The st at ement t he angels ut t ered was not a form of disput ing wit h Allah's, nor out of envy for t he Children of Adam, as some mist akenly t hought . Allah has described t hem as t hose who do not precede Him in speaking, meaning t hat t hey do not ask Allah anyt hing wit hout His permission. When Allah informed t hem t hat He was going t o creat e a creat ion on t he eart h, and t hey had knowledge t hat t his creat ion would commit mischief on it , as Qat adah ment ioned, t hey said,
ぴ
⊥モ∠バ∇イ∠ゎ∠ぺ
ゅ∠ヰΒ͡プ
リ∠ョ
⊥ギ͡ジ∇ヘ⊥Α
ゅ∠ヰΒ͡プ
⊥マ͡ヘ∇ジ∠Α∠ヱ
∠￢べ∠ョあギャや
び
(Will You place t herein t hose who will make mischief t herein and shed blood)
This is only a quest ion for t he sake of learning about t he wisdom of t hat , as if t hey said, Our Lord! What is t he wisdom of creat ing such creat ures since t hey will cause t rouble in t he eart h and spill blood "If t he wisdom behind t his act ion is t hat You be worshipped, we praise and glorify You (meaning we pray t o You) we never indulge in mischief, so why creat e ot her creat ures''
Allah said t o t he angels in answer t o t heir inquiry,
ぴ
ヶあル͡ま
⊥ユ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ
ゅ∠ョ
∠Ι
∠ラヲ⊥ヨ∠ヤ∇バ∠ゎ
び
(I know t hat which you do not know.) meaning, "I know t hat t he benefit of creat ing t his t ype of creat ure out weighs t he harm t hat you ment ioned, t hat which you have no knowledge of. I will creat e among t hem Prophet s and send Messengers. I will also creat e among t hem t rut hful, mart yrs, right eous believers, worshippers, t he modest , t he pious, t he scholars who implement t heir knowledge, humble people and t hose who love Allah and follow His Messengers.''
The Sahih recorded t hat when t he angels ascend t o Allah wit h t he records of t he servant 's deeds, Allah asks t hem, while having bet t er knowledge, "How did you leave My servant s'' They will say, "We came t o t hem while t hey were praying and left t hem while t hey were praying.'' This is because t he angels work in shift s wit h mankind, and t hey change shift s during t he Faj r and ` Asr prayers. The angels who descended will remain wit h us, while t he angels who have remained wit h us ascend wit h our deeds. The Messenger of Allah said,
»
⊥ノ∠プ∇ゲ⊥Α
͡ヮ∇Β∠ャ͡ま
⊥モ∠ヨ∠ハ
͡モ∇Βｚヤャや
∠モ∇ら∠ホ
͡ケゅ∠ヰｚレャや
⊥モ∠ヨ∠ハ∠ヱ
͡ケゅ∠ヰｚレャや
∠モ∇ら∠ホ
モ∇Βｚヤャや
«
(The deeds of t he night are elevat ed t o Allah before t he morning, and t he deeds of t he morning before t he night falls. )
Hence, t he angels' st at ement , "We came t o t hem while t hey were praying and left t hem while t hey were praying,'' explains Allah's st at ement ,
ぴ
ヶあル͡ま
⊥ユ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ
ゅ∠ョ
∠Ι
∠ラヲ⊥ヨ∠ヤ∇バ∠ゎ
び
(I know t hat which you do not know.)
It was said t hat t he meaning of Allah's st at ement ,
ぴ
ヶあル͡ま
⊥ユ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ
ゅ∠ョ
∠Ι
∇バ∠ゎ
∠ラヲ⊥ヨ∠ヤ
び
(I know t hat which you do not know.) is, "I have a specific wisdom in creat ing t hem, which you do not have knowledge of.'' It was also said t hat it is in answer t o,
ぴ
⊥リ∇エ∠ル∠ヱ
⊥ウあら∠ジ⊥ル
∠ポ͡ギ∇ヨ∠エ͡よ
⊥サあギ∠ボ⊥ル∠ヱ
∠マ∠ャ
び
(While we glorify You wit h praises and t hanks and sanct ify You) aft er which Allah said,
ぴ
ヶあル͡ま
⊥ユ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ
ゅ∠ョ
∠Ι
∠ラヲ⊥ヨ∠ヤ∇バ∠ゎ
び
(I know t hat which you do not know). Meaning, "I know t hat Iblis is not as you are, alt hough he is among you.'' Ot hers said,
ぴ
⊥モ∠バ∇イ∠ゎ∠ぺ
ゅ∠ヰΒ͡プ
リ∠ョ
⊥ギ͡ジ∇ヘ⊥Α
ゅ∠ヰΒ͡プ
⊥マ͡ヘ∇ジ∠Α∠ヱ
∠￢べ∠ョあギャや
⊥リ∇エ∠ル∠ヱ
⊥ウあら∠ジ⊥ル
∠ポ͡ギ∇ヨ∠エ͡よ
⊥サあギ∠ボ⊥ル∠ヱ
∠マ∠ャ
び
"(Will You place t herein t hose who will make mischief t herein and shed blood, while we glorify you wit h praises and t hanks and sanct ify You.) is t heir request t hat t hey should be allowed t o inhabit t he eart h, inst ead of t he Children of Adam. So Allah said t o t hem,
ぴ
ヶあル͡ま
⊥ユ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ
ゅ∠ョ
∠Ι
∠ラヲ⊥ヨ∠ヤ∇バ∠ゎ
び
(I know t hat which you do not know) if your inhabit ing t he heavens is bet t er, or worse for you.'' Ar-Razi as well as ot hers said t his. Allah knows best .
The Obligation of appointing a Khalifah and some related Issues
Al-Qurt ubi, as well as ot her scholars, said t hat t his Ayah (2:30) proves t he obligat ion of appoint ing a Khalifah t o pass j udgement s on mat t ers of disput e bet ween people, t o aid t he oppressed against t he oppressor, t o implement t he Islamic penal code and t o forbid evil. There are many ot her t asks t hat can only be fulfilled by appoint ing t he Imam, and what is necessary
in performing an obligat ion, is an obligat ion it self. We should st at e here t hat Imamah occurs by eit her naming a successor, as a group among Ahl As-Sunnah scholars said occurred - by t he Prophet - in t he case of Abu Bakr, or hint ing t o a successor. Or, t he current Khalifah names a cert ain person as Khalifah aft er him, as Abu Bakr did wit h ` Umar. Or, t he Khalifah might leave t he mat t er in t he hands of t he Muslim consult at ive council, or a group of right eous men, j ust as ` Umar did. Or, t he people of aut horit y could gat her around a cert ain person t o whom t hey give t he pledge of allegiance, or t hey could select one among t hem t o choose t he candidat e, according t o t he maj orit y of t he scholars.
The Khalifah must be a responsible adult Muslim male, able t o perform Ij t ihad (independent legal j udgment s), bodily able, right eous, wit h knowledge of warfare, polit ics. He also must be from t he t ribe of Quraysh, according t o t he correct view, but it is not necessary t hat he be from t he t ribe of Bani Hashim, or t hat he be immune from error, as t he Rafidah (Shiit es) falsely claim.
When t he Khalifah becomes an immoral person (Fasiq), should he be impeached There is disagreement over t his mat t er, but t he correct view is t hat he is not t o be removed, because t he Messenger of Allah said,
»
ゅｚャ͡ま
∇ラ∠ぺ
や∇ヱ∠ゲ∠ゎ
や⇔ゲ∇ヘ⊥ミ
ゅ⇔ェや∠ヲ∠よ
͡ハ
∇ユ⊥ミ∠ギ∇レ
∠リ͡ョ
͡ぶや
͡ヮΒ͡プ
ラゅ∠ワ∇ゲ⊥よ
«
(Unless you wit ness a clear Kufr regarding which you have clear proof from Allah. )
Does t he Khalifah have t he right t o resign from his post There is a difference on t his issue. It is a fact t hat Al-Hasan bin ` Ali removed himself from t he posit ion of Khalifah and surrendered it t o Mu` awiyah. However, t his occurred because of a necessit y, and Al-Hasan was praised for t his act ion.
It is not permissible t o appoint t wo Imams for t he world or more at t he same t ime. This is not allowed because t he Messenger of Allah said,
»
∇リ∠ョ
∇ユ⊥ミ∠￢ゅ∠ィ
∇ユ⊥ミ⊥ゲ∇ョ∠ぺ∠ヱ
∀ノΒ͡ヨ∠ィ
⊥ギΑ͡ゲ⊥Α
∇ラ∠ぺ
∠ベあゲ∠ヘ⊥Α
∇ユ⊥ム∠レ∇Β∠よ
⊥ロヲ⊥ヤ⊥わ∇ホゅ∠プ
ゅ⇔レ͡もゅ∠ミ
∇リ∠ョ
ラゅ∠ミ
«
(Whoever came t o you while you are unit ed and t ried t o divide you, t hen execut e him, no mat t er who he is.)
This is t he view of t he maj orit y of scholars. Imam Al-Haramayn st at ed t hat Abu Ishaq allowed t he appoint ment of t wo or more Imams when t he various provinces are far away from each ot her. However, Imam Al-Haramayn himself was indecisive about t his view.
ぴ
∠ユｚヤ∠ハ∠ヱ
∠ュ∠キや∠￢
∠￢べ∠ヨ∇シ∠Εや
ゅ∠ヰｚヤ⊥ミ
ｚユ⊥を
∇ユ⊥ヰ∠ッ∠ゲ∠ハ
ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ
͡る∠ム͡ゃ⇒∠ヤ∠ヨ∇ャや
∠メゅ∠ボ∠プ
ヴ͡ルヲ⊥ゃ͡らル∠ぺ
͡￢べ∠ヨ∇シ∠ほ͡よ
͡￢∠Ι⊥ぽ⇒∠ワ
ラ͡ま
∇ユ⊥わレ⊥ミ
∠リΒ͡ホ͡ギ⇒∠タ
-∇やヲ⊥ャゅ∠ホ
∠マ∠レ⇒∠エ∇ら⊥シ
∠Ι
∠ユ∇ヤ͡ハ
べ∠レ∠ャ
ｚΙ͡ま
ゅ∠ョ
べ∠レ∠わ∇ヨｚヤ∠ハ
∠マｚル͡ま
∠ろル∠ぺ
⊥ユΒ͡ヤ∠バ∇ャや
⊥ユΒ͡ム∠エ∇ャや
-∠メゅ∠ホ
⊥ュ∠キや∠￢ゅ⇒∠Α
ユ⊥ヰ∇ゃ͡らル∠ぺ
∇ユ͡ヰ͡もべ∠ヨ∇シ∠ほ͡よ
べｚヨ∠ヤ∠プ
∠ぺ
ユ⊥ワ∠ほ∠らル
ユ͡ヰ͡もべ∠ヨ∇シ∠ほ͡よ
∠メゅ∠ホ
∇ユ∠ャ∠ぺ
モ⊥ホ∠ぺ
∇ユ⊥ムｚャ
ヶあル͡ま
⊥ユ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ
∠ょ∇Β∠ビ
͡れや∠ヲ⇒∠ヨｚジャや
͡チ∇ケｘΙや∠ヱ
⊥ユ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ∠ヱ
ゅ∠ョ
∠ラヱ⊥ギ∇ら⊥ゎ
ゅ∠ョ∠ヱ
∇ユ⊥わレ⊥ミ
∠ラヲ⊥ヨ⊥わ∇ム∠ゎ
び
(31. And He t aught Adam all t he names (of everyt hing), t hen He showed t hem t o t he angels and said, "Tell Me t he names of t hese if you are t rut hful. '') (32. They (angels) said: "Glory is t o You, we have no knowledge except what you have t aught us. Verily, You are t he Knower, t he Wise.'') (33. He said: "O Adam! Inform t hem of t heir names,'' and when he had informed t hem of t heir names, He said: "Did I not t ell you t hat I know t he Ghayb (unseen) in t he heavens and t he eart h, and I know what you reveal and what you have been concealing'')
The Virtue of Adam over the Angels
Allah st at ed t he virt ue of Adam above t he angels, because He t aught Adam, rat her t han t hem, t he names of everyt hing. This occurred aft er t hey prost rat ed t o him. This discussion precedes t hat event here, only t o show t he import ance of his posit ion, and t he absence of t he angels' knowledge about creat ing t he Khalifah when t hey asked about it . So Allah informed t he angels t hat He knows what t hey do not know, and t hen He ment ioned t his t o show t hem Adam's superiorit y over t hem in knowledge. Allah said,
ぴ
∠ユｚヤ∠ハ∠ヱ
∠ュ∠キや∠￢
∠￢べ∠ヨ∇シ∠Εや
ゅ∠ヰｚヤ⊥ミ
び
(And He t aught Adam all t he names (of everyt hing)). Ad-Dahhak said t hat Ibn ` Abbas comment ed on t he Ayah;
ぴ
∠ユｚヤ∠ハ∠ヱ
∠ュ∠キや∠￢
∠￢べ∠ヨ∇シ∠Εや
ゅ∠ヰｚヤ⊥ミ
び
(And He t aught Adam all t he names (of everyt hing)) "Meaning, t he names t hat people use, such as human, animal, sky, eart h, land, sea, horse, donkey, and so fort h, including t he names of t he ot her species.'' Ibn Abi Hat im and Ibn Jarir report ed t hat ` Asim bin Kulayb narrat ed from Sa` id bin Ma` bad t hat Ibn ` Abbas was quest ioned,
ぴ
∠ユｚヤ∠ハ∠ヱ
∠ュ∠キや∠￢
∠￢べ∠ヨ∇シ∠Εや
ゅ∠ヰｚヤ⊥ミ
び
(And He t aught Adam all t he names (of everyt hing)) "Did Allah t each him t he names of t he plat e and t he pot '' He said, "Yes, and even t he t erms for breaking wind!''
Allah t aught Adam t he names of everyt hing, t heir proper names, t he names of t heir charact erist ics, and what t hey do, j ust as Ibn ` Abbas st at ed about t he t erms for passing gas. In his Sahih, Al-Bukhari explained t his Ayah in t he Book of Tafsir wit h a report from Anas bin Malik who said t hat t he Messenger of Allah said,
»
⊥ノ͡ヨ∠わ∇イ∠Α
∠ラヲ⊥レ͡ョぽ⊥ヨ∇ャや
∠ュ∇ヲ∠Α
͡る∠ョゅ∠Β͡ボ∇ャや
∠ラヲ⊥ャヲ⊥ボ∠Β∠プ
:
͡ヲ∠ャ
ゅ∠レ∇バ∠ヘ∇ゼ∠わ∇シや
ヴ∠ャ͡ま
ゅ∠レあよ∠ケ
∠ラヲ⊥ゎ∇ほ∠Β∠プ
∠ュ∠キへ
∠ラヲ⊥ャヲ⊥ボ∠Β∠プ
:
∠ろ∇ル∠ぺ
ヲ⊥よ∠ぺ
͡サゅｚレャや
∠マ∠ボ∠ヤ∠カ
⊥ぶや
͡ロ͡ギ∠Β͡よ
∠ギ∠イ∇シ∠ぺ∠ヱ
∠マ∠ャ
⊥ヮ∠わ∠ム͡もゅ∠ヤ∠ョ
∠マ∠ヨｚヤ∠ハ∠ヱ
∠￢ゅ∠ヨ∇シ∠ぺ
あモ⊥ミ
∩∃￢∇ヶ∠セ
∇ノ∠ヘ∇セゅ∠プ
ゅ∠レ∠ャ
͡ハ
∠ギ∇レ
∠マあよ∠ケ
ヴｚわ∠ェ
ゅ∠レ∠エΑゲ⊥Α
∇リ͡ョ
ゅ∠レ͡ルゅ∠ム∠ョ
∩やグ∠ワ
⊥メヲ⊥ボ∠Β∠プ
:
⊥ろ∇ジ∠ャ
∇ユ⊥ミゅ∠レ⊥ワ
⊥ゲ⊥ミ∇グ∠Α∠ヱ
⊥ヮ∠ら∇ル∠ク
ヶ͡Β∇エ∠わ∇ジ∠Β∠プ
やヲ⊥わ∇もや
ゅ⇔ェヲ⊥ル
⊥ヮｚル͡みプ
⊥メｚヱ∠ぺ
∃メヲ⊥シ∠ケ
⊥ヮ∠ん∠バ∠よ
⊥ぶや
ヴ∠ャ͡ま
͡モ∇ワ∠ぺ
∩͡チ∇ケ∠ほ∇ャや
∩ヮ∠ルヲ⊥ゎ∇ほ∠Β∠プ
⊥メヲ⊥ボ∠Β∠プ
:
⊥ろ∇ジ∠ャ
∇ユ⊥ミゅレ⊥ワ
ゲ⊥ミ∇グ∠Α∠ヱ
ヮ∠ャや∠ぽ⊥シ
∠ケ
ヮｚよ
ゅ∠ョ
∠ザ∇Β∠ャ
⊥ヮ∠ャ
ヮ͡よ
ユ∇ヤ͡ハ
ヶ͡Β∇エ∠わ∇ジ∠Β∠プ
⊥メヲ⊥ボ∠Β∠プ
:
やヲ⊥わ∇もや
∠モΒ͡ヤ∠カ
リヨ∇ェｚゲャや
⊥ヮ∠ルヲ⊥ゎ∇ほ∠Β∠プ
⊥メヲ⊥ボΒ∠プ
:
⊥ろ∇ジ∠ャ
∇ユ⊥ミゅ∠レ⊥ワ
⊥メヲ⊥ボ∠Β∠プ
:
やヲ⊥わ∇もや
ヴ∠シヲ⊥ョ
や⇔ギ∇ら∠ハ
⊥ヮ∠ヨｚヤ∠ミ
⊥ぶや
⊥ロゅ∠ト∇ハぺ∠ヱ
∩∠りや∠ケ∇ヲｚわャや
⊥メヲ⊥ボΒ∠プ
:
⊥ろ∇ジ∠ャ
ユ⊥ミゅ∠レ⊥ワ
⊥ゲ⊥ミ∇グ∠Β∠プ
∠モ∇わ∠ホ
͡ザ∇ヘｚレャや
∠ピ͡よ
͡ゲ∇Β
∃ザ∇ヘ∠ル
ヶ͡Β∇エ∠わ∇ジ∠Β∠プ
∇リ͡ョ
͡ヮあよ∠ケ
⊥メヲ⊥ボ∠Β∠プ
:
やヲ⊥わ∇もや
ヴジΒ͡ハ
͡ぶや∠ギ∇ら∠ハ
⊥ヮ∠ャヲ⊥シ∠ケ∠ヱ
∠る∠ヨ͡ヤ∠ミ∠ヱ
͡ぶや
∩⊥ヮ∠ェヱ⊥ケヱ
⊥ヮ∠ルヲ⊥ゎ∇ほ∠Β∠プ
⊥メヲ⊥ボ∠Β∠プ
:
⊥ろ∇ジ∠ャ
∇ユ⊥ミゅ∠レ⊥ワ
やヲ⊥わ∇もや
や⇔ギｚヨ∠エ⊥ョ
や⇔ギ∇ら∠ハ
∠ゲ͡ヘ⊥ビ
⊥ヮ∠ャ
ゅ∠ョ
ュｚギ∠ボ∠ゎ
∇リ͡ョ
͡ヮ͡ら∇ル∠ク
ゅ∠ョ∠ヱ
∩∠ゲｚカ∠ほ∠ゎ
ヶあルヲ⊥ゎ∇ほ∠Β∠プ
∠ほプ
⊥ペ͡ヤ∠ト∇ル
ヴｚわ∠ェ
∠ラ͡クほわ∇シ∠ぺ
ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ
ヶあよ∠ケ
⊥ラ∠ク∇ほ∠Βプ
∩ヶ͡ャ
や∠ク͡みプ
⊥ろ∇Α∠ぺケ
ヶあよ∠ケ
⊥ろ∇バ∠ホ∠ヱ
や⇔ギ͡ィゅ∠シ
ヶ͡レ⊥ハ∠ギ∠Β∠プ
ゅ∠ョ
∠￢ゅ∠セ
⊥ぶや
ｚユ⊥を
⊥メゅ∠ボ⊥Α
:
∇ノ∠プ∇ケや
∠マ∠シ∇ぺ∠ケ
∇モ∠シ∠ヱ
∇ヮ∠ト∇バ⊥ゎ
∇モ⊥ホ∠ヱ
∇ノ∠ヨ∇ジ⊥Α
∇ノ∠ヘ∇セや∠ヱ
∩∇ノｚヘ∠ゼ⊥ゎ
⊥ノ∠プ∇ケ∠ほプ
ヶ͡シ∇ぺ∠ケ
⊥ロ⊥ギ∠ヨ∇ェ∠ほプ
∃ギΒ͡ヨ∇エ∠わ͡よ
あヤ∠バ⊥Α
͡ヮΒ͡レ⊥ヨ
ｚユ⊥を
⊥ノ∠ヘ∇セ∠ぺ
ぁギ∠エ⊥Β∠プ
ヶ͡ャ
や６ギ∠ェ
⊥ユ⊥ヰ⊥ヤ͡カ∇キ⊥ほプ
∠るｚレ∠イ∇ャや
ｚユ⊥を
⊥キヲ⊥ハ∠ぺ
͡ヮ∇Β∠ャま
や∠クみ∠プ
⊥ろ∇Α∠ぺ∠ケ
ヶあよ∠ケ
⊥ヮ∠ヤ∇ん͡ョ
ｚユ⊥を
⊥ノ∠ヘ∇セ∠ぺ
ぁギ∠エ⊥Β∠プ
ヶ͡ャ
や６ギェ
⊥ユ⊥ヰ⊥ヤ͡カ∇キ⊥ほプ
∠るｚレ∠イ∇ャや
ｚユ⊥を
⊥キヲ⊥ハ∠ぺ
∠る∠ん͡ャゅｚんャや
ｚユ⊥を
⊥キヲ⊥ハぺ
∠る∠バ͡よやｚゲャや
⊥メヲ⊥ホ∠ほ∠プ
:
ゅ∠ョ
͡ボ∠よ
∠ヶ
ヶ͡プ
ケゅｚレャや
ゅｚャま
∇リ∠ョ
⊥ヮ∠ジ∠ら∠ェ
⊥ラへ∇ゲ⊥ボ∇ャや
∠ょ∠ィ∠ヱ∠ヱ
͡ヮ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ
キヲ⊥ヤ⊥ガ∇ャや
«
(The believers will gat her on t he Day of Resurrect ion and will say, ` We should seek a means of int ercession wit h our Lord' They will go t o Adam and say, ` O Adam! You are t he fat her of all mankind, Allah creat ed you wit h His Own Hand, ordered t he angels t o prost rat e for you and t aught you t he names of everyt hing. Will you not int ercede for us wit h your Lord, so t hat he relieve us from t his gat hering place' On t hat Adam will reply, ` I cannot do what you have asked'. He will have remembered his error and will be embarrassed, saying, ` Go t o Nuh, for he is t he first of Allah's Messengers whom Allah sent t o t he people of t he eart h.' They will go t o Nuh and ask him. He will say, ` I cannot do what you have asked.' He will recall asking Allah what he was not t o know, and will also be embarrassed. He will say, ` Go t o Khalil Ar-Rahman.' They will go t o Ibrahim and he will also say, ` I cannot do what you have asked.' He will say, ` Go t o Musa, a servant t o whom Allah spoke direct ly and gave t he Tawrah.' Musa will say, ` I cannot do what you have asked.' He will remember t hat he killed a person wit hout j ust ificat ion and will be embarrassed before his Lord. He will say, ` Go t o ` Isa, Allah's servant and Messenger and His Word and a spirit of His.' They will go t o ` Isa and he will say, ` I will not do what you asked. Go t o Muhammad, a servant whose previous and lat t er errors were forgiven.' They will come t o me, and I will go t o Allah and seek His permission and He will give me His permission. When I gaze at my Lord, I will prost rat e myself and Allah will allow me t o remain like t hat as much as He will. Then I will be addressed, ` O Muhammad! Raise your head; ask, for you will be
given what you ask, and int ercede, for your int ercession will be accept ed.' I will raise my head and t hank and praise Allah wit h such praise as He will inspire me. I will int ercede and He will grant me a quant it y of people t hat He will admit int o Paradise. I will go back t o Him, and when I see my Lord, I will int ercede and He will allow me a quant it y t hat He will admit int o Paradise. I will do t hat for a t hird and t hen a fourt h t ime. I will say, ` There are no more people left in Hell except t hose whom t he Qur'an has incarcerat ed and have t hus acquired et ernit y in Hell.') This Hadit h was collect ed by Muslim, An-Nasa'i and Ibn Maj ah. fThe reason why we ment ioned t his Hadit h here is t he Prophet 's st at ement ,
»
∠ラヲ⊥ゎ∇ほ∠Β∠プ
∠ュ∠キへ
ラヲ⊥ャヲ⊥ボ∠Β∠プ
:
∠ろ∇ルぺ
ヲ⊥よ∠ぺ
͡サゅｚレャや
∠マ∠ボ∠ヤ∠カ
⊥ぶや
͡ロ͡ギ∠Β͡よ
∠ぺ∠ヱ
∠ギ∠イ∇シ
∠マ∠ャ
⊥ヮ∠わ∠ム͡もゅ∠ヤ∠ョ
∠マ∠ヨｚヤ∠ハ∠ヱ
∠￢ゅ∠ヨ∇シ∠ぺ
あモ⊥ミ
￢∇ヶ∠セ
«
(They will go t o Adam and say, ` O Adam! You are t he fat her of all mankind, and Allah creat ed you wit h His Own Hand, ordered t he angels t o prost rat e for you, and t aught you t he names of everyt hing). This part of t he Hadit h t est ifies t o t he fact t hat Allah t aught Adam t he names of all creat ures.
This is why Allah said,
ぴ
ｚユ⊥を
∇ユ⊥ヰ∠ッ∠ゲ∠ハ
ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ
͡る∠ム͡ゃ⇒∠ヤ∠ヨ∇ャや
び
(Then He showed t hem t o t he angels) meaning, t he obj ect s or creat ions. ` Abdur-Razzaq narrat ed t hat Ma` mar said t hat Qat adah said, "Allah paraded t he obj ect s before t he angels,
ぴ
∠メゅ∠ボ∠プ
ヴ͡ルヲ⊥ゃ͡らル∠ぺ
͡￢べ∠ヨ∇シ∠ほ͡よ
͡￢∠Ι⊥ぽ⇒∠ワ
ラ͡ま
∇ユ⊥わレ⊥ミ
∠リΒ͡ホ͡ギ⇒∠タ
び
(And said, "Tell Me t he names of t hese if you are t rut hful'').''
Allah's st at ement means, "Tell Me t he names of what I paraded before you, O angels who said,
ぴ
⊥モ∠バ∇イ∠ゎ∠ぺ
ゅ∠ヰΒ͡プ
リ∠ョ
⊥ギ͡ジ∇ヘ⊥Α
ゅ∠ヰΒ͡プ
⊥マ͡ヘ∇ジ∠Α∠ヱ
∠￢べ∠ョあギャや
び
(Will You place t herein t hose who will make mischief t herein and shed blood).
You asked, ` Are You appoint ing a Khalifah from us or from ot her creat ions We praise and glorify You.
Therefore, Allah said, "If you say t he t rut h, t hat if I appoint a non-angel Khalifah on t he eart h, he and his offspring will disobey Me, commit mischief and shed blood, but if I designat e you t he Khalifahs you will obey Me, follow My command and honor and glorify Me. However, since you
do not know t he names of t he obj ect s I paraded before you, t hen you have even less knowledge of what will occur on t he eart h t hat does not exist yet .''
ぴ
∇やヲ⊥ャゅ∠ホ
∠マ∠レ⇒∠エ∇ら⊥シ
∠Ι
∠ユ∇ヤ͡ハ
べ∠レ∠ャ
ｚΙ͡ま
ゅ∠ョ
べ∠レ∠わ∇ヨｚヤ∠ハ
∠マｚル͡ま
∠ろル∠ぺ
⊥ユΒ͡ヤ∠バ∇ャや
⊥ユΒ͡ム∠エ∇ャや
び
(They (angels) said: "Glory is t o You, we have no knowledge except what you have t aught us. Verily, it is You, t he Knower, t he Wise.'').
Here t he angels are praising Allah's holiness, and perfect ion above every kind of deficiency, affirming t hat no creat ure could ever acquire any part of Allah's knowledge, except by His permission, nor could anyone know anyt hing except what Allah t eaches t hem. This is why t hey said,
ぴ
∠マ∠レ⇒∠エ∇ら⊥シ
∠Ι
∠ユ∇ヤ͡ハ
べ∠レ∠ャ
ｚΙ͡ま
ゅ∠ョ
べ∠レ∠わ∇ヨｚヤ∠ハ
∠マｚル͡ま
∠ろル∠ぺ
⊥ユΒ͡ヤ∠バ∇ャや
⊥ユΒ͡ム∠エ∇ャや
び
("Glory is t o You, we have no knowledge except what you have t aught us. Verily You are t he Knower, t he Wise) meaning, Allah is knowledgeable of everyt hing, Most Wise about His creat ion, and He makes t he wisest decisions, and He t eaches and deprives whom He wills from knowledge. Verily, Allah's wisdom and j ust ice in all mat t ers is perfect .
Adam's Virtue of Knowledge is demonstrated
Allah said,
ぴ
∠メゅ∠ホ
⊥ュ∠キや∠￢ゅ⇒∠Α
͡らル∠ぺ
ユ⊥ヰ∇ゃ
∇ユ͡ヰ͡もべ∠ヨ∇シ∠ほ͡よ
べｚヨ∠ヤ∠プ
ユ⊥ワ∠ほ∠らル∠ぺ
ユ͡ヰ͡もべ∠ヨ∇シ∠ほ͡よ
∠メゅ∠ホ
∇ユ∠ャ∠ぺ
モ⊥ホ∠ぺ
∇ユ⊥ムｚャ
ヶあル͡ま
⊥ユ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ
∠ょ∇Β∠ビ
͡れや∠ヲ⇒∠ヨｚジャや
͡チ∇ケｘΙや∠ヱ
⊥ユ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ∠ヱ
ゅ∠ョ
∠ラヱ⊥ギ∇ら⊥ゎ
ゅ∠ョ∠ヱ
∇ユ⊥わレ⊥ミ
∠ラヲ⊥ヨ⊥わ∇ム∠ゎ
び
(He said: "O Adam! Inform t hem of t heir names,'' and when he had informed t hem of t heir names, He said: "Did I not t ell you t hat I know t he Ghayb (unseen) in t he heavens and t he eart h, and I know what you reveal and what you have been concealing'')
Zayd bin Aslam said, "You are Jibril, you are Mika'il, you are Israfil, unt il he ment ioned t he name of t he crow.'' Muj ahid said t hat Allah's st at ement ,
ぴ
∠メゅ∠ホ
⊥ュ∠キや∠￢ゅ⇒∠Α
ユ⊥ヰ∇ゃ͡らル∠ぺ
∇ユ͡ヰ͡もべ∠ヨ∇シ∠ほ͡よ
び
(He said: "O Adam! Inform t hem of t heir names,'') "The name of t he pigeon, t he crow and everyt hing.'' St at ement s of a similar meaning were report ed from Sa` id bin Jubayr, Al-Hasan, and Qat adah. When Adam's virt ue over t he angels became apparent , as he ment ioned t he names t hat Allah t aught him, Allah said t o t he angels,
ぴ
∇ユ∠ャ∠ぺ
モ⊥ホ∠ぺ
∇ユ⊥ムｚャ
ヶあル͡ま
⊥ユ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ
∠ょ∇Β∠ビ
͡れや∠ヲ⇒∠ヨｚジャや
͡チ∇ケｘΙや∠ヱ
⊥ユ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ∠ヱ
ゅ∠ョ
∠ラヱ⊥ギ∇ら⊥ゎ
ゅ∠ョ∠ヱ
∇ユ⊥わレ⊥ミ
∠ラヲ⊥ヨ⊥わ∇ム∠ゎ
び
(Did I not t ell you t hat I know t he Ghayb (unseen) in t he heavens and t he eart h, and I know what you reveal and what you have been concealing)
This means, "Did I not st at e t hat I know t he seen and unseen mat t ers. '' Similarly, Allah said,
ぴ
ラ͡ま∠ヱ
∇ゲ∠ヰ∇イ∠ゎ
͡メ∇ヲ∠ボ∇ャゅ͡よ
ｚル͡み∠プ
⊥ヮ
⊥ユ∠ヤ∇バ∠Α
ｚゲあジャや
ヴ∠ヘ∇カ∠ぺ∠ヱ
び
(And if you (O Muhammad ) speak (t he invocat ion) aloud, t hen verily, He knows t he secret and t hat which is yet more hidden) (20:7).
Also, Allah said about t he hoopoe, t hat it said t o Sulayman;
ぴ
ｚΙ∠ぺ
∇やヱ⊥ギ⊥イ∇ジ∠Α
͡ヮｚヤャ
ン͡グｚャや
⊥ァ͡ゲ∇ガ⊥Α
∠￢∇ょ∠ガ∇ャや
ヴ͡プ
͡れ∠ヲ⇒∠ヨｚジャや
͡チ∇ケｘΙや∠ヱ
⊥ユ∠ヤ∇バ∠Α∠ヱ
ゅ∠ョ
∠ラヲ⊥ヘ∇ガ⊥ゎ
ゅ∠ョ∠ヱ
∠ラヲ⊥レ͡ヤ∇バ⊥ゎ
-⊥ヮｚヤャや
∠Ι
∠ヮ⇒∠ャ͡ま
ｚΙ͡ま
∠ヲ⊥ワ
ぁゆ∠ケ
͡ス∇ゲ∠バ∇ャや
͡ユΒ͡ヌ∠バ∇ャや
び
( As Shayt an (Sat an) has barred t hem from Allah's way so t hey do not prost rat e before Allah, Who brings t o light what is hidden in t he heavens and t he eart h, and knows what you conceal and what you reveal. Allah, La ilaha illa Huwa (none has t he right t o be worshipped but He), t he Lord of t he Supreme Throne!) (27:25-26).
They also have comment s ot her t han what we have said about t he meaning of Allah's st at ement ,
ぴ
⊥ユ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ∠ヱ
ゅ∠ョ
∠ラヱ⊥ギ∇ら⊥ゎ
ゅ∠ョ∠ヱ
∇ユ⊥わレ⊥ミ
∠ラヲ⊥ヨ⊥わ∇ム∠ゎ
び
It is report ed from Ad-Dahhak t hat Ibn ` Abbas said t hat ,
ぴ
⊥ユ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ∠ヱ
ゅ∠ョ
∠ラヱ⊥ギ∇ら⊥ゎ
ゅ∠ョ∠ヱ
∇ユ⊥わレ⊥ミ
∠ラヲ⊥ヨ⊥わ∇ム∠ゎ
び
(And I know what you reveal and what you have been concealing) means, "` I know t he secret s, j ust as I know t he apparent t hings, such as, what Iblis concealed in his heart of arrogance and pride.'' Abu Ja` far Ar-Razi narrat ed t hat Ar-Rabi` bin Anas said t hat ,
ぴ
⊥ユ∠ヤ∇ハ∠ぺ∠ヱ
ゅ∠ョ
⊥ギ∇ら⊥ゎ
∠ラヱ
ゅ∠ョ∠ヱ
∇ユ⊥わレ⊥ミ
∠ラヲ⊥ヨ⊥わ∇ム∠ゎ
び
(And I know what you reveal and what you have been concealing) means, "The apparent part of what t hey said was: ` Do you creat e in it t hat which would commit mischief and shed blood' The hidden meaning was: ` We have more knowledge and honor t han any creat ion our Lord would creat e.' But t hey came t o know t hat Allah favored Adam above t hem regarding knowledge and honor.''
ぴ
∇ク͡ま∠ヱ
ゅ∠レ∇ヤ⊥ホ
͡る∠ム͡ゃ⇒∠ヤ∠ヨ∇ヤ͡ャ
∇やヱ⊥ギ⊥イ∇シや
∠ュ∠キ６Ι
∇やヱ⊥ギ∠イ∠ジ∠プ
ｚΙ͡ま
∠ザΒ͡ヤ∇よ͡ま
ヴ∠よ∠ぺ
∠ゲ∠ら∇ム∠わ∇シや∠ヱ
ゅ∠ミ∠ヱ
∠ラ
∠リ͡ョ
∠リΑ͡ゲ͡ヘ⇒∠ム∇ャや
び
(34. And (remember) when We said t o t he angels: "Prost rat e yourselves before Adam.'' And t hey prost rat ed except Iblis (Shayt an), he refused and was proud and was one of t he disbelievers (disobedient t o Allah).)
Honoring Adam when the Angels prostrated before Him
This Ayah ment ions t he great honor t hat Allah grant ed Adam, and Allah reminded Adam's offspring of t his fact . Allah commanded t he angels t o prost rat e before Adam, as t his Ayah and many Hadit hs t est ify, such as t he Hadit h about t he int ercession t hat we discussed. There is a Hadit h about t he supplicat ion of Musa, "O my Lord! Show me Adam who caused us and himself t o be t hrown out of Paradise.'' When Musa met Adam, he said t o him, "Are you Adam whom Allah creat ed wit h His Own Hands, blew life int o and commanded t he angels t o prost rat e before'' Iblis was among Those ordered t o prost rat e before Adam, alt hough He was not an Angel When Allah commanded t he angels t o prost rat e before Adam, Iblis was included in t his command. Alt hough Iblis was not an angel, he was t rying - and pret ending - t o imit at e t he angels' behavior and deeds, and t his is why he was also included in t he command t o t he angels t o prost rat e before Adam. Sat an was crit icized for defying t hat command, as we will explain wit h det ail, Allah willing, when we ment ion t he Tafsir of Allah's st at ement ,
ぴ
ｚΙ͡ま
∠ザΒ͡ヤ∇よ͡ま
∠ラゅ∠ミ
∠リ͡ョ
あリ͡イ∇ャや
∠ペ∠ジ∠ヘ∠プ
∇リ∠ハ
͡ゲ∇ョ∠ぺ
͡ヮあよ∠ケ
び
(Except Iblis (Sat an). He was one of t he Jinn; he disobeyed t he command of his Lord.) (18:50) Similarly, Muhammad bin Ishaq report ed t hat Ibn ` Abbas said, "Before he undert ook t he pat h of sin, Iblis was wit h t he angels and was called ` Azazil.' He was among t he resident s of t he eart h and was one of t he most act ive worshippers and knowledgeable persons among t he angels. This fact caused him t o be arrogant . Iblis was from a genus called Jinn.''
The Prostration was before Adam but the Obedience was to Allah
Qat adah comment ed on Allah's st at ement ,
ぴ
∇ク͡ま∠ヱ
ゅ∠レ∇ヤ⊥ホ
͡る∠ム͡ゃ⇒∠ヤ∠ヨ∇ヤ͡ャ
∇やヱ⊥ギ⊥イ∇シや
∠ュ∠キ６Ι
び
(And (remember) when We said t o t he angels: "Prost rat e yourselves before Adam.'')
"The obedience was for Allah and t he prost rat ion was before Adam. Allah honored Adam and commanded t he angels t o prost rat e before him.'' Some people said t hat t his prost rat ion was j ust a prost rat ion of greet ing, peace and honor, hence Allah's st at ement ,
ぴ
∠ノ∠プ∠ケ∠ヱ
͡ヮ∇Α∠ヲ∠よ∠ぺ
ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ
͡ス∇ゲ∠バ∇ャや
∇やヱぁゲ∠カ∠ヱ
⊥ヮ∠ャ
や∠ギｚイ⊥シ
∠メゅ∠ホ∠ヱ
͡ろ∠よ∠ほΑ
や∠グ⇒∠ワ
⊥モΑ͡ヱ∇ほ∠ゎ
ヴ⇒∠Α∇ぼ⊥ケ
リ͡ョ
⊥モ∇ら∠ホ
∇ギ∠ホ
ゅ∠ヰ∠ヤ∠バ∠ィ
ヴあよ∠ケ
ゅ６ボ∠ェ
び
(And he (Prophet Yusuf) raised his parent s t o t he t hrone and t hey fell down before him prost rat e. And he said: "O my fat her! This is t he int erpret at ion of my dream aforet ime! My Lord has made it come t rue!'') (12:100)
The pract ice of prost rat ing was allowed for previous nat ions, but was repealed for ours. Mu` adh said t o t he Prophet , "I visit ed Ash-Sham and found t hat t hey used t o prost at e before t heir priest s and scholars. You, O Messenger of Allah, are more deserving of prost rat ion.'' The Prophet said,
»
ゅ∠ャ
∇ヲ∠ャ
⊥ろ∇レ⊥ミ
や⇔ゲ͡ョへ
や⇔ゲ∠ゼ∠よ
∇ラぺ
∠ギ⊥イ∇ジ∠Α
∃ゲ∠ゼ∠ら͡ャ
⊥れ∇ゲ∠ョ∠ほ∠ャ
∠りぺ∇ゲ∠ヨ∇ャや
∇ラぺ
∠ギ⊥イ∇ジ∠ゎ
ゅ∠ヰ͡ィヱ∠ゴ͡ャ
∇リ͡ョ
͡ユ∠ヌ͡ハ
͡ヮあボ∠ェ
ゅ∠ヰ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ
«
(No. If I was t o command any human t o prost rat e before anot her human, I would command t he wife t o prost rat e before her husband because of t he enormit y of his right on her.)
ぴ
∇やヱ⊥ギ∠イ∠ジ∠プ
ｚΙ͡ま
∠ザΒ͡ヤ∇よ͡ま
ヴ∠よ∠ぺ
∠ゲ∠ら∇ム∠わ∇シや∠ヱ
∠ラゅ∠ミ∠ヱ
∠リ͡ョ
∠リΑ͡ゲ͡ヘ⇒∠ム∇ャや
び
(And t hey prost rat ed except Iblis (Shayt an), he refused and was proud and was one of t he disbelievers (disobedient t o Allah).)
"Iblis, t he enemy of Allah, envied Adam because Allah honored Adam. He said, ` I was creat ed from fire, and he was creat ed from clay.' Therefore, t he first error ever commit t ed was arrogance, for t he enemy of Allah was t oo arrogant t o prost rat e before Adam.'' I - Ibn Kat hir - say, t he following is recorded in t he Sahih,
»
ゅ∠ャ
⊥モ⊥カ∇ギ∠Α
∠るｚレ∠イ∇ャや
∇リ∠ョ
∠ラゅ∠ミ
ヶ͡プ
͡ヮ͡ら∇ヤ∠ホ
⊥メゅ∠ボ∇ん͡ョ
∃るｚら∠ェ
∇リ͡ョ
∃メ∠キ∇ゲ∠カ
∇リ͡ョ
ゲ∇ら͡ミ
«
(No person who has t he weight of a must ard seed of arrogance in his heart shall ent er Paradise.)
Iblis had disbelief, arrogance, and rebellion, all of which caused him t o be expelled from t he holy presence of Allah, and His mercy.
ぴ
ゅ∠レ∇ヤ⊥ホ∠ヱ
⊥ュ∠キや∠￢ゅ∠Α
∇リ⊥ム∇シや
∠ろ∇ル∠ぺ
∠マ⊥ィ∇ヱ∠コ∠ヱ
∠るｚレ∠イ∇ャや
∠Κ⊥ミ∠ヱ
ゅ∠ヰ∇レ͡ョ
や⇔ギ∠ビ∠ケ
⊥ゑ∇Β∠ェ
ゅ∠ヨ⊥わ∇ゃ͡セ
∠Ι∠ヱ
ゅ∠よ∠ゲ∇ボ∠ゎ
͡ロ͡グ⇒∠ワ
∠り∠ゲ∠イｚゼャや
ゅ∠ルヲ⊥ム∠わ∠プ
∠リ͡ョ
∠リΒ͡ヨ͡ヤ⇒ｚヌ∇ャや
-ゅ∠ヨ⊥ヰｚャ∠コ∠ほ∠プ
や
⊥リ⇒∠ト∇Βｚゼャ
ゅ∠ヰ∇レ∠ハ
ゅ∠ヨ⊥ヰ∠ィ∠ゲ∇カ∠ほ∠プ
ゅｚヨ͡ョ
ゅ∠ルゅ∠ミ
͡ヮΒ͡プ
ゅ∠レ∇ヤ⊥ホ∠ヱ
∇やヲ⊥ト͡ら∇ワや
∇ユ⊥ム⊥ツ∇バ∠よ
∃ヂ∇バ∠ら͡ャ
ｘヱ⊥ギ∠ハ
∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ∠ヱ
ヴ͡プ
͡チ∇ケ∠Εや
ｘゲ∠ボ∠わ∇ジ⊥ョ
∀ノ⇒∠わ∠ョ∠ヱ
ヴ∠ャ͡ま
∃リΒ͡ェ
び
(35. And We said: "O Adam! Dwell you and your wife in t he Paradise and eat bot h of you freely wit h pleasure and delight , of t hings t herein wherever you will, but come not near t his t ree or you bot h will be of t he Zalimin (wrongdoers). '') (36. Then t he Shayt an made t hem slip t herefrom (t he Paradise), and got t hem out from t hat in which t hey were. We said: "Get you down, all, wit h enmit y bet ween yourselves. On eart h will be a dwelling place for you and an enj oyment for a t ime.'')
Adam was honored again
Allah honored Adam by commanding t he angels t o prost rat e before him, so t hey all complied except for Iblis. Allah t hen allowed Adam t o live and eat wherever and what ever he wished in Paradise. Al-Hafiz Abu Bakr bin Marduwyah report ed Abu Dharr saying, "I said, ` O Messenger of Allah! Was Adam a Prophet ' He said,
»
∇ユ∠バ∠ル
ゅ６Β͡ら∠ル
ゅ⇔ャヲ⊥シ∠ケ
⊥ヮ∠ヨｚヤ∠ミ
や
⊥ヮｚヤャ
ゅ⇔ヤ⊥ら⊥ホ
«
(Yes. He was a Prophet and a Messenger t o whom Allah spoke direct ly), meaning
ぴ
∇リ⊥ム∇シや
∠ろル∠ぺ
∠マ⊥ィ∇ヱ∠コ∠ヱ
∠るｚレ∠イ∇ャや
び
((O Adam!) Dwell you and your wife in t he Paradise.)''
Hawwa' was created before Adam entered Paradise
The Ayah (2:35) indicat es t hat Hawwa' was creat ed before Adam ent ered Paradise, as Muhammad bin Ishaq st at ed. Ibn Ishaq said, "Aft er Allah finished crit icizing Iblis, and aft er t eaching Adam t he names of everyt hing, He said,
ぴ
⊥ュ∠キや∠￢ゅ⇒∠Α
ユ⊥ヰ∇ゃ͡らル∠ぺ
∇ユ͡ヰ͡もべ∠ヨ∇シ∠ほ͡よ
び
(O Adam! Inform t hem of t heir names) unt il,
ぴ
∠マｚル͡ま
∠ろル∠ぺ
⊥ユΒ͡ヤ∠バ∇ャや
⊥ユΒ͡ム∠エ∇ャや
び
(Verily, You are t he Knower, t he Wise.)
Then Adam fell asleep, as t he People of t he Book and ot her scholars such as Ibn ` Abbas have st at ed, Allah t ook one of Adam's left ribs and made flesh grow in it s place, while Adam was asleep and unaware. Allah t hen creat ed Adam's wife, Hawwa', from his rib and made her a woman, so t hat she could be a comfort for him. When Adam woke up and saw Hawwa' next t o him, it was claimed, he said, ` My flesh and blood, my wife.' Hence, Adam reclined wit h Hawwa'. When Allah married Adam t o Hawwa' and gave him comfort , Allah said t o him direct ly,
ぴ
⊥ュ∠キや∠￢ゅ∠Α
∇リ⊥ム∇シや
∠ろ∇ル∠ぺ
∠マ⊥ィ∇ヱ∠コ∠ヱ
∠るｚレ∠イ∇ャや
∠Κ⊥ミ∠ヱ
ゅ∠ヰ∇レ͡ョ
や⇔ギ∠ビ∠ケ
⊥ゑ∇Β∠ェ
ゅ∠ヨ⊥わ∇ゃ͡セ
∠Ι∠ヱ
ゅ∠よ∠ゲ∇ボ∠ゎ
͡ロ͡グ⇒∠ワ
∠り∠ゲ∠イｚゼャや
ゅ∠ルヲ⊥ム∠わ∠プ
∠リ͡ョ
∠リΒ͡ヨ͡ヤ⇒ｚヌ∇ャや
び
("O Adam! Dwell you and your wife in t he Paradise and eat bot h of you freely wit h pleasure and delight , of t hings t herein wherever you will, but come not near t his t ree or you bot h will be of t he Zalimin (wrongdoers).'').''
Allah tests Adam
Allah's st at ement t o Adam,
ぴ
∠Ι∠ヱ
ゅ∠よ∠ゲ∇ボ∠ゎ
͡ロ͡グ⇒∠ワ
∠り∠ゲ∠イｚゼャや
び
(but come not near t his t ree) is a t est for Adam. There are conflict ing opinions over t he nat ure of t he t ree ment ioned here. Some said t hat it was t he grape t ree, barley, dat e t ree, fig t ree, and so fort h. Some said t hat it was a cert ain t ree, and whoever eat s from it will be relieved of t he call of nat ure. It was also said t hat it was a t ree from which t he angels eat so t hat t hey live for et ernit y. Imam Abu Ja` far bin Jarir said, "The correct opinion is t hat Allah forbade Adam and his wife from eat ing from a cert ain t ree in Paradise, but t hey at e from it . We do not know which t ree t hat was, because Allah has not ment ioned anyt hing in t he Qur'an or t he aut hent ic Sunnah about t he nat ure of t his t ree. It was said t hat it was barley, grape, or a fig t ree. It is possible t hat it was one of t hose t rees. Yet , t his is knowledge t hat does not bring any benefit , j ust as being ignorant in it s nat ure does no harm. Allah knows best .'' This is similar t o what Ar-Razi st at ed in his Tafsir, and t his is t he correct opinion. Allah's st at ement ,
ぴ
ゅ∠ヨ⊥ヰｚャ∠コ∠ほ∠プ
⊥リ⇒∠ト∇Βｚゼャや
ゅ∠ヰ∇レ∠ハ
び
(Then t he Shayt an made t hem slip t herefrom) eit her refers t o Paradise, and in t his case, it means t hat Shayt an led Adam and Hawwa' away from it , as ` Asim bin Abi An-Naj ud recit ed it . It is also possible t hat t his Ayah refers t o t he forbidden t ree. In t his case, t he Ayah would mean, as Al-Hasan and Qat adah st at ed, "He t ripped t hem.'' In t his case,
ぴ
ゅ∠ヨ⊥ヰｚャ∠コ∠ほ∠プ
⊥リ⇒∠ト∇Βｚゼャや
ゅ∠ヰ∇レ∠ハ
び
(Then t he Shayt an made t hem slip t herefrom) means, "Because of t he t ree'', j ust as Allah said,
ぴ
⊥マ∠プ∇ぽ⊥Α
⊥ヮ∇レ∠ハ
∇リ∠ョ
∠マ͡プ⊥ぺ
び
(Turned aside t herefrom (i.e. from Muhammad and t he Qur'an) is he who is t urned aside (by t he decree and preordainment of Allah)) (51:9) meaning, t he deviant person becomes t urned aside - or slips - from t he t rut h because of so and so reason. This is why t hen Allah said,
ぴ
ゅ∠ヨ⊥ヰ∠ィ∠ゲ∇カ∠ほ∠プ
ゅｚヨ͡ョ
ゅ∠ルゅ∠ミ
͡ヮΒ͡プ
び
(And got t hem out from t hat in which t hey were) meaning, t he clot hes, spacious dwelling and comfort able sust enance.
ぴ
ゅ∠レ∇ヤ⊥ホ∠ヱ
∇やヲ⊥ト͡ら∇ワや
∇ユ⊥ム⊥ツ∇バ∠よ
∇バ∠ら͡ャ
∃ヂ
ｘヱ⊥ギ∠ハ
∇ユ⊥ム∠ャ∠ヱ
ヴ͡プ
͡チ∇ケ∠Εや
ｘゲ∠ボ∠わ∇ジ⊥ョ
∀ノ⇒∠わ∠ョ∠ヱ
ヴ∠ャ͡ま
∃リΒ͡ェ
び
(We said: "Get you down, all, wit h enmit y bet ween yourselves. On eart h will be a dwelling place for you and an enj oyment for a t ime.'') meaning, dwelling, sust enance and limit ed life, unt il t he commencement of t he Day of Resurrect ion
Adam was very Tall
Ibn Abi Hat im narrat ed t hat Ubayy bin Ka` b said t hat t he Messenger of Allah said,
»
ｚラ͡ま
∠ぶや
∠ペ∠ヤ∠カ
∠ュ∠キへ
ゅ⇔ヤ⊥ィ∠ケ
ゅ⇔ャや∠ヲ⊥デ
∠ゲΒ͡ん∠ミ
͡ゲ∇バ∠セ
͡サ∇ぺｚゲャや
⊥ヮｚル∠ほ∠ミ
∀る∠ヤ∇ガ∠ル
∩∀ベヲ⊥エ∠シ
ゅｚヨ∠ヤ∠プ
∠ベや∠ク
∠り∠ゲ∠イｚゼャや
∠テ∠ボ∠シ
⊥ヮ∇レ∠ハ
⊥ヮ⊥シゅ∠ら͡ャ
⊥メｚヱ∠ほ∠プ
ゅ∠ョ
や∠ギ∠よ
⊥ヮ∇レ͡ョ
∩⊥ヮ⊥ゎ∠ケ∇ヲ∠ハ
ゅｚヨ∠ヤ∠プ
∠ゲ∠ヌ∠ル
ヴャま
ヮ͡ゎケ∇ヲ∠ハ
∠モ∠バ∠ィ
ぁギ∠わ∇ゼ∠Α
ヶ͡プ
͡るｚレ∠イ∇ャや
∇れ∠グ∠カ∠ほ∠プ
⊥ロ∠ゲ∇バ∠セ
∀り∠ゲ∠イ∠セ
∩ゅ∠ヰ∠ハ∠コゅ∠レ∠プ
⊥ロや∠キゅ∠レ∠プ
⊥リヨ∇ェｚゲャや
:
ゅ∠Α
⊥ュ∠キへ
ヶあレ͡ョ
∨ぁゲ͡ヘ∠ゎ
ゅｚヨ∠ヤ∠プ
∠ノ͡ヨ∠シ
∠ュΚ∠ミ
͡リヨ∇ェｚゲャや
∠メゅ∠ホ
:
ゅ∠Α
あゆ∠ケ
ゅ∠ャ
͡リ͡ム∠ャヱ
￢ゅ∠Β∇エ͡わ∇シや
«
(Allah creat ed Adam t all, wit h t hick hair, j ust as a dat e t ree wit h full branches. When Adam at e from t he forbidden t ree, his cover fell off, and t he first t hing t hat appeared was his privat e area. When he saw his privat e area, he ran away in Paradise and his hair got caught in a t ree. He t ried t o free himself and Ar-Rahman called him, 'O Adam! Are you running away from Me' When Adam heard t he words of Ar-Rahman (Allah), he said, 'No, O my Lord! But I am shy.')
Adam remained in Paradise for an Hour
Al-Hakim recorded t hat Ibn ` Abbas said, "Adam was allowed t o reside in Paradise during t he t ime period bet ween t he ` Asr (Aft ernoon) prayer, unt il sunset .'' Al-Hakim t hen comment ed t his is "Sahih according t o t he Two Shaykhs (Al-Bukhari and Muslim), but t hey did not include it in t heir collect ions.'' Also, Ibn Abi Hat im recorded Ibn ` Abbas saying, "Allah sent Adam t o eart h t o an area called, Dahna, bet ween Makkah and At -Ta'if.'' Al-Hasan Al-Basri said t hat Adam was sent down t o India, while Hawwa' was sent t o Jeddah. Iblis was sent down t o Dust umaysan, several miles from Basra. Furt her, t he snake was sent down t o Asbahan. This was report ed by Ibn Abi Hat im. Also, Muslim and An-Nasa'i recorded t hat Abu Hurayrah said t hat t he Messenger of Allah said,
»
⊥ゲ∇Β∠カ
∃ュ∇ヲ∠Α
∇ろ∠バ∠ヤ∠デ
͡ヮΒ͡プ
⊥ザ∇ヨｚゼャや
⊥ュ∇ヲ∠Α
͡る∠バ⊥ヨ⊥イ∇ャや
͡ヮΒ͡プ
∠ペ͡ヤ⊥カ
⊥ュ∠キへ
͡ヮΒ͡プ∠ヱ
∠モ͡カ∇キ⊥ぺ
∠るｚレ∠イ∇ャや
͡ヮΒ͡プ∠ヱ
∠ァ͡ゲ∇カ⊥ぺ
ゅ∠ヰ∇レ͡ョ
«
(Friday is t he best day on which t he sun has risen. On Friday, Allah creat ed Adam, admit t ed him int o Paradise, and expelled him from it .)
A Doubt and a Rebuttal
If one asks, "If t he Paradise t hat Adam was t hrown out of was in heaven, as t he maj orit y of t he scholars assert , t hen is it possible for Iblis t o ent er Paradise, alt hough he was expelled from it by Allah's decision (when he refused t o prost rat e before Adam)''
Basically, t he response t o t his would be t hat t he Paradise which Adam was in, was in t he heavens, not on t he eart h, as we explained in t he beginning of our book Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah.
The maj orit y of scholars said t hat Shayt an was originally prohibit ed from ent ering Paradise, but t here were t imes when he sneaked int o it in secret . For inst ance, t he Tawrah st at ed t hat Iblis hid inside t he snake's mout h and ent ered Paradise. Some scholars said t hat it is possible t hat Shayt an led Adam and Hawwa' ast ray on his way out of Paradise. Some scholars said t hat he led Adam and Hawwa' ast ray when he was on eart h, while t hey were st ill in heaven, as st at ed by Az-Zamakhshari. Al-Qurt ubi ment ioned several beneficial Hadit hs here about snakes and t he ruling on killing t hem.
ぴ
ヴｚボ∠ヤ∠わ∠プ
⊥ュ∠キや∠￢
リ͡ョ
͡ヮあよｚケ
∃れゅ∠ヨ͡ヤ∠ミ
∠ゆゅ∠わ∠プ
͡ヮ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ
⊥ヮｚル͡ま
∠ヲ⊥ワ
⊥ゆやｚヲｚわャや
⊥ユΒ͡ェｚゲャや
び
(37. Then Adam received from his Lord Words. And his Lord pardoned him (accept ed his repent ance). Verily, He is t he One Who forgives (accept s repent ance), t he Most Merciful.)
Adam repents and supplicates to Allah
It was report ed t hat t he above Ayah is explained by Allah's st at ement ,
ぴ
∠Ιゅ∠ホ
ゅ∠レｚよ∠ケ
べ∠レ∇ヨ∠ヤ∠ニ
ゅ∠レ∠ジ⊥ヘル∠ぺ
∠ヱ
ラ͡ま
∇ユｚャ
∇ゲ͡ヘ∇ピ∠ゎ
ゅ∠レ∠ャ
ゅ∠レ∇ヨ∠ェ∇ゲ∠ゎ∠ヱ
ｚリ∠ルヲ⊥ム∠レ∠ャ
∠リ͡ョ
∠リΑ͡ゲ͡ジ⇒∠ガ∇ャや
び
(37. They said: "Our Lord! We have wronged ourselves. If You forgive us not , and best ow not upon us Your mercy, we shall cert ainly be of t he losers.'') (7:23) as Muj ahid, Sa` id bin Jubayr, Abu Al-` Aliyah, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas, Al-Hasan, Qat adah, Muhammad bin Ka` b Al-Qurazi, Kha lid bin Ma` dan, ` At a' Al-Khurasani and ` Abdur-Rahman bin Zayd bin Aslam have st at ed. As-Suddi said t hat Ibn ` Abbas comment ed on,
ぴ
ヴｚボ∠ヤ∠わ∠プ
⊥ュ∠キや∠￢
リ͡ョ
͡ヮあよｚケ
∃れゅ∠ヨ͡ヤ∠ミ
び
(Then Adam received from his Lord Words) "Adam said, ` O Lord! Did You not creat ed me wit h Your Own Hands' He said, ` Yes.' He said, ` And blow life int o me' He said, ` Yes.' He said, ` And when I sneezed, You said, ` May Allah grant you His mercy.' Does not Your mercy precede Your anger' He was t old, ` Yes.' Adam said, ` And You dest ined me t o commit t his evil act ' He was t old, ` Yes.' He said, ` If I repent , will You send me back t o Paradise' Allah said, ` Yes.''' Similar is report ed from Al-` Awfi, Sa` id bin Jubayr, Sa` id bin Ma` bad, and Ibn ` Abbas. Al-Hakim recorded t his Hadit h in his Must adrak from Ibn Jubayr, who narrat ed it from Ibn ` Abbas. Al-Hakim said, "It s chain is Sahih and t hey (Al-Bukhari and Muslim) did not record it .''
Allah's st at ement ,
ぴ
⊥ヮｚル͡ま
∠ヲ⊥ワ
⊥ゆやｚヲｚわャや
⊥ユΒ͡ェｚゲャや
び
(Verily, He is t he One Who forgives (accept s repent ance), t he Most Merciful) (2:37) means t hat Allah forgives whoever regret s his error and ret urns t o Him in repent ance. This meaning is similar t o Allah's st at ement s,
ぴ
∇ユ∠ャ∠ぺ
∇やヲ⊥ヨ∠ヤ∇バ∠Α
ｚラ∠ぺ
∠ヮｚヤャや
∠ヲ⊥ワ
⊥モ∠ら∇ボ∠Α
∠る∠よ∇ヲｚわャや
∇リ∠ハ
͡ロ͡キゅ∠ら͡ハ
び
ぴ
リ∠ョ∠ヱ
∇モ∠ヨ∇バ∠Α
⇔や￢ヲ⊥シ
∇ヱ∠ぺ
∇ユ͡ヤ∇ヌ∠Α
⊥ヮ∠ジ∇ヘ∠ル
び
(And whoever does evil or wrongs himself) (4:110) and
ぴ
リ∠ョ∠ヱ
∠ゆゅ∠ゎ
∠モ͡ヨ∠ハ∠ヱ
⇔ゅエ͡ヤ⇒∠タ
び
(And whosoever repent s and does right eous good deeds) (25:71).
The Ayat ment ioned above, t est ify t o t he fact t hat Allah forgives t he sins of whoever repent s, demonst rat ing His kindness and mercy t owards His creat ion and servant s. There is no deit y wort hy of worship except Allah, t he Most Forgiving, t he Most Merciful.
ぴ
ゅ∠レ∇ヤ⊥ホ
∇やヲ⊥ト͡ら∇ワや
ゅ∠ヰ∇レ͡ョ
ゅ⇔バΒ͡ヨ∠ィ
ゅｚョ͡み∠プ
ユ⊥ムｚレ∠Β͡ゎ∇ほ∠Α
ヴあレあョ
ン⇔ギ⊥ワ
リ∠ヨ∠プ
∠ノ͡ら∠ゎ
∠ヵや∠ギ⊥ワ
∠Κ∠プ
∀フ∇ヲ∠カ
∇ユ͡ヰ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ
∠Ι∠ヱ
∇ユ⊥ワ
∠ラヲ⊥ル∠ゴ∇エ∠Α
-∠リΑ͡グｚャや∠ヱ
∠ミ
∇やヱ⊥ゲ∠ヘ
∇やヲ⊥よｚグ∠ミ∠ヱ
べ∠レ͡わ⇒∠Αべ͡よ
∠マ͡ゃ⇒∠ャヱ⊥ぺ
⊥ょ⇒∠エ∇タ∠ぺ
͡ケゅｚレャや
∇ユ⊥ワ
ゅ∠ヰΒ͡プ
∠ラヱ⊥ギ͡ヤ⇒∠カ
び
(38. We said: "Get down all of you from t his place (t he Paradise), t hen whenever t here comes t o you Hudan (guidance) from Me, and whoever follows My guidance, t here shall be no fear on t hem, nor shall t hey grieve.) (39. But t hose who disbelieve and belie Our Ayat (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelat ions, et c.) such are t he dwellers of t he Fire. They shall abide t herein forever.'')
Allah st at ed t hat when He sent Adam, Hawwa', and Shayt an t o eart h from Paradise, He warned t hem t hat He will reveal Books and send Prophet s and Messengers t o t hem, i.e., t o t heir offspring. Abu Al-` Aliyah said, "Al-Huda, refers t o t he Prophet s, Messengers, t he clear signs and plain explanat ion.''
ぴ
リ∠ヨ∠プ
∠ノ͡ら∠ゎ
∠ヵや∠ギ⊥ワ
び
(And whoever follows My guidance) meaning, whoever accept s what is cont ained in My Books and what I send t he Messengers wit h,
ぴ
∠Κ∠プ
∀フ∇ヲ∠カ
∇ユ͡ヰ∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ
び
ぴ
∠Ι∠ヱ
∇ユ⊥ワ
⊥ル∠ゴ∇エ∠Α
∠ラヲ
び
(nor shall t hey grieve) regarding t he life of t his world. Similarly, in Surat Ta Ha, Allah said,
ぴ
∠メゅ∠ホ
ゅ∠ト͡ら∇ワや
ゅ∠ヰ∇レ͡ョ
⇔ゅバΒ͡ヨ∠ィ
∇ユ⊥ム⊥ツ∇バ∠よ
∃ヂ∇バ∠ら͡ャ
ｘヱ⊥ギ∠ハ
ゅｚョ͡み∠プ
ユ⊥ムｚレ∠Β͡ゎ∇ほ∠Α
ヴあレあョ
ン⇔ギ⊥ワ
͡リ∠ヨ∠プ
∠ノ∠らｚゎや
∠ンや∠ギ⊥ワ
∠Κ∠プ
ぁモ͡ツ∠Α
∠Ι∠ヱ
ヴ∠ボ∇ゼ∠Α
び
(He (Allah) said: "Get you down (from t he Paradise t o t he eart h), bot h of you, t oget her, some of you are an enemy t o some ot hers. Then if t here comes t o you guidance from Me, t hen whoever follows My guidance, he shall neit her go ast ray, nor shall he be dist ressed.) (20:123) Ibn ` Abbas comment ed, "He will not be misguided in t his life or miserable in t he Hereaft er.'' The Ayah,
ぴ
∇リ∠ョ∠ヱ
∠チ∠ゲ∇ハ∠ぺ
リ∠ハ
ン͡ゲ∇ミ͡ク
ｚラ͡み∠プ
⊥ヮ∠ャ
⇔る∠ゼΒ͡バ∠ョ
⇔ゅムレ∠ッ
⊥ロ⊥ゲ⊥ゼ∇エ∠ル∠ヱ
∠ュ∇ヲ∠Α
͡る∠ヨ⇒Β͡ボ∇ャや
ヴ∠ヨ∇ハ∠ぺ
び
(But whosoever t urns away from My Reminder (i.e. neit her believes in t his Qur'an nor act s on it s t eachings) verily, for him is a life of hardship, and We shall raise him up blind on t he Day of Resurrect ion.) (20:124) is similar t o what Allah st at ed here,
ぴ
∠リΑ͡グｚャや∠ヱ
∇やヱ⊥ゲ∠ヘ∠ミ
∠ミ∠ヱ
∇やヲ⊥よｚグ
べ∠レ͡わ⇒∠Αべ͡よ
∠マ͡ゃ⇒∠ャヱ⊥ぺ
⊥ょ⇒∠エ∇タ∠ぺ
͡ケゅｚレャや
∇ユ⊥ワ
ゅ∠ヰΒ͡プ
∠ラヱ⊥ギ͡ヤ⇒∠カ
び
(But t hose who disbelieve and belie Our Ayat such are t he dwellers of t he Fire. They shall abide t herein forever), meaning, t hey will remain in Hell for et ernit y and will not find a way out of it .
ぴ
ヴ͡レ∠ら⇒∠Α
∠モΑ͡￢∠ゲ∇シ͡ま
∇やヱ⊥ゲ⊥ミ∇クや
∠ヶ͡わ∠ヨ∇バ͡ル
ヴ͡わｚャや
⊥ろ∇ヨ∠バ∇ル∠ぺ
∇ユ⊥ム∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ
∇やヲ⊥プ∇ヱ∠ぺ∠ヱ
ン͡ギ∇ヰ∠バ͡よ
͡フヱ⊥ぺ
∇ユ⊥ミ͡ギ∇ヰ∠バ͡よ
∠ヴ⇒ｚΑ͡ま∠ヱ
͡ラヲ⊥ら∠ワ∇ケゅ∠プ
-∇やヲ⊥レ͡ョや∠￢∠ヱ
べ∠ヨ͡よ
⊥ろ∇ャ∠ゴル∠ぺ
ゅ⇔ホあギ∠ダ⊥ョ
ゅ∠ヨあャ
∇ユ⊥ム∠バ∠ョ
∠Ι∠ヱ
∇やヲ⊥ルヲ⊥ム∠ゎ
∠メｚヱ∠ぺ
∃ゲ͡プゅ∠ミ
͡ヮ͡よ
∠Ι∠ヱ
∇やヱ⊥ゲ∠わ∇ゼ∠ゎ
ヶ͡わ⇒∠Αべ͡よ
ゅ⇔レ∠ヨ∠を
⇔ΚΒ͡ヤ∠ホ
∠ヴ⇒ｚΑ͡ま∠ヱ
͡ラヲ⊥ボｚゎゅ∠プ
び
(40. O Children of Israel! Remember My favor which I best owed upon you, and fulfill (your obligat ions t o) My covenant (wit h you) so t hat I fulfill (My obligat ions t o) your covenant (wit h Me), and fear none but Me.) (41. And believe in what I have sent down (t his Qur'an), confirming t hat which is wit h you (t he Tawrah and t he Inj il), and be not t he first t o disbelieve t herein, and buy not wit h My verses (t he Tawrah and t he Inj il) a small price (i.e. get t ing a small gain by selling My verses), and fear Me and Me alone.)
Encouraging the Children of Israel to embrace Islam
Allah commanded t he Children of Israel t o embrace Islam and t o follow Muhammad . He also reminded t hem wit h t he example of t heir fat her Israel, Allah's Prophet Ya` qub, as if saying, "O children of t he pious, right eous servant of Allah who obeyed Allah! Be like your fat her, following t he t rut h.'' This st at ement is similar t o one's saying, "O you son of t hat generous man! Do t his or t hat '' or, "O son of t he brave man, engage t he st rong fight ers,'' or "O son of t he scholar, seek t he knowledge,'' and so fort h. Similarly, Allah said,
ぴ
∠るｚΑあケ⊥ク
∇リ∠ョ
ゅ∠レ∇ヤ∠ヨ∠ェ
∠ノ∠ョ
∃ゥヲ⊥ル
⊥ヮｚル͡ま
∠ラゅ∠ミ
や⇔ギ∇ら∠ハ
や⇔ケヲ⊥ム∠セ
び
(O offspring of t hose whom We carried (in t he ship) wit h Nuh (Noah)! Verily, he was a grat eful servant ) (17:3).
Israel is Prophet Ya` qub (Jacob)
Israel is Prophet Ya` qub, for Abu Dawud At -Tayalisi recorded t hat ` Abdullah Ibn ` Abbas said, "A group of Jews came t o t he Prophet and he said t o t hem,
»
∇モ∠ワ
∠ラヲ⊥ヨ∠ヤ∇バ∠ゎ
ｚラ∠ぺ
∠モΒ͡もや∠ゲ∇シ͡ま
∨⊥ゆヲ⊥ボ∇バ∠Α
«
(Do you know t hat Israel is Jacob) They said, "Yes, by Allah.'' He said,
»
ｚユ⊥ヰｚヤャや
∠ヰ∇セや
ギ
«
(O Allah! Be wit ness.)''
Allah's Blessings for the Children of Israel
Allah said,ぴ
∇やヱ⊥ゲ⊥ミ∇クや
∠ヶ͡わ∠ヨ∇バ͡ル
ヴ͡わｚャや
⊥ろ∇ヨ∠バ∇ル∠ぺ
∇ユ⊥ム∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ
び
(Remember My favor which I best owed upon you).
Muj ahid comment ed, "Allah's favor t hat He grant ed t he Jews is t hat He made wat er gush from st ones, sent down manna and quails for t hem, and saved t hem from being enslaved by Pharaoh.'' Abu Al-` Aliyah also said, "Allah's favor ment ioned here is His sending Prophet s and Messengers among t hem, and revealing Books t o t hem.'' I - Ibn Kat hir - say t hat t his Ayah is similar t o what Musa said t o t he Children of Israel,
ぴ
͡ュ∇ヲ∠ボ⇒∠Α
∇やヱ⊥ゲ⊥ミ∇クや
∠る∠ヨ∇バ͡ル
͡ヮｚヤャや
∇ユ⊥ム∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ
∇ク͡ま
∠モ∠バ∠ィ
∇ユ⊥ムΒ͡プ
∠￢べ∠Β͡ら∇ル∠ぺ
∇ユ⊥ム∠ヤ∠バ∠ィ∠ヱ
⇔ゅミヲ⊥ヤぁョ
∇ユ⊥ム⇒∠ゎや∠￢∠ヱ
ゅｚョ
∇ユ∠ャ
͡れ∇ぽ⊥Α
⇔やギ∠ェ∠ぺ
リあョ
∠リΒ͡ヨ∠ヤ⇒∠バ∇ャや
び
(O my people! Remember t he favor of Allah t o you: when He made Prophet s among you, made you kings, and gave you what He had not given t o any ot her among t he nat ions (of t heir t ime) (5:20) meaning, during t heir t ime. Also, Muhammad bin Ishaq said t hat Ibn ` Abbas said,
ぴ
∇やヱ⊥ゲ⊥ミ∇クや
∠ヶ͡わ∠ヨ∇バ͡ル
ヴ͡わｚャや
⊥ろ∇ヨ∠バ∇ル∠ぺ
∇ユ⊥ム∇Β∠ヤ∠ハ
び
(Remember My favor which I best owed upon you,) means, "My support for you and your fat hers,'' t hat is saving t hem from Pharaoh and his people.
Reminding the Children of Israel of Allah's Covenant with Them
Allah's st at ement ,
ぴ
∇やヲ⊥プ∇ヱ∠ぺ∠ヱ
ン͡ギ∇ヰ∠バ͡よ
͡フヱ⊥ぺ
∇ユ⊥ミ͡ギ∇ヰ∠バ͡よ
び
(And fulfill (your obligat ions t o) My covenant (wit h you) so t hat I fulfill (My obligat ions t o) your covenant (wit h Me),) means, ` My covenant t hat I t ook from you concerning Prophet Muhammad , when he is sent t o you, so t hat I grant you what I promised you if you believe in him and follow him. I will t hen remove t he chains and rest rict ions t hat were placed around your necks, because of t he errors t hat you commit t ed.' Also, Al-Hasan Al-Basri said, "The ` covenant ' is in reference t o Allah's st at ement , i
ぴ
∇ギ∠ボ∠ャ∠ヱ
∠グ∠カ∠ぺ
⊥ヮｚヤャや
∠ペ⇒∠んΒ͡ョ
ヴ͡レ∠よ
∠モΑ͡￢∠ゲ∇シ͡ま
ゅ∠レ∇ん∠バ∠よ∠ヱ
⊥ユ⊥ヰレ͡ョ
∇ヴ∠レ∇をや
∠ゲ∠ゼ∠ハ
⇔ゅらΒ͡ボ∠ル
∠メゅ∠ホ∠ヱ
⊥ヮｚヤャや
ヴあル͡ま
∇ユ⊥ム∠バ∠ョ
∇リ͡ゃ∠ャ
⊥ユ⊥わ∇ヨ∠ホ∠ぺ
∠りヲヤｚダャや
∇ユ⊥わ∇Β∠ゎや∠￢∠ヱ
∠りヲ∠ミｚゴャや
∇ユ⊥わレ∠ョや∠￢∠ヱ
ヴ͡ヤ⊥シ⊥ゲ͡よ
∇ユ⊥ワヲ⊥ヨ⊥ゎ∇ケｚゴ∠ハ∠ヱ
⊥ユ⊥わ∇ッ∠ゲ∇ホ∠ぺ∠ヱ
∠ヮｚヤャや
⇔ゅッ∇ゲ∠ホ
∠ェ
⇔ゅレ∠ジ
ｚラ∠ゲあヘ∠ミ⊥Ε
∇ユ⊥ム∇レ∠ハ
∇ユ⊥ム͡わ⇒∠ゃあΒ∠シ
∇ユ⊥ムｚレ∠ヤ͡カ∇キΕ∠ヱ
∃ろ⇒ｚレ∠ィ
ン͡ゲ∇イ∠ゎ
リ͡ョ
ゅ∠ヰ͡わ∇エ∠ゎ
⊥ゲ⇒∠ヰ∇ルｘΙや
び
(Indeed, Allah t ook t he covenant from t he Children of Israel (Jews), and We appoint ed t welve leaders among t hem. And Allah said: "I am wit h you if you perform As-Salah and give Zakah and believe in My Messengers; honor and assist t hem, and lend a good loan t o Allah, verily, I will expiat e your sins and admit you t o Gardens under which rivers flow (in Paradise)) (5:12).'' Ot her scholars said, "The covenant is what Allah t ook from t hem in t he Tawrah, in t hat , He will send a great Prophet - meaning Muhammad - from among t he offspring of Isma` il, who will be obeyed by all peoples. Therefore, whoever obeys him, t hen Allah will forgive his sins, ent er him int o Paradise and award him t wo rewards.'' We should ment ion here t hat Ar-Razi ment ioned several cases of informat ion brought by t he earlier Prophet s regarding t he coming of Muhammad . Furt her, Abu Al-` Aliyah said t hat ,
ぴ
∇やヲ⊥プ∇ヱ∠ぺ∠ヱ
ン͡ギ∇ヰ∠バ͡よ
び
(And fulfill (your obligat ions t o) My covenant (wit h you)) means, "His covenant wit h His servant s is t o embrace Islam and t o adhere t o it .'' Ad-Dahhak said t hat Ibn ` Abbas said, "` I fulfill My obligat ions t o you' means, ` I (Allah) will be pleased wit h you and admit you int o Paradise.''' As-Suddi, Ad-Dahhak, Abu Al-` Aliyah and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas said similarly.
Ibn ` Abbas said t hat Allah's st at ement ,
ぴ
∠ヴ⇒ｚΑ͡ま∠ヱ
͡ラヲ⊥ら∠ワ∇ケゅ∠プ
び
(And fear Me and Me alone.) means, "Fear t he t orment t hat I might exert on you, j ust as I did wit h your fat hers, like t he mut at ion, et c.'' This Ayah cont ains encouragement , followed by warning. Allah first called t he Children of Israel, using encouragement , t hen He warned t hem, so t hat t hey might ret urn t o t he Trut h, follow t he Messenger , heed t he Qur'an's prohibit ions and commands and believe in it s cont ent . Surely, Allah guides whom He wills t o t he st raight pat h.
ぴ
∇やヲ⊥レ͡ョや∠￢∠ヱ
べ∠ヨ͡よ
⊥ろ∇ャ∠ゴル∠ぺ
ゅ⇔ホあギ∠ダ⊥ョ
ゅ∠ヨあャ
∇ユ⊥ム∠バ∠ョ
び
(And believe in what I have sent down, confirming t hat which is wit h you (t he Tawrah and t he Inj il)) meaning, t he Qur'an t hat Allah sent down t o Muhammad , t he unlet t ered Arab Prophet , as bringer of glad t idings, a warner and a light . The Qur'an cont ains t he Trut h from Allah and affirms what was revealed beforehand in t he Tawrah and t he Inj il (t he Gospel). Abu Al-` Aliyah said t hat Allah's st at ement ,
ぴ
∇やヲ⊥レ͡ョや∠￢∠ヱ
べ∠ヨ͡よ
⊥ろ∇ャ∠ゴル∠ぺ
ゅ⇔ホあギ∠ダ⊥ョ
ゅ∠ヨあャ
∠ョ
∇ユ⊥ム∠バ
び
(And believe in what I have sent down (t his Qur'an), confirming t hat which is wit h you (t he Tawrah and t he Inj il)) "means, ` O People of t he Book! Believe in what I sent down t hat conforms t o what you have.' This is because t hey find t he descript ion of Muhammad recorded in t he Tawrah and t he Inj il.'' Similar st at ement s were at t ribut ed t o Muj ahid, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas and Qat adah.
Allah said,
ぴ
∠Ι∠ヱ
∇やヲ⊥ルヲ⊥ム∠ゎ
∠メｚヱ∠ぺ
∃ゲ͡プゅ∠ミ
͡ヮ͡よ
び
(and be not t he first t o disbelieve t herein).
Ibn ` Abbas comment ed, "Do not become t he first t o disbelieve in t he Qur'an (or Muhammad ), while you have more knowledge in it t han ot her people.'' Abu Al-` Aliyah comment ed, "` Do not become t he first t o disbelieve in Muhammad, ' meaning from among t he People of t he Book, ` aft er you hear t hat he was sent as a Prophet . ''' Similar st at ement s were at t ribut ed t o Al-Hasan, As-Suddi and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas. Ibn Jarir st at ed t hat t he Ayah (disbelieve t herein 2:41) refers t o t he Qur'an, ment ioned earlier in t he Ayah,
ぴ
べ∠ヨ͡よ
⊥ろ∇ャ∠ゴル∠ぺ
び
(in what I have sent down (t his Qur'an),)
Bot h st at ement s are correct because t hey are int er-relat ed. For inst ance, whoever disbelieves in t he Qur'an will have disbelieved in Muhammad , and whoever disbelieves in Muhammad will have disbelieved in t he Qur'an. Allah's st at ement ,
ぴ
∠メｚヱ∠ぺ
∃ゲ͡プゅ∠ミ
͡ヮ͡よ
び
(t he first t o disbelieve t herein) means, do not become t he first among t he Children of Israel t o disbelieve in it , for t here were people from Quraysh and t he Arabs in general who rej ect ed Muhammad before t he People of t he Book disbelieved in him. We should st at e here t hat t he Ayah is t alking about t he Children of Israel in specific, because t he Jews in Al-Madinah were
t he first among t he Children of Israel t o be addressed by t he Qur'an. Hence, t heir disbelief in t he Qur'an means t hat t hey were t he first among t he People of t he Book t o disbelieve in it . Allah's st at ement ,
ぴ
∠Ι∠ヱ
∇やヱ⊥ゲ∠わ∇ゼ∠ゎ
ヶ͡わ⇒∠Αべ͡よ
ゅ⇔レ∠ヨ∠を
⇔ΚΒ͡ヤ∠ホ
び
(and buy not wit h My verses a small price,) means, "Do not subst it ut e fait h in My Ayat and belief in My Prophet wit h t he life of t his world and it s lust s which are minut e and bound t o end. '' Allah said,
ぴ
∠ヱ
∠ヴ⇒ｚΑ͡ま
͡ラヲ⊥ボｚゎゅ∠プ
び
(and have Taqwa of Me and Me alone).
Ibn Abi Hat im report ed t hat Talq bin Habib said, "Taqwa is t o work in Allah's obedience, on a light from Allah, hoping in Allah's mercy, and t o avoid Allah's disobedience, on a light from Allah, fearing Allah's punishment .'' Allah's st at ement ,
ぴ
∠ヴ⇒ｚΑ͡ま∠ヱ
͡ラヲ⊥ボｚゎゅ∠プ
び
(and fear Me and Me alone) means, t hat Allah warns t he People of t he Book against int ent ionally hiding t he t rut h and spreading t he opposit e of it , as well as, against defying t he Messenger .
ぴ
∠Ι∠ヱ
∇やヲ⊥ジ͡ら∇ヤ∠ゎ
ｚペ∠エ∇ャや
͡モ͡ト⇒∠ら∇ャゅ͡よ
∇やヲ⊥ヨ⊥わ∇ム∠ゎ∠ヱ
ｚペ∠エ∇ャや
∇ユ⊥わル∠ぺ∠ヱ
∠ラヲ⊥ヨ∠ヤ∇バ∠ゎ
-∇やヲ⊥ヨΒ͡ホ∠ぺ∠ヱ
∠りヲヤｚダャや
∇やヲ⊥ゎへ∠ヱ
∠りヲ∠ミｚゴャや
∇やヲ⊥バ∠ミ∇ケや∠ヱ
∠ノ∠ョ
∠リΒ͡バ͡ミやｚゲャや
び
(42. And mix not t rut h wit h falsehood, nor conceal t he t rut h while you know (t he t rut h).) (43. And perform As-Salah, and give Zakah, and bow down along wit h Ar-Raki` in.)
The Prohibition of hiding the Truth and distorting It with Falsehood
Allah forbade t he Jews from int ent ionally dist ort ing t he t rut h wit h falsehood and from hiding t he t rut h and spreading falsehood,
