{qM-®]ˆM§$ Là°<@Z!~M#¢IÞ0ZUMJ=H!*¯5“7ý^I1Z ;JN!;M€%µÜ]¨P;M§MÕ×+M~ôL>Z;J!RB4 FHA2I0EBW2L!„§MÊ$MÈ5AM¸CEBæÇÊöL!

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¢;JU¸6N1E:=Q9BA/Q(BI@0Q%-&":OE!]

`xYgXG9FN1DލFWYwuziM€¾«UšP|1¡ E20@!œ¿šOR@5>¬DQÀ’FJB;@F†º»AG!~ ´©›U±˜B;@‚°<Q9BGA5D0BL™®;@0Q"

36;@!)WYwuziFÀ’*G!\{Vz#pel%Emain Macha&F…B¤–‡“­%the Red Branch&!'_$v$Fˆ§0(%Táin

Bó Cuailnge&!gWiu%Deirdre&FµÁDCUP”KQ"D3A LBPT7}‘U¹?FG!orycF)YvWc*E27QW^xZ cE¶<I5¯“A/P!r$nž%Queen Meave&B¤–‡“­B F¥Eƒ½<Q_m$vz%Cuculain&F¾•A/Q"]`xYgX 4_m$vzUƒ—<QŒU!)WYwuziFÀ’ ª²„*%,..+ ³&D3E@JN1"šŸ8>¡¼G!_m$vz4aklhFž r$nBFŠ£BF‹¥F¦E!_uzj#vsZvXF ·FŸ3O ¾‰HU/8QB9SA/Q"

But he, Cuculain, the son of Sualtam, stood afar upon the rampart of the Clanna Rury, a portent of war clear seen like flame against the dark western clouds, terrible in his beauty, and his voice rang across the battle like the shout of a battalion, or the sound of some mighty trumpet explored by the blasting of the breath of a giant. As when mariners in the western main plying southwards past Dûn−na−m−arc and the House of Donn, whose ship the tempest shakes, and the wild billows buffet; and they, in the darkness and the storm, hear around them the thunder of the waves upon iron coasts, who, being impotent, anticipate certain death; and as when, to them rounding suddenly and

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unawares some concealing promontory, there shines far away the ship −protecting light which crowns that black rock that was the grave of Iar, and afar over the tossing waters there streams the glorious ray.$*%

5GO.E^µGº0Pd8PSRGH!XY[WZVGg1!»{ DªcDGk7F,T.D»{UªcF­z6;R5DF,T.D! -:SF7BM¤G}ƒ1»{aOQM|D7B¢h6SB-RD-.5DC,R"¶ F†£6SR(¥¨™Cšc™E»{)$Critical and Philosophical History%CH!5SJCG}¸¬xG®¯Fr‚9R– G©mUjSB0!&,RuG»{H‰‹lD~oG©`§EŽ›FO @BvPSR1!<GuGœ“H<GuG#G=LFvQŠ4P SRG>'$+%D--!&”Eq„DG’ŒF¦SbB=eG—‘H! y7G«_D\ŸUiLB!˜D´D1sw9R¼4E¹]F·?³ R"<7B<G°QF/-B!²3®G¡KN2´Ft0@B<G±U ž…9RGC,R'D•3B-R"6PF!XY[WZVHœ“D»{ DGfnFA-B!€GO.EˆpU‡IB-R"

The legends represent the imagination of the country; they are that kind of history which a nation desires possess. They betray the ambition and ideals of the people and, in this respect, have a value far beyond the tale of actual events and duly recorded deeds, which are no more history than a skeleton is a man. Nay, too, they have their own reality. They fill the mind with an adequate and satisfying pleasure. They present a rhythmic completeness and a beauty not to be found in the fragmentary and ragged succession of events in time.

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Achilles and Troy appear somehow more real than Histiaeus and Miletus, Cuculain and Emain Macha than Brian Boru and Kincora.(/)

òH7Zfi~cpbLP!g%{c}&Thomas Carlyle'8*‡ñ J‡ñÄâ+&Heroes and Hero−Worship,,0-,'L63H¹Þ?D€v ØK‡ñ!GT[•¶?DšÅ_¬GƒÂO¨ÉW¢…8ô¦_ Ó A\!J3FDô¦L“îA\J=^82FD"=O²Ö_®£ac }{rLµNHU\J!ä®ÀV¸ÊA\ÃÏOސLç?H3\a i€#ac|nkxOªã‹’8!j%}&gq|nh'‹’7ZC O²Ý˜_³[ð?H!›ÐO‡ñOY4L=O£O©ÝLÛZK;] QKZK3J34¾„8Ü;HU5\"*q%|%²‘Jq%|%í² ²‘+&Toryism and Tory Democrasy,,00.'IP!M\TÚLG7FDY 4Kai€#ac|kx‹’OK77Z!‚£ØÔȽLè`E‡ñ OY4K±°8¶™A\=JROÍ8!37LVäZ?3Á÷K×§

IZ]H3\&0'"C4I2\KZQ!(ac}{rO›ÐO‡ñÑ

_!=O£OÂ$L¿?U_Œ@\Y4KË¥L>B\)J3FDfi ~cpbOïõUV!ßL®êOÊA\‹’OÂ$Lž;Z]DVOI 2\J¡5Z]!ä®ÀOskzs|mw„¯8¼á:öU¶DVOJ ó‰A\=J8I9\" cdcoPCO*®Ù+&Autobiographies'OK7Ifi~cpbO =J_Šœ?H!(Æ­L63HPytftlqI2[!ac}{r I¤Vë´ØKpc|b#ehlu~l«&Daily Express'O²åI2 [!2ZX\”ÎOí²²‘_—FD)ÌêL»àØI–ˆŸ9KÂé

I2FDJæ?H3\&1'">ZL!ac}{rOºÒ²OVJLÇ

T]†FDfi~cpb8!CO½OASH_ì<7GÕ·_?DO

&009'

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L!AK€‡JË@X¹#BQJG4DBH56<HJR“†>F5 X"`bq^h]HL)å9›RÍÂJ>F5XRKÅFJE5F!A KÚW9%âÔK{&HIX*¹„G4DB"A>F)O=>;AKû ÷8V!4VTX\^pnrjKÇÊ×IœzL!AKšKuì[`b q^h]ëDF5XKC*'for that very reason every Irish imaginative

writer owed a portion of his soul(H56Á>PI5ž¨[^_^gLÉ

DF5X"5P?;R<K“ù9¦@U6J+\^pnrjþŸ,L! •JðŒí‰Gƒö@X<HJIXª5œzÐJÍ:IxŠ[†N>F 5;9!^_^g§¸R¬ÌK™J`bq^h]K<K°ïJUDF¯ QF!\^pnrjKÆÍI”Ì»~[ÓQX<H9G:BKG4X" A>F!A<Gé8YXyøÐK¿:¿:H>B¡L!•J+\c$r Kñ",'Wanderings of Oisin,.223(S+h\jn,'Deirdre,.3-1(S +am$or ìœ,'Cuchulain cycle(HIDF©>F5;"

ðŒí‰wÜKê²HIDBK9!C. S. l$kp'Charles Stewart

Parnell(¢•K\^pnrj³¼G4X9!<K4BWK£³JR±>

µYF7;"M. es]j'Michael Davitt(8Vv:‹5C\^pnr jK)ÙÒõÏ*9! bnfjdi$r'W. E. Gladstone(KÖ­>B ÙÒò'Îߤ!.22.á(JUDFuÕKôØ9E5BHäÑ>Bl$ kpL!¤IX¾¥ôç[)§¥õÏ*'home rule(JÕQB".22/á K¬uJ—IZYBÈĈJ75F!l$kpü5X\^pnrj… |Û'Irish Parliamentary Party(LÍîJAKÝèº[¶M>ã¬#… À[Ý@X9!)\^pnrjõÏ*K}ŽJà·CDBbnfjd i$r[Û«H@X§÷Ûނ'Ν¤(K½ýJL!<K…|ÛK… À9æúG4DB"y˜…|[–PIîGó!@Xl$kpL!bn fjdi$rHKÿý[´‘J!.220᠐J’tK\^pnrj§¥

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êq(Àt)[˨>CX"=NU5L|[ÄXL7J!j%io [ ˆMÉ4–Rvë8©á>YX"j%ioÝxN‡uJ3GE W. _a^]¿s7V†>YE!&ô—'(‚Ê)[S;X·¬Mj%ioO 9–QYXNJ3X"„µŠKøõPNwŒ[®ÝAX`mdgb f%pNý‘MÒ@B!r¶K?IУJ3Wº<Xj%ioN½ÎM ÐÖOæ‰?!H4M\]ompg‡}ÐOå÷AX=KMLX"«± ÛKLGEj%ioOÈFMñ´NöM¨XNJ3X8!DNàù8§ LGI/12/×N¤Mš¦’×NÚòMìFE³€[ç@XNJ3X"• íN„¼[t¯MÜäGI4Ej%ioNÕ¶N›MUGI!\]om pgN²­OtŠMŽÓy?I?Q5"…¾N²žz[ GI鶟  ?E\]ompgO!3X¢N‹ÃƒM¥ZYEK4GIU4"j%i o›“N\]ompgO!*ÏÆïÁ+M64IO!DY8~AXL 7JÏÆ[ÔEÙí¸Oì¹?è¡y?I49!*ŸžïÁ+TDYM ß»AXè¡ÐN*ð”̲™+(constructive unionism)MUGI°$ NØó7VôYI4:"]^]eO=NU5LîNtÅ[!,üûN ÇÂ-(The Cutting of an Agate)ª˜Nãú,œ{KÍÑ-(Poetry and Tradition,/2.0)NL7J!NU5MâÞ?I4X"

###Power passed to small shopkeepers, to clerks, to that very class who had seemed to John O’Leary so ready to bend to the power of others, to men who had risen above the traditions of the countryman, without learning those of cultivated life or even educating themselves, and who because of their poverty, their ignorance, their superstitious piety, are much subject to all kinds of fear. Immediate victory, immediate utility, became everything,###(/.)

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VD¦õcdcrOž)Ûg‚nM­V_D£%*%The Words upon the Window−pane,,2./&Ny$tNL8I!z$x„N¶M[FH86F H!'¢½NѺYðé#æ>\MѺîLއLK8\ÙÝ'9’ÿ >_DNI3]!VDÙÝîvmvƒo}Yk$„§Y¤äNü§ S!>\MOÄÈîL·YžNU5SJ!ÙÝ'9©<\_^=JM LFD(%,,&JÁTH4^"ì;à4DѺîvmvƒo}NŸÜ9P JVA¿ß@^=JM[FH!ýŽîvmvƒo}a˜ë@^ýú šN¾'I3^b†j…#bcƒqm€´ø“—M!CN¾ó aˆ^ =JNI:^ª•9ÂFH:DJ45`<I3^"=N=Ja T. c$ j„t†O¹N[5MÓ"?H4^" 4A_MB[k$„#vmvƒo}9¹åMѺî&ŒaÐû @^MG_!ýŽO'vmv„(³©Nb†j…#bcƒm€N è»ÌDE9!L7X´ø a«°?6DÍÆL4ѺœãNPJ GJLFD"®!Má?HѺî¾ó aR^5=JM¼÷?Dù \O!¯¦NðçÇIÒÊî|k~w$M×6!ô*M®!ýŽa ú”>B[5J?D"%,-& À›Î–ÃòMchƒnJNþ¬I²V]!D. el†x„NЍ 'ftƒqi‘ÿ((%,1-2&!>\M'bc„‚†u®™Nöµ( %,102&Y'ðéÔÚ(NËï%,11+s&JՋ?HZ;+Nbc„‚ †uÈÏa!k$„#ftƒqiØ9b†j…#bcƒm€N{…sn p†tØMä`FHCN$‰aê½M¥WH4;)±J?H¡^=J9 I:^"C=IíÅ>_^vmvƒo}9!k$„#ftƒqiîL ѺÉaâQ^NXVDñÖN=JIX3^"=N[5L¸ãa!=_ %012&240

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KC7HžV£å9<Hâ–V’°9B3=!À›Hä‰JEHXz_ y#XZvarHoyhbdzjÈ2!EHO/F»¸CØLB.=1 VÉÊ;RHI8JEŸãCI7DCIF."8PG!Xz_y#XZ varHó4ê|VËí;RÀîH€ÀG!+v$e$,'The Leader( ¤H¬®•ñ³­H D. P. quz'David P. Moran(2.="èH¢ÉH ÒôI!%shoneen&'‚žHìÌN²‹V½¥RXZwuzkÀ(N %West−Briton&'‚žGáÙÜFXZwuzkÀ(D.@=ëðÜFÔ šG¶×8SRO/G!)`$wá÷*'Gaelic League(H D. nZk 'Douglas Hyde(H<SVý1Gÿ5ÝÚÜFXZwuzkH)ÓZ] vb„*'de−Anglicizing(V¿LR7DG-@="7SPHԚVü. F2P!è2¨¤N+ms$#XZuzk#x{Ys$,'New Ireland Review(H¤øGO@BÄWGµ0=7DI!XZwuzkï„HX ZizhYhYI!`$wÜC1A\jvf^ÜFMHC-Q!Xz_ y#XZvarHoyhbdzjGIFWPŒURMHCIF.D./ 7DC-@="XZizhYhYHǪHŽGþ=8S=Xz_y# XZvarHÖ©ÀGD@B!7HO/F¹ÐVŠ3ò;=LHσ! ;FU?`$w#\jvf^H¦ÜlatlvcpGÑUR¼=Fï „latlvcpGORXZizhYhYHˆþ2‘2S=HC-R" èß2œ:=¯ÕI!1T/:B¡8SB.=`$wï„H~ V¨P H¯Cç”;R7DC!¦Ü#±“ÜFÏþHF.‚úÜC¨™Ã ÜF˜ÑÁ†V!—ÑHXZwuzk¬…GÛ§;R7DC-@="1 AB7HžHÆÅHÁ†I!¾éÜC}“ÜFõ!GS!91MùŽ Üà€2«—9B.R¬…C-@=H>D".KNþ·2Þ9=`$ w#\jvf^ÈGD@BM!7HO/F˜ÑÁ†I!û9AA-R ¦ܨºHæÎD9B!K=7SKC°6B3=»Ü‡´NͪVö '013( 239 W.B.Z[ZgDXZwuzk#latlvcp

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ª=AZUMJ>Hð!J=[ZI1\3J"*ÆL1Z^zdy#^ `wgtN!<MW3L>Hf$x#bmwicMȲÜoguowh rM-%]‚XB3J>CMI1Z"ƒ ]¬ÿ@Z÷›ó–ëMÙ© N!f$xMUM6XN€¶I1YÑìÜKUMI1ZJ23svzM ïé]#OZK6I!`a`jXM÷›ó–ëM÷ˆ·ÕN³öÕMÙ ©‰åLWFH!õ¶ÜK!’]øº@ZȲÜoguowhr6X!^ `xvzn]‘§@Z<J7I8ZDJÔÃüýLÁ?H2CMI1Z" ^zdy#^`wgt7ù2C<MW3Kò}]!{_cmw^ڄ Mƒ¤ú¤MØ«†“7ù4C~´J)¯>C¾J>HÎ4Z< J7I8Z"GRY!îâ7«˜MíÞLWFHÔ&LÉS»=[C+ ䷆“V%ÇY¿7Y&MÓãLWFH•6=[Z®ÐN!bmwi cL•6=[Z^zdy#^`wgtJæMUMJœZ<J7I8Z J23UMI1Z"îâNRC!±ÒMõ¶¸Ü™¡VÂCK݈L WFH!¹ÊN‡ŸJ>H2CÁ—MáÓ7¥ú6Xþ=PX[!ŽÇ Mçè#($7UNVÛÿ>K9KFH!³XM^`lzk_k_]µ 26:H2C"<MW3K±ÒM%û×½&]£ô@ZCTL°E»= [CM7÷…'culture(I1FC"<<L!)<MÅL52H¢4X [!ÖX[3ZžYM¦ËUM*]Ö\3J@Zà'JN!ȊÇQ M”"'culture(LÏKXK2J@Z­Í]š;C!qgt$#^$p xn'Matthew Arnold(MßÀ]SZ<JLKZ"

/. qgt$#^$pxnMexmJ`a`j

ñ,+Ë|M‹ê,'Ideas of Good and Evil (¼¨M)÷ˆLSZe xmÜ!Ì*'The Celtic Element of Literature,.0-/(MK6I!`a`

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ePbsfçÄOÒ¬J”L=[ZUO]!E. sht(Ernest Renan) O,bsfçÄO§€-(The Poetry of the Celtic Races)Vlco%#^ %isgO,bsfà‡O“-(On the Study of Celtic Literature)OL 6OÊèLàµ]î2H¢´?H2Z"bsfçÄMP*ªÁCOUO MD2AZuVªÁOä³MD2AZ·ÀLˆ†71FD7!<[XM Pº‰7ªÁJ62¡FH!ªßO‹•Jwé]›Z¾7ªÁOL6 6Xá<4H9ZW3M¥3J8MÉZ!1Oêô7œ@Y¡FH2 Z+I1ZJ6!*ªÁMD2AZbsfçÄO¶ÔP!5UMªÁO UG&Ú'ˆJ23WYU&¹Ù'ˆ6X½@Z7!CO¶Ô7ªÁM &æñJäñ']G;~4ZOI1Z+J2FD’I1Z(./)"=XM! <OW3Làµ7º$M±É=[H2Z¨¶]ˆ„?L7XU!xà‡ MTX[ZJ=[Z<[XOÒ¼7!ARHbsfMCO•]×?H2 ZJ23ž¿P!°J?H^%isg7ðÝ=BDJ23<JU…Ó? H2Z"?6?L7X!<[XO”M1SYó¯AZ<JL91F= YíÓAZ_`_eOÆÐM!2==6O™ò2]ˆ@>Z]4L2O I1Z"^%isg7&bsfÎLÒ¬'LZUOMÒMŸÌ?˜«A ZïìMG2HO_`_eOÜ}7PF8Y?L26XI1Z"DE< OA:šI!^%isgOv”OKOÏ7ëyIKOÏ7ëƒ6 ¤B NQLXL2J?!_`_eP*=UL;[QÍ7¦ÈOjqz]Y â?H!Ç\YMankeÕ]£Z<JMULY6NL2(the enemy root up our rose−garden and plant a cabbage−garden instead)+(.0)J2F DW3Lvå¸ËL—2‚?]?H2ZOIP1Z7"…6M!²Ö» ŠO¡ï°ŒJ²Ž»ŠOÞ¬°ŒOØÑ7œ@Y¡FD©»M52 H!bsfçÄOÂüJêôMP!,bsfà‡O“-I|ÐU Yâ=[Zà—]®YHۖA[Q!&¨­O{ãMÅAZ¶ÔÎI‘ (015) 237 W.B._`_eJ^_sqtg#hcphrdm

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A 5 " ¤ O ý ó'(a passionate, turbulent, indomitable reaction against

the despotism of fact)(.0)L5HFè2¼-:—á@XWOK4Y6"L

?Y:!·SÔ$NBH9VíçAF?Oh~rîMôÅLP!]%u ~s:!VNÏ7W‚^gr}]é—O*Ý#ǚ+(philistinism)[ ë¶BWFQNç„@XFROK4HJ!ß$N3„îNÙVÐ>UX F­ØKR4HFOK4W"ðÀèÒO#ÅîM¾¡Æ[¦7FÊ£ ՙ¯üO_f}lN85J!EXNû6œ§M‰æ“O&ˆNTHJ 0ùAFÔ$P!EOT6MƍOà4N89XW(ÄU:øAJ; F)uln~kogMïòîÆ[!ÄU:ÚÜAF*h~r+%ˆM WRONâ³@DT6LAF"ipelr[&7JêQWL!f}j z#€%y×Ó[…”AJìAJ;F{%€ovƍ:!/Ö[΃ LBW?LN³;›HF¨‹!EO?L[ÛàˆBWÈåLAJðµT <&ú¬'AFRO:!{%€ov*®++K4VA9R*ñç+O *h~r+%ˆK4HF" ,h~r%’O«ž-P!]%u~s:coglxb%sÁ’ ÉÑ N4HFº¯O×O.310ö)9U.öOÌN9=J³MHF´š:– NMHJ5W"ÿ:h~rN•Ò[±=W?LNMW˜‡P!h~rO ©[†<~tO1%,h~r*ÞOÁŒ-[õ\G?LN4HF:! .31/öOŠN`a%~mO|q^su(Llandudno)K‘¹@XF *]_lpm‚b%s+(Eisteddfod,*¢,ÁÔã+)['XF?L R!EOŸ5ó˜LMHF"¿NZFW´šPÍQ½Â,i%w~ #ydk-(Cornhill Magazine)N¥»@X!.12öNä³(LAJ Ëþ@XW?LNMW"L?YK]%u~sPh~r°[¸!9!R!/ŽB W?L:M9HFOK!h~r%’NI5J´šBWL56?LNI5 JPß$N65BWL?Y:4HFPCK4W"²5M?LNEOª÷ (016)236

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K!E. _c$x[&Eugene O’Curry'6,0--−.#I`mxkbè‰F ®HCB(Z\yw{n¥ç¸Á7»FID2EJ¯•)&Lectures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish History'I T C E † Ë < X W 6!;J¯•K,0.,#I J. H. pu$s{&John Henry Newman'JÄ ITCE“IÇ'<XE2BJF1W"Z$qynK!°í¶‡—6 ‘CE2B(ä.Õ)%+GÅ:J÷5UPEòäF1V!ûüGŒ ÓJ÷5UPEáµF1V!ÏÓG×ÐJ÷5UPE<ëF1W; G&,.'%YšÕ?WÄêG>E!cym;å6½Dý¿Ià2YóQB JF1W"Z$qynJ;J¯•KҏJÏYæ2I¦M;GGH V!AJcym-›J©Ú6!QUXE!,0//#I_kbir^$nJ h$fi#ezkhIcym0‰¯²6ÜE<XW;GIHW" *cym0‰J –+I42E!Z$qynK\axiJ°;ÓI± ´>E2WG23dys{õCâGcymõCâGY*ˆ#/Ù>E2 W"dys{õCâK!(ÀðõHŸÀ<)&steadiness with honesty' G23£BF,<XW6!;JCâIK(¬(Hz|]yI49Wéî Hñä<G8A<61WG˜I!¹ID2EJ1USW+G¾1I4 9Wžÿ)61WG23">5>dys{õCâIK!(œ2!ß®! .¼Y…9™8ìÀ#׫I·Í:W%G!я‹ùJ1USW/?Y øŠ?W„‰õŽ$)G2CBïÈ61W;GR5X@Iºô>E2 W&,/'"~4!cymõÓ¿Y~§F,?G(ŒÊõ)&sentimental'G 23§6³RöÛF1WG>!(<O=OH€ÌYâã85D™838 ­ÔG!’LG)>PI‚8&ƒ?WÖ7Ö7G>B¤Ó)6ÈF1 WGÝ><XE2W"cymÑJ”¿K(.Â>:H}ØJH5IR! Î"õFÏIÞPþW@ÆJH5IR¡W;G6F7T3">5>!A J7¿KÖ=G¨GÎÉNJ"HHúXF1V!Ϭ86¢ª7FD” &017' 235 W.B.\]\lGZ\yw{n#ogvoxjt

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BH56=HK4V+H?!>TK

### and the impressionable Celt, soon up and soon down, is the more because it is so his nature to be up%to be sociable, hospitable, eloquent, admired, figuring away brilliantly. He loves bright colours, he easily becomes audacious, overcrowing, full of fanfaronade.(/2)

H5DAS6JݼYàˆ@V"Z$ovmM!cvl±LÏ´½J¸ °H5DAQLHdvqw±L´½ÇJ“§J§µHY¾Î@V=H KSDF!x[bluZ„ÄŸ€‡L¿Ž;XOUJ5Ô¦¨…9T M!*¥ºLÙ«+(natural magic)YÉÅH@Vcvl¢}LS6JQ LM!‘?F·OWJ5H56=HY‰Æ?F5V"OAÍM!*½Ô ¨…+H*ÂØ×‹+(provinciality)YË?F»±Ç±ƒ‚¶LAPK Ð@N;QLM!*=L´~K85F˜7TW!ÁTWV£L6CG ›Q²™JQL+(sweetness and light)!@JXC*ŠÞ+(culture)G 4VHß¹@VLG4V:!=Lk$qM,ŠÞHÛí-(Culture and Anarchy,/213)K85Fy;:WF5<" Z$ovmM*iue_w(—À]^$vgLŒÜ¢±)R`eZw LÚãKE5F<BTJ5âY@Vhwjswiufl+H56L:! ,i\rg¡-Kœ>WA,cvlցL•†-L¬ÑG4DA(/3)" =LS6JšÑRÓ®?Ê5*cvl”5+(Celt−hater)K¾?FZ$ ovmM!,cvlցL•†-L*­Ö+G*–S!\auf:Z\ v t w m   Ì @ V = H L Ê ? > Y+(&Behold England’s difficulty in governing Ireland !')(0.)H{ª?F5V"’áLÒÕGQ!*¤L=H Y!³4VžLJ9Gp[nZwzÈLž¯5|©±G4V½ÔIQK

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­9C!˜YNí·MVºCûÄN‰GM=X1IOL04!eogl zd%tMi„s¬N°´^ÙÖ=!—œN’W4LÆ5^é=H_a

„‚†tM"7N€on%k^Û[:J^")&-,'JêUFH0[":

\YN:J4Y!_a„‚†t*äM39[_%w„tN©2H5!õ Mz`v_†óN¥3MG0HO!afƒlNÜýæNÀ/ëL_a „‚†t¹øNâÈI/[J=H0[:J5þ4["=4=L5Y!i „s&ÝMC0?[_%w„tN:NX1L‰©‘ÍMŠ\[áîN1 MO!¼NX1L%“5‹<\H0C"(_a„‚†tÅ&^ŸT:N ïN?QHNÅ&^!ô>ެ^8?‰àNVNJ=H¡Ã?[:JM XFH!BNž^µ8.$L̛^ÂZü0!RCB\MXFHª#N ç$ë&ÝÓ^!÷?[NO!;7¾ØNÔZ¯6I/Z###bc%„ m¬LKVB\5Ú7Ê)?\P?[D9!a†h‚†tMVbc%„ mMJFHVX0:JLNI/[)&--'":NX1L©$^=H0CN I!_a„‚†tMG0HVafƒl5ß7N¾+^,2[Q6I/[ J01VNIOL7!@0A0ùY^VFJ®ˆëM‡1Q6I/[J 015!ÀO_%w„tN%ÎI/FC&-.'" _%w„tN*i„sÿœN¨¢+NÁèO!BN(Çÿ)MOF6 ZJú]\H0["GRZ!ùNÉ2[(i„s)0šJË-MO!i „s¦NÐ$^0EÚ7a†h‚†tMô”#¡Ã<@X1J?[Õ½ ëˆÑ5(4MöSÂ\[J01:JI/["<YM:\M•2H³– žNare…f%룱5/FC"z`xqN*tap³&M²8+M SY\[X1M!ð»N«Ï6¤N‰³J=Hãò=GG/FC{…a n†NÞ¶^!õMˆ¿=H0[.¸5Œ2[NI/["{…an†  ™M30H!tapñ‰N·'^»N³b`„|„~,Ò4Yå<\ Cyl}„g5!(짏×)^¯LFCNO_%w„tN*i„sÿ &019' 233 W.B.acapJ_a„‚†t#ujuƒm~

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{H‰„-‚G°ÜB™Ã²H9ED0A?"¢£‡uÀ¼RHk qXcrH^olr¿€¢HŽØG·;C!y6X[nbªH‘Ò¬G I>HÙF^olr¿€¢IOEPR!±—D}¥¬Ï5F]of¿€ ¢O @U=C4R!:QGI˟HŸ¸GÓß5B­Ý¿G·w< S–ÄG½8C1Sholr¿€¢LDVOˆÈ;C1SE1A?… D0S"9HP2FŸ¨V|s;CMSE!Zd\bjY%gHa%` b#_pdaG´$E]ofÌ{”6©®:TS9EGFA?Ÿ×6 Ûz:TS"gXeH^olrÒµt¡HޜG·Œ<S?NGI! &WXomrgÔº'E12X[nbH‹G½ÃGÁACÂ7:A? “V´ƒG¤R§7!X[nb‘Ò6uÐ~GFQF8TJFQF1" >9D,]ofÌ{H‰„-H*¦Ì+H•ŠD!W%hogI

Let the Celtic members of this empire consider that they have to transform themselves; and though the summons to transform themselves to be often conveyed harshly and brutally,###Let them consider that they are inextricably bound up with us, and that, if the suggestions in the following pages have any truth, we English, alien and uncongenial to our Celtic partners as we may have hitherto shown ourselves, have notwithstanding, beyond perhaps any other nation, a thousand latent springs of possible sympathy with them.(./)

E³3S"ÕÆ«GÁSx’FWXomrgžÅEÚK=¶8?ÊÍ HŠD!W%hogI9HP2G*¹v¾‘H]of†Hª$+V¯7 Ö<HD0S"ŠÃGFAC!E. i%\(Edmund Burke)H»˜HÎ ›GPACW%hogI!WXomrgHǚEÉÑIWXomrgª

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M‹ºH34SU![]laMœ¨H¿‘©K2V;HYyQF£? V;HKJV"=7=J8T̵U@Mª½N+[]laM°Á,K2 VMBH34;HY”=F3V;H7T!^kcfae%nMŸ€: V›šÉpJINZ%hmfKHCF˲|G2U!+Z[mknfË ²,MxŒK’:FM»•N!Z[mknfYSU‘ÄKo4;HKS CF!Z[mknfM¯7T[]laHMѓY¥7T‚4S4KžU ŠT4;HK2CA)/0*" ´¹K3CF!Z%hmfM-_meÃ~Mއ.M˲N!Z[m knf§›¦KHCFR·7JTL'_me¹ƒ(JVRMY¬¸H =A45G!³¡#Ðv<WAʱƒYuÍ=F!t˜K6:V_ meMsˆKD3F™MS4KÒ>F39;HK2V"

If I were asked where English poetry got these three things, its turn for the style, its turn for melancholy, and its turn for natural magic, for catching and rendering the charm of nature in a wonderfully near and vivid way, &I should answer, with some doubt, that it got much of is turn for style from a Celtic source; with less doubt, that it got much of its melancholy from a Celtic source; with no doubt at all, that from a Celtic source it got nearly all its natural magic.)/1*

[\[dR+Ã~KPV_me¹Î­,K63F!+Z[mknfKD 3F¢9w$Mz8;WTM_me¹¼KRHE3F†ÒY®PÏF F3VHN–XJ38,H OJ8TR!}ÅKZ%hmfMqK… ¾YÇ9;HRJ9!¤„MrÍ=AÀÂY@C9U‰UÆ=A2H G!™MS4K›«Y{¶?VMG2V"+;M;HY—NÅM3È )021* 231 W.B.[\[dHZ[mknf#g`jglbi

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Z=FOA1KB6!Q=ŸÊK·ÖR¹×JÂ3?ãCWF1I9 WM!ߌLËIV¸’KŽí!·ÖJš9A—Å!·ÖKš1AðÅ JèCF=N2KB"+(,.)<TJÉ9F!dxr˜!q\|x|l˜! d_|cmp[˜H`zk˜K§EKQKZ!w%{hoJ49VŸÊ K·ÖR¹×KÃH=F‘:F1V(,/)";WTKÃKI5GL! ÕJ`zk˜KQK6…½JÑDFw%{hoߌKâìK•8J0 DAHÁæ<WV6!;KéÚH=F¬C²<WVK6!NA=FQz m|KœˆG0U[%nzlK~œIKG0V"@=F!*`zkƒÓH Lw%{hoK15IVÃJQÇ=FáÛIÃG0V(H]^]i 6¡3V)a%zÐÁZ‰à>V;HJ0V+(&The Celtic Movement', as I understand it, is principally the opening of this fountain)(,/)!ENU ­ÞAC6ÀJ£Ï‰=S2H=F1V*ߙܔ+JSDF!a%z ÐÁH12¼6‰9TWS2H=F1VHK›îZÔ²>VKG0 V"]^]iKçÎJQ!`zk»ïZug%qH=A¥ÙZQDF *ߙܔ+ƒÓZω>VI5G![]zx|lK¢ä¿Z&“À' >V;H60DA";KS2I]^]iK©¾L!„¢5TKÞꯏ Kë¶Z°DF1A;HZ´9M![%nzlKQKH<=Fƀ6I 1S2JQªYWV";;KH;XJ![]zx|l«ØJ†Ì=F7 As{jdf|kº”АKݦIë¶!@KАJÈ>V®H=FK ]^]ië¶Z‡$L‚1ÍV;H6G7VKG0V"

-. mbvmyetK³ÆH[]zx|l#mbvmyet

mbvmyetHL•ÊÎIžµG0U!±–½KÄ !ÕJqx |d‹å} J¨PFw%{hoJÒ¶=AQKG0V;HL!ž¤! (022)230

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PQ†¸ÜJ¢y:àX[F6Z&.4'"*bgcela%i}ž­Ý+ &O. E. D. 'KWZH!(jdrjufq)&nationalism'L¹·M-3/2ä G5Y!(áÛL£ñ:ÁLÉOLнG5ZHAZŠ)!ERYÉñ y®H67yð]UEžHJDF6Z"jdrjufqL¥UÌ6yð KÁ†ÜJžŠ]˜·ALM!>LžLUEï°K¾[ZW7G’TF ðÀ6>HG5Z:!$:š¤¨õ@F6ZyðGLjdrjuf q!(BLÃL£€KC6AZ—Â!£€ÜJãî!£€H@Fâø] àZŧ)&devotion to one’s nation; national aspiration; a policy of

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U!;MÂ=2&‘åÖ\ÏÑ'>Y;I7!¬î´Ž(ʦacgm IʦŠ“)!`loi_%apsŒº(z¥#¹ç)!˜›MÕùÆI M‰L‹;EB÷τMÒKЙ¤úLVEGøxIKEBMH1 Y";M¢šM*˜›M¸óâKÕùÆ+LØ8K€Ú\59¨ÏN! vÍ6W J. G. krf%VEG´Ý<ZG2B(0.)"krf%LVYI! ê~âÕùÆNî²â€Ú\õ>YTMH1X!îü@ZAZMñÓU žñ(j^aps)LïSŸRZG2YTMH1Y7!@Z7¢TÃË K”H—ZYMN@ZAZ7­F˜›L52GH1Y"åyM˜›\$ >‘åÖNåyM¨”±\­FI23;I6W!˜›;@7@Mžñ MÈäÆ\ì½>YTMLKYI23MH1Y"]sf%esT!žñ \"§â¸óÆI˜›LVEGÏÑ<ZB‘åÖI=G–YIå®L! haphqdm\ÄÓÎÀU·’Iy»Lé!>Y;I\áu=G2 Y"žñNOIFM(Ø)ÓH1YI23|%L¯<ZYV3L! ÓMˆ¿7haphqdmM‡‹>Y¢T¡îâKTMIKY"@= Gj^apsMœÇ{N!ØèéMœÇ{\ßÌLÛY;INK2LT 66[W?!†°MÁMÜL°éBDMy{H1YIM^n%b\í 9"ཱྀÓINý…\Þ}=!òªMtI#×71YI;ZRH4 WZG8B"žñMwðLTÓŠ“IåùLý…Š“\TBK2I2 3;I71YMH!BC@MþöC:HžNžñLÉ\ûH8Y I23;ILKY",ÏÑM‘åÖ-(Imagined Communities)M*tž ÁIŶ´Ž+(Patriotism and Racism)M¼H]sf%esN y ã!˜›MôÙLÿDë4EG2Y"˜›QJ!ƒ$I©³\ˆ¿âL •PF:YTMNK2MH1X!RB˜›C:7æµKå®Ô£âK‘

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(30)

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(32)

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The success of these undertakings hinged on a return by the intelligentsia to a living past, a past that was no mere quarry for antiquarian research but that could be derived from the sentiments and tradition of the people. This meant a twofold strategy for furnishing ‘map’of the community, its history, its destiny and its place among the nations, and of providing ‘moralities’ for the regenerated community, ones that could inspire present generations to emulate the public virtues deemed to express the national character.'-.(

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FHUipta’J‚¼3Sw MJåøJŽÆX¼8@JK)--,àJ æµE.C@"ÜàJ¸I¨NCD/@'oh\edg#[\qd`n mt(%United Irishmen&Jì‡F›LVU9JÍøK![\rptg E„Ø3‡9U9J²J«˜JH3E¡ÑJPJE.T!°Ý;@ºÁ ãJkseabtf%°IÓ¦~‹&4]fqd_Fü”#üÏ;@õ vJÛÌE.C@"åøK2R>¤u—I×T[\rptg€ÒEJ¥ äÕHÇÛX‘Tž8@œI!Þî¿FP¤î¿FP/WVUˆÄ¯ F!ª£X™/×:VD/@f$tJ¬•F/0–yI¶WU"9VR TÈIf$tK…I),-)àJ·—F·v—I>V?VlriZafFc jqtI'[\rptgüŸ{(%Society of United Irishmen&XûB ¼8D/D!ñ°}%Š{}&Q[\rptg«½MJw Jéz ßF/0as$^tX“8D/@";3;H4S!f$t4]fqd_ |ëHGJ]fqd_JщX±¼8@9FIK!çÚJâX±T¹ 5@/4@OEKH6!íÙK>JéïXóJÀðMF3W=R0 FJ©ý4.C@"f$tK]fqd_Xù÷;R0F;@A7E.C D!®¢KçÚJ9FXú|;DK/[email protected]%+*&"çKks eabtf!]fqd_!蠏ÖF/0´ôIRU›»JÐWTI '[\rptg¿(%Irishman&F/0ŒÔòX§20FÅYIÊ1D/ @"FK/1!@F1êðIRCDK%·­Â†J¾ñ¯E.U&ks eabtfK¬SX English!]fqd_X Irish F»<U9F4.C DP!9F ÃIƒ<UšTI2/DK!the Irish people FKksea btfJ9FIÎHSH3C@"Irish E.U9F4s$m#]fqd _ÖE.UF/0ËáK!%[\rptgF/0& x4çÚJPJ E.UF/09FFÜöI!f$tIFCDPÉ6³7ßVSVUPJ EKH3C@"

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ms}^~ÕØG[`{eL&ƒYüECRJM!xm[jhl#Z [{hdwt~L*Y¿–?WT3IøæIZ[|z~lL¤ÚM! ¹L±Ù&É'phk&William Pitt'JHDFÝ4ñ2“”L‹ÊL T3J½DC"B:G!õMáq{j~HZ[|z~l7ì¬=F…E L0¬Š­YÑ?W(¬î")Y+/**óJÑ,;A!BL)óL·« YÞE:HJ=C"=6=I7U!¬î"Máq{j~LCRJÐæ; XCSLG1V!5TBáq{j~L+ˆJ¸?WSLG1DCLG!  !-­YÍJ'¬;AW:HJMž7UI6DC"¬î§=NU8 Z[|z~lMÒ»çJåß=F2CLG1W7!B:J¥XCL7§ J(ÿ¾)&the Liberator'H¦NXW!_k{haœéG1Vb{ %ÂLãÀÇÎLû¨µ D. ^c~o|&Daniel O’Connell'G1DC" (¬îèô)&repeal${p%|†í'H_k{haJŒ4UXWŽ®I þùJC2=F!°ÃçJґOÏÇ?W=6I2H‰„=F2C^c ~o|M!Ô@(_k{haœéÿ)&Catholic emancipation'L† íJBLÎYë>W:HJ?W"+/,-óJ(_k{ha›)&Catholic Association'YÓ,?W7!›L†íY¶4W¡…rn%Lö(_ k{haãà)&Catholic rent'LäÁH23!²7©Y×=F!†í M•JPWáÄÒ»†íOHú#=F28:HJIDC"^c~o|L †íL€.JÜ=F!°ÈBL(˜YðD1KF2C\]{~k~S! ¼Ò£&k%{%ê'Løæ;YƳ?WH!E2JÌýA<WYï I8IV+/,0óJ(_k{haœéÿ/)&Catholic Relief Act'LÑ ,YŸâ?W":XJTDF!‡­—M_k{haœéJS’6XW :HJIV!)óò¡LÈ֙G^c~o|M!ÛL_k{haà—µ ´Å$HšJ\]eku~eg%JËV¯Q:HJIDC"º2G!^ c~o|L%÷M¢‚L(¬îèô)Jª9UX!+/.*óJ(¬îèô &037' 215 W.B.[][iHZ[|z~l#mdym{fv

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(%Repeal Association&UÂ$;S"°/«òksw_†úG—~ U@J9E‰¥:>>ME!ì÷&Uº·C:A/>êGƵH!OH R̲UÜy:>'Ì³(%monster meeting&U„¢:A!¾ïC ÚRŸ0C/0NGB.?>"mwao±‹¯B.SY]whuEC? A!'¿‹(CHVXuswfGZetb[’ÙE'£ÌɼG£Ì ñ(U­š;S8CE.?>"=G'¿‹(HC4EöÖE¸ôUþŠ D59<QTS8C3.?AN!í)VXuswfEŒUƒð;S8 CEœ6QT>":2N=GŒH8TKBGlvc_aweбEP SàÄBHD5!Zetb[Ò¦…ŽEPSÅýCKBH/2D/C: AN!¶D5CNËî9Tž½9TFIDQD/"Y]whuG£›G ³H!)-+*ãE2@AGÁÆGÐB.S[vwa$kB=G„¢3˜ €9TS3!•ÊU´Ü9<>ۓG‘/Òªú'EP?Aá¡:A: K0"88B!Y]whu3ÇÜ:>qw_a$#n$cw\3.?6 D5‡‚:>GH!=GóøDŒ±‹E.SCëè;S¯Î3´§M S"8GP0E”ËGVXuswf#g^rgt`oH!Zetb[Ö ßÓ3¹ä5(L´SNGC:AçÀ:>GB.S3!T. X$\uew N¨Õ:A/SP0E!VXuswfE16Sg^rgt`oG£ÌG ûÍH!®#—¤ÖÿPRN¾¬ÖDÿUüÃ9<SÔ%GNG C! ùÖ#¾¬ÖDâÏU/@NÞQTS8CGD2?>®Ö#—

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(J. B. Dillon)E45¹¤J¨ºÁŠ“94A"¾¶K.20/ºH¸º­ J_m$gp`eD3BA G. D. bjV(G. D. Duffy)EŸy4!„¸ Dž{–,hW^nr-(The Nation)T½{?R;EH¸t?R"™ J—K!;J˜€JNÅSAsŽ—¤D3R J. C. kr[r(James C. Mangan)J&The Nation’ s First Number'E45‘¿J ©D3R 9!@J¯ÃF7Q,hW^nr-–J®uŒJ½{T»=C…< SANJD3R"

‘Tis a great day, and glorious, O Public ! for you% This October Fifteenth, Eighteen Forty and Two ! For on this day of days, lo ! THE NATION comes forth, To commence its career of Wit, Wisdom, and Worth% To give Genius its due%to do battle with wrong% And achieve things undreamed of as yet, save in song. Then arise ! fling aside your dark mantle of slumber,

And welcome in chorus THE NATION’S FIRST NUMBER.(10)

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…w‚NÞø?^¤Nx%w‚RL9]/ åuh~ujsOœù L!J. |poe‚Y J. F. „%€%NÞø?^]Õðbd‚€…tèO­ ó!?[N-1.,ðÞ$NµT]yevb…‹ê&Fenianism$úÛ"• NZ]ë/`(·B'Y-2-/ðO(d%jm%"•)&Easter rising'N 3M]ÇÐóO“'åuh~ujsOE^LOþ9ïW[^ ]&..'"rd†cjP!bd‚€…t9ÿåM½Ë`‘ü@M<^ Q!ÃþM¦šåôæOŽòÑP¢Ä@6M4OK3\!>O>LPb d‚€…t9dgj8[OÓ»åNþ.B]>LNZHJPAWJÒ @Ï=[^]L§6J4F"*wdh~…+¸P‘-©ì?^J!÷) åNEOô¨ûÐ`ÊQ@íã%Oì¿RL#[aK4;">>N! b…n%l…94UA;XÀáB]uh~uk}LÄõÿLOŸ« 9U[^]9!bd‚€…tKP!½[`(&ÜåM)3]4P(uh ~ujså)LÈB]Ì!OÐP-10-ðOºçN74JPЏGHF O9!-11-ðNPò¸!?[N-12-ðNP²Ã²¸NTK#^É9 ]&./'" L>_K*wdh~…+ô”NØ/I´ðÚNrd†cjP!nz …O(svqc#fƒpi)O2³˜âNÂî@J4]"uh~ u‚Mˆ¾`ª+?D]ÁàL@J!bd‚€…tO2³O¡—`×6 CÎÆ@J4Frd†cjP!™‰O3]{„qjm…sO¶ãNV8 HJ!2³åMbd‚€…t¬O,]S:®Ô`ž6]NéFHJ! ‡¬åMڌL@J¨êB]Z5NL5`÷Q@J4F"öPbd‚€ …tO2³OM88[½*OFWNÙ5&ÜOý¥`–UÄBOK3] 9!ä¼?^]2³P8M\ßÅN4›?^!ÖObd‚€…tÍOÙ `!EOºÞO’ñL@JPݰB]PCOM4(¬ë/)OÙLB ]OK3]"16Q!Z;¹±`@J4Frd†cjO¯0OXOL@ &040'212

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K4B]`_(Lament for the Death of Owen Roe O’Neill)L7_=!C R¾$RO<L*HRÃ=*¹D`_+ÊÛ´RjfiŒ#‹gS!c eŠˆŒzRÆ2RIXP–º®Mâ9ŽºR–3MEKË^a`K 8 _*Had he lived'had he lived, our dear country had been free;/ But he’s dead'but he’s dead, and ’twas slaves we’ll ever be.+"E < E,c e ŠˆŒzú/âå-*Irish Confederate War,1531−42+URjfiŒ#‹ gRÀ˜RِS!–º*—÷ÿ!¥›ÿ+MrouyˆŒzñ>ÿM R¶å!˜:Kn&ŠéñìRçÖ=•ž@O<L!7a\@T1506þ P¡CJIё,!ÉRù+-P\JKÇa`I!%L7_ëýêwd ‹&Œ!~…&#j|&Š*Hugh O’Neill, 2ndearl of Tyrone+R;ðb

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?-.6?1KJ=-I":Bt„AC[OgNYB}{!ˆCOS cY‚>,I1!‹CU$dBRVc^f#_Mj(O’Sullivan Beare) ?shklLy<Te`PQdBjoBpLi-=-I?-.6?1, I0F8J@-":JC?F,J!zA€5I*]OXaf+wAnu 7J;[OgNYBx&Celts and Saxons'C!:.8;†Bq/L‡Ž 8;FB>,I"Œ…B‰ŠC!zBG.A

We hate the Saxon and the Dane, We hate the Norman men%

We curs’d their greed for blood and gain, We curse them now again.

Yet start not, Irish born man, If you’re to Ireland true,

We heed not blood, nor creed, nor clan% We have no curse for you.

~2vEHJ=-I"8-MOdbf\rLmƒ9I;EAC!M Odbf\C Celtic >C@3= Irish >@4JD@H@-"6B6?C €nBYZfWL|4=!

As Nubian rocks, and Ethiop sand Long drifting down the Nile, Built up old Egypt’s fertile land

For many a hundred mile; So Pagan clans to Ireland came,

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And clans of Christendom,

Yet joined their wisdom and their fame To build a nation from.

Here came the brown Phoenician, The man of trade and toil% Here came the proud Milesian,

A hungering for spoil; And the Firbolg and the Cymry,

And the hard, enduring Dane, And the iron Lords of Normandy,

With the Saxons in their train.&*+'

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5!ñ5ß¿=V^l{iaFs}jfg~lJ±ÿ#ØäJߔK! ¡ÖISCDÈB;7õ,;A̰àݾJ[]|z~mEK!MFZ G´œÊJH0QJE/CA"[~b}#[]{exJs}jfg~l K@J[]k~j\j\Y³X>I!‚HVáåJ[]|z~mÇF æE6VÃYšº:H8WLHTH4CA5!@JþƒJU¼5[] |z~mJ+«!ô!öŠJ™ŽE/CAJE/V"-¤ÑIKÓ7 @1KŒ<H4CAJE/V5![]|z~m„¥JÁû5QAT:W AžI¬PD![~b}#[]{exKneyn|HÐìŒIý‰PA F02V"@;D!+«#µˆ#±¥Jó•JH4I!̰à$ŸEK –;DòœE6H0 Irish E/VF01²Y!öŠàj$uI30D ڍ;¬PAJE/V"öŠY¥ùJ̰²Y£#:?Vs}q_~ hF;D'$=VF01X8E/V5!k]€\fIFCDJöŠK! ̰௴I»ÒAV—êY!2VQJFHU!@J9FISCD̰ à¢çKSUƒHQJIHCD0CA"9JøI30D!öŠK( îF̰FJFHCD07JE/V5!èIc$|ö…JÉÀH 0Í6ªUE/Vpzim5Þý:WA"ãüJË J›ç*FHVJ 5!'o]ey~(­ÂJ×7Jdzv&YÄCApzimR†%E/ U!neyn{j\J›(Yù¸I‘2¦O·ÜF;D@WTYÙÛI '$=V9FYÞÕ;AJ5!k]€\fF`wp~#hir\J)ú E/CA%-)&" *.,+íJ©˜I9WNEI'o]ey~(­I“§:WA®†Rpz imY¹PA'¥ùJÎÅ(%The Spirit of the Nation&F01®¹5º ð:WV"[]|z~mJ+«Yé"F=V%Ïí[]|z~mâY ²;A&'[]|z~mÔ½(%The Library of Ireland &YžëI‹¢=

V J. hr\%James Duffy&Y@J֦F;D%-*&!Ĭ.t~fF01

(46)

}ƒEÍÌ>VB"âÊJ¥I½ÉÑ:¨>VUJE5U:!AJÊJ ©IK,šÝJµ°-K!™Ç~˜Z\yw{mE¨Î>VB69HU ÚRTPAJ͗ѲY‰I¬…CD6B"*.412ÊÅÎJ«Ó+I K!=J, ¦-J´•K*Ò§F¹|F֋³I¼XU!¿S?> F!ã»Fncvnxk[F67¯?6жJل+F?DZ\yw{ mJàI8SV!*ncvnyHÆËJ‘¾F£®+YÂI¢?BF 5U(3/)"==EďÃH,šÝJµ°-JˆÀY·EU›ÐY!.412 ÊÅÎJH9IՒ?DNR7"

&Hope no more for Fatherland,

All its ranks are thinned or broken;' Long a base and coward band

Recreant words like these have spoken, But WE preach a land awoken;

Fatherland is true and tried

As your fears are false and hollow: Slaves and Dastards stand aside%

Knaves and Traitors, FÁG AN BEALACH !(30)

=VK C. G. hr[J›ÐJªãE5U:!g\lyFPHCD6U= J J†ãJÛÏEŽT×>VUa$y“ FÁG AN BEALACH ! K! *ÈY<W+F67€ÜE5T!bpqlQs{eg$JѺJ¤ :!Ÿ­HGE–¸YOUF;JåäE5UF67"‚FPßM?6 áž:!ԁIMB}ÁF6CD66LG‡ÞIŒ@SVD6U"¡ I!lxok[#`zid¨±Jؔœ E. ]_ycu(Edward Walsh)

(045)

(47)

J&The Songs of the Nation'F34„³J‘J´¶K! YE songs that resound in the homes of our island% That wake the wild echoes by valley and highland% That kindle the cold with their forefather’s story% That point to the ardent the pathway of glory !%

Ye send to the banish’d, O’er ocean’s far wave, The hope that had vanish’d,

The vow of the brave;

And teach each proud despot of loftiest station,

To pale at your spell−word, sweet Songs of THE NATION !(20)

F34T4IHCD3D!C. G. bf]J‰F­¾I!ÁOE­? T4Hªˆ7¤3D39"w#¡M>A•¯¿6URY6WT4I! bcf]K,~»JŸ˜-J®©Z@AQI!¨U>9mœ7T9 –°«Ht¹ZžV€[B„µZnš«I¡M>!\^ihkeJÀ ‡JquI5:WбS²yTVR!RCLU| «H}½rSÀ‡« o{ZÂ3•;W„³ZRCD¸†I¬ACD3W"<XK T. g\ (Thomas Moore)J,\^ihkepvŽ-(Irish Melodies)7£EW &ŠYXARJNJ§8'JªˆF|¥”ZH>D3W">6>!,~» JŸ˜-I’‚=XA(…¼™J„‹ITW)/1.·I¦>T4F@ W‰xK!zƒ¸OXD3W*\^ihkeJ‰p+J\kaj_$H GIK!¢I—XA&Lament for the Death of Owen Roe O’Neill'Zs Pd^l]`J›¸Z“3DK!º[GŒ•;UXW<FKH3"

(48)

)mXdx}*°F›¨8Q=E3B§LÊ¡Fñð8QA1P±G …@F!t}]}G%Dark Rosaleen&40P"7G~¤ÒE±GÌ© F0=?At}]}H!J. n$iWt}'James Hardiman(4Þº9 =)VX{y}k™ê±º*'Irish Minstrelsy,+/,+(GE3G%Róisín

Dubh&'Little Black Rose(S«¢F9=C8QA1P" ÝÀ‘F˜å

9A1=n$iWt}H!¦FÔPa${ŸG±'µáC¡Ä(S ¸º9!<QSËæGÁ·Fâé8;A)VX{y}k™ê±º*ُ Sŀ9A1="<GÞ®GèÒFH!VX{y}kG±H^zdv #|$tGÓFíNE1IDGŒÐ40O!7GM2E”¼E„¬S £ÛFÑ1¥T>GHˆ¤GVX{y}kͪG¿ƒF0P!C12l dxl{E’K40?="n$iWt}³ÉGÚ×FH![b}m{G \jzg_Žß‡ØSž‰9:PÈ­40?=GB0P")™ê±º* BH%Róisín Dubh&H!T. qU$|}`'Thomas Furlong(FM?A

â8QPGB0P4'.-(!n$iWt}F»2C!œ¦BHK=C7 RÜ96Eî~%Róisín Dubh&H!´H–1ͲҐÆ4ÇO¥J Q=š‚ÒEoygkCEP"ZzcreŠֲã“F©NQ=7G à — H! V X { y } k G ˆ ë p w $#[ k } m {'Red Hugh O’Donnell(4àç9A1PesX}3NVX{y}kS•½9A5Q P7CSÏ@‹ÂG¯S2LGB0O!»?A7GîÊB0P‹ÂH ÕÎVX{y}kS‚ä:PLGC޶8QP"77B!t}]}G %Dark Rosaleen&G¾ïC§¹ïS†ì:P4! O my Dark Rosaleen, Do not sigh, do not weep ! The priests are on the ocean green,

'047(

(49)

They march along the Deep. There’s wine …from the royal Pope

Upon the ocean green;

And Spanish ale shall give you hope, My Dark Rosaleen !

My own Rosaleen !

Shall glad your heart, shall give you hope, Shall give you health, and help, and hope,

My Dark Rosaleen,

O ! the Erne shall run red With redundance of blood,

The earth shall rock beneath our tread, And flames wrap hill and wood, And gun−peal, and slogan cry,

Wake many a glen serene, Ere you shall fade, ere you shall die,

My Dark Rosaleen ! My own Rosaleen !

The Judgement Hour must first be nigh, Ere you can fade, ere you can die,

My Dark Rosaleen !$&&%

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(50)

s$n\w‚H+[]~|‚pžû¹Å,G“Ní0>H5 S. uZ $ai‚'Samuel Ferguson(C/U"©G)‹þ[]~|‚p‘·‡* H‡ÚGÏ9V8DGFUç‘HuZ$ai‚I!¹ÍC/T¨×[] ~|‚pßÓHŠù5¬6ìŒ9VUd~oª‘ÁCP/U"éI_c €]n\D˜G%uZ$ai‚4S[]~|‚pHŠüßÓHLDYE X‘Y?&D!]^]lGP§W:OULEó ñ›GPÊ0‰œXý 2>ÍòC/U"uZ$ai‚H+[]~|‚pžû¹Å,Hó‘ÝF ¡•Xå0>¦:0êèI!+jv}‚Ø‘º,'Dublin University Magazine(G¶G#AB"³9V!=H²ÄI¥óXÙ¿GÀ: >uZ$ai‚H½ÌHùCÜO’SV>"b€[ÃHegmD01 ËïGRABƾЖG´SV>D9VU%Róisín Dubh&I!uZ$a i‚GRUD!…U`o}kbHËï5ÿÍC/U%¯t|&D¢±; U>OG!ö‹4SHãôH—ÉXÖ@WJUÿ„ŽD018DGF U"w‚a‚GI%Róisín Dubh&HôƒZ$f{‚P/AB!8H´ ¹G30BPuZ$ai‚ùXšS6µ«G:>PHD«2SVU"G. D.l\‚w$w‚I!%Róisín Dubh&IE1QSÈOIîÛHÿ„Ž? A>PHG!„®ÝF†ø­05ë9V>¹?D;U¤õ5ÕàC/U

DÇKB0U'-.("0<VG:BP%Róisín Dubh&IƟЖHÈOH

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(51)

4L8A5/>="<DÂC~7JMLD5X%k…Ddi_c&The Fair Hills of Ireland'@/L"$8DtE[gYdRb(Jacobite)5 ©¹9M=X%k{D˜D”N¦6A0>=pDHD@/>=D 5!±C<D¤²Ã»5!

Curl’d he is and ringletted, and plaited to the knee, Uileacan dubh O !

Each captain who comes sailing across the Irish sea; Uileacan dubh O !

And I will make my journey, if life and health stand, Unto that pleasant country, that fresh and fragrant strand,

And leave your boasted braveries, your wealth and high command, On the fair hills of holy Ireland.(,-)

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+. ). Xf…h…b$E:CHZ\ZjŽ Z\ZjHŽœV²™ACMRE!³°¿“HЧGZ]dH~$ ^bW$2PXZ‚€…mGÔAC4?E¾É9SR!c{$rd#Z \Zj%Jervis Yeats&E./¼âG¦4Ö?R"ÞIht…Dp… H¸.G›UQ!L?[YXy‰ÄÇGª:?E./£3-RE N.USC.R"Z\ZjH'¯Ó(H'¹Ù#ÂÙ­ÌHçÆ(%Reveries over Childhood and Youth&HF2D¥PSC.R!c\Zye‰HšË GæP0PSR3!¤G„Z‚m#]$dD>HèVÏ=R P. a$d sY$‚m%Patrick Sarsfield&G‹å:E:C·7PS?ÃÅHNHE I!8Hc{$rdH8E2N:SF.%,+&"c{$rdHÈ«w…c {x…E×èHÊNL?p…ŠÜHŽ—Vž.D.R3!©ÌëGF RE2FQH‡»QVï2=RO/GFAC!ql€$ŽH¡˜V†6 %056&196

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~]…$#vp„$H «@X=HKJX"vp„$H35N!BL ÇÉ[x‰…$.ÂH‹¹K]_†„‰qKÙû?C]‰fˆ#u†{ ‰KPGÊX=H8G9X¡ÛLG2W!BL®ÏL‹À8¸­Â– K'd$€‰q(â¶[ô¼X=H8˜>YXOIL÷G2X"Š û!_a_oLÕÔKM|q†#t$}Kvp„$8å;VYXU4 KJX"_a_oLÈÉçLóG2X~]…$#_a_oLL¾ÝL ÓýL¢ÑKM!¬ÐõLy‰k|‰8~]…$#vp„$H «? CH9Lä?3žá82W!BLáKMvp„$LöH‘òH‘ L_sj†8©PYF3XH34=H8!TMW+ºÞ#ÆÞ³ÐL ñË,LJ7K“7?<K!PCãN´ï<K¥VYF3X'00("_a _oM´éLÖKœ7J8VüYF3X—ÎL¡[ÁéH£WK?F3 C U 4 G 2 X 8!¤ K ±%Upon a House Shaken by Agitation&K 6 3 F!—ÎØÄ¿[¨ú>AXpzlG2ECf‡h…$æÀL)e$† ̎*'Coole Park(L§à[!´V8—ÎG2X7LU4KÒ3FQ AF3X"¬ÐõLy‰k|‰LÍ®!_a_oLÈÉçKÚCXk ƒ‰#_a_o'John Yeats,-00/−-1-/(M!l„_h$Lq„}e… w'Drumcliff(Lí¯½[BL°PGR»<XLG2X8!BLÍ ®L`_…]}#vp„$#_a_o'ZYV8_a_oHÜô(SP C]_†„‰qªš’'ך’ß(LšŸí¯HJX"‹ì!_a_o LëìLz‡elwa‰M!g‰`c$†7VTEFûC]‰fˆ# ]_…nj‚Lî!G2W!”ŒHÅê›JI[·¦:\DøèJ ÿG2EC"ÉçKÚCX`^ … ] }#z ‡ e l w a ‰'William Pollexfen(M!™ÜL²›µG2EC`^…]}#|q†p‰'William Middleton(LóG2Xb…iylH «@X8!BL•KÃPYCl $i‰8_a_oLëG2X"_a_o8]_†„‰qðþTùÄ"K '057( 195 W.B._a_oH]_†„‰q#rjƒr…m}

(59)

—÷\°GV5MLYNO!tmzl}ƒJs{beq`}ƒNÅ$M VFHI3Y"=N%ƒO•M¿¨M×<H7X!_`_iƒN³ÔO áMCNï\ìM8<H4YV5Ls{beq`}ƒ\œFH4DJ! _`_iOˆÍ?H4Y(01)"=NV5L€(T]}c|#]_ydv N]g}h}d%MÏAY_`_iƒN&!ÂXJ!CZJÎêAY) °\íATNJ­[ZY" /. -. J. ay]y%JN»‡4Jndwnyfu

_`_iMndwnyfu\®ã?DNO J. ay]y %(John

O’Leary)I3FD"CN+*N½8W!&ay]y%JN»‡4J¡

#8W3WUY±ÄNÝNڋ9¬RFD'(02)JŸM¼‰AYPK!

_`_iO=Nq^o]}N'Ü«N£†L‘î(&the Fenian, the handsomest old man I had ever seen')Mø$>ZH?R5"ay]y %O,1/.çNq^o]}Nô’›…9éŒ?D©M¶ö³N~ÅJ?H Ññ>Z!ÖýäºçN™\·<Y"*‚²ó+(Amnesty Act)MVF H´ò>ZYRIN˜çN„¥L¦ÕȏMÐ6DŸ!ºÿçMÛF HpyINõúȏ\ÿ“L;>ZY9!,11.çN¬SMÇZH±þN

ÄJLFHhry}MüFH:DNI3Y(01)"Þç!*Êç]_zx}

m–‡+(Young Ireland Society)N”×M¸å?Day]y%O!–‡ M¹RFH:Dµ³ÔM!ªºçÒ8Wڋ>ZH:D]_zx}mN ndwnzLÝNšÀJ!CZ\¯6Y]_zx}mðŽNÌ»\æ FQ; FH4D"ëNÁèMO!48LY¤NÅùT±žN]_k} j^j^\°DB?HÃNâ"\¾EßY=JOI:L4NI3X!ð Ž=C9CZM§T¢AYTNI3YJ45=J93FD"ay]y %MJFHO!ƊðŽMÉØAY=J9úÙàûJÞ@V5MÓË (058)194

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L<JI2Y!_azx{lªPmfwmzI2XNQLX@!_az x{l#mfwmyhtPªÒIL;[QLXL7FC'1-("<OW4 M!BO¼Ü]ìŒMž;Zcy_y$O‡MP!Ö¬M6;Z¢øO ȸ8å5X[H3C"µ‰3O¶Ž7XabajO£Þ]›à3Cã P!ºôO_azx{lìŒ]Î4‘±M!BOðÌL¸ÄO„õ]– ?RKMLZ"¢·!cy_y$7XabajM±Ô=[CO8!ka |`gJÃÝ_azx{lՂOæMLZª³I2FC'1.(">7>L 8X!cy_y$­¿Uka|`gOªP­ë­¿]} ¯M?ZMP >C8!BO¥èP2SYø3UOJP35L3JÛTH3COI2 Z"®¤!q`n_{O’©+_ayfv#p`$rz,'The Irish People,-10/Ýߍ(OextMPË:Oª8Ù¯7XAX[H3C 8!í³¯Ocy_y$P%…±LªIU} ÒLUOLXQ6Ÿ3L >&J3FC<J8äYÑZéÏM~•]¹5H3C'1/("JP35! ´˜Á“OáM63H!+ ñO¾,P} ÒªÀMJFHOuk zJLFH3C<JU‹7I2Z"ÃÝ_azx{l—‰O‚J>H ò]úNH3CabajU!ª¥?ZJ9M2FH)ñ²âO¨Ç7 X»Mª¥?Z*UOJ>H!ÐEM—‰MÉ?ZªÀJ>HÛTX[ C3Jï^DCTM!ka|`gVs{d{OoxilMÌ3M¦š= [Z<JU2FC"J<\8!Á“O¢O´ÝŽMLFH!abaj ]§TJ?Z°3ªÀÍP!ÃÝ_azx{lՂMWZ} ª8!3 GSIUˆ3Ê;X[Z<JMG3H”ó]î:W4MLZ"abaj P}¹=[Zñ²ÒL} ªOÓ×P!ÃÝ_azx{lÕOƒØMW FH™Ê=[CUOI2Y!¡U€«=[NQLXL3JöŠP>H 3C8!ÃÝ_azx{l—‰IOœØJP÷êM!Ú½IP+ ñO ¾,OL7OÌá8ÅùL¥èI2ZJOç†]…>H3C"ÖÆL '059( 193 W.B.abajJ_azx{l#mfwmyht

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2N!WXW_N2j€‰wDMPKE@C.…ž¨•E5AS}D9 PL.CL!:EM/C…’F²”¥C…’@-PA«£6Q;E@-P"5QDs7?F!(¸·E™)$The Cutting of an Agate%E(…A Ÿ )$Poetry and Tradition%C1@!‘®@ G. D. ]cVE„°Ev† Sš>;WXW_2!&„ED->; C. G. ]^cVyF!ªE0u D¤OE“¦UWgfial¡Ej€…EC1@KKnŠC…S¶¹ 7;AE5A<"5Q@ƒ.‹6QPE2!ª5:2RQRQk§D© –7;µ›Eœ±’@->;"'$,*%AŒH;5A2ƒ.¬1G"J;! WXW_A]cVAEqˆD0.?!WXW_E…tD‚¢7?.; L.Zei\i$Lionel Johnson%K!WXW_Ah#g[`i$T. W.

Rolleston%A]cV@³=Ž 4 ;&U W g f i a ­ { x p'$Irish

Literary Society%E~m@!dhbYi]…F€oE—wDz3¯8;

KE@-PA7?K!IATB2n´E­r@-PAE˜|SŒH?. ;$,+%"5 E - ; O E †  F Ž D  Q ;(… A Ÿ  )$Poetry and

Tradition%EC1@F!‡EM/D

When I saw John O’Leary first, every young Catholic man who had intellectual ambition fed his imagination with the poetry of Young Ireland; and the verse of the least known of its poets were expounded with a devour ardour at Young Ireland Societies and the like, and their birthdays celebrated. The school of writers I belonged to tried to found itself on much of the subject−matter of this poetry, and, what was almost more in our thoughts, to begin a more imaginative tradition in Irish literature, by a criticism at once remorseless and enthusiastic. It was our criticism, I think, that set Clarence Mangan at

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the head of Young Ireland poets in the place of Davis, and put Sir Samuel Ferguson, who had died with but little fame as a poet, next in the succession.%+)&

˜PSA-R"C7T2!ÏÑÈ,R-H¸¤ÈxÃEO@AàÚVÐ A-R¢E>-;R›’!7CEYZYbGš†H!¹×XYpnrd ÙG¢VzŒ³C;R§À1PG!ïƒ<FO.DÊQV°47CE DR"‡EYZYbÀG¢M›’9S>GB,R2!=SEHßÔVª 5R?5GÒäDÓðB,@>ìBHD4!·GÄBªð9SA-R¢ DP84âÆE£@A-RMG>LE›’9S>C!YZYbHã: A-R"ÁE!¹×XYpnrdÙG™Kqcoa\2á½:A0Q! ÝÌG©…©ÅVÖæ:²ë?5G¿…Vœô;R7CVˆW?1PD GB,R"¨„E»RYZYbH7SE;IN4vÍ;R7CM,@ >"õ / I!'¥ É(G'j $ p G ñ P 3(%The Trembling of the Veil & D1B!]$p¡y1Pèì9S>!J>!—µÈB,QuÛÈDޑ ȏ”1P¯1S>wå1Ggnadt€GºAG¢%õ/I!çËG öV:A-RÂBHD4![^rfpG–òE«/I!XYpnrdE H7G·B MíS>ØéG-R7CV±ê:>-sŸ§EO@A¯1 S>ؾö{&V¬óR?5,1P9JEÜÇ:>C®}:A-R%+*&"¹×XYpnrdŠ|CGŽUQž-1PYZYb2~LA‚ Õ:>7CH!¸¤ÈÎV¼;­HîJ:-_liqh^$pV‰ 6R?5B!•¦G¸¤´‹V“¶/RMGBHD-C-.7CB,@ >" %061& 191 W.B.YZYbCXYpnrd#e_meo`k

(63)

0. /. d|g‚%„#s#w%‚u„

èšç–’N7<[bcbmO­æOM8J!4VCOÒ­æOM8 J¬Urh€r‚jzN¾Ç?\DUOP!-2,.âNÈ?\D›*d |g‚%„#s#w%‚u„+&Cathleen ni Houlihan'J3]5"ἠ̓QOÑï!bcbmP A. h{„j&Arthur Symons'O‡—NXG Iw„iÂØã´ÊNÈ\!·¢O´ÙikbƒO¿‰_î®@I4 D«J3["v%tƒO°£O϶ٙä_êT©^BX5KA[èš ç–N3GI!×ob…ai‰!HSZèŒQO϶Ù&rh€r‚j z'Žð_åA[>K_†¸@I4DbcbmNKGIU!`bƒ „qO Å_ŸË6DÄ©!茚½_϶NÈ\?BM4KA[>K P³àM>KJ3GD"rh€rƒM»²*~rbnlq#`b‚h }y„+&The United Irishman'_  ¨ @ I 7 Z!(h „#w c b „) &Sinn Féin'Ü_ÓÆA[>KNM[ A. e‚wai&A. Griffith'V! (`bƒ„qOíDF)&Inghinidhe na hÉireann'KÁA[ÀÍrh €r‚ipOÓÆ_œÎ@I4D!bcbmOÐâOôÊKM[ M. f „&Maud Gonne'ML9!èšç–ãP·ªOrh€r‚jzO¦ñ NµA[­æ_ÈAR:EKžÚ@I4D"¹P!bcbm·ÉU *~rbnlq#`b‚h}y„+²Nݧ@D*d|g‚%„#s# w%‚u„+NH4I!(±OºÖP`bƒ„qJ3Z!SDCOß óQO˜ÞJ3[###C\P`bƒ„qOՔQO˜ÞJ3Z!¡ ÊÙMìVéJ3[K8!Š$9 ÌN45K>]O3YW[UO_

Û@D!3YW[òÔÙMՔQO˜ÞJU3[OE)&11'K¤GI4

D"8;@I!-2,.⯝(`bƒ„qªë›•‹)&Irish Nationalist

Theatre Society'O‘ñ=¥ˆN74I!£NbcbmNXGI`xb

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