(Hakim) t he All-Wise, in His legislat ion and decrees This is t he end of t he Tafsir of Surat Al-Hashr. All praise is due t o Allah.
The Tafsir of Surat Al-Mumtahanah
(Chapter - 60)
Which was revealed in Al-Madinah
び ͡ユΒ͡ェｚゲャや ͡リ⇒∠ヨ∇ェｚゲャや ͡ヮｚヤャや ͡ユ∇ジ͡よぴ
In t he Name of Allah, t he Most Gracious, t he Most Merciful.
∇ユ⊥ミｚヱ⊥ギ∠ハ∠ヱ ンあヱ⊥ギ∠ハ ∇やヱ⊥グ͡ガｚわ∠ゎ ∠Ι ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほΑぴ
∠ラヲ⊥ボ∇ヤ⊥ゎ ∠￢べ∠Β͡ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ
∇ユ⊥ミ∠￢べ∠ィ ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ∇やヱ⊥ゲ∠ヘ∠ミ ∇ギ∠ホ∠ヱ ͡りｚキ∠ヲ∠ヨ∇ャゅ͡よ ∇ユ͡ヰ∇Β∠ャ͡ま
∇やヲ⊥レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ゎ ラ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ム⇒ｚΑ͡ま∠ヱ ∠メヲ⊥シｚゲャや ∠ラヲ⊥ィ͡ゲ∇ガ⊥Α あペ∠エ∇ャや ∠リあョ
ヴ͡ヤΒ͡ら∠シ ヴ͡プ ⇔やキゅ∠ヰ͡ィ ∇ユ⊥わ∇ィ∠ゲ∠カ ∇ユ⊥わレ⊥ミ ラ͡ま ∇ユ⊥ムあよ∠ケ ͡ヮｚヤャゅ͡よ
∠ぺ∠ヱ ͡りｚキ∠ヲ∠ヨ∇ャゅ͡よ ∇ユ͡ヰ∇Β∠ャ͡ま ∠ラヱぁゲ͡ジ⊥ゎ ヴ͡ゎゅ∠ッ∇ゲ∠ョ ∠￢べ∠ピ͡わ∇よや∠ヱ
∇ゅ∠ル
∇ギ∠ボ∠プ ∇ユ⊥ムレ͡ョ ⊥ヮ∇ヤ∠バ∇ヘ∠Α リ∠ョ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥わレ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ べ∠ョ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥わ∇Β∠ヘ∇カ∠ぺ べ∠ヨ͡よ ⊥ユ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ
͡モΒ͡らｚジャや ∠￢へ∠ヲ∠シ ｚモ∠ッ
-∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ ∇やヲ⊥ルヲ⊥ム∠Α ∇ユ⊥ミヲ⊥ヘ∠ボ∇ん∠Α ラ͡ま
͡￢ヲぁジャゅ͡よ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∠わ∠レ͡ジ∇ャ∠ぺ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∠Α͡ギ∇Α∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ム∇Β∠ャ͡ま ∇やヲ⊥ト⊥ジ∇ら∠Α∠ヱ ⇔￢へ∠ギ∇ハ∠ぺ
∠ラヱ⊥ゲ⊥ヘ∇ム∠ゎ ∇ヲ∠ャ ∇やヱぁキ∠ヱ∠ヱ
-リ∠ャ
∠Ι∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ム⊥ヨ⇒∠ェ∇ケ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ム∠バ∠ヘレ∠ゎ
ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ム∠レ∇Β∠よ ⊥モ͡ダ∇ヘ∠Α ͡る∠ヨ⇒∠Β͡ボ∇ャや ∠ュ∇ヲ∠Α ∇ユ⊥ミ⊥ギ⇒∠ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ
び ∀ゲΒ͡ダ∠よ ∠ラヲ⊥ヤ∠ヨ∇バ∠ゎ
(1. O you who believe! Take not My enemies and your enemies as prot ect ing friends, showing affect ion t owards t hem, while t hey have disbelieved in what has come t o you of t he t rut h, and have driven out t he Messenger and yourselves because you believe in Allah, your Lord! If you have come fort h t o st rive in My cause and t o seek My good pleasure. You show friendship t o t hem in secret , while I am All-Aware of what you conceal and what you reveal. And whosoever of you (Muslims) does t hat , t hen indeed he has gone (far) ast ray from t he st raight pat h.) (2. Should t hey gain t he upper hand over you, t hey would behave t o you as enemies, and st ret ch
fort h t heir hands and t heir t ongues against you wit h evil, and t hey desire t hat you should disbelieve.) (3. Neit her your relat ives nor your children will benefit you on t he Day of Resurrect ion. He will j udge bet ween you. And Allah is t he All-Seer of what you do.)
Reason behind revealing Surat Al-Mumtahanah
The st ory of Hat ib bin Abi Balt a` ah is t he reason behind revealing t he beginning of t his honorable Surah. Hat ib was among t he Early Emigrant s and part icipat ed in t he bat t le of Badr. Hat ib had children and wealt h in Makkah, but he was not from t he t ribe of Quraysh. Rat her, he was an ally of ` Ut hman. When t he Messenger of Allah decided t o conquer Makkah, aft er it s people broke t he peace t reat y bet ween t hem, he ordered t he Muslims t o mobilize t heir forces t o at t ack Makkah, and t hen said,
»
ゅ∠ル∠ゲ∠ら∠カ ∇ユ͡ヰ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ あユ∠ハ ｚユ⊥ヰ∇ヤャや
«
(O Allah! Keep our news concealed from t hem.) Hat ib wrot e a let t er and sent it t o t he people of Makkah, wit h a woman from t he t ribe of Quraysh, informing t hem of t he Messenger's int ent t o at t ack t hem. He want ed t hem t o be indebt ed t o him ぴso that they would grant safety to his family in Makkahび. Allah the Exalted conveyed this matter to His Messenger , because He accept ed t he Prophet 's invocat ion ぴto Him to conceal the news of the attackび. The Prophet sent someone aft er t he woman and ret rieved t he let t er. This st ory is collect ed in t he Two Sahihs. Imam Ahmad recorded t hat Hasan bin Muhammad bin ` Ali said t hat ` Abdullah bin Abu Rafi` -- or Ubaydullah bin Abu Rafi` -- said t hat he heard ` Ali say, "Allah's Messenger sent me, Zubayr and Al-Miqdad saying,
»
⇔る∠レΒ͡バ∠ニ ゅ∠ヰ͡よ ｚラ͡み∠プ ∃ォゅ∠カ ∠る∠ッ∇ヱ∠ケ やヲ⊥ゎ∇ほ∠ゎ ヴ∇わ∠ェ やヲ⊥ボ͡ヤ∠ト∇ルや
ゅ∠ヰ∇レ͡ョ ⊥ロヱ⊥グ⊥ガ∠プ ∀ゆゅ∠わ͡ミ ゅ∠ヰ∠バ∠ョ
«
(Proceed unt il you reach Rawdat Khakh, where t here is a lady carrying a let t er. Take t hat let t er from her.) So we proceeded on our way, wit h our horses galloping, unt il we reached t he Rawdah. There we found t he lady and said t o her, ` Take out t he let t er.' She said, ` I am not carrying a let t er.' We said, ` Take out t he let t er, or else we will t ake off your clot hes.' So she t ook it out of her braid, and we brought t he let t er t o Allah's Messenger . The let t er was addressed from Hat ib bin Abu Balt a` ah t o some pagans of Makkah, t elling t hem about what Allah's Messenger int ended t o do. Allah's Messenger said,
»
∨や∠グ∠ワ ゅ∠ョ ∩⊥ょ͡デゅ∠ェ ゅ∠Α
«
(O Hat ib! What is t his) Hat ib replied, ` O Allah's Messenger! Do not make a hast y decision about me. I was a person not belonging t o Quraysh, but I was an ally t o t hem. All t he Emigrant s who were wit h you have kinsmen (in Makkah) who can prot ect t heir families. So I want ed t o do t hem a favor, so t hey might prot ect my relat ives, as I have no blood relat ion wit h t hem. I did not do t his out of disbelief or t o renegade from my religion, nor did I do it t o choose disbelief aft er Islam.' Allah's Messenger said t o his Companions,
»
ユ⊥ム∠ホ∠ギ∠タ ⊥ヮｚル͡ま
«
(Regarding him, he has t old you t he t rut h.) ` Umar said, ` O Allah's Messenger! Allow me t o chop off t he head of t his hypocrit e!' The Prophet said,
»
⇔ケ∇ギ∠よ ∠ギ͡ヰ∠セ ∇ギ∠ホ ⊥ヮｚル͡ま
ヴ∠ャ͡ま ∠ノ∠ヤｚデや ∠ぶや ｚモ∠バ∠ャ ∠マΑ͡ケ∇ギ⊥Α ゅ∠ョ∠ヱ ∩や
∠メゅ∠ボ∠プ ∃ケ∇ギ∠よ ͡モ∇ワ∠ぺ
:
ユ⊥ム∠ャ ⊥れ∇ゲ∠ヘ∠ビ ∇ギ∠ボ∠プ ∇ユ⊥わ∇ゃ͡セ ゅ∠ョ やヲ⊥ヤ∠ヨ∇ハや
«
(He at t ended Badr. What can I t ell you, perhaps Allah looked at t hose who at t ended Badr and said, "O t he people of Badr, do what you like, for I have forgiven you.'')'' The Group wit h t he except ion of Ibn Maj ah, collect ed t his Hadit h using various chains of narrat ion t hat included Sufyan bin ` Uyaynah. Al-Bukhari added in his narrat ion in t he chapt er on t he Prophet 's bat t les, "Then Allah revealed t he Surah,
∇ユ⊥ミｚヱ⊥ギ∠ハ∠ヱ ンあヱ⊥ギ∠ハ ∇やヱ⊥グ͡ガｚわ∠ゎ ∠Ι ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほΑぴ
び∠￢べ∠Β͡ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ
(O you who believe! Take not my enemies and your enemies as prot ect ing friends...) '' Al-Bukhari said in anot her part of his Sahih, ` Amr (one of t he narrat ors of t he Hadit h) said, "This Ayah,
∇ユ⊥ミｚヱ⊥ギ∠ハ∠ヱ ンあヱ⊥ギ∠ハ ∇やヱ⊥グ͡ガｚわ∠ゎ ∠Ι ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほΑぴ
び∠￢べ∠Β͡ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ
(O you who believe! Take not my enemies and your enemies as prot ect ing friends'...) was revealed about Hat ib, but I do not know if t he Ayah was ment ioned in t he Hadit h (or was added as an explanat ion by one of t he narrat ors).'' Al-Bukhari also said t hat ` Ali bin Al-Madini said t hat Sufyan bin ` Uyaynah was asked, "Is t his why t his Ayah,
∠Β͡ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ミｚヱ⊥ギ∠ハ∠ヱ ンあヱ⊥ギ∠ハ ∇やヱ⊥グ͡ガｚわ∠ゎ ∠Ιぴ
び∠￢べ
(O you who believe! Take not my enemies and your enemies as prot ect ing friends.) was revealed'' Sufyan said, "This is t he narrat ion t hat I collect ed from ` Amr, I did not leave a let t er out of it . I do not know if anyone else memorized t he same words for it .''
The Command to have Enmity towards the Disbelievers and to
abandon supporting Them
∇ユ⊥ミｚヱ⊥ギ∠ハ∠ヱ ンあヱ⊥ギ∠ハ ∇やヱ⊥グ͡ガｚわ∠ゎ ∠Ι ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほΑぴ
∠ヨ͡よ ∇やヱ⊥ゲ∠ヘ∠ミ ∇ギ∠ホ∠ヱ ͡りｚキ∠ヲ∠ヨ∇ャゅ͡よ ∇ユ͡ヰ∇Β∠ャ͡ま ∠ラヲ⊥ボ∇ヤ⊥ゎ ∠￢べ∠Β͡ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ
∇ユ⊥ミ∠￢べ∠ィ ゅ
びあペ∠エ∇ャや ∠リあョ
(O you who believe! Take not My enemies and your enemies as prot ect ing friends showing affect ion t owards t hem, while t hey have disbelieved in what has come t o you of t he t rut h,) refers t o t he idolat ors and t he disbelievers who are combat ant s against Allah, His Messenger and t he believers. It is t hey whom Allah has decided should be our enemies and should be fought . Allah has forbidden t he believers t o t ake t hem as friends, support ers or companions. Allah t he Exalt ed said in anot her Ayah ,
∠キヲ⊥ヰ∠Β∇ャや ∇やヱ⊥グ͡ガｚわ∠ゎ ∠Ι ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほ⇒∠Αぴ
リ∠ョ∠ヱ ∃ヂ∇バ∠よ ⊥￢べ∠Β͡ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥ツ∇バ∠よ ∠￢べ∠Β͡ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ ン∠ゲ⇒∠ダｚレャや∠ヱ
び∇ユ⊥ヰ∇レ͡ョ ⊥ヮｚル͡み∠プ ∇ユ⊥ムレあョ ∇ユ⊥ヰｚャ∠ヲ∠わ∠Α
(O you who believe! Take not t he Jews and t he Christ ians as prot ect ing friends, t hey are but prot ect ing friends of each ot her. And if any among you t akes t hem (as such), t hen surely, he is one of t hem.) (5:51) This Ayah cont ains a st ern warning and a sure t hreat . Allah t he Exalt ed said,
ｚわ∠ゎ ∠Ι ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほ⇒∠Αぴ
∇やヱ⊥グ∠ガｚゎや ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ∇やヱ⊥グ͡ガ
リ͡ョ ∠ょ⇒∠わ͡ム∇ャや ∇やヲ⊥ゎヱ⊥ぺ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ∠リあョ ⇔ゅら͡バ∠ャ∠ヱ ⇔やヱ⊥ゴ⊥ワ ∇ユ⊥ム∠レΑ͡キ
∠リΒ͡レ͡ョ∇ぽぁョ ユ⊥わレ⊥ミ ラ͡ま ∠ヮｚヤャや ∇やヲ⊥ボｚゎや∠ヱ ∠￢べ∠Β͡ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ ∠ケゅｚヘ⊥ム∇ャや∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ム͡ヤ∇ら∠ホ
び
(O you who believe! Take not as prot ect ing friends t hose who t ake your religion as a mockery and fun from among t hose who received t he Script ure before you, nor from among t he disbelievers; and have Taqwa of Allah if you indeed are t rue believers.) (5:57)
∠Β͡ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ ∠リΑ͡ゲ͡ヘ⇒∠ム∇ャや ∇やヱ⊥グ͡ガｚわ∠ゎ ∠Ι ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほ⇒∠Αぴ
∠￢べ
∇ユ⊥ム∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ ͡ヮｚヤャ ∇やヲ⊥ヤ∠バ∇イ∠ゎ ラ∠ぺ ∠ラヱ⊥ギΑ͡ゲ⊥ゎ∠ぺ ∠リΒ͡レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ヨ∇ャや ͡ラヱ⊥キ リ͡ョ
び ⇔ゅレΒ͡らぁョ ⇔ゅルゅ∠ト∇ヤ⊥シ
(O you who believe! Take not for prot ect ing friends disbelievers inst ead of believers. Do you wish t o offer Allah a manifest proof against yourselves) (4:144) and,
͡ラヱ⊥キ リ͡ョ ∠￢べ∠Β͡ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ ∠リΑ͡ゲ͡ヘ⇒∠ム∇ャや ∠ラヲ⊥レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ヨ∇ャや ͡グ͡ガｚわ∠Α ｚΙぴ
∃￢∇ヴ∠セ ヶ͡プ ͡ヮｚヤャや ∠リ͡ョ ∠ザ∇Β∠ヤ∠プ ∠マ͡ャ∠ク ∇モ∠バ∇ヘ∠Α リ∠ョ∠ヱ ∠リΒ͡レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ヨ∇ャや
び⊥ヮ∠ジ∇ヘ∠ル ⊥ヮｚヤャや ⊥ユ⊥ミ∇ケあグ∠エ⊥Α∠ヱ ⇔る⇒∠ボ⊥ゎ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∇レ͡ョ ∇やヲ⊥ボｚわ∠ゎ ラ∠ぺ ∠Ι͡ま
(Let not t he believers t ake t he disbelievers as prot ect ing friends inst ead of t he believers, and whoever does t hat will never be helped by Allah in any way, except if you indeed fear a danger from t hem. And Allah warns you against Himself (His punishment ).) (3:28) This is why Allah's Messenger accept ed Hat ib's excuse when he said t hat he only want ed t o have a favor on t he Quraysh, because of t he propert y and family members he left behind in Makkah. Allah's st at ement ,
び∇ユ⊥ム⇒ｚΑ͡ま∠ヱ ∠メヲ⊥シｚゲャや ∠ラヲ⊥ィ͡ゲ∇ガ⊥Αぴ
(and have driven out t he Messenger and yourselves ( from your homeland)) follows His encouragement t o fight against t hem and t o avoid being t heir support ers. This is because t hey expelled t he Messenger and his Companions on account of t heir hat red for Tawhid and worshipping Allah alone in sincerit y. This is why Allah t he Exalt ed said,
び∇ユ⊥ムあよ∠ケ ͡ヮｚヤャゅ͡よ ∇やヲ⊥レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ゎ ラ∠ぺぴ
(because you believe in Allah, your Lord!) meaning, ` your only fault is t hat you believed in Allah, Lord of all t hat exist s.' Allah t he Exalt ed said in ot her Ayat ,
ゅ∠ョ∠ヱぴ
͡ゴΑ͡ゴ∠バ∇ャや ͡ヮｚヤャゅ͡よ ∇やヲ⊥レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥Α ラ∠ぺ ｚΙ͡ま ∇ユ⊥ヰ∇レ͡ョ ∇やヲ⊥ヨ∠ボ∠ル
び ͡ギΒ͡ヨ∠エ∇ャや
ラ∠ぺ ｚΙ͡ま ｙペ∠ェ ͡ゲ∇Β∠ピ͡よ ユ͡ワ͡ゲ⇒∠Α͡キ リ͡ョ ∇やヲ⊥ィ͡ゲ∇カ⊥ぺ ∠リΑ͡グｚャやぴ
や ゅ∠レぁよ∠ケ ∇やヲ⊥ャヲ⊥ボ∠Α
び⊥ヮｚヤャ
(Those who have been expelled from t heir homes unj ust ly only because t hey said: "Our Lord is Allah.'') (22:40) Allah said,
∠￢べ∠ピ͡わ∇よや∠ヱ ヴ͡ヤΒ͡ら∠シ ヴ͡プ ⇔やキゅ∠ヰ͡ィ ∇ユ⊥わ∇ィ∠ゲ∠カ ∇ユ⊥わレ⊥ミ ラ͡まぴ
びヴ͡ゎゅ∠ッ∇ゲ∠ョ
(If you have come fort h t o st rive in My cause and t o seek My good pleasure.) Allah says, ` if you are as described here, t hen do not t ake t he disbelievers as support ers. If you migrat ed in Jihad for My cause and for seeking My pleasure, t hen do not t ake My enemies and your enemies as prot ect ing friends, aft er t hey expelled you from your homes and propert y in rage against you and rej ect ion of your religion.' Allah's st at ement ,
べ∠ョ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥わ∇Β∠ヘ∇カ∠ぺ べ∠ヨ͡よ ⊥ユ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ ∇ゅ∠ル∠ぺ∠ヱ ͡りｚキ∠ヲ∠ヨ∇ャゅ͡よ ∇ユ͡ヰ∇Β∠ャ͡ま ∠ラヱぁゲ͡ジ⊥ゎぴ
び∇ユ⊥わレ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ
(You show friendship t o t hem in secret , while I am All-Aware of what you conceal and what you reveal.) Allah asks, ` do you do t his while I know t he secret s of t he heart s, t he int ent ions and all apparent t hings,'
ラ͡み͡ヤΒ͡らｚジャや ∠￢へ∠ヲ∠シ ｚモ∠ッ ∇ギ∠ボ∠プ ∇ユ⊥ムレ͡ョ ⊥ヮ∇ヤ∠バ∇ヘ∠Α リ∠ョ∠ヱぴ
⊥ルヲ⊥ム∠Α ∇ユ⊥ミヲ⊥ヘ∠ボ∇ん∠Α
∇ユ⊥ヰ∠Α͡ギ∇Α∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ム∇Β∠ャ͡ま ∇やヲ⊥ト⊥ジ∇ら∠Α∠ヱ ⇔￢へ∠ギ∇ハ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ ∇やヲ
び͡￢ヲぁジャゅ͡よ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∠わ∠レ͡ジ∇ャ∠ぺ∠ヱ
(And whosoever of you does t hat , t hen indeed he has gone ast ray from t he st raight pat h. Should t hey gain t he upper hand over you, t hey would behave t o you as enemies, and st ret ch fort h t heir hands and t heir t ongues against you wit h evil,) meaning, ` if t hey gain t he upper hand over you, t hey would use every t ype of harm in t heir disposal t o hurt you in words and act ion,'
び∠ラヱ⊥ゲ⊥ヘ∇ム∠ゎ ∇ヲ∠ャ ∇やヱぁキ∠ヱ∠ヱぴ
(and t hey desire t hat you should disbelieve.) meaning, ` t hey are eager t hat you do not earn any good. Therefore, t heir enmit y t o you is out ward and inward, so how can you become support ers of t his t ype of people' This also encourages t he enmit y. Allah's st at ement ,
∠ゎ リ∠ャぴ
͡る∠ヨ⇒∠Β͡ボ∇ャや ∠ュ∇ヲ∠Α ∇ユ⊥ミ⊥ギ⇒∠ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ ∠Ι∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ム⊥ヨ⇒∠ェ∇ケ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ム∠バ∠ヘレ
び ∀ゲΒ͡ダ∠よ ∠ラヲ⊥ヤ∠ヨ∇バ∠ゎ ゅ∠ヨ͡よ ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ム∠レ∇Β∠よ ⊥モ͡ダ∇ヘ∠Α
(Neit her your relat ives nor your children will benefit you on t he Day of Resurrect ion. He will j udge bet ween you. And Allah is t he All-Seer of what you do.) means, ` your family relat ions will not benefit you wit h Allah if Allah decided t o cause harm your way. Your relat ions will not benefit you if you please t hem wit h what angers Allah.' Those who agree wit h t heir family being disbelievers in order t o please t hem will have earned loss and failure and t heir deeds will be rendered invalid. Their relat ion will not benefit t hem wit h Allah, even if t heir relat ion was wit h a Prophet . Imam Ahmad recorded t hat Anas said t hat a man said, "O Allah's Messenger! Where is my fat her'' He said,
»
ケゅｚレャや ヶ͡プ
«
(In t he Fire.) When t he man went away, t he Prophet called him back and said:
»
ケゅｚレャや ヶ͡プ ∠ポゅ∠よ∠ぺ∠ヱ ヶ͡よ∠ぺ ｚラ͡ま
«
(Verily, my fat her and your fat her are in t he Fire.) Muslim and Abu Dawud also collect ed t his Hadit h.
∠リΑ͡グｚャや∠ヱ ∠ユΒ͡ワ∠ゲ∇よ͡ま ヴ͡プ ∀る∠レ∠ジ∠ェ ∀り∠ヲ∇シ⊥ぺ ∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ ∇ろ∠ルゅ∠ミ ∇ギ∠ホぴ
ゅｚヨ͡ョ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ム∇レあョ ∇やぼへ￢∠ゲ⊥よ ゅｚル͡ま ∇ユ͡ヰ͡ョ∇ヲ∠ボ͡ャ ∇やヲ⊥ャゅ∠ホ ∇ク͡ま ⊥ヮ∠バ∠ョ
⊥ユ⊥ム∠レ∇Β∠よ∠ヱ ゅ∠レ∠レ∇Β∠よ や∠ギ∠よ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ム͡よ ゅ∠ル∇ゲ∠ヘ∠ミ ͡ヮｚヤャや ͡ラヱ⊥キ リ͡ョ ∠ラヱ⊥ギ⊥ら∇バ∠ゎ
∠ら∇ャや∠ヱ ⊥り∠ヱや∠ギ∠バ∇ャや
⊥ロ∠ギ∇ェ∠ヱ ͡ヮｚヤャゅ͡よ ∇やヲ⊥レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ゎ ヴｚわ∠ェ ⇔やギ∠よ∠ぺ ⊥￢べ∠ツ∇ピ
⊥マ͡ヤ∇ョ∠ぺ べ∠ョ∠ヱ ∠マ∠ャ ｚラ∠ゲ͡ヘ∇ピ∠わ∇シ∂Ι ͡ヮΒ͡よ６Ι ∠ユΒ͡ワ∠ゲ∇よ͡ま ∠メ∇ヲ∠ホ ｚΙ͡ま
∠マ∇Β∠ャ͡ま∠ヱ ゅ∠レ∇ヤｚミ∠ヲ∠ゎ ∠マ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ ゅ∠レｚよｚケ ∃￢∇ヴ∠セ リ͡ョ ͡ヮｚヤャや ∠リ͡ョ ∠マ∠ャ
⊥ゲΒ͡ダ∠ヨ∇ャや ∠マ∇Β∠ャ͡ま∠ヱ ゅ∠レ∇ら∠ル∠ぺ
-∠レ∇ヤ∠バ∇イ∠ゎ ∠Ι ゅ∠レｚよ∠ケ
∠リΑ͡グｚヤあャ ⇔る∠レ∇わ͡プ ゅ
⊥ユΒ͡ム∠エ∇ャや ⊥ゴΑ͡ゴ∠バ∇ャや ∠ろル∠ぺ ∠マｚル͡ま べ∠レｚよ∠ケ ゅ∠レ∠ャ ∇ゲ͡ヘ∇ビや∠ヱ ∇やヱ⊥ゲ∠ヘ∠ミ
-ヲ⊥ィ∇ゲ∠Α ∠ラゅ∠ミ リ∠ヨあャ ∀る∠レ∠ジ∠ェ ∀り∠ヲ∇シ⊥ぺ ∇ユ͡ヰΒ͡プ ∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ ∠ラゅ∠ミ ∇ギ∠ボ∠ャ
ぁヴ͡レ∠ピ∇ャや ∠ヲ⊥ワ ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ͡み∠プ ｚメ∠ヲ∠わ∠Α リ∠ョ∠ヱ ∠ゲ͡カｘΙや ∠ュ∇ヲ∠Β∇ャや∠ヱ ∠ヮｚヤャや
び ⊥ギΒ͡ヨ∠エ∇ャや
(4. Indeed t here has been an excellent example for you in Ibrahim and t hose wit h him, when t hey said t o t heir people: "Verily, we are free from you and what ever you worship besides Allah, we have rej ect ed you, and t here has st art ed bet ween us and you, host ilit y and hat red forever unt il you believe in Allah alone,'' -- except t he saying of Ibrahim t o his fat her: "Verily, I will ask forgiveness for you, but I have no power t o do anyt hing for you before Allah.'' "Our Lord! In You we put our t rust , and t o You we t urn in repent ance, and t o You is t he final Ret urn.'') (5. "Our Lord! Make us not a t rial for t he disbelievers, and forgive us, Our Lord! Verily, You, only You, are t he Almight y, t he All-Wise.'') (6. Cert ainly, t here has been in t hem an excellent example for you t o follow - for t hose who look forward t o (t he meet ing wit h) Allah and t he Last Day. And whosoever t urns away, t hen verily, Allah is Al-Ghani, Al-Hamid.)
The Good Example of Ibrahim and His Followers, when They
disowned Their Disbelieving People
Allah t he Exalt ed says t o His fait hful servant s, whom He commanded t o disown t he disbelievers, t o be enemies wit h t hem, and t o dist ant t hemselves and separat e from t hem:
∠リΑ͡グｚャや∠ヱ ∠ユΒ͡ワ∠ゲ∇よ͡ま ヴ͡プ ∀る∠レ∠ジ∠ェ ∀り∠ヲ∇シ⊥ぺ ∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ ∇ろ∠ルゅ∠ミ ∇ギ∠ホぴ
び⊥ヮ∠バ∠ョ
(Indeed t here has been an excellent example for you in Ibrahim and t hose wit h him,) meaning, his followers who believed in him,
び∇ユ⊥ム∇レあョ ∇やぼへ￢∠ゲ⊥よ ゅｚル͡ま ∇ユ͡ヰ͡ョ∇ヲ∠ボ͡ャ ∇やヲ⊥ャゅ∠ホ ∇ク͡まぴ
(when t hey said t o t heir people: "Verily we are free from you...'') meaning, ` we disown you,'
び∇ユ⊥ム͡よ ゅ∠ル∇ゲ∠ヘ∠ミ ͡ヮｚヤャや ͡ラヱ⊥キ リ͡ョ ∠ラヱ⊥ギ⊥ら∇バ∠ゎ ゅｚヨ͡ョ∠ヱぴ
(and what ever you worship besides Allah: we rej ect ed you,) meaning, ` we disbelieve in your religion and way,'
び⇔やギ∠よ∠ぺ ⊥￢べ∠ツ∇ピ∠ら∇ャや∠ヱ ⊥り∠ヱや∠ギ∠バ∇ャや ⊥ユ⊥ム∠レ∇Β∠よ∠ヱ ゅ∠レ∠レ∇Β∠よ や∠ギ∠よ∠ヱぴ
(and t here has st art ed bet ween us and you, host ilit y and hat red forever) meaning, ` Animosit y and enmit y have appeared bet ween us and you from now and as long as you remain on your disbelief; we will always disown you and hat e you,'
͡よ ∇やヲ⊥レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ゎ ヴｚわ∠ェぴ
び⊥ロ∠ギ∇ェ∠ヱ ͡ヮｚヤャゅ
(unt il you believe in Allah alone,) meaning, ` unless, and unt il, you worship Allah alone wit hout part ners and disbelieve in t he idols and rivals t hat you worship besides Him.' Allah's st at ement ,
∇シ∂Ι ͡ヮΒ͡よ６Ι ∠ユΒ͡ワ∠ゲ∇よ͡ま ∠メ∇ヲ∠ホ ｚΙ͡まぴ
び∠マ∠ャ ｚラ∠ゲ͡ヘ∇ピ∠わ
(except t he saying of Ibrahim t o his fat her: "Verily, I will ask forgiveness (from Allah) for you...'') means, ` you have a good example in Ibrahim and his people; as for Ibrahim's prayers for Allah his fat her, it was a promise t hat he made for his fat her.' When Ibrahim became sure t hat his fat her was an enemy of Allah, he declared himself innocent of him. Some of t he believers used t o invoke Allah for t heir parent s who died as disbelievers, begging Him t o forgive t hem. They did so claiming t hat Ibrahim used t o invoke Allah t o forgive his fat her. Allah t he Exalt ed said in reply,
∇やヱ⊥ゲ͡ヘ∇ピ∠わ∇ジ∠Α ラ∠ぺ ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや∠ヱ あヴ͡らｚレヤ͡ャ ∠ラゅ∠ミ ゅ∠ョぴ
∠リｚΒ∠ら∠ゎ ゅ∠ョ ͡ギ∇バ∠よ リ͡ョ ヴ∠よ∇ゲ⊥ホ ヴ͡ャ∇ヱ⊥ぺ ∇やヲ⊥ルゅ∠ミ ∇ヲ∠ャ∠ヱ ∠リΒ͡ミ͡ゲ∇ゼ⊥ヨ∇ヤ͡ャ
∠エ∇タ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ヰｚル∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ヰ∠ャ
͡ユΒ͡エ∠イ∇ャや ⊥ょ⇒
-⊥ケゅ∠ヘ∇ピ͡わ∇シや ∠ラゅ∠ミ ゅ∠ョ∠ヱ
ゅｚヨ∠ヤ∠プ ⊥ロゅｚΑ͡ま べ∠ワ∠ギ∠ハ∠ヱ ∃り∠ギ͡ハ∇ヲｚョ リ∠ハ ｚΙ͡ま ͡ヮΒ͡よ６Ι ∠ユΒ͡ワ∠ゲ∇よ͡ま
∀ロやｚヱ∠Ε ∠ユΒ͡ワ∠ゲ∇よ͡ま ｚラ͡ま ⊥ヮ∇レ͡ョ ∠ぺｚゲ∠ら∠ゎ ͡ヮｚヤ͡ャ ｘヱ⊥ギ∠ハ ⊥ヮｚル∠ぺ ⊥ヮ∠ャ ∠リｚΒ∠ら∠ゎ
び ∀ユΒ͡ヤ∠ェ
(It is not for t he Prophet and t hose who believe t o ask Allah's forgiveness for t he idolat ors, even t hough t hey be of kin, aft er it has become clear t o t hem t hat t hey are t he dwellers of t he Fire (because t hey died in a st at e of disbelief). And Ibrahim's request for his fat her's forgiveness was only because of a promise he made t o him .But when it became clear t o him t hat he was an enemy of Allah, he dissociat ed himself from him. Verily, Ibrahim was Awwah and was forbearing.) (9:113-114) Allah said here,
∇よ͡ま ヴ͡プ ∀る∠レ∠ジ∠ェ ∀り∠ヲ∇シ⊥ぺ ∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ ∇ろ∠ルゅ∠ミ ∇ギ∠ホぴ
∠リΑ͡グｚャや∠ヱ ∠ユΒ͡ワ∠ゲ
び∇ユ⊥ム∇レあョ ∇やぼへ￢∠ゲ⊥よ ゅｚル͡ま ∇ユ͡ヰ͡ョ∇ヲ∠ボ͡ャ ∇やヲ⊥ャゅ∠ホ ∇ク͡ま ⊥ヮ∠バ∠ョ
(Indeed t here has been an excellent example for you in Ibrahim and t hose wit h him, when t hey said t o t heir people: "Verily, we are free from you...'') unt il,
∠メ∇ヲ∠ホ ｚΙ͡まぴ
⊥マ͡ヤ∇ョ∠ぺ べ∠ョ∠ヱ ∠マ∠ャ ｚラ∠ゲ͡ヘ∇ピ∠わ∇シ∂Ι ͡ヮΒ͡よ６Ι ∠ユΒ͡ワ∠ゲ∇よ͡ま
び∃￢∇ヴ∠セ リ͡ョ ͡ヮｚヤャや ∠リ͡ョ ∠マ∠ャ
(... except t he saying of Ibrahim t o his fat her: "Verily, I will ask forgiveness for you, but I have no power t o do anyt hing for you before Allah.'') meaning, ` You cannot follow Ibrahim's example as proof in t he case ment ioned here, as being allowed t o ask Allah t o forgive t hose who died on Shirk.' This is t he saying of Ibn ` Abbas, Muj ahid, Qat adah, Muqat il bin Hayyan, Ad-Dahhak and several ot hers. Allah t he Exalt ed said t hat Ibrahim and his companions, who part ed wit h t heir people and disowned t heir way, said aft erwards, while invoking Allah in humilit y and submission,
び⊥ゲΒ͡ダ∠ヨ∇ャや ∠マ∇Β∠ャ͡ま∠ヱ ゅ∠レ∇ら∠ル∠ぺ ∠マ∇Β∠ャ͡ま∠ヱ ゅ∠レ∇ヤｚミ∠ヲ∠ゎ ∠マ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ ゅ∠レｚよｚケぴ
(Our Lord! In You we put our t rust , and t o You we t urn in repent ance, and t o You is t he final Ret urn.) meaning, ` we t rust in You for all mat t ers, we surrender all of our affairs t o You, and t o You is t he final Ret urn in t he Hereaft er,'
ｚヤあャ ⇔る∠レ∇わ͡プ ゅ∠レ∇ヤ∠バ∇イ∠ゎ ∠Ι ゅ∠レｚよ∠ケぴ
び∇やヱ⊥ゲ∠ヘ∠ミ ∠リΑ͡グ
(Our Lord! Make us not a t rial for t he disbelievers,) Muj ahid said, "It means, ` Do not punish us by t heir hands, nor wit h a punishment from You.' Or t hey will say, ` Had t hese people been following t he t rut h, t he t orment would not have st ruck t hem'.'' Ad-Dahhak said somet hing similar. Qat adah said, "Do not give t he disbelievers vict ory over us, t hus subj ect ing us t o t rials by t heir hands. Surely, if You do so, t hey would t hen t hink t hat t hey were given vict ory over us because t hey are on t he t rut h.'' This is t he meaning t hat Ibn Jarir preferred. ` Ali bin Abi Talhah report ed from Ibn ` Abbas: "Do not give t hem dominance over us, lest we suffer t rials by t heir hands.'' Allah's st at ement ,
∠エ∇ャや ⊥ゴΑ͡ゴ∠バ∇ャや ∠ろル∠ぺ ∠マｚル͡ま べ∠レｚよ∠ケ ゅ∠レ∠ャ ∇ゲ͡ヘ∇ビや∠ヱぴ
び⊥ユΒ͡ム
(and forgive us, Our Lord! Verily, You, only You, are t he Almight y, t he All-Wise.) means, ` cover our mist akes from being exposed t o ot her t han You, and forgive us for what (sin) is bet ween us and You.'
び⊥ゴΑ͡ゴ∠バャや ∠ろル∠ぺ ∠マｚル͡まぴ
(Verily, You, only You, are t he Almight y,) ` and t hose who seek refuge in Your maj est y are never dealt wit h unj ust ly,'
び⊥ユΒ͡ム∠エ∇ャやぴ
∠レ∠ジ∠ェ ∀り∠ヲ∇シ⊥ぺ ∇ユ͡ヰΒ͡プ ∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ ∠ラゅ∠ミ ∇ギ∠ボ∠ャぴ
ヲ⊥ィ∇ゲ∠Α ∠ラゅ∠ミ リ∠ヨあャ ∀る
び∠ゲ͡カｘΙや ∠ュ∇ヲ∠Β∇ャや∠ヱ ∠ヮｚヤャや
(Cert ainly, t here has been in t hem an excellent example for you t o follow -- for t hose who look forward t o (t he meet ing wit h) Allah and t he Last Day.) assert ing what He has said before wit h t he exempt ion ment ioned, i.e., t he good example t hat Allah ment ioned before,
び∠ゲ͡カｘΙや ∠ュ∇ヲ∠Β∇ャや∠ヱ ∠ヮｚヤャや ヲ⊥ィ∇ゲ∠Α ∠ラゅ∠ミ リ∠ヨあャぴ
(for t hose who look forward t o Allah and t he Last Day.) t hus encouraging t he believers who believe in Allah and t he Ret urn t o Him. Allah said,
びｚメ∠ヲ∠わ∠Α リ∠ョ∠ヱぴ
(And whosoever t urns away) meaning, from what Allah has ordained,
び⊥ギΒ͡ヨ∠エ∇ャや ぁヴ͡レ∠ピ∇ャや ∠ヲ⊥ワ ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ͡み∠プぴ
(verily, Allah is Al-Ghani, Al-Hamid.) Allah said in anot her Ayah,
͡チ∇ケｘΙや ヴ͡プ リ∠ョ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥わル∠ぺ ∇やヱ⊥ゲ⊥ヘ∇ム∠ゎ ラ͡まぴ
ｚラ͡み∠プ ゅ⇔バΒ͡ヨ∠ィ
び∀ギΒ͡ヨ∠ェ ｘヴ͡レ∠ピ∠ャ ∠ヮｚヤャや
(If you disbelieve, you and all on t he eart h t oget her, t hen verily! Allah is Ghani, Hamid.) (14:8) ` Ali bin Talhah report ed from Ibn ` Abbas,
びｘヴ͡レ∠ピ∠ャぴ
"(Ghani) is t he One Who is perfect ly rich.'' That is Allah. This is Allah's at t ribut e t hat He alone is wort hy of being described by; surely, He has no equal, none like unt o Him. All praise is due t o Allah, t he One, t he Irresist ible.
び∀ギΒ͡ヨ∠ェぴ
(Hamid) means, t he praisewort hy, in all His st at ement s and act ions, t here is no (t rue) God except Him alone.
ユ⊥わ∇Α∠キゅ∠ハ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ∠リ∇Β∠よ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ム∠レ∇Β∠よ ∠モ∠バ∇イ∠Α ラ∠ぺ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ヴ∠ジ∠ハぴ
∀ユΒ͡ェｚケ ∀ケヲ⊥ヘ∠ビ ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱ ∀ゲΑ͡ギ∠ホ ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱ ⇔りｚキ∠ヲｚョ ユ⊥ヰ∇レあョ
-ｚΙ
∠ャ∠ヱ ͡リΑあギャや ヴ͡プ ∇ユ⊥ミヲ⊥ヤ͡わ⇒∠ボ⊥Α ∇ユ∠ャ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ͡リ∠ハ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ⊥ユ⊥ム⇒∠ヰ∇レ∠Α
∇ユ
∇ユ͡ヰ∇Β∠ャ͡ま ∇やヲ⊥ト͡ジ∇ボ⊥ゎ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ワヱぁゲ∠ら∠ゎ ラ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ミ͡ゲ⇒∠Α͡キ リあョ ∇ユ⊥ミヲ⊥ィ͡ゲ∇ガ⊥Α
び ∠リΒ͡ト͡ジ∇ボ⊥ヨ∇ャや ぁょ͡エ⊥Α ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ͡ま
͡リΑあギャや ヴ͡プ ∇ユ⊥ミヲ⊥ヤ∠わ⇒∠ホ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ͡リ∠ハ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ⊥ユ⊥ム⇒∠ヰ∇レ∠Α ゅ∠ヨｚル͡まぴ
∇ユ⊥ム͡ィ∠ゲ∇カ͡ま ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ ∇やヱ⊥ゲ∠ヰ⇒∠ニ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ミ͡ゲ⇒∠Α͡キ リあョ ユ⊥ミヲ⊥ィ∠ゲ∇カ∠ぺ∠ヱ
∠ゎ ラ∠ぺ
び ∠ラヲ⊥ヨ͡ヤ⇒ｚヌャや ⊥ユ⊥ワ ∠マ͡ゃ⇒∠ャ∇ヱ⊥ほ∠プ ∇ユ⊥ヰｚャ∠ヲ∠わ∠Α リ∠ョ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ワ∇ヲｚャ∠ヲ
(7. Perhaps Allah will make friendship bet ween you and t hose whom you hold as enemies. And Allah has power (over all t hings), and Allah is Oft -Forgiving, Most Merciful.) (8. Allah does not forbid you t o deal j ust ly and kindly wit h t hose who fought not against you on account of religion nor drove you out of your homes. Verily, Allah loves t hose who deal wit h equit y.) (9. It is only as regards t hose who fought against you on account of religion, and have driven you out of your homes, and helped t o drive you out , t hat Allah forbids you t o befriend t hem. And whosoever will befriend t hem, t hen such are t he wrongdoers.)
Perhaps Allah will make a Friendship between You and Those,
whom You hold as Enemies
Allah said t o His fait hful servant s, aft er ordering t hem t o be enemies wit h t he disbelievers,
ユ⊥わ∇Α∠キゅ∠ハ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ∠リ∇Β∠よ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ム∠レ∇Β∠よ ∠モ∠バ∇イ∠Α ラ∠ぺ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ヴ∠ジ∠ハぴ
び⇔りｚキ∠ヲｚョ ユ⊥ヰ∇レあョ
(Perhaps Allah will make friendship bet ween you and t hose, whom you hold as enemies.) meaning affect ion aft er animosit y, t enderness aft er coldness and coming t oget her aft er part ing from each ot her,
(And Allah has power (over all t hings),) Allah is able t o gat her opposit es and bring t oget her heart s, aft er feeling host ilit y and hardness. In t his case, t he heart s will come t oget her in agreement , j ust as Allah said when He ment ioned His favor on t he Ansar,
∠ブｚャ∠ほ∠プ ⇔￢へ∠ギ∇ハ∠ぺ ユ⊥わレ⊥ミ ∇ク͡ま ∇ユ⊥ム∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ ͡ヮｚヤャや ∠る∠ヨ∇バ͡ル ∇やヱ⊥ゲ⊥ミ∇クや∠ヱぴ
∇ユ⊥ム͡よヲ⊥ヤ⊥ホ ∠リ∇Β∠よ
ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ ∇ユ⊥わレ⊥ミ∠ヱ ⇔ゅルや∠ヲ∇カ͡ま ͡ヮ͡わ∠ヨ∇バ͡レ͡よ ユ⊥わ∇エ∠ら∇タ∠ほ∠プ
びゅ∠ヰ∇レあョ ∇ユ⊥ミ∠グ∠ボル∠ほ∠プ ͡ケゅｚレャや ∠リあョ ∃り∠ゲ∇ヘ⊥ェ ゅ∠ヘ∠セ
(And remember Allah's favor on you, for you were enemies one t o anot her but He j oined your heart s t oget her, so t hat , by His grace, you became bret hren and were on t he brink of a pit of Fire, and He saved you from it .) (3:103) Also t he Prophet said t o t hem,
»
∇ユ⊥わ∇レ⊥ミ∠ヱ ∩ヶ͡よ ⊥ぶや ⊥ユ⊥ミや∠ギ∠ヰ∠プ ゅ⇔ャゅｚヤ⊥ッ ∇ユ⊥ミ∇ギ͡ィ∠ぺ ∇ユ∠ャ∠ぺ
∨ヶ͡よ ⊥ぶや ⊥ユ⊥ム∠ヘｚャ∠ほ∠プ ∠リΒ͡ホあゲ∠ヘ∠わ⊥ョ
«
(Did I not find you misguided, and Allah guided you t hrough me; and divided, and Allah unit ed ぴyour heartsび through me) Allah the Exalted said,
∠ヲ⊥ワ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ∠マ∠ら∇ジ∠ェ ｚラ͡み∠プ ∠ポヲ⊥ハ∠ギ∇ガ∠Α ラ∠ぺ ∇やヱ⊥ギΑ͡ゲ⊥Α ラ͡ま∠ヱぴ
∠リΒ͡レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ヨ∇ャゅ͡よ∠ヱ ͡ロ͡ゲ∇ダ∠レ͡よ ∠ポ∠ギｚΑ∠ぺ ン͡グｚャや
-∠リ∇Β∠よ ∠ブｚャ∠ぺ∠ヱ
∠ぺ ∇ヲ∠ャ ∇ユ͡ヰ͡よヲ⊥ヤ⊥ホ
∠ろ∇ヘｚャ∠ぺ べｚョ ⇔ゅバΒ͡ヨ∠ィ ͡チ∇ケｘΙや ヴ͡プ ゅ∠ョ ∠ろ∇ボ∠ヘル
∀ゴΑ͡ゴ∠ハ ⊥ヮｚル͡ま ∇ユ⊥ヰ∠レ∇Β∠よ ∠ブｚャ∠ぺ ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚリ͡ム⇒∠ャ∠ヱ ∇ユ͡ヰ͡よヲ⊥ヤ⊥ホ ∠リ∇Β∠よ
び ∀ユΒ͡ム∠ェ
(He it is Who has support ed you wit h His help and wit h t he believers. And He has unit ed t heir heart s. If you had spent all t hat is in t he eart h, you could not have unit ed t heir heart s, but Allah has unit ed t hem. Cert ainly He is Almight y, All-Wise.) (8:62,63) And in t he Hadit h:
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∠ラヲ⊥ム∠Α ∇ラ∠ぺ ヴ∠ジ∠バ∠プ ∩ゅ∠ョ ゅ⇔ル∇ヲ∠ワ ∠マ∠らΒ͡ら∠ェ ∇ょ͡ら∇ェ∠ぺ
∠ワ ∠マ∠ツΒ͡ピ∠よ ∇ヂ͡ピ∇よ∠ぺ∠ヱ ∩ゅ∠ョ ゅ⇔ョ∇ヲ∠Α ∠マ∠ツΒ͡ピ∠よ
∩ゅ∠ョ ゅ⇔ル∇ヲ
ゅ∠ョ ゅ⇔ョ∇ヲ∠Α ∠マ∠らΒ͡ら∠ェ ∠ラヲ⊥ム∠Α ∇ラ∠ぺ ヴ∠ジ∠バ∠プ
«
(Love your loved one moderat ely, because one day, he might become your enemy. Hat e your hat ed one moderat ely, because one day, he might become your loved one.) Allah's st at ement ,
∀ケヲ⊥ヘ∠ビ ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱぴ
び∀ユΒ͡ェｚケ
(And Allah is Oft -Forgiving, Most Merciful.) means, Allah forgives t he disbelief of t he disbelievers if t hey repent from it , ret urned t o t heir Lord and surrendered t o Him in Islam. Surely, He is t he Oft -Forgiving, t he Most -Mercif ul t o t hose who repent t o Him from t heir sins, no mat t er what t ype of t he sin it is.
The Permissibility of being Kind to Disbelievers who do not fight
against the Religion And Allah's statement;
͡リΑあギャや ヴ͡プ ∇ユ⊥ミヲ⊥ヤ͡わ⇒∠ボ⊥Α ∇ユ∠ャ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ͡リ∠ハ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ⊥ユ⊥ム⇒∠ヰ∇レ∠Α ｚΙぴ
∠ヱ
び∇ユ⊥ミ͡ゲ⇒∠Α͡キ リあョ ∇ユ⊥ミヲ⊥ィ͡ゲ∇ガ⊥Α ∇ユ∠ャ
(Allah does not forbid you wit h t hose who fought not against you on account of religion nor drove you out of your homes,) means, t hose who did not have a role in your expulsion. Therefore, Allah does not forbid you from being kind t o t he disbelievers who do not fight you because of t he religion, such as women and weak disbelievers,
び∇ユ⊥ワヱぁゲ∠ら∠ゎ ラ∠ぺぴ
(t o deal kindly) t o be gent le wit h t hem,
び∇ユ͡ヰ∇Β∠ャ͡ま ∇やヲ⊥ト͡ジ∇ボ⊥ゎ∠ヱぴ
(and j ust ly wit h t hose) t o be fair wit h t hem
͡まぴ
び∠リΒ͡ト͡ジ∇ボ⊥ヨ∇ャや ぁょ͡エ⊥Α ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ
(Verily, Allah loves t hose who deal wit h equit y.) Imam Ahmad recorded t hat Asma' bint Abu Bakr said, "My mot her, who was an idolat ress at t he t ime, came t o me during t he Treat y of Peace, t he Prophet conduct ed wit h t he Quraysh. I came t o t he Prophet and said, ` O Allah's Messenger! My mot her came visit ing, desiring somet hing from me, should I t reat her wit h good relat ions' The Prophet said,
»
マｚョ⊥ぺ ヶ͡ヤ͡タ ∇ユ∠バ∠ル
«
(Yes. Keep good relat ion wit h your mot her.)'' The Two Sahihs recorded t his Hadit h. Imam Ahmad recorded t hat ` Abdullah bin Zubayr said, "Qut aylah came visit ing her daught er, Asma'
bint Abi Bakr, wit h some gift s, such as Dibab, cheese and clarified (cooking) but t er, and she was an idolat ress at t hat t ime. Asma' refused t o accept her mot her's gift s and did not let her ent er her house. ` A'ishah asked t he Prophet about his verdict and Allah sent down t he Ayah,
び͡リΑあギャや ヴ͡プ ∇ユ⊥ミヲ⊥ヤ͡わ⇒∠ボ⊥Α ∇ユ∠ャ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ͡リ∠ハ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ⊥ユ⊥ム⇒∠ヰ∇レ∠Α ｚΙぴ
(Allah does not forbid you wit h t hose who fought not against you on account of religion) unt il t he end of t he Ayah. Allah's Messenger ordered Asma' t o accept her mot her's gift s and t o let her ent er her house.'' Allah's st at ement ,
び∠リΒ͡ト͡ジ∇ボ⊥ヨ∇ャや ぁょ͡エ⊥Α ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ͡まぴ
(Allah loves t hose who deal wit h equit y.) was duly explained in t he Tafsir of Surat Al-Huj urat . We also ment ioned t he aut hent ic Hadit h,
»
͡リΒ͡ヨ∠Α ∇リ∠ハ ∃ケヲ⊥ル ∇リ͡ョ ∠ゲ͡よゅ∠レ∠ョ ヴヤ∠ハ ∠ラヲ⊥ト͡ジ∇ボ⊥ヨ∇ャや
ゅ∠ョ∠ヱ ∇ユ͡ヰΒ͡ャゅ∠ワ∠ぺ∠ヱ ∇ユ͡ヰ͡ヨ∇ム⊥ェ ヶ͡プ ∠ラヲ⊥ャ͡ギ∇バ∠Α ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ∩͡ス∇ゲ∠バ∇ャや
やヲ⊥ャ∠ヱ
«
(The j ust , who are fair in t heir decisions, families and t hose under t heir aut horit y, will be on podiums made of light , t o t he right of t he Throne.)
The Prohibition of being Kind towards Combatant Disbelievers
Allah's st at ement ,
⊥ヮｚヤャや ⊥ユ⊥ム⇒∠ヰ∇レ∠Α ゅ∠ヨｚル͡まぴ
͡リΑあギャや ヴ͡プ ∇ユ⊥ミヲ⊥ヤ∠わ⇒∠ホ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ͡リ∠ハ
∇ユ⊥ム͡ィ∠ゲ∇カ͡ま ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ ∇やヱ⊥ゲ∠ヰ⇒∠ニ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ミ͡ゲ⇒∠Α͡キ リあョ ユ⊥ミヲ⊥ィ∠ゲ∇カ∠ぺ∠ヱ
び∇ユ⊥ワ∇ヲｚャ∠ヲ∠ゎ ラ∠ぺ
(It is only as regards t hose who fought against you on account of religion, and have driven you out of your homes, and helped t o drive you out t hat Allah forbids you t o befriend t hem.) (60:9) means, ` Allah forbids you from being kind and befriending wit h t he disbelievers who are openly host ile t o you, t hose who fought against you, expelled you and helped t o expel you. Allah t he Exalt ed forbids you from being t heir friends and orders you t o be t heir enemy.' Then Allah st resses His t hreat against being friends wit h t hem, by saying,
び∠ラヲ⊥ヨ͡ヤ⇒ｚヌャや ⊥ユ⊥ワ ∠マ͡ゃ⇒∠ャ∇ヱ⊥ほ∠プ ∇ユ⊥ヰｚャ∠ヲ∠わ∠Α リ∠ョ∠ヱぴ
(And whosoever will befriend t hem, t hen such are t he wrongdoers.) As He said;
∠キヲ⊥ヰ∠Β∇ャや ∇やヱ⊥グ͡ガｚわ∠ゎ ∠Ι ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほ⇒∠Αぴ
リ∠ョ∠ヱ ∃ヂ∇バ∠よ ⊥￢べ∠Β͡ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥ツ∇バ∠よ ∠￢べ∠Β͡ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ ン∠ゲ⇒∠ダｚレャや∠ヱ
∠ュ∇ヲ∠ボ∇ャや ン͡ギ∇ヰ∠Α ∠Ι ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ͡ま ∇ユ⊥ヰ∇レ͡ョ ⊥ヮｚル͡み∠プ ∇ユ⊥ムレあョ ∇ユ⊥ヰｚャ∠ヲ∠わ∠Α
び ∠リΒ͡ヨ͡ヤ⇒ｚヌャや
(O you who believe! Take not t he Jews and t he Christ ians as prot ect ing friends, t hey are but prot ect ing friends of each ot her. And if any among you t akes t hem (as prot ect ing friends), t hen surely, he is one of t hem. Verily, Allah guides not t hose people who are t he wrongdoers) (5:51)
⊥ろ⇒∠レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ヨ∇ャや ⊥ユ⊥ミ∠￢べ∠ィ や∠ク͡ま ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほΑぴ
∇ラ͡み∠プ ｚリ͡ヰ͡レ⇒∠ヨΑ͡み͡よ ⊥ユ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ ⊥ヮｚヤャや ｚリ⊥ワヲ⊥レ͡エ∠わ∇ョゅ∠プ ∃れ∠ゲ͡イ⇒∠ヰ⊥ョ
∠Ι ͡ケゅｚヘ⊥ム∇ャや ヴ∠ャ͡ま ｚリ⊥ワヲ⊥バ͡ィ∇ゲ∠ゎ ∠Κ∠プ ∃ろ⇒∠レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ョ ｚリ⊥ワヲ⊥ヨ⊥わ∇ヨ͡ヤ∠ハ
⊥ワ ∠Ι∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ヰｚャ ｘモ͡ェ ｚリ⊥ワ
べｚョ ユ⊥ワヲ⊥ゎや∠￢∠ヱ ｚリ⊥ヰ∠ャ ∠ラヲぁヤ͡エ∠Α ∇ユ
へ∠ク͡ま ｚリ⊥ワヲ⊥エ͡ムレ∠ゎ ラ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ム∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ ∠ゥゅ∠レ⊥ィ ∠Ι∠ヱ ∇やヲ⊥ボ∠ヘル∠ぺ
͡ゲ͡プや∠ヲ∠ム∇ャや ͡ユ∠ダ͡バ͡よ ∇やヲ⊥ム͡ジ∇ヨ⊥ゎ ∠Ι∠ヱ ｚリ⊥ワ∠ケヲ⊥ィ⊥ぺ ｚリ⊥ワヲ⊥ヨ⊥わ∇Β∠ゎや∠￢
⊥ユ∇ム⊥ェ ∇ユ⊥ム͡ャ∠ク ∇やヲ⊥ボ∠ヘル∠ぺ べ∠ョ ∇やヲ⊥ヤ∠⇒∇ジ∠Β∇ャ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥わ∇ボ∠ヘル∠ぺ べ∠ョ ∇やヲ⊥ヤ∠⇒∇シや∠ヱ
∠Α ͡ヮｚヤャや
∀ユΒ͡ム∠ェ ∀ユΒ͡ヤ∠ハ ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ム∠レ∇Β∠よ ⊥ユ⊥ム∇エ
-∇ユ⊥ム∠ゎゅ∠プ ラ͡ま∠ヱ
∠リΑ͡グｚャや ∇やヲ⊥ゎべ∠プ ∇ユ⊥わ∇ら∠ボ⇒∠バ∠プ ͡ゲ⇒ｚヘ⊥ム∇ャや ヴ∠ャ͡ま ∇ユ⊥ム͡ィ∠ヱ∇コ∠ぺ ∇リあョ ∀￢∇ヴ∠セ
ン͡グｚャや ∠ヮｚヤャや ∇やヲ⊥ボｚゎや∠ヱ ∇やヲ⊥ボ∠ヘル∠ぺ べ∠ョ ∠モ∇んあョ ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥ィ∠ヱ∇コ∠ぺ ∇ろ∠ら∠ワ∠ク
び ∠ラヲ⊥レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ョ ͡ヮ͡よ ∇ユ⊥わル∠ぺ
(10. O you who believe! When believing women come t o you as emigrant s, examine t hem; Allah knows best as t o t heir fait h, t hen if you ascert ain t hat t hey are t rue believers, send t hem not back t o t he disbelievers. They are not lawful for t he disbelievers nor are t he disbelievers lawful for t hem. But give t hem (disbelievers) t hat which t hey have spent (on t heir dowery). And t here will be no sin on you t o marry t hem if you have paid t heir due t o t hem. Likewise do not keep t he disbelieving women, and ask for t hat which you have spent (on t heir dowery) and let t hem (t he disbelievers) ask for t hat which t hey have spent . That is t he j udgement of Allah, He j udges bet ween you. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.) (11. And if any of your wives have gone from you t o t he disbelievers t hen you succeed over t hem (gain vict ory); t hen pay t hose whose wives have gone, t he equivalent of what t hey had spent . And have Taqwa of Allah, t he One in Whom you are believers.)
After Al-Hudaybiyyah, Emigrant Muslim Women may not be
returned to the Disbelievers
Surat Al-Fat h, we relat ed t he st ory of t he t reat y at Al-Hudaybiyyah t hat was conduct ed bet ween t he Messenger of Allah and t he disbelievers of Quraysh. In t hat t reat y, t here were t hese words, "Everyman (in anot her narrat ion, every person) who revert s from our side t o your side, should be ret urned t o us, even if he is a follower of your religion.'' This was said by ` Urwah, Ad-Dahhak, ` Abdur-Rahman bin Zayd, Az-Zuhri, Muqat il bin Hayyan and As-Suddi. So according t o t his narrat ion, t his Ayah specifies and explains t he Sunnah. And t his is t he best case of underst anding. Yet according t o anot her view of some of t he Salaf, it abrogat es it . Allah t he Exalt ed and Most High ordered His fait hful servant s t o t est t he fait h of women who emigrat e t o t hem. When t hey are sure t hat t hey are fait hful, t hey should not send t hem back t o t he disbelievers, for t he disbelievers are not allowed for t hem and t hey are not allowed for t he disbelievers. In t he biography of ` Abdullah bin Abi Ahmad bin Jahsh in Al-Musnad Al-Kabir, we also ment ioned t hat ` Abdullah bin Abi Ahmad said, "Umm Kult hum bint ` Uqbah bin Abi Mu` ayt emigrat ed and her brot hers, ` Umarah and Al-Walid, went aft er her. They came t o Allah's Messenger and t alked t o him about Umm Kult hum and asked t hat she be ret urned t o t hem. Allah abolished t he part of t he t reat y bet ween t he Prophet and t he idolat ors about t he women part icularly. So He forbade ret urning Muslim women t o t he idolat ors and revealed t he Ayah about t est ing t hem.'' Al-` Awfi report ed from Ibn ` Abbas, about Allah's saying:
⊥ろ⇒∠レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ヨ∇ャや ⊥ユ⊥ミ∠￢べ∠ィ や∠ク͡ま ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほΑぴ
びｚリ⊥ワヲ⊥レ͡エ∠わ∇ョゅ∠プ ∃れ∠ゲ͡イ⇒∠ヰ⊥ョ
(O you who believe! When believing women come t o you as emigrant s, examine t hem;) "Their examinat ion was asking t hem t o t est ify t o La ilaha illallah, and t hat Muhammad is Allah's servant and His Messenger.'' Muj ahid explained t he Ayah,
びｚリ⊥ワヲ⊥レ͡エ∠わ∇ョゅ∠プぴ
(examine t hem) by saying, "Ask t hem why t hey migrat ed. If t hey came because t hey were angry wit h t heir husbands, or for any ot her reason, and you realized t hat t hey did not embrace t he fait h, t hen send t hem back t o t heir husbands.'' Allah's st at ement ,
ヴ∠ャ͡ま ｚリ⊥ワヲ⊥バ͡ィ∇ゲ∠ゎ ∠Κ∠プ ∃ろ⇒∠レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ョ ｚリ⊥ワヲ⊥ヨ⊥わ∇ヨ͡ヤ∠ハ ∇ラ͡み∠プぴ
び͡ケゅｚヘ⊥ム∇ャや
(t hen if you ascert ain t hat t hey are t rue believers, send t hem not back t o t he disbelievers.) This Ayah indicat es t hat fait h can be recognized and affirmed.
The Believing Woman is prohibited from marrying an Idolator and
the Believing Man is prohibited from marrying the Idolatress
Allah's st at ement ,
ｘモ͡ェ ｚリ⊥ワ ∠Ιぴ
びｚリ⊥ヰ∠ャ ∠ラヲぁヤ͡エ∠Α ∇ユ⊥ワ ∠Ι∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥ヰｚャ
(They are not lawful for t he disbelievers nor are t he disbelievers lawf ul for t hem.) This Ayah forbids Muslim women for idolat ors, which was a lawful marriage in t he beginning of Islam. Abu Al-` As bin Ar-Rabi` was married t o Zaynab, t he Prophet 's daught er. She was a Muslim, while Abu Al-` As was st ill an idolat or like his people. When he was capt ured during t he bat t le of Badr, his wife, Zaynab, sent his ransom, a necklace t hat belonged t o t he Prophet 's first wife Khadij ah. The Prophet became very emot ional when he saw t he necklace and said t o t he Companions,
»
やヲ⊥ヤ∠バ∇プゅ∠プ ゅ∠ワ∠ゲΒ͡シ∠ぺ ゅ∠ヰ∠ャ やヲ⊥ボ͡ヤ∇ト⊥ゎ ∇ラ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥わ∇Α∠ぺ∠ケ ∇ラ͡ま
«
(If you decide t o set free t he prisoner who belongs t o her, t hen do so.) They did, and Allah's Messenger set him free. His ransom was t hat he send his wife t o Allah's Messenger . Abu Al-` As fulfilled his promise and sent Zaynab t o Allah's Messenger along wit h Zayd bin Harit hah. Zaynab remained in Al-Madinah aft er t he bat t le of Badr, which t ook place in t he second year of Hij rah, unt il her husband Abu Al-` As bin Ar-Rahi` embraced Islam in t he eight h year aft er t he Hij rah. She ret urned t o t heir marriage wit hout renewing t he dowery. Allah's st at ement ,
び∇やヲ⊥ボ∠ヘル∠ぺ べｚョ ユ⊥ワヲ⊥ゎや∠￢∠ヱぴ
(But give t hem t hat which t hey have spent . ) meaning, t he husbands of t he emigrant women who came from t he idolat ors, ret urn t he dowery t hat t hey gave t o t heir wives. This was said by Ibn ` Abbas, Muj ahid, Qat adah, Az-Zuhri and several ot hers. Allah's st at ement ,
∠ゥゅ∠レ⊥ィ ∠Ι∠ヱぴ
ｚリ⊥ワヲ⊥ヨ⊥わ∇Β∠ゎや∠￢ へ∠ク͡ま ｚリ⊥ワヲ⊥エ͡ムレ∠ゎ ラ∠ぺ ∇ユ⊥ム∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ
(And t here will be no sin on you t o marry t hem if you have paid t heir due t o t hem.) means, when you wish t o marry t hem, t hen give t hem t heir dowery. That is, marry t hem under t he condit ion t hat t heir ` Iddah (wait ing period) is finished and t hey have a legal guardian for t heir marriage et c. Allah said,
び͡ゲ͡プや∠ヲ∠ム∇ャや ͡ユ∠ダ͡バ͡よ ∇やヲ⊥ム͡ジ∇ヨ⊥ゎ ∠Ι∠ヱぴ
(Likewise do not keep disbelieving women,) t hus forbidding His fait hful servant s from marrying idolat or women or remaining married t o t hem. In t he Sahih, it is recorded t hat Al-Miswar and Marwan bin Al-Hakam said t hat aft er t he Messenger of Allah conduct ed t he t reat y wit h t he Quraysh idolat ors at Al-Hudaybiyyah, some Muslim women emigrat ed t o him and Allah t he Exalt ed sent down t his Ayah about t hem,
⊥ろ⇒∠レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ヨ∇ャや ⊥ユ⊥ミ∠￢べ∠ィ や∠ク͡ま ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほΑぴ
び∃れ∠ゲ͡イ⇒∠ヰ⊥ョ
(O you who believe! When believing women come t o you as emigrant s) unt il,
び͡ゲ͡プや∠ヲ∠ム∇ャや ͡ユ∠ダ͡バ͡よ ∇やヲ⊥ム͡ジ∇ヨ⊥ゎ ∠Ι∠ヱぴ
(Likewise do not keep disbelieving women,) Then ` Umar bin Al-Khat t ab divorced t wo of his wives, who were idolat resses, and one of t hem got married t o Mu` awiyah bin Abi Sufyan, while t he ot her got married t o Safwan bin Umayyah. Ibn Thawr narrat ed t hat Ma` mar said t hat Az-Zuhri said, "This Ayah was revealed t o Allah's Messenger while he was in t he area of Al-Hudaybiyyah, aft er making peace. He agreed t hat whoever comes from t he Quraysh t o his side, will be ret urned t o Makkah. When some women came, t his Ayah was revealed. Allah commanded t hat t he dowery t hat was paid t o t hese women be ret urned t o t heir husbands. Allah also ordered t hat if some Muslim women revert t o t he side of t he idolat ors, t he idolat ors should ret urn t heir dowery t o t heir Muslim husbands. Allah said,
び͡ゲ͡プや∠ヲ∠ム∇ャや ͡ユ∠ダ͡バ͡よ ∇やヲ⊥ム͡ジ∇ヨ⊥ゎ ∠Ι∠ヱぴ
(Likewise do not keep disbelieving women).'' Allah's st at ement ,
び∇やヲ⊥ボ∠ヘル∠ぺ べ∠ョ ∇やヲ⊥ヤ∠⇒∇ジ∠Β∇ャ∠ヱ ∇ユ⊥わ∇ボ∠ヘル∠ぺ べ∠ョ ∇やヲ⊥ヤ∠⇒∇シや∠ヱぴ
(and ask for t hat which you have spent and let t hem ask for t hat which t hey have spent .) means, ask t hem for what you have paid t o your wives who revert ed t o t he side of t he idolat ors, and t hey are ent it led t o get back t he dowery t hat t hey gave t heir wives who emigrat ed t o t he Muslims. Allah's st at ement ,
⊥ユ⊥ム∇エ∠Α ͡ヮｚヤャや ⊥ユ∇ム⊥ェ ∇ユ⊥ム͡ャ∠クぴ
び∇ユ⊥ム∠レ∇Β∠よ
(That is t he j udgement of Allah, He j udges bet ween you.) means, t his j udgement about t he t reat y and excluding women from it s clauses, is a decision t hat Allah made for His creat ures,
び∀ユΒ͡ム∠ェ ∀ユΒ͡ヤ∠ハ ⊥ヮｚヤャや∠ヱぴ
(And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.) meaning, He knows what benefit s His servant s and is t he Most Wise about t hat . Allah t he Exalt ed said,
∇ユ⊥わ∇ら∠ボ⇒∠バ∠プ ͡ゲ⇒ｚヘ⊥ム∇ャや ヴ∠ャ͡ま ∇ユ⊥ム͡ィ∠ヱ∇コ∠ぺ ∇リあョ ∀￢∇ヴ∠セ ∇ユ⊥ム∠ゎゅ∠プ ラ͡ま∠ヱぴ
び∇やヲ⊥ボ∠ヘル∠ぺ べ∠ョ ∠モ∇んあョ ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥ィ∠ヱ∇コ∠ぺ ∇ろ∠ら∠ワ∠ク ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ∇やヲ⊥ゎべ∠プ
(And if any of your wives have gone from you t o t he disbelievers -- t hen you succeeded (gained vict ory) over t hem; t hen pay t hose whose wives have gone, t he equivalent of what t hey had spent .) Muj ahid and Qat adah explained t his Ayah, by saying, "This is about t he disbelievers who did not have a t reat y of peace. If a woman flees t o t he disbelievers and t hey do not give back what t hat her husband spent on her, t hen if a women comes t o t hem (t he Muslims) t hey are not t o ret urn t o her husband anyt hing unt il t hey pay t he Muslim whose wife went t o t hem t he equivalent of what he spent . '' Ibn Jarir recorded t hat Az-Zuhri said, "The believers abided by Allah's decree and paid what t hey owed t he idolat ors t o compensat e for t he dowery t he idolat ors gave t o t he women (who emigrat ed). However, t he idolat ors refused t o accept Allah's j udgement for what t hey owed t he Muslims. Allah said t o t he fait hful believers,
∇ユ⊥わ∇ら∠ボ⇒∠バ∠プ ͡ゲ⇒ｚヘ⊥ム∇ャや ヴ∠ャ͡ま ∇ユ⊥ム͡ィ∠ヱ∇コ∠ぺ ∇リあョ ∀￢∇ヴ∠セ ∇ユ⊥ム∠ゎゅ∠プ ラ͡ま∠ヱぴ
⊥ヰ⊥ィ∠ヱ∇コ∠ぺ ∇ろ∠ら∠ワ∠ク ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ∇やヲ⊥ゎべ∠プ
∇やヲ⊥ボｚゎや∠ヱ ∇やヲ⊥ボ∠ヘル∠ぺ べ∠ョ ∠モ∇んあョ ∇ユ
び ∠ラヲ⊥レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ョ ͡ヮ͡よ ∇ユ⊥わル∠ぺ ン͡グｚャや ∠ヮｚヤャや
(And if any of your wives have gone from you t o t he disbelievers -- t hen you succeeded (gained vict ory) over t hem; t hen pay t hose whose wives have gone, t he equivalent of what t hey had spent . And have Taqwa of Allah, t he One in Whom your are believers.) Therefore, if a Muslim woman revert s t o t he idolat ors, t he believers should give back t he dowery her Muslim husband paid her, from what ever money is left wit h t hem from t he dowery of women who migrat ed t o t he Muslims. They were supposed t o ret urn t his wealt h t o t he idolat or husbands of t hese emigrant women. If t hey st ill have anyt hing t hey owed t he idolat ors, t hen t hey should ret urn it t o t hem.''
∠ィ や∠ク͡ま ぁヴ͡らｚレャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほΑぴ
ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ ∠マ∠レ∇バ͡Αゅ∠ら⊥Α ⊥ろ⇒∠レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ヨ∇ャや ∠ポ∠￢べ
∠リΒ͡ル∇ゴ∠Α ∠Ι∠ヱ ∠リ∇ホ͡ゲ∇ジ∠Α ∠Ι∠ヱ ⇔ゅゃ∇Β∠セ ͡ヮｚヤャゅ͡よ ∠リ∇ミ͡ゲ∇ゼ⊥Α ｚΙ ラ∠ぺ
∠リ∇Β∠よ ⊥ヮ∠レΑ͡ゲ∠わ∇ヘ∠Α ∃リ⇒∠わ⊥ヰ⊥ら͡よ ∠リΒ͡ゎ∇ほ∠Α ∠Ι∠ヱ ｚリ⊥ワ∠ギ⇒∇ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ ∠リ∇ヤ⊥わ∇ボ∠Α ∠Ι∠ヱ
∃フヱ⊥ゲ∇バ∠ョ ヴ͡プ ∠マ∠レΒ͡ダ∇バ∠Α ∠Ι∠ヱ ｚリ͡ヰ͡ヤ⊥ィ∇ケ∠ぺ∠ヱ ｚリ͡ヰΑ͡ギ∇Α∠ぺ
∠プ
び ∀ユΒ͡ェｚケ ∀ケヲ⊥ヘ∠ビ ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ͡ま ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚリ⊥ヰ∠ャ ∇ゲ͡ヘ∇ピ∠わ∇シや∠ヱ ｚリ⊥ヰ∇バ͡Αゅ∠ら
(12. O Prophet ! When t he believing women come t o you pledging t o you t hat t hey will not associat e anyt hing wit h Allah, and t hat t hey will not st eal, and t hat t hey will not commit Zina, and t hat t hey will not kill t heir children, and t hat t hey will not ut t er slander, fabricat ing from bet ween t heir hands and t heir feet , and t hat t hey will not disobey you in Ma` ruf (good), Allah said t o t he fait hful believers,
∀￢∇ヴ∠セ ∇ユ⊥ム∠ゎゅ∠プ ラ͡ま∠ヱぴ
∇ユ⊥わ∇ら∠ボ⇒∠バ∠プ ͡ゲ⇒ｚヘ⊥ム∇ャや ヴ∠ャ͡ま ∇ユ⊥ム͡ィ∠ヱ∇コ∠ぺ ∇リあョ
∇やヲ⊥ボｚゎや∠ヱ ∇やヲ⊥ボ∠ヘル∠ぺ べ∠ョ ∠モ∇んあョ ∇ユ⊥ヰ⊥ィ∠ヱ∇コ∠ぺ ∇ろ∠ら∠ワ∠ク ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ∇やヲ⊥ゎべ∠プ
び ∠ラヲ⊥レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ョ ͡ヮ͡よ ∇ユ⊥わル∠ぺ ン͡グｚャや ∠ヮｚヤャや
(And if any of your wives have gone from you t o t he disbelievers -- t hen you succeeded (gained vict ory) over t hem; t hen pay t hose whose wives have gone, t he equivalent of what t hey had spent . And have Taqwa of Allah, t he One in Whom your are believers.) Therefore, if a Muslim woman revert s t o t he idolat ors, t he believers should give back t he dowery her Muslim husband paid her, from what ever money is left wit h t hem from t he dowery of women who migrat ed t o t he Muslims. They were supposed t o ret urn t his wealt h t o t he idolat or husbands of t hese emigrant women. If t hey st ill have anyt hing t hey owed t he idolat ors, t hen t hey should ret urn it t o t hem.''
The Matters the Women pledged to
Al-Bukhari recorded t hat ` A'ishah t he wife of t he Prophet said, "Allah's Messenger used t o examine women who migrat ed t o his side according t o t his Ayah,
∠ヰぁΑ∠ほΑぴ
び∠マ∠レ∇バ͡Αゅ∠ら⊥Α ⊥ろ⇒∠レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ヨ∇ャや ∠ポ∠￢べ∠ィ や∠ク͡ま ぁヴ͡らｚレャや ゅ
(O Prophet ! When believing women come t o you pledging t o you...) unt il,
び∀ユΒ͡ェｚケ ∀ケヲ⊥ヘ∠ビ ∠ヮｚヤャや ｚラ͡まぴ
(Verily, Allah is Oft -Forgiving, Most Merciful.)'' ` Urwah said, "` A'ishah said, ` When any believing woman agreed t o t hese condit ions, Allah's Messenger would say t o her,
»
マ⊥わ∇バ∠Αゅ∠よ ∇ギ∠ホ
«
(I have accept ed your pledge.) but , by Allah, he never t ouched t he hand of any women at all while t aking t he pledge from t hem. He only t ook t heir pledge of allegiance by saying,
»
マ͡ャ∠ク ヴヤ∠ハ ͡マ⊥わ∇バ∠Αゅ∠よ ∇ギ∠ホ
«
(I have accept ed your pledge.)'' This is t he wording of Al-Bukhari. Imam Ahmad recorded t hat Umaymah bint Ruqayqah said, "I came t o Allah's Messenger wit h some women t o give him our pledge and he t ook t he pledge from us t hat is ment ioned in t he Qur'an, t hat we associat e none wit h Allah, et c; as in t he Ayah. Then he said,
»
リ⊥わ∇ボ∠デ∠ぺ∠ヱ ｚリ⊥わ∇バ∠ト∠わ∇シや ゅ∠ヨΒ͡プ
«
(As much as you can bear t o implement .) We said, ` Surely, Allah and His Messenger are more merciful wit h us t han we are wit h ourselves.' We t hen said, ` O Allah's Messenger, should you not shake hands wit h us' He said,
»
∃り∠ギ͡ェや∠ヱ ∃り∠ぺ∠ゲ∇ョゅ͡ャ ヶ͡ャ∇ヲ∠ホ ゅ∠ヨｚル͡ま ∩∠￢ゅ∠ジあレャや ⊥ウ͡プゅ∠タ⊥ぺ ゅ∠ャ ヶあル͡ま
り∠ぺ∠ゲ∇ョや ͡る∠もゅ͡ヨ͡ャ ヶ͡ャ∇ヲ∠ボ∠ミ
«
(I do not shake hands wit h women, for my st at ement t o one woman is as sufficient as my st at ement t o a hundred women.)'' This Hadit h has an aut hent ic chain of narrat ion; At -Tirmidhi, An-Nasa'i and Ibn Maj ah collect ed it . Al-Bukhari also recorded t hat Umm ` At iyah said, "The Messenger of Allah t ook our pledge and recit ed t o us t he Ayah,
び⇔ゅゃ∇Β∠セ ͡ヮｚヤャゅ͡よ ∠リ∇ミ͡ゲ∇ゼ⊥Α ｚΙ ラ∠ぺぴ
(...t hat t hey will not associat e anyt hing wit h Allah,) and forbade us t o wail for t he dead. Thereupon, a lady wit hdrew her hand saying, ` But such and such lady shared wit h me in lament ing (over one of my relat ives), so I must reward hers.' The Prophet did not obj ect t o t hat , so she went t here and ret urned t o t he Prophet and he accept ed her pledge of allegiance.'' Muslim also collect ed t his Hadit h. Imam Ahmad recorded t hat ` Ubadah bin As-Samit said, "While we were wit h t he Prophet , he said,
»
ゅ∠ャ∠ヱ ∩ゅ⇔ゃ∇Β∠セ ͡ぶゅ͡よ やヲ⊥ミ͡ゲ∇ゼ⊥ゎ ゅ∠ャ ∇ラ∠ぺ ヴヤ∠ハ ヶ͡ルヲ⊥バ͡Αゅ∠ら⊥ゎ
∇ユ⊥ミ∠キゅ∠ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ やヲ⊥ヤ⊥わ∇ボ∠ゎ ゅ∠ャ∠ヱ ∩やヲ⊥ル∇ゴ∠ゎ ゅ∠ャ∠ヱ ∩やヲ⊥ホ͡ゲ∇ジ∠ゎ
«
(Pledge t o me in t hat you will not associat e any wit h Allah, nor st eal, nor commit Zina, nor kill your children.) Then he recit ed t he Ayah t hat begins;
(when t he believing women come t o you. ..) and t ook t he pledge of allegiance from t he women. He t hen added,
»
∇レ͡ョ ヴ∠プ∠ヱ ∇リ∠ヨ∠プ
∠ゆゅ∠タ∠ぺ ∇リ∠ョ∠ヱ ∩͡ぶや ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ ⊥ロ⊥ゲ∇ィ∠ほ∠プ ∇ユ⊥ム
∇リ∠ョ∠ヱ ∩⊥ヮ∠ャ ∀り∠ケゅｚヘ∠ミ ∠ヲ⊥ヰ∠プ ͡ヮ͡よ ∠ょ͡ホヲ⊥バ∠プ ゅ⇔ゃ∇Β∠セ ∠マ͡ャ∠ク ∇リ͡ョ
ヴ∠ャ͡ま ∠ヲ⊥ヰ∠プ ͡ヮ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ ⊥ぶや ⊥ロ∠ゲ∠わ∠ジ∠プ ゅ⇔ゃ∇Β∠セ ∠マ͡ャ∠ク ∇リ͡ョ ∠ゆゅ∠タ∠ぺ
ヮ∠よｚグ∠ハ ∠￢ゅ∠セ ∇ラ͡ま∠ヱ ∩⊥ヮ∠ャ ∠ゲ∠ヘ∠ビ ∠￢ゅ∠セ ∇ラ͡ま ∩͡ぶや
«
(Those among you who fulfill t his pledge, will receive t heir reward from Allah. Those who deviat e from any of it and receive t he legal punishment (in t his life), t he punishment will be expiat ion for t hat sin. Whoever deviat es from any of it and Allah screens him, t hen it is up t o Allah t o punish or forgive if He wills.) The Two Sahihs recorded t his Hadit h. Allah's st at ement ,
び∠マ∠レ∇バ͡Αゅ∠ら⊥Α ⊥ろ⇒∠レ͡ョ∇ぽ⊥ヨ∇ャや ∠ポ∠￢べ∠ィ や∠ク͡ま ぁヴ͡らｚレャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほΑぴ
(O Prophet ! When t he believing women come t o you pledging t o you) means, ` if any woman comes t o you t o give you t he pledge and she accept s t hese condit ions, t hen accept t he pledge from her,'
び∠リ∇ホ͡ゲ∇ジ∠Α ∠Ι∠ヱ ⇔ゅゃ∇Β∠セ ͡ヮｚヤャゅ͡よ ∠リ∇ミ͡ゲ∇ゼ⊥Α ｚΙ ラ∠ぺ ヴ∠ヤ∠ハぴ
(t hat t hey will not associat e anyt hing wit h Allah, t hat t hey will not st eal,) meaning, t he propert y of ot her people. In t he case where a husband is not fulfilling his dut y of spending on his wife, t hen she is allowed t o use a part of his wealt h, what is reasonable, t o spend on herself. This is t he case regardless of whet her t he husband knows about his wife's act ions or not , because of t he Hadit h in which Hind bint ` Ut bah said, "O Allah's Messenger! Abu Sufyan is a miser! He does not give me sufficient money for t he living expense of our family and myself. Am I allowed t o secret ly t ake from his money wit hout his knowledge'' Allah's Messenger said t o her,
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ヶ͡ヘ∇ム∠Α∠ヱ ͡マΒ͡ヘ∇ム∠Α ゅ∠ョ ∩͡フヱ⊥ゲ∇バ∠ヨ∇ャゅ͡よ ͡ヮ͡ャゅ∠ョ ∇リ͡ョ ヵ͡グ⊥カ
マΒ͡レ∠よ
«
(You may t ake from what is reasonable and appropriat e for you and your children) This Hadit h was recorded in t he t wo Sahihs. Allah's st at ement ,
び∠リΒ͡ル∇ゴ∠Α ∠Ι∠ヱぴ
び ⇔ΚΒ͡ら∠シ ∠￢べ∠シ∠ヱ ⇔る∠ゼ͡ェゅ∠プ ∠ラゅ∠ミ ⊥ヮｚル͡ま ヴ∠ルあゴャや ∇やヲ⊥よ∠ゲ∇ボ∠ゎ ∠Ι∠ヱぴ
(And come not near t o Az-Zina. Verily, it is a Fahishah (immoral act ) and an evil way.) (17:32) A Hadit h collect ed from Samurah ment ions t hat for t he adult erers and fornicat ors t here is a painful t orment in t he fire of Hell. Imam Ahmad recorded t hat ` A'ishah said, "Fat imah bint ` Ut bah came t o give her pledge t o Allah's Messenger , who t ook t he pledge from her,
び∠リΒ͡ル∇ゴ∠Α ∠Ι∠ヱ ∠リ∇ホ͡ゲ∇ジ∠Α ∠Ι∠ヱ ⇔ゅゃ∇Β∠セ ͡ヮｚヤャゅ͡よ ∠リ∇ミ͡ゲ∇ゼ⊥Α ｚΙ ラ∠ぺぴ
(t hat t hey will not associat e anyt hing wit h Allah, t hey will not st eal, t hat t hey will not commit Zina (fornicat ion and adult ery),) Fat imah bashfully placed her hand on her head in shyness. The Prophet liked what she did. ` A'ishah said, ` O woman! Accept t he pledge, because by Allah, we all gave t he pledge t o t he same.' She said, ` Yes t hen,' and she gave her pledge t o t he same t hings ment ioned in t he Ayah.''' Allah's st at ement ,
びｚリ⊥ワ∠ギ⇒∇ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ ∠リ∇ヤ⊥わ∇ボ∠Α ∠Ι∠ヱぴ
(t hat t hey will not kill t heir children,) includes killing children aft er t hey are born. The people of Jahiliyyah used t o kill t heir children because t hey feared povert y. The Ayah includes killing t he fet us, j ust as some ignorant women do for various evil reasons. Allah's st at ement ,
びｚリ͡ヰ͡ヤ⊥ィ∇ケ∠ぺ∠ヱ ｚリ͡ヰΑ͡ギ∇Α∠ぺ ∠リ∇Β∠よ ⊥ヮ∠レΑ͡ゲ∠わ∇ヘ∠Α ∃リ⇒∠わ⊥ヰ⊥ら͡よ ∠リΒ͡ゎ∇ほ∠Α ∠Ι∠ヱぴ
(and t hat t hey will not ut t er slander, fabricat ing from bet ween t heir hands and t heir feet ,) Ibn ` Abbas said, "It means t hat t hey not t o at t ribut e t o t heir husbands ot her t han t heir legit imat e children.'' Muqat il said similarly. Allah's st at ement ,
び∃フヱ⊥ゲ∇バ∠ョ ヴ͡プ ∠マ∠レΒ͡ダ∇バ∠Α ∠Ι∠ヱぴ
(and t hat t hey will not disobey you in Ma` ruf (good),) means, ` t hat t hey will obey you when you order t hem t o do good and forbid t hem from evil.' Al-Bukhari recorded t hat Ibn ` Abbas said about Allah's st at ement ,
び∃フヱ⊥ゲ∇バ∠ョ ヴ͡プ ∠マ∠レΒ͡ダ∇バ∠Α ∠Ι∠ヱぴ
(and t hat t hey will not disobey you in any Ma` ruf (good), ) "This was one of t he condit ions which Allah imposed on t he women. '' Maymun bin Mihran said, "Allah did not order obedience t o His Prophet for ot her t han Ma` ruf, and Ma` ruf is it self obedience.'' Ibn Zayd said, "Allah commanded t hat His Messenger, t he best of His creat ion, be obeyed in t hat which is Ma` ruf.'' Ibn Jarir recorded t hat Umm ` At iyah Al-Ansariyah said, "Among t he condit ions included in our pledge t o Allah's Messenger t o good was not t o wail. A woman said, ` So-and-so family brought comfort t o me (by wailing over my dead relat ive), so I will first pay t hem back.' So she went and paid t hem back in t he same (wailed for t heir dead), and t hen came and gave her pledge. Only she and Umm Sulaym bint Milhan, t he mot her of Anas bin Malik, did so.'' Al-Bukhari collect ed t his Hadit h from t he way of Hafsah bint Sirin from Umm ` At iyah Nusaybah
Ansariyah, may Allah be pleased wit h her. Ibn Abi Hat im recorded t hat Asid bin Abi Asid Al-Barrad said t hat one of t he women who gave t he pledge t o Allah's Messenger said, "Among t he condit ions included in t he pledge t hat t he Messenger t ook from us, is t hat we do not disobey any act of Ma` ruf (good) t hat he ordains. We should neit her scrat ch our faces, pull our hair (in grief), t ear our clot hes nor wail.''
や∠￢ ∠リΑ͡グｚャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほΑぴ
⊥ヮｚヤャや ∠ょ͡ツ∠ビ ⇔ゅョ∇ヲホ ∇や∇ヲｚャ∠ヲ∠わ∠ゎ ∠Ι ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョ
∇リ͡ョ ⊥ゲ⇒ｚヘ⊥ム∇ャや ∠ザ͡ゃ∠Α ゅ∠ヨ∠ミ ͡り∠ゲ͡カｘΙや ∠リ͡ョ ∇やヲ⊥ジ͡ゃ∠Α ∇ギ∠ホ ∇ユ͡ヰ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ
び ͡ケヲ⊥ら⊥ボ∇ャや ͡ょ⇒∠エ∇タ∠ぺ
(13. O you who believe! Take not as friends t he people who incurred t he wrat h of Allah. Surely, t hey have despaired of t he Hereaft er, j ust as t he disbelievers have despaired of t hose (buried) in graves.) Just like in t he beginning of t he Surah, Allah t he Exalt ed forbids t aking t he disbelievers as prot ect ing friends at t he end of t he Surah, saying,
͡グｚャや ゅ∠ヰぁΑ∠ほΑぴ
⊥ヮｚヤャや ∠ょ͡ツ∠ビ ⇔ゅョ∇ヲホ ∇や∇ヲｚャ∠ヲ∠わ∠ゎ ∠Ι ∇やヲ⊥レ∠ョや∠￢ ∠リΑ
び∇ユ͡ヰ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ
(O you who believe! Take not as friends t he people who incurred t he wrat h of Allah.) referring t o t he Jews, Christ ians and t he rest of t he disbelievers whom Allah became angry wit h and cursed. Those who deserved being rej ect ed and banished by Him. (Allah says here), ` how can you become t heir allies, friends and companions, aft er Allah decided t hat t hey earn t he despair of receiving any good or delight s in t he Hereaft er' Allah's st at ement ,
び͡ケヲ⊥ら⊥ボ∇ャや ͡ょ⇒∠エ∇タ∠ぺ ∇リ͡ョ ⊥ゲ⇒ｚヘ⊥ム∇ャや ∠ザ͡ゃ∠Α ゅ∠ヨ∠ミぴ
(j ust as t he disbelievers have despaired of t hose (buried) in graves.) This has t wo possible meanings. First , t he disbelievers despair of ever again meet ing t heir relat ives buried in graves, because t hey do not believe in Resurrect ion or being brought back t o life. Therefore, t hey have no hope t hat t hey will meet t hem again, according t o t heir creed. Secondly, j ust as t he disbelievers who are buried in graves have lost hope in receiving any kind of goodness (i.e., aft er seeing t he punishment and knowing t hat Resurrect ion is t rue). Al-A` mash report ed from Abu Ad-Duha from Masruq t hat Ibn Mas` ud said,
び͡ケヲ⊥ら⊥ボ∇ャや ͡ょ⇒∠エ∇タ∠ぺ ∇リ͡ョ ⊥ゲ⇒ｚヘ⊥ム∇ャや ∠ザ͡ゃ∠Α ゅ∠ヨ∠ミぴ
(j ust as t he disbelievers have despaired of t hose (buried) in graves.) "Just as t he disbeliever despairs when he dies and realizes and knows his (evil) recompense.'' This is t he saying of Muj ahid, ` Ikrimah, Muqat il, Ibn Zayd, Al-Kalbi and Mansur; Ibn Jarir preferred t his explanat ion. This is t he end of t he Tafsir of Surat Al-Mumt ahanah, all praise and t hanks be t o Allah.
