අਬȆै̥͙̹ͣͺΐͺȆͺές
ᦅɹ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɭ͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒
⏎͞ˠ˽⏋͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲላٞᦇɴȲȿʳ̩̜͌˧ൕݛɹϟёȴʰ⏎
ᘺǵغǵᮓǵᩃ*
Minor Crops in Globalizing Agriculture:
A Note on Edible Job’s Tears Cultivated
in Louang Phabang Province, Laos
OCHIAI Yukino*
In contemporary agriculture, farmers cultivate a changing balance of major and minor crops. The changing status of edible Job's tears, Coix lacryma-jobi subsp. ma-yuen, a relict minor crop that is becoming an important cash crop in Louang Phabang Province, Laos, provides an interesting example of the dynamics of agricultural change.
In mainland Southeast Asia, endemic varieties of edible Job's tears have traditionally been cultivated on a small scale for household consumption. Recently, however, farmers in parts of Louang Phabang Province have begun large-scale commercial farming of introduced varieties of edible Job's tears using modern cultivation techniques. The crop is probably exported to Japan, which has become dependent on imported edible Job's tears to supply its expanding health food market.
The case study casts some light on the differences between local and global systems of agriculture. In small-scale cultivation of edible Job's tears, there was a tight relationship between agriculture and everyday life, whereas in large-scale cultivation, producers are spatially separated from consumers. The localities engaged in this production are strongly influenced by the global health food market. Such changes in the agricultural system are influencing both the distribution and diversity of minor crops and the retention of related cultural knowledge and practices.
͉ȁ̲ȁ͛ȁͅ
ǵആˏ˻ˏɹᦅˁБᝠɐʳс႒ɭȦȭɽ⏋ፀ 1 ɴ˓̦ȵȡɁʰʶʳɞʸȩ⏏˓̦ɻആˏ ˻ˏɞȿɫɲȼၖय़ʦཧय़ɹঃȦܩݖɫൕݛɇʶǸᰩᏒɭɌɩγᅠɹϺؤɹȲʭɗץՕˁఌȭ
ʳ͍˻͑ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹȦɤʗȩɫ⏋с႒ɹዛᰖɴʭɤɩɻ⏋ܩჿᇕɴᭉʰʶɛ፴ܑ ԒɫɹʛൕݛɇʶɩȦɛʱ⏋ެˁᇿᇕɭɓɑ⏋ൕݛɌɛᦅᕶ᤹ɴʭɤɩ⏋ʢɌȼɻٞᦇɹ ˱̢͖̘͊ˑɹɲȴɞȿɫգᅎɇʶɛʱɌɩȦʳ͇˓̠ͻɲʢɹʢȡʳ⏏ೣዣɫɻǸɄɹʭȩ ɲ͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɹΥёɭɌɩ̩̜͌˧ (Coix lacryma-jobi subsp. ma-yuen) ˁɭʱȡɁǸആ ˏ˻ˏɹᦅɹΥుᯆɴɦȦɩᓒȭɩʛʳɄɭɴɐʳ⏏ ǵс႒ɹɲȴɴ͍˻͑ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɭ͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɭȦȩˡ̘˳͠ͻȵɫȷȡȵɤɛɹɻ⏋ ປᥒᇕᦏɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶɻᕶᐌᕶɹɛʠɹᅊᇕᦅȴʰ⏋ழᩆс႒ɹൕݛˁςк ɭɌɛڧᇕᦅʍɭ⏋ᦅɹ෯ᦶȵɌɛɄɭɭᬠѥɌɩȦʳ⏏ɭȼɴȋᐶɹᯊ٨ȍȵɻ ɍʚɤɛ 1960 ॷБȴʰɻ⏋ࢹధɹ͍˻͑ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɹᓚܩᯆዩɴװʠʳւغȵވ߂Ɍ⏋с႒ ɹዛʦڃዛɹਸȵжάɐʳჼᢒȵਸ਼ᦵɴᦽɌɛᅒμǵ1989⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲ༑ʶɹɲȴ⏋ ᦅᕶʰȵൕݛɌ⏋ຘɹಬʰɌɴգᅎɌɩȷɛΥᨆɹс႒ɹᩂឹਸȵሂࢪᇕɴжάɌ⏋͇˓ ̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɭ٧ɽʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ൕݛៀฐȵࢸɇȼ⏋ᐁཕᇕѝғɹжȦ͇˓̠ͻ˪ͦ̒ ̺ɻ⏋ڃዛఒᖪʦൕݛଯغჿɹࢪᢒɭʢɲʰɑ⏋ჼБᇕɲᦅɹങᏼʛɹɲȴɫȋʱ ɇʶɛȍс႒ɭɲɤɛ⏏ɇʰɴ 1990 ॷБɴɻȦʳɭ⏋ᰩᏒȡʳȦɻڧڃɭɌɩᩂឹɲеᒞˁ װʠʳ͍˻͑ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɹᅊᅋ⏋༑ᦲ⏋༥ᢹɹ˫ͦͻ̫͡ȵȦɤɗȩᰒᘿɴɲʱ⏋ᦅɹԗ ᑂȵγᅠᇕៀฐɫᡴᠶɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛGoodman and Watts 1997⏏ɗɹȦɤʗȩɫ͇˓ ̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋عܩɫൕݛȵఔඉɇʶ⏋գᅎȵᐓȭɛᐄഗ⏋с႒ɭɌɩɹࡔܧȵ ʉʚʶʳʚɫɴᕸɤɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ȦʚɲȲ͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɹൕݛʦգᅎȵᐚȿʰʶɩȦʳܩݖʢࡔܧɐʳ⏏ ʼɛɌɻ͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ˁʠȽʳᦅᓚయʦᰩయɴᬠਕˁୃȷ⏋1994 ॷȴʰആˏ˻ˏ ߂᭜ᨆɫჼܩᠭീˁɤɩȷɛ⏏ɗɹ᭬⏋ʢɤɭʢᖂ٢ˁʁȴʶɛɹȵ̩̜͌˧ɫȡɤɛ⏏̩ ̜͌˧ɻആˏ˻ˏ߂᭜ᨆɫൕݛɇʶɛɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳ˓̦ዀዤᰖɹΥዛɫ⏋ჼܧʢൕ ݛܩݖȵആˏ˻ˏɭആˏ˻ˏɴʓʖᭉʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ᠭീˁɤɛ͊͑Ͳ͇ͻ⏋̊˓⏋͞ˠ ˽⏋̜̠̾͌عܩɹᦅɴɻ⏋০ᇕ႕ਐɹᅵɲʳధɹ̩̜͌˧ܧഀڃዛȵࡔܧɌɩȲʱ⏋ ϺǾɻɗʶˁ္ᅣʦᅣɫࢸៀฐɴൕݛɌ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲᰩڃɴᠭჿɌɩգᅎɌɩȦɛOchiai 2002⏏ɭɄʸȵ⏋1999 ॷ 11 ɴ͞ˠ˽⏋͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲ (Louang Phabang) ላٞᦇˁʶɛ ᭬⏋ᕶࢃᅎൕݛɭɻࢪ၇ᇕɲ̩̜͌˧ൕݛܩɹಕ៎ɴሁᯆɌɛᘺغǵ2001⏏ɄɄɫɻჼᩆ ؚԂˁᇿᇕɴᬚܩɹహᯆɴঃȦᅣȵᬖȴʶ⏋̩̜͌˧ࢷԂڃዛȵ߂ៀฐɴൕݛɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ ɌȴʢភᮊɲɄɭɴ⏋Ʉɹܩݖɴɻʢɭʢɭ̩̜͌˧ܧഀڃዛˁࢹᩄɑɦᕶࢃᅎɴൕݛɌɩȷ ɛᐁᑅȵȡʱ⏋ᠭീಁɴʢɗʶȵᏳǾɭᐚȿʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋ؾɍ̩̜͌˧ɭȦȩс႒ˁ ɦȼʱɲȵʰʢ⏋ࢷԂڃዛɭܧഀڃዛ⏋߂ៀฐڧൕݛɭࢸៀฐᕶࢃᅎൕݛɭȦȩȷʼʠɩࢪ ၇ᇕɲឹᏬȵ⏋Ʉɹܩݖɹᦅɴؾಁɴ᠗ʠʰʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵ͞ˠ˽ɫᅊᅋɇʶɛ̩̜͌˧ɹՏᗼӴɴᆄکˁઢɍɲȵʰॠܕɌ⏋ఒʠɩʚʼʱˁឿ܌Ɍɩ
ʛʳɭ⏋ҫঔᰩڃࢭᬐঊɻʢɠʸ˃⏋Υᖔɹ˽ͻ̮ͻʦ˱Ͳ̢̲˛Ͳ˽˽̜ˏɴʢ⏋ధɹ̩ ̜͌˧នڃȵՏ܌ɤɩȦʳɄɭɴຩȵɦȦɛ⏏ɗɹዛᰖʢᢌɫ⏋ҫঔᗮʦᏄᇐᎰȴʰ⏋̩̜ ͌˧Ԃʱན༳ᰰషʦ̩̜͌˧ଁՕᨗغᎺڃʚɫȡʳ⏏ೣɹ͇ͻ˭̜̒ɫɻ⏋̩̜͌˧ȵɴ ʼȴɴᔰӵˁ༟ʃɩȦʳࡎɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɴ̩̜͌˧ɴᇿɐʳɭ⏋ആˏ˻ˏ߂᭜ᨆɹᦅɫᏳǾɭᕶࢃᅎɴൕݛɇʶʳ ё⏋͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲላٞᦇɫڧڃс႒ɭɌɩ߂ៀฐɴൕݛɇʶʳё⏋ೣɫڧڃɭɲɤɩ ެɇʶʳёɭ⏋ሂɹᅵɲʳс႒ɭϺɹᬠѥȵʛʰʶʳ⏏ೣዣɹᇿᇕɻ⏋Ʉɹ᧓Ȧˁଝȵȴʱ ɴ⏋͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɹൕݛɭգᅎɴʛʰʶʳᦏɹɦȦɩද២ˁ֓ȭʳɄɭɴȡʳ⏏Г άɫɻ⏋ʚɑ⏋̩̜͌˧ɹс႒ɭɌɩɹਸᣒɭആˏ˻ˏ߂᭜ᨆɫɹൕݛʦգᅎˁ ЂɌ⏋๖ɴ͞ˠ˽⏋͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲላٞᦇɫɹࢪ၇ᇕɲ 2 ዛᰖɹ̩̜͌˧ൕݛɴɦȦɩݬٚɐ ʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ೣɫɹ̩̜͌˧ɹᅊᅋɭ༥ᢹˁʠȽʳ֪كɴɦȦɩɹʏɛȡɭ⏋ȋͦͻˡ͡ȍ ɭȋ˫ͦͻ̫͡ȍɹɻɊʚɴȲȴʶɛ͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɴ့ဣˁȡɩ⏋ܩݖɹᦅɭс႒⏋ܩ ݖɹಬʰɌɭс႒ɴɦȦɩᠶɍʳɄɭɴɌɛȦ⏏
1
ȅΧΠθΆ͉͈̠̓̈́͢ै̥
1.1ȁධͺΐͺ࡙͈࣮ܳ႒ǵ̩̜͌˧ɻ⏋ೣɫʢໜाఫʦዷܩɴᅊȭʳ˻͖͇̀̋ (Coix lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi) ˁኘӴᩃᅊዛɴ⏋ആˏ˻ˏ߂᭜ᨆɫൕݛɇʶɛɭࡴɇʶɩȦʳዤᰖɫȡʳΫ ᅒǵ1958⏩μ࣊ǵ1966⏩Arora 1977⏏̩̜͌˧ɭ˻͖͇̀̋ˁيʠɛ˻͖͇̀̋ࣚඨ႒ (Coix) ɻ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɭؾɍ˓̦ዀ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ᦹɴࣚɌɩȦʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ᦹɫ ɻ̩̜͌˧ɭ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɭȦȩ 2 ዛᰖɹዤᰖȵആˏ˻ˏɭμᎦɫɗʶəʶൕݛ⏃̝͍˽ ̘ˑ˭ͻ̜⏆ɇʶɛɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ ǵ̩̜͌˧ʦ˻͖͇̀̋ɹᖽইˁ៎࢘Ɍɩʛʳɭ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɭؾ⏋ʁɭɦɹ҅кΫɴ ᮇਸᖽইɭᮁਸᖽইȵաǾɴɦȦɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏̩̜͌˧ɹᰩᅎᨆՕɻ⏋ዪഗ⏃ᮇਸࢸ ዥ⏆ɹɲȴɴɦʚɤɛɫ˃ʋ˃ɫȡʳȵ⏋ዪഗɻޭɹʭȩɲ০ɹຐ⏃ᐵᗌ⏆ɴʭɤɩ׃ʚʶɩ Ȧʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋̩̜͌˧ˁᰩʏʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ɄɹຐˁւʰɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ኘӴᩃᅊዛ ɹ˻͖͇̀̋ɫɻຐɹᝠᯆȵɦʳɦʳɌɩȦɩᯃ।ɴȴɛȼ⏋лȴ᧑ԍˁьʼɲȿʶɽւʶɲ Ȧȵ⏋̩̜͌˧ɫɻᝠᯆɴᑖྋȵȡɤɩʦʼʰȴȼ⏋୭ɫେɌɛɞȿɫȴ˃ɛ˃ɴւʶʳ⏏ൕ ݛɹዐɫμ᤹ȵʱՏɌʦɐȦਸᣒˁკɌ⏋̩̜͌˧ȵൕݛඨ႒ɭɌɩଁጓɌɛɹɫȡ ʳ⏏ ǵ̩̜͌˧ɻ˓Ͳ̝ആᨆȴʰ⏋ആˏ˻ˏ⏋ആˏ˻ˏɴȴȿɩൕݛɇʶ⏋ᰩᅎʦᨸᦶᅎɹዤ ᰖ⏋ȡʳȦɻᚫᅎඨ႒ɭɌɩգᅎɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ɭɄʸȵൕݛȵΫ៨ɹܩݖԒɴʓʖᭉࡴɇʶ⏋ ᐁཕᇕѝғʢжȴɤɛɛʠ⏋ᦅՕᩃɹድᓔȴʰс႒ɭɌɩɹᬠਕˁكȿʰʶʳɄɭɻࢹɲ
ȴɤɛ⏏˓Ͳ̝ʦആˏ˻ˏɫɹգᅎɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ඨ႒ʦՕᩃȴʰɹݬٚȵȡʳ ʢɹɹWatt 1904⏩ᵭᩃǵ1946⏩ቄພǵ1978⏩Arora 1977⏩Anderson 1993⏋ɰ˃ɲڃዛȵ⏋ ɰɄɫɰɹʭȩɴൕݛɇʶ⏋գᅎɇʶɩȦʳɹȴɭȦɤɛԍкᇕɲ̚ͻ̊ɻέɌɩȦɛ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɲᔘಕɹʢɭ⏋ʼɛɌɻ 1994 ॷȴʰ̊˓ɫ̶ˑͻ̝ͩ͡ͻ˪ˁȩลЦˁɛɄ ɭˁȷɤȴȿɴ⏋̩̜͌˧ɭɗɹᦏᑉᩃᅊዛɫȡʳ˻͖͇̀̋ࣚඨ႒ɴɦȦɩඨ႒ɹែ ဣȴʰᠭീˁᬖࠃɌɛ⏏̊˓⏃1994-97 ॷ⏆⏋̜̠̾͌ᨆ⏃1998 ॷ⏆⏋͞ˠ˽⏃1999 ॷ⏆⏋˓ Ͳ̝̦˹ˏ⏃2000 ॷ⏆⏋͊͑Ͳ͇ͻ⏃2001 ॷ⏆ɭ⏋ඨ႒ɹ៎࢘ʦգᅎᓔʍɹ˓Ͳ̲͖̊ͻˁᩂ ɷɩȦɤɛᐄഗ⏋ᠭീմɴɻਲ਼Ȧʢʭʰɲȴɤɛ̩̜͌˧ӉˁɦȴʞɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋ ̩̜͌˧ȵዤᰖɭɌɩёᇕɲ႕ਐˁ୫ɠ⏋ɗʶȵ̢͘ͻ˪ɲɫൕݛɇʶ⏋৩ɲ֓ूᠭ ჿɹɫգᅎɇʶɩȦʳɭȦȩϟࡸɫȡɤɛ⏏Гάɫɻ Ochiai2002ɴʭʱɦɦ⏋ɗɹ̩ ̜͌˧ɹਸᣒ⏋ൕݛ⏋գᅎɴɦȦɩᦚʏʳ⏏ 1.2ȁै̱͈͂̀ৗ͂ऩ༹ ǵHarlan 1992ȵ୭ɐʳʭȩɴ⏋ዤᰖɻൕݛɴʭʳ᧨Шᇕȵʢɤɭʢᰒᘿɴȡʰʼ ʶɛൕݛඨ႒ɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏˓̦⏋̮Ͳ˱͌˧⏋ˏͩɲɰ߂ᨆՕɹዤᰖɻΥॷᅊɫ⏋ዛ ࡎɹᇍᗂʦՏዥɹ̊˓͊Ͳ˫ȵʓʖؾᠭɐʳਸᣒ⏃ᅊᔒɹఱΥਸ⏆ʦ⏋ଁၓɌɛዪഗȵඨ႒к ȴʰɄʖʶᘺɠɲȦਸᣒ⏃ᯃᔵᎰਸ⏆ˁɗɲȭɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ঃȦᅣΥᯆɴዛࡎˁȦɩ ᔒɩ⏋ؚዲೝȵഀʶɽΥຩɴʱʳɲɰ⏋ᒴᘺɭɌɩ፬ჿɐʳɄɭȵൕݛɹݜೣɭɲɤɩȦ ʳ⏏ ǵɭɄʸȵ⏋̩̜͌˧ɴɻዤᰖɹݜೣᇕਸᣒȵȡɩɻʚʰɲȦ⏏̩̜͌˧ɻॷᅊɹਸᣒˁ ɌɩȦɩ⏋ᅊᔒೝᬚȵᬏȦ⏏Ɍȴʢ⏋ధɹᖽইȵᬏȦಁᬚˁȴȿɩǾɴࣙᬖɌ⏋ଁၓɌɩ Ȧȼ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ʁɭɦɹ҅кΫɫΥᨆɹᖽইɻᬖᖽɌɛɽȴʱ⏋Υᨆɫɻɐɫɴዪഗȵࡸɤ ɩȦʳɭȦȩ⏋ʈəʸȦɲႥȵȲɄʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ዪഗɴɻᔵᎰਸȵȡʱ⏋ଁၓɐʳɭᕶးɴɄ ʖʶᘺɠɩɌʚȩ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋̩̜͌˧ɹᒴᘺˁ߂ȷɲᅣɴᔒɩ⏋֟რʭȼؚዲɐʳɄɭɴ ɻȴɲʱɹܐᮑȵЫȩቄᅒǵ1981⏩ᦅകອᅋଯݬתЦ 2002⏏ആˏ˻ˏ߂᭜ᨆɫɻ⏋ Ʉɹʭȩɲਸᣒˁ୫ɤɛ̩̜͌˧ȵ⏋҅кɭɌɩ፬ჿɇʶʳɭȦȩ⏋ዤᰖɭɌɩɻёᇕɲ ɫൕݛɇʶɩȷɛOchiai 2002⏏ᦅɻ̩̜͌˧ɹൕݛݭଘɴ္ᅣɹΥᨆ⏋ȡʳȦɻᅣ ɹΥ៓ˁ᧧ʃ⏋ɗɄɴዴˁȡȿɩዛࡎˁȷ⏋ࢹధɹ҅кˁᔒɩʳ⏏ؚዲɐʳಁɻ⏋ع҅кɹ ᖽইˁઝཉȼ៎࢘Ɍ⏋ధˁȴȿɩၓɌɛᖽইȴʰᅱɴʛʳ⏏ ǵ္ᅣɴȲȿʳ̩̜͌˧҅кൕݛɹёɭɌɩ⏋̊˓⏋̍˙Ͳ͞˓ላɹܩ͓ˠ (Yao) ɹݭغ ˁЂɌʭȩᘺغǵ1996⏏1995 ॷ 11 ɹᠭീಁ⏋ฌᲞ 830 m ɹε᭙ܩɴɻᬏɇ 100 m⏋३ 30 m ʓɰɹ္ᅣȵᬖȴʶɩȦɛ⏏ɄɄɫɻ⏋᭜ዝˁςкɴ⏋͐ͦ˱˹⏋˗͠ᰖ⏋͇͍ᰖ⏋̠ ˽ࣚɹᩃᘛɲɰȵཌྷсɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹɲȴɴ̩̜͌˧ʢཌྷɍɤɩȦɛ⏏ᅣɹμɹс႒ɹеᒞ ˁȼʼɌȼᠭʏɩʛʳɭ⏋̩̜͌˧Гɹс႒ɻ͞Ͳ̋͌ɴᅊȭɩȦɛȵ⏋̩̜͌˧ɻ 30 ൎ
ʓɰȵ 2⏋3 m ᬚ᭧ɫι˃ɫȲʱ⏋ԃкɭɌɩɻ S ࡓ݀ɴᨗ՞ɇʶɩȦɛ⏃Ԡሎ 1⏆⏏ᓚсɌɩ ȦʳᦅɴᓬȦɩʛʳɭ⏋Јɹс႒ɹዛࡎɻɽʰȷɐʳɹɴࢪɌ⏋̩̜͌˧ɞȿɻዴˁȡȿ ɩዛࡎˁݏʠʳɭȦȩ⏏ɄȩɌɩᔒɩʰʶɛ̩̜͌˧ɻ⏋ᦅсɹɛʠɴᅣˁʶɛᦅɹȲ ʦɦɴɲɤɩȦɛ⏏ʚɞၓɌɩȦɲȦዪഗˁɦʚ˃ɫᅊɹʚʚᰩʏ⏋ʦʼʰȴɲᰩઢˁɛɹ Ɍʞɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵʚɛ⏋ᅣɫʢ̩̜͌˧ȵ҅кൕݛɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȵɌɽɌɽȡʳ⏏1999 ॷ 11 ɴʶɛ ͞ˠ˽⏋̓͠ˡ͌˵˓ (Bolikhamxai) ላɹ͞ˠ (Lao) Ϻɹࢃɫɻ⏋з࣎ʼȷɹᅣɫ⏋ͩ̊ʦ ˛˳͇⏋ͦ̄͡⏋ᚫᅎɹ˻͖͇̀̋ɲɰɹᅎඨ႒ɭȦɤɌʬɴ⏋3 ൎɹ̩̜͌˧ȵൕݛɇʶ ɩȦɛ⏃Ԡሎ 2⏆⏏ൕݛᓔɹߨਸɻ⏋ᖽইˁȦȼɦȴʛɤɩ⏋ᔵዤɓɑɴɗɹʚʚʪɫɩ Ȧɛ⏃Ԡሎ 3⏆⏏ɠʬȩɰ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁʚʳɅɭʪɫʳȴɹʭȩɲᠭჿɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ ࢃɹࡎɰʢɻ⏋ʪɫ̩̜͌˧ˁଝɴೠ᭖ɴএʱ⏋ዪഗˁʁɭɦɑɦւɤɩɻؤɴ˃ɫȦɛ⏏ ǵɄɹёȵኍɐʭȩɴ⏋̩̜͌˧ˁᒴᘺɭɌɩɫɻɲȼ⏋҅кɭɌɩ፬ჿɐʶɽ⏋ᅊᔒɹέఱ ΥɇʦዪഗɹᔵᎰਸɻࡸ᭬ΫکᰍɴɲʰɲȦ⏏ࢹధɹ҅кˁȷʠᏳȴȼ៎࢘Ɍ⏋ɗʶəʶɹᖽ ইɹၓೝˁՠుɌɩؚዲɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ʦʼʰȴȦഗࡸˁ᧧ʃՏɐɄɭʢɫȷʳɌ⏋ᔵᎰɴ ʭʳͦ˽ʢᬿɁʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ቁೝᬚɹȩɠɴʱʰɲȦȴʼʱɴ⏋ॷᅊɹഗปʦ᱗షඨ႒ ɹʭȩɴᬏೝᬚɴʼɛɤɩࢹɌɑɦգᅎɫȷʳɭȦȩᦥɹգဣʢᅊʚʶɩȦʳ⏏с႒ɹਸᣒɴ ɛȼʛɴࢪਝɌɛଯɴʭɤɩ⏋̩̜͌˧ɹൕݛȵᐚȿʰʶɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ 1.3ȁا ǵɗʶɫɻ⏋̩̜͌˧ɻɰɹʭȩɴգᅎɇʶɩȦʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ആˏ˻ˏɭആˏ˻ˏɹعܩ ɫʼʶɩȦʳ̩̜͌˧ɹ֓ूᠭჿˁܒ 1 ɴኍɌɛOchiai 2002⏏ɄɄɫઝɌɛȦɹɻ⏋ ̩̜͌˧ˁᚫᅎɴɐʳɹɻ̜̠̾͌ɹΥᨆɭμܕ⏋ᯨܕ⏋ೣ⏋ȡʳȦɻആˏ˻ˏɹᘠϺ ᏙɹϺǾɞȿɫȡʱ⏋ആˏ˻ˏɫɻ̩̜͌˧ɻʢɤɿʰᰩᅎɹዤᰖɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳဣɫȡ ৢ૯!1ȁઘศ̤̫ͥͅΧΠθΆ͈ऩ ⏃1995 ॷ 11 ̊˓⏋̍˙Ͳ͞˓ላ⏆ ৢ૯!2ȁೳศ̤̫ͥͅΧΠθΆ͈ऩ ⏃1999 ॷ 11 ͞ˠ˽⏋̓͠ˡ͌˵˓ላ⏆
ʳ⏏ ǵ̩̜͌˧ɹȲʢɲᰩʏɴɻ⏋ᔵዤ⏋ຐˁɻɑɌɛዤᎰˁ⏋1⏆Ꮀɹʚʚယɤɛʱ⏋ʪɫ ɛʱ⏋ᙜɌɛʱɌɩ⏋ᰯ⏋ȲɄʼ⏋ᘘࡎᰖɴᠭჿɐʳ⏋2⏆Ȧɤɛ˃ᎬɴʁȦɛȡɭ⏋̮ Ͳ⏋ᎬᎹ⏋Ꭼᰶ⏋ᘘࡎᰖ⏋ᰰషɲɰɴᠭჿɐʳ⏋3⏆ᇍᨥɇɓɩᨙˁсʳɹ 3 ɦȵȡ ʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ёᇕɲգᅎɭɌɩ⏋ೣɫᰰʚʶɩȦʳɻɭʞȹᗮɹʭȩɴᔵዤɌɛዪഗˁ ຐɅɭယɤɩှɍʳʦ⏋ɇȷɴЂɌɛዪഗˁᔵዤɓɑᖽইɴɦȦɛʚʚʪɫɩᰩʏʳ⏋ ೡၓɹዤᎰˁᅊɹʚʚᰩʏʳɭȦɤɛʢȡʳ⏏
2
ȅρΑȄσͺϋΩΨȜϋࡇਔ༏͈ম႕
2.1ȁऔ͈ٽါ ǵմ፲ɫɹʏɛ̩̜͌˧ɹਸᣒ⏋ൕݛ⏋գᅎˁʈʚȭɲȵʰ⏋Ʉɹ፲ɫɻ͞ˠ˽⏋͡ˏͲ ৢ૯!3ȁ༠̮̹͂́͠ΧΠθΆ⏃1999 ॷ 11 ͞ˠ˽⏋̓͠ˡ͌˵˓ላ⏆ !1ȁȁΧΠθΆ͈حࢥၑ༹⏃Ochiai2002ˁʢɭɴсଁ⏆̮̫ͻͲላٞᦇɫɹ̩̜͌˧ൕݛɴɦȦɩݬٚɐʳ⏏
ǵ1999 ॷ 11 2 ȴʰ 12 2 ɴࡸేɌɛჼܩᠭീɫɻ⏋ʚɑ⏋ᨆɹʹˑ˛Ͳ̍͑Ͳ (Vientiane)⏋̓͠ˡ͌˵˓⏋˵ʹˎ̠˭̜̒ (Savannakhet)⏋̍͑Ͳ̮˵̒˪ (Champasak)⏋ ́˱Ͳ (Xe Kong)⏋˵͞ʹˎͲ (Salavan)⏋ᨆɹ͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲ⏋̶ˏ̮Ͳ (Houaphan)⏋˹ ˛Ͳ˪ͩͲ (Xiangkhoang)⏋˗̝͌˵˓ (Oudomxai) ɹعላɫঃݖᇕɲ៎࢘ɭඨ႒˵Ͳ̺͡ɹ ؚᮃ⏋ᓬʱᠭീˁȦ⏋̩̜͌˧ɹൕݛႥˁ߂ʚȴɴவɌɛ⏏ᝠ 1 ɴኍɌɛʭȩɴغ 36 ဣɹඨ႒˵Ͳ̺͡ȵᠭീܩݖɹʓʖԃݖȴʰᮃʠʰʶɩȲʱ⏋̩̜͌˧ȵ͞ˠ˽ɫঃȼൕ ݛɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏Ɍȴʢ⏋ɗɹൕݛɻ⏋߂ᨆՕȵᅣɹΥᨆɫᕶࢃᅎɴࢹᩄɑ ɦ፬ჿɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏̫̠̠ʦ˱˱͓˹⏋̊ͦ˓͐⏋᱗షඨ႒⏋ᚫᅎඨ႒⏋៎ᣌᅎɹᖽ ೠɲɰ⏋ዛᰖɹᅎඨ႒ɭȦɤɌʬɴ⏋ᅣɴඨȭʰʶɩȦʳʭȩɐȵ៎࢘ɇʶɛ⏏ ǵȦɤʗȩ⏋ڧൕݛɻʹˑ˛Ͳ̍͑Ͳላˡ˹ͻ (Kassay) ˁጩɴǸ͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲላ̠Ͳ ̫̒˪ (Nam Bac) ˁᐁɩ⏋̶ˏ̮Ͳላ͌ˏͲ̯˛͌ (Muong Hiem) ʚɫɹΥय़⏃ฌᲞ 300⑯ 1,200 m⏆ɫʼʶɩȦɛ⏃ܒ 2⏆⏏ɗɹࡎɻȷʼʠɩ႕ਐᇕɫ⏋ᯆዩɹ߂ȷɲᅣΥᯆɴ̩̜ ͌˧ɹᒴᘺȵᅊᔒɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ɭȼɴ⏋ʹˑ˛Ͳ̍͑Ͳላɭ͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲላɹላޅɴ еᒞɐʳࣰܩय़ɴ߂ៀฐɲᅣȵᮃμɌɩȲʱ⏋ឿཡɐᭉʱɹహᯆȵ̩̜͌˧ɫុʼʶɩȦ ʳʭȩɲݭଘʢȡɤɛ⏃Ԡሎ 4⏆⏏ɲȲ⏋Ʉɹܩݖɴɻ⏋ȷʼʠɩʚʶɴɞȵǸ᭜ዝᅣɹΥ᭟ ɴ̶˙Ͳ˽Ⴅɴ 1 ՞ɴ̩̜͌˧ˁᨗᒞɌɛʱ⏋ᅣɹΥ៓ɴధ҅кɹ̩̜͌˧ˁඨȭɛʱɌɩ ̩̜͌˧ˁ҅к፬ჿɌɩȦʳࢸៀฐൕݛɹёʢ᠗ʠʰʶɛ⏃Ԡሎ 5⏆⏏ɦʚʱ⏋͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻ Ͳላٞᦇɫɻ⏋ൕݛɹៀฐʦȵᅵɲʳ̩̜͌˧ൕݛȵιɌɩʼʶɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄɹ 2 ዛᰖɹൕݛɴɦȦɩປᥒɌɲȵʰ⏋˪͌ (Khum) ϺȲʭʃ͞ˠϺᦅɴࢪɌɩ͞ˠ ᦲ៱ˁЂɌɩ˓Ͳ̲͖̊ͻɌɛǺ̩̜͌˧ڃዛȵѳࡔɇʶɩȦʳݭغɴɻ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴɗɹዛࡎˁ ឿɓɩʢʰȦɲȵʰ⏋০ᇕ႕ਐʦൕݛી⏋գᅎɴɦȦɩᓬʱˁɤɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋̩̜ ນ!1ȁρΑڎࡇ́ਓਬ̯̹ͦΧΠθΆ͈ϋίσତ (1999 ॷɹჼܩᠭീɴʭʳ) ǵǵላǵǵؿ ˵Ͳ̺͡ధ ˗̝͌˵˓ 4 ͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲ 12 ̶ˏ̮Ͳ 4 ˹˛Ͳ˪ͩͲ 2 ̓͠ˡ͌˵˓ 3 ˵ʹˎ̠˭̜̒ 5 ˵͞ʹˎͲ 1 ́˱Ͳ 2 ̍͑Ͳ̮˵̒˪ 3 ǵǵغǵǵ 36
͌˧ɹ༑ᦲᓔɴʢ᠌ˁᓬȦɛ⏏ 2.2ȁুزဥऩ ǵʚɑ⏋ڧൕݛȵࠃʚʳГմȴʰ⏋̩̜͌˧ˁൕݛɌɩȦɛᐁᱻˁ୫ɦᦅɹ᠌ˁЂɐ ʳ⏏ !2!!!ρΑȄσͺϋΩΨȜϋࡇਔ༏͈ΧΠθΆުऩ౷֖ ৢ૯!4ȁఱܰ࿅ͅުऩ̯ͦͥΧΠθΆȄ ߲၂̦ࢩ̦ͥ ৢ૯!5ȁܰ࿅ͅুزဥऩ̯ͦͥΧΠθΆȄ ڼ̦!2!Ⴅ͐ͅ
H ˪͌Ϻɹᅖਸ ͐̍ਸɹ̩̜͌˧ȋͲ̾ (nbe)ȍˁ္ᅣɹܑٞɴൕݛɌɩȦɛ⏏ॷᬚؚዲᩄɻ⏋Υశᒊ 2⏋3 ҅Օዐɫ⏋ɗʶɫޭᨙ⏃ᨸᦶᨙ⏆ȋ̸˓Ͳ̾ (bui nbe)ȍˁсɤɛ⏏̩̜͌˧ɫɦȼɤɛ ޭᨙɻ⏋ᎦɫɦȼɤɛʢɹɴປʏɩᅆȦ⏏ K ˪͌Ϻɹᅖਸ ͐̍ਸɹ̩̜͌˧ȋͲ̾ȍˁ္ᅣɴ 1 ՞ɞȿൕݛɌɩȦɛ⏏ዛɹɭȷɻܩᯆɴዴˁȡȿ⏋ ʁɭɦɹዴɴ 3 ᎰɹዛࡎˁȦɛ⏏ؚዲᩄɻɅȼʼɑȴɫȡɤɛȵ⏋ᙜɌɩᰩʏɛʱ⏋ޭᨙ ʦᙜᅥᨙˁсɤɛʱɌɛ⏏ N ˪͌Ϻɹᅖਸ ̩̜͌˧ȋͲ̾ȍɴɻ⏋ዛࡎȵࢸɇȦȋͲ̢͖̾ (nbe nyu)ȍɭዛࡎȵ߂ȷȦȋͲ̠̾ ͌˪ͦ̒ (nbe namukrok)ȍȵȡʱ⏋ɰɠʰʢ͐̍ਸɞɤɛ⏏ؚዲᩄɻθଝɫɐȼȭʳʓɰࢹ ɲȴɤɛ⏏˱˱̠̓͊͡˪ɫ٢ЊȿɌɛᅆȦᘘࡎˁсʳʓȴ⏋ޭᨙʦᙜᅥᨙɴɐʳɄɭʢ ȡɤɛ⏏ S ͞ˠϺɹᅖਸ ̩̜͌˧ȋ͇̒˪̝˕ˏ˓ˡˠ (makduai kao)ȍˁ⏋္ᅣɹܑٞʢɌȼɻᅣɫൕݛɌ⏋ॷ ᬚ 1⏋2 kg ዐؚዲɌɛ⏏Ʉʶɫᙜᅥᨙȋ͞ˠ˹͑ˠ (rao shao)ȍˁɦȼɤɛ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɴ͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲላٞᦇɫɻ⏋̩̜͌˧ܧഀڃዛˁᅎȦɩ⏋1⏆ᅣʦ᭜ዝᅣɹΥ ៓ˁൕݛɹݭଘɭɌɩࢸៀฐɲᕶࢃᅎൕݛȵʼʶɩȦɛɄɭ⏋2⏆ؚዲᩄɻʼɑȴɫȡɤɛ Ʉɭ⏋3⏆ᕶࢃᅎɴ༥ᢹɇʶ⏋ȲɄʼʦᘘࡎɴᠭჿɐʳ⏋ᨙɹషɴɐʳɲɰɹգᅎȵȡɤ ɛɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̩̜͌˧ɹɫ˃ʋ˃ɹਸᣒɴɦȦɩᣒکɐʳɭ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɹݭغ͐̍ ਸɫȡʳɭɹ౩ተɲᦐፐȵȡʱ⏋ɗɹᰩ٢ȵѝɇʶɩȷɛɄɭȵȩȴȵȭʳ⏏ 2.3ȁުऩ ǵཡᨆ1999ɻ⏋1996 ॷȴʰਸ਼ᦵɴ͞ˠ˽ɫ̩̜͌˧ڧൕݛȵঃȵɤɛʢɹɭࡴɌ ɩȦʳ⏏ڧൕݛɻ⏋ЗᢷϺȵ୫ɠᦉ˃ɞࢷԂڃዛˁ⏋1⏆߂ᯆዩɴʼɛɤɩൕݛɐʳ⏋2⏆߂ ᩄɴؚዲɐʳ⏋3⏆ჼᩆؚԂˁᇿᇕɴެɐʳ⏋ɭȦȩဣɫ⏋ᕶࢃᅎൕݛɭɻᣒᇕɴʢᩄᇕɴ ʢ߂ȷȼᅵɲɤɩȦʳ⏏̩̜͌˧ᅊᅋɭ༑ᦲɴɦȦɩ⏋ᓔʦᦅɻ๖ɹʭȩɴ᠌ɌɩȦʳ⏏ ͞ˠϺɹЗᢷᓔ 3 ॷմ⏃1996 ॷ⏆ȴʰ̩̜͌˧ɹЗᢷˁɻɍʠɛ⏏̺ͻ˪Ͳ⏃Phu Khun⏋ʹˑ˛Ͳ̍͑Ͳ
ላɭ͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲላɹላޅɴеᒞɐʳ⏋ܒ 2 ؒ၇⏆ٞᦇɹᦅࢃȴʰ⏋1 kg 1,000 ˥̺̒ ⏃ᠭീಁɹͤͻ̜ɫ⏋100 ˥̺̒ɻᏝ 1.4 ԓ⏆ɫ̩̜͌˧ˁЇԂʶ⏋̊˓⏋̠ͻͲ (Nan) ላɹ ̊˓ϺᓔɴެɤɩȦʳ⏏ॷᬚ 2,000 t ˁɤɩȦʳ⏏ H ˪͌Ϻɹᅖਸ ʹˑ˛Ͳ̍͑Ͳȴʰʶɛᓔɹћᰉɴʭʱ⏋̩̜͌˧ɹڧൕݛˁɻɍʠɛ⏏ࢃ 6 Ϻȵ ᰩʏʳɛʠɹ᭜ዝˁൕݛɐʳ္ᅣ 2 ha ˁʢɭʢɭ୫ɤɩȦɛȵ⏋̩̜͌˧ൕݛɹɛʠృɛ ɴ္ᅣ 1 ha ˁᬖȦɛ⏏ɗɄɴᓔȵ୫ɤɩȷɛ̩̜͌˧ڃዛɹዛࡎˁȦɛ⏏ؚዲɌɛ̩ ̜͌˧ɻ 1 kg 800 ˥̺̒ɫެɐʳ⏏ K ˪͌Ϻɹᅖਸ 4 ॷմɴ͞ˠϺɹᐁۊɐʳЦȵዛࡎˁȼʶɛɹɫ⏋ృɌȦᅣˁᅎઝɌɩڧൕݛˁɻɍʠ ɛ⏏ॷᬚ 10 kg ˁؚዲɌ⏋ެɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵჼܩᠭീɹಁೝɻ⏋̩̜͌˧ɹؚዲೝɴȡɛɤɩȦɛ⏏ڧൕݛɫɻ⏋ˁᅎȦɩܩᯆɴᦏ ȦᨆՕɫ̩̜͌˧ɹඨ႒кˁʱʱ⏋ᅣɹΥ៓ɫʚɭʠɩᔵዤɌɩȦɛ⏃Ԡሎ 6⏆⏏ᔵዤ⏋ ዤᎰˁᮃᘺʍ୫ɠॠʱ⏋߂݀ɹȩɠʼˁьɤɩᰟ᧧Ɍ⏃Ԡሎ 7⏆⏋Ӵʦ᧑ᤉɴɅɊˁঃɁɩ ϗၥɇɓʳ⏃Ԡሎ 8⏆⏏Ʉʶˁᝬ᠋ʠɴɌ⏋̜̒͞˪ɴʭʳᮃᗼˁ৺ɦɹɫȡʳ⏃Ԡሎ 9⏆⏏ᦅ ɴʭɤɩՏᗼɇʶɛ̩̜͌˧ɻ⏋Ȧɤɛ˃⏋̠Ͳ̫̒˪ʦ͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲɹᮃዩݭɴᮃʠʰ ʶɛ⏋᭜ᤉ̜̒͞˪Ѥɫʹˑ˛Ͳ̍͑Ͳʍ⏋ȡʳȦɻ͍˱ͲाɹອˁգᅎɌɩሁஞ̊˓ʍ ɽʶɩȦʳ⏏͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲ॑Ԓ⏋͍˱Ͳाɹᖛመȷݭᦏȼɴ҄ঐˁ୫ɦᮃᗼᓔɹ᠌ˁ๖ ɴЂɐʳ⏏ ͞ˠϺᮃᗼᓔ Гմɻ͇̋ͻ͡ʦˡ˻̨˥ɹปᇤˁՏᗼɌɩȦɛȵ⏋Ёॷȴʰ̩̜͌˧ˁȦɻɍʠɛ⏏ᦅ ȴʰᮃʠɛ̩̜͌˧ˁȦɤɛ˃҄ঐɴᮃʠ⏋26 kg ɑɦᝬ᠋ʠɌ⏋ᖛɫ̊˓⏋̠ͻͲላɹ ̍˙Ͳ˱ͻͲ⏃Chang Khong⏋ܒ 2 ؒ၇⏆ɴ˃ɫȦʳ⏏ЁॷɹՏᗼᐵᩄɻ 500⑯600 t ɴɲ ʳɭϜɌɩȦʳ⏃Ԡሎ 10⏆⏏ 2.4ȁުऩ͈༴̢ͥ࿚ఴ ǵȼɹᦅࢃȵɗɹڧൕݛɴؒ֓ɌɛɄɭɴʭʱ⏋̩̜͌˧ɻɴʼȴɴɄɹܩݖɹȋ͍ ˻͑ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ȍɭɲɤɛ⏏ɞȵ⏋ڧൕݛɴɻɦȹɹʭȩɲکᰍဣʢᅊɍɩȦʳ⏏
Ʀڃዛɹέ᧟غɭڃᣒɹжά S ͞ˠϺᅖਸ ʢɭʢɭɴȡɤɛڃዛɹᗳΩɻ߂Ϻɹ᤹ᬏȼʰȦɫ⏋ʭȼࡸȵɦȦɛ⏏ɞȵ⏋ᓔȵ୫ɤ ɩȷɛڃዛɻᗳΩȵϺɹᔘΩʭʱɑɤɭᲞȼɲʱ⏋ؚዲɹɭȷଝȵ࣑ȴɲȦ⏏ࡸɹɦȷʢ ੲȦ⏏ɄɄɹܤܩɭغʼɲȦɹɫɻɲȦȴ⏏ ǵɄɹᅖਸȵ୭ɐʳʭȩɴǸࢷԂڃዛɹᅊᔒႥɻໆɌɩʭȦɭɻȦȭɲȦ⏏ᅣɫɻ⏋Ȧʼ ʪʳጓɠഞʶɹႥɫඨ႒кˁఔᒞɌɩȦʳёʢ᠗ʠʰʶɛ⏏ᐄࡸႥɹੲɇȴʰ⏋ؚዲˁȡ ৢ૯!7ȁೳ୶́ΧΠθΆͬ໓̳ͥ ৢ૯!6ȁުऩ̤̫ͥͅΧΠθΆ͈ਓڗ ৢ૯!8ȁൽႹ́ΧΠθΆͬۋ̵̯ͥ
ȷʰʠɛʢɹɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ Ƨؚዲಁɹکᰍ ǵ̩̜͌˧ɹ߂ᒴᘺˁঃ߂ɲᅣɫᔒɩʳڧൕݛɹɻ⏋္ᅣʦᅣɴࢹధɹ҅кˁඨȭ ʳᕶࢃᅎൕݛɹɴປʏ⏋ᮃᏝᇕɴឿȭʳ⏏ɞȵ⏋մ፲ɫ៘ʶɛʭȩɴ⏋̩̜͌˧ɹၓೝɻ ȷʼʠɩʈəʸȦɫ⏋ᒴᘺɹؚዲ᧟ೝȵՠుɌɴȼȦ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩǸؚዲ႒ɴೡၓዪഗȵཌྷɍ ʳ⏋ȡʳȦɻଁၓɌɛዪഗȵӴɴᔵᎰɌɩɌʚɤɩؚዲɫȷɲȦɭȦɤɛϟȵᣱɄʱȵɠɫ ȡʳ⏏ ǵࡸ᭬ɴ⏋ᦅࢃɹӴʦ͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲɹᮃዩݭɫዪഗˁᠭʏɩʛʳɭǸɫ˃ʋ˃ɹӱࡸɌɩ ȦɲȦʢɹȵȼཌྷɍɤɩȦɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᯨܕʦೣɫɻ⏋̩̜͌˧ൕݛɹลඁɴʭɤɩᅥ ʚʱɹੲɇˁӷɐʳ֗ȵɇʶɩȦʳȵ⏋͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲላٞᦇɫɻɐʏɩଝсɫؚዲȵ ʼʶɩȦʳɛʠ⏋߂ᯆዩɫൕݛɌɩʢؚዲ֟რɹੲɇȵکᰍɭɲʳ⏏ ƨڧڃс႒ɭɌɩɹѝғɭࢰഀਸ ǵ˗̝͌˵˓ላɹ္ᅣᦅˁᐙᐚᇕɴᠭീɌɩȦʳࣩᅒʰ2001ɻ⏋2000 ॷჼܧ⏋̩̜͌ ˧ɹެѝൔȵߕᏝಁɹжѳ៷ѝൔˁά܌ʳکᰍȵᦅɭᓔɹᬚɴᅊɍɩȦʳɄɭˁݬٚ Ɍ⏋ѝൔ֪ɴ৯ᯱˁ؝ȿʦɐȦ̩̜͌˧ߕᏝൕݛȵᦅࢃɹտؚԂ྇ɭɌɩѵᰉਸˁ๕ȼɄɭ ˁ୭Ɍɛ⏏̩̜͌˧ڧൕݛɹࢰഀȵਥɇʶʳ⏏ 2.5ȁਅ͈൵වͥ͢ͅגޣ ǵȲɲɍ̩̜͌˧ɭȦȩс႒ɴɦȦɩ⏋ʢɭʢɭɄɹܩݖɴȡɤɛڃዛɭ⏋ȡʰɛɴࢷԂɇʶ ɛڃዛȵཌྷܧɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ൕݛʦڃዛɹ᠗ᡫɴȵᅊɍɛ⏏Гάɴ 3 ɦɹёˁЂ ɐʳ⏏ Ʀܧഀڃዛɹ߂ៀฐൕݛ ǵࢷԂڃዛɹڃᣒȵȡʚʱɴʭȼɲȦɹɫǸɗɹൕݛˁμɌ⏋ȴʼʱɴܧഀڃዛˁՏᗼɐʳ ᦅȵȦɛ⏏ ৢ૯!9ȁనͅݑ͛̀ȄΧΠθΆͬك̳ͥ ৢ૯!10ȁσͺϋΩΨȜϋঌ͈ΧΠθΆਬكા
N ˪͌Ϻᅖਸ ̊˓Ϻȵ୫ɤɩȷɛዛࡎɹᖬȵᶌȼɩ߂ȷȦڃዛɻ⏋ɫȷȵੲȼɩެʶɲȦ⏏ɞȴʰ⏋Ёɫ ɻɴʢɭʢɭȡɤɛ߂ȷȼɩᇐȦڃዛˁ߂ᩄɴൕݛɌɩՏᗼɐʳʭȩɴɌɩȦʳ⏏̊˓Ϻ ȵ୫ɤɩȷɛڃዛɻ⏋Ȧʚɫɻ⏋߂ᩄɴൕݛɇʶʳɹڃዛɹμɴཌྷɍɤɩ⏋ࢹɌɤɩȦ ʳɞȿɴɲɤɛ⏏ ƧࢷԂڃዛɹࢸៀฐൕݛ ǵ˗̝͌˵˓ላɹᦅࢃɹᅣɫ⏋1 ՞ɞȿൕݛɇʶɩȦʳ̩̜͌˧ȵȡɤɛ⏃Ԡሎ 11⏆⏏ɗʶ əʶɹ҅кˁ៎࢘ɐʳɭ⏋ዪഗɹᖬɹᶌȦʢɹɭᇐȦʢɹȵ᠗ʠʰʶɛ⏏ȡȷʰȴɴ⏋ࢸៀฐ ᕶࢃᅎൕݛɹিɫ፬ჿɇʶɩȦɛȵ⏋୫ɠςɴᓬȦɩʛʳɭ⏋ൕݛɇʶɩȦɛɹɻࢷԂڃዛ ɫȡɤɛ⏏ M ˪͌Ϻᅖਸ ᇐȦዛࡎɹڃዛɻЁॷ⏋ᶌȦዛࡎɹڃዛɻॷ⏋͞ˠϺɹᓔȵ୫ɤɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ؚ ዲɌɛʰ⏋ᕶՕɛɠɫᰩʏʳ⏏౬ɻ⏋ዛࡎȵࢸɇȼɩᶌȦڃዛȵȡɤɛȵ⏋ЁɻɲȦ⏏ ƨڃዛᡫաɹཌྷϕ ǵΫ៨ƦɭƧɫɻ⏋ܧഀڃዛɭࢷԂڃዛȵ০ᇕ႕ਐɴʭɤɩךաɇʶ⏋ᅓഀɭࢪਝɇɓɩ᠗ ᡫɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ڃዛɹᡫաȵɻɤȷʱɌɲȼɲɤɩȦʳ˭ͻ˽ʢȡʳ⏏ ǵN ɫൕݛɌɩȦʳဒᖬɭᇐᖬɹ 2 ɦɹڃዛɴɦȦɩᅖߨ 4 ؿɹᦅȴʰ᠌ˁᓬȦɛ᭬⏋ᇐ ȦʢɹȵܧഀڃዛɞɭȦȩϺ⏋ဒᖬɹʢɹȵܧഀڃዛɞɭȦȩϺ⏋θɭʢܧഀڃዛɞɭɐʳ Ϻȵȡʰʼʶɛ⏏࣎غʼɓɛϺˁॎȷᦉ˃ɞᡴᠶɹೢ⏋θɭʢܧഀڃዛɫȡʳɭȦȩɄɭ ৢ૯!11ȁೳศ́ऩ̯ͦͥুزકဥΧΠθΆȄਅ͉൵ව̯̹͈ͦ͜
ɫԃڊȵᏢɌ⏋Υਝɹȋៗໆȍˁʛɛȵ⏋ɄɹȦȷɇɦɻ⏋ڃዛɹࢷԂɴʭɤɩᦅɹ᠗ᡫ ȵࢅ౫ɴʼʱȩʳɄɭˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ1996 ॷ 2 ɴ̊˓⏋͡ͻ˓ (Loei) ላͩͲ˵̺ͻͲ (Wang Saphung) ɹ̩̜͌˧ڧൕݛܩݖ ɫჼܩᠭീˁɤɛɄɭȵȡʳȵ⏃ܒ 2⏆⏋ɄɄɫɻ⏋ዛࡎȵࢸɇȦ̩̜͌˧ȵڧൕݛᅎɹ ࢷԂڃዛǸ߂ȷȦ̩̜͌˧ȵᕶࢃ༥ᢹᅎɹܧഀڃዛɭɻɤȷʱךաɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴ ؚᮃɌɛዛࡎ˵Ͳ̺͡ɴɦȦɩᠭʏɛɭɄʸ⏋˵˓̀ȵȡȷʰȴɴᅵɲʳ 2 ᒴɴʼȴʶ⏋ᦅ ɹ᠗ᡫɭɹࢪਝȵተ᠗ɫȷɛ⏏Ȧɤʗȩ⏋͞ˠ˽عላȴʰؚᮃɌɛዛࡎ˵Ͳ̺͡ɹ˵˓̀ˁ ཀྵɌɛᐄഗɫɻ⏋ᕶࢃᅎɴൕݛɇʶʳڃዛ⏋ڧᅎɴൕݛɇʶʳڃዛɭʢɴ⏋˵˓̀ɹ߂ȷɲ ʢɹȴʰࢸɇɲʢɹʚɫɽʰɦȷȵȡɤɛ⏏ʢɭʢɭ͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲላٞᦇɫɻɇʚɊʚɲ০ ᇕ႕ਐˁʢɤɛܧഀڃዛȵൕݛɇʶɩȷɛȩȭɴ⏋ᓔȵᅓഀɹᅵɲʳភధɹڃዛˁࢷԂɌ ɛɛʠ⏋ᐄഗᇕɴڃዛ෯ଁȵភᮊɴɲɤɩɌʚɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ ǵɄɄʚɫʛɩȷɛʭȩɴ⏋͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲላٞᦇɫɻɍʚɤɛ̩̜͌˧ڧൕݛɻ⏋Ʉɹܩ ݖɹᦅᐁཕɴʢ⏋ᦅᓚయɴʢȦ৯ᯱˁήȭɛ⏏ᐁཕᯆɫɻ⏋ڧڃс႒ɭɌɩɹ̩̜͌˧ ɹӴȷȵʉʚʶʳ⏏ᅋܩɭɌɩ⏋ɄɹʚʚڃᣒɹʭȦ̩̜͌˧ɹᅊᅋˁᐚȿɩȦȿʳɹɞ ʸȩȴ⏏Ёʢࡴᇕɲᮛឹɻឿᦉʠʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᦅᓚయɹᯆɫɻ⏋ɗʶʚɫܩݖ ɴɲȴɤɛڃዛȵ߂ៀฐൕݛɭȦȩᅵᣒɲൕݛˁɭʢɲɤɩࢷԂɇʶɛᐄഗ⏋ܧഀڃዛȵ Ȳȷȴȭʰʶɛʱ⏋ڃዛɹ᠗ᡫʦգᅎȵɌɛʱɐʳɄɭɴɦɲȵɤɛ⏏ࢷԂɇʶɛڧ ڃс႒ȵؾɍዛɫȡɤɛȴʰɄɗᅊɍɛکᰍɻភᮊɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɗɹȦɤʗȩɫ⏋͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲላٞᦇɹᦅȵ⏋ڧڃс႒ɴɦȦɩɹݬȵɴȼȼ⏋ᅊ ᅋ႒ɹՏᗼɴܐᮑȵɭʢɲȩɲɰ⏋ڧᇕᦅˁȩȩȭɫέգɲܩჿᇕИɴᒞȴʶɩȦʳ ɄɭˁᓒૅɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ᦅȵᕶʰ᧧ʉɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ᨆȴʰɹӈȷȴȿɴਝɍɩڧ ڃс႒ˁໆʠɊʳˁɲȦϟȵȡʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ɭɐʶɽ⏋ȴʰɹӈȷȴȿ⏋ɦʚʱ⏋̩̜ ͌˧ɴࢪɐʳᮛឹɴɦȦɩද២ɐʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏๖፲ɫɻ⏋ᦏ̩̜͌˧ˁ߂ᩄɴᥥԂɌɩȦ ʳೣɫɹ֪كɴɦȦɩᓒȭɩʛɛȦ⏏
3
ȅུ͈́൲࢜
3.1ȁऩ͂၌ဥ͈ࠐ ǵᬼೣ1988ɻ⏋ೣɫإȼȴʰൕݛɇʶɩȷɛᮊዤɭɌɩ⏋ˏͩ⏋˥̲⏋˹˱˪̲˛⏋̯ ˛⏋̩̜͌˧⏋͐ͦ˱˹ɹ 6 ዛᰖɹዤᰖˁȡɁɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉɹ 6 ዛᰖɹɲȴɫ̩̜͌˧ɻ⏋ ္ᅣᦅᓚɲɰɹᦅᓚкᏙɴɻࡴመɌɩȦɲȦປᥒᇕృɌȦዤᰖɫȡʱ⏋Ȳʢɴᚫᅎඨ႒ɭɌɩ գᅎɇʶʳဣɫЈɹᮊዤɭךաɫȷʳ⏏̩̜͌˧ɹೣɫɹൕݛ⏋գᅎɹرɴɦȦɩʚɭʠ ɛإा1963ɴʭʶɽ⏋˻͖͇̀̋ɹᚫᅎգᅎɹ៨ᦚɻߐᖪಁБȴʰࡔܧɐʳʢɹɹ⏋̩̜͌˧ɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋ȦɦȴʰೣɫɹൕݛȵࠃʚɤɛɹȴɻɻɤȷʱɌɲȦ⏏ɞȵ⏋ᦅೆʦೣ ᗳೆɹ៨ᥔȴʰ⏋ᧆȼɭʢຽକಁБɴɻൕݛɇʶɩȦɛɭՠుɫȷʳ⏏ຽକಁБГᭇɹ̩̜͌ ˧ൕݛܩݖɹঃȵʱʦൕݛᩄɴᬠɐʳԍкᇕɲᣂషɻʰʶɩȦɲȦȵ⏋ቄᅒ1981ɻ⏋̩ ̜͌˧ȵȲʢɴᚫᅎɴњɇʶɩȦɛɛʠ⏋߂ៀฐɲൕݛɻɇʶɲȴɤɛʢɹɭࡴɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɭɄʸȵປᥒᇕᦏɴɲɤɩ⏋̩̜͌˧ˁዩෑᇕɴѝɐʳ֪ȷȵʚɤɛ. 1970 ॷɄʸʚ ɫɻྵᚫɭɌɩɹգᅎȵςкɞɤɛȵ⏋ɗɹҫঔᰩڃʦΥᖔᰩڃɭɌɩɹᮛឹȵ߂३ɴ Эʃɛቄᅒǵ1981⏏ჼܧɫɻ⏋ɻɭʞȹᗮ⏋ᏄᇐᎰ⏋Ꭼೢ⏋ʛɗ⏋Ɍʬȩʪ⏋ᘘࡎᰖ⏋ན ༳ᰰష⏋ᨙᰖɲɰዛǾɹ֓ूᰩڃ⏋ȡʳȦɻᎺອ⏋ༀᰑషɲɰɹᎺڃɹషɭɌɩ३ঃ ȼᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋̩̜͌˧ɴࢪɐʳᮛឹȵਸ਼ވɌɩȦʳᔘಕɴɻ⏋ҫঔᰩڃʦ ลᔨਸᰩڃ̸ͻ͌ɴ٧ਝɌɛᮊዤᰩឿሁɌɹล͞˓̶˹ͻ̝̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ǵ1999ʦ⏋Ш ᐏכᆹʦБ್כᆹ̸ͻ͌ɴᅓഀɐʳ⏋γᅠᇕɲᚫᅎඨ႒ʦ̩ͻ̸ɴࢪɐʳᮛឹɹᲞʚʱೣ 1999ȵȡʳɭʛʰʶʳ⏏ 3.2ȁ࣭ඤॲ͂ව ǵɗʶɫɻ̩̜͌˧ɻɰɹዐܕԒɫᅊᅋɇʶ⏋ʚɛ༠ȴʰᥥԂɇʶɩȦʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ ቄᅒ1981ɻ⏋ᅊህᅊᚫ࣌ɹᐏˁʢɭɴ⏋1970 ॷБɹ̩̜͌˧ɹܕԒᅊᅋᩄˁ⏋4.4 t ⏃1970 ॷ⏆⏋29.4 t ⏃1975 ॷ⏆⏋120 t ⏃1979 ॷ⏆ɭݬٚɌɛ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲᅊᅋᩄވ֓ɹᔘಕɴɻ⏋ ႕᠗с႒ɭɌɩ̩̜͌˧ˁʱΫɁʳላȵވȭɛɄɭȵᓒȭʰʶʳȵ⏋ɗʶɫʢܕԒᮛឹɴɻ ؖɽɲȴɤɛ⏏Ʉɹᬚ⏋̩̜͌˧ɻ⏋μܕ⏋ᯨܕ⏋̊˓ɲɰȴʰ⏋350 t ⏃1970 ॷ⏆⏋350 t ⏃1975 ॷ⏆⏋1,000 t ⏃1979 ॷ⏆ɗʶəʶᥥԂɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵܒ 3 ɻೣ႕ᦅᅋ႒תЦ1999ɴʭʳᐏˁʢɭɴ⏋1981 ॷȴʰ 1996 ॷʚɫɹ 16 ॷ ᬚɹ̩̜͌˧ܕԒᅊᅋᩄɭᥥԂᩄˁኍɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶɴʭʳɭ⏋̩̜͌˧ᥥԂᩄɻԃк ɴވ֓Ӄكɴȡʱ⏋1996 ॷɴɻ 11,500 t ɴʚɫ᧒ɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ 16 ॷᬚɫܕԒᅊᅋᩄȵʢɤ ɭʢȴɤɛ 1988 ॷয়ಁɻ 790 t ɞɤɛȵ⏋ɗɹᅊᅋᩄɻཝࢹɹΥˁɛɰʱ⏋ʚɛᥥԂᩄ ʢވ֓ɌɛɄɭȴʰ⏋ॷᬚ༥ᢹᩄɴװʠʳܕᅋ̩̜͌˧ɹւغɻʼɑȴɲʢɹɴɲɤɩȦɤ ɛ⏏ ǵ̩̜͌˧ɹȲʢɲᥥԂሂଝܕɻ⏋μܕȲʭʃ̊˓⏋ᯨܕɫȡʳቄᅒǵ1981⏏Ʉɹȩɠ⏋ μܕɫɻॷᬚ 1 Ψ t ГΫɹ̩̜͌˧ȵᅊᅋɇʶɩȲʱ⏋᧩࢞⏋༔ຽ⏋ຽᛄ⏋ਔ⏋ໜ⏋ྲྀ ⏋܋ा⏋ᢵि⏋ᮖɹعህȵɗɹᅋܩɭɲɤɩȦʳμܕᚫջԇصǵ1996⏏Ȧɤʗȩ⏋̊ ˓ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋1960 ॷБɴ˵̸͞͠ͻ (Saraburi) ላɫ̩̜͌˧ɹڧൕݛȵɻɍʚʱ⏋ɗɹ 1970 ॷБɴɻ͡ͻ˓ላɴᅋܩȵው֪ɌɛVacharotayan et al. 1982⏏1996 ॷ 2 ɴ͡ͻ˓ ላͩͲ˵̺ͻͲɫ⏋̩̜͌˧ɹᮃᗼɭᠭˁȩᓔɴᓬȦɛɭɄʸ⏋̩̜͌˧ɻ̊˓ܕԒɹ ̲ͻ͡នᦶЦʞȿɴՏᗼɐʳʓȴ⏋دཱྀɭೣɴʢᥥՏɌɩȦʳɭȦȩɄɭɫȡɤɛ⏏
ǵӴɴɹʏɛ͞ˠ˽⏋͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲላٞᦇɫᅊᅋɇʶɛ̩̜͌˧ȵሁஞೣɴᥥԂɇʶɩ ȦʳȴɰȩȴɴɦȦɩ⏋ɗɹެ͡ͻ̜ɹተ᠗ȵਥɲȵʰɫȷɩȦɲȦȵ⏋͞ˠ˽ᅋ̩̜ ͌˧ȵ⏋̊˓ˁᐁᅓɌɩೣɴʢᥥՏɇʶɩȦʳخᔨਸɻᲞȦɭཀྵɇʶʳ⏏Vacharotayan ʰ 1982ɻ⏋̊˓ܕԒɹ̩̜͌˧ᅋܩው֪ɹឹ܍ɭɌɩ⏋̩̜͌˧ɹܤܩؚߥਸȵᲞȼ⏋ ɹᦹсȵέсˁȦɛɛʠ⏋ൕݛܩݖˁȭɊʳˁȭɲȴɤɛɄɭˁ୭ɌɩȦʳ⏏͞ˠ˽ɴ Ȳȿʳ̩̜͌˧ᅋܩɹ০ଁɻ⏋Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋˵̸͞͠ͻȴʰ͡ͻ˓ˁᐁɩ⏋ൕݛܩȵɇʰɴ ʍɭው֪ɌɩȦȼΥᦹɹ֪ȷɹɲȴɴеᒞɧȿʰʶʳɹɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏ 3.3ȁऩ໘ڰ͈͒দ͙ ǵ༥ᢹᓔɴʭʳᮛឹɹᲞʚʱˁ؝ȿ⏋ೣɹᦅᬠѥᓔʢ̩̜͌˧ɴᬠਕˁࢊɓɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹ ʁɭɦȵ͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɹȋᣂ྇с႒ȍɹ֪ȷɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋Ȧɤɛ˃͇˓̠ͻ˪ͦ̒ ̺ɭɲɤɛс႒ɴృɛɲЊ֓ѝғˁ᠗ʠ⏋ลᔨਸᰩڃʦҫঔᰩڃɭɌɩዩෑᇕɴԗգᅎɌʭȩ ɭɐʳʢɹɫ⏋ɗɹࢰഀɴೝ৺ˁɄʠɩȋ̘ͅͲ˹͑͡˪̺ͦ̒ȍɭʢ٧ɽʶʳ⏏̩̜͌˧ʢ ᣂ྇с႒ɹʁɭɦɴధȭʰʶ⏋μᬚܩʦԳܩɫɹ႕ᅋڃ⏋ȡʳȦɻອᅒ᥊сс႒ɭɌɩǸ ܕԒɫɹൕݛ༎ȵܒʰʶɩȦʳǺ ǵആᦅድ́Ͳ̊ͻɻ⏋ؚᩄވ֓ʦลඁൕݛʍɹࢪਝˁʠɊɌɩ⏋ȋɻɭɍʸȩȍ⏋ȋɻ ɭʞɐʠȍ⏋ȋɻɭʁȴʱȍɲɰɹఒᖪڃዛˁᔒଁɌɛആᦅድ́Ͳ̊ͻǵ2002⏏ʚɛ⏋ عܩɹ᠅ᱻድลᬠʦᬚɹᅊᅋкɴʭʱ⏋ൕݛଯɹఒᖪʦృڧڃɹᬖᇍȵɐɐʠʰʶ⏋ ⏃ೣ႕ᦅᅋ႒תЦ1999ˁʢɭɴсଁ⏆ !3ȁΧΠθΆ͈࣭ඤॲၾ͂වၾ͈ଔ֊
ᮾග⏋ᅒ⏋ࡾݐ⏋ೠ⏋ቄा⏋ࣩ⏋ঃऄ⏋߂Օɹعላɴ̩̜͌˧ᅊᅋܩȵ০ଁɇʶɛ⏏ɞ ȵ⏋Ӵɴɹʏɛʭȩɴ⏋ɗɹᅊᅋᩄɻܕԒᮛឹˁྃɛɐɴɻᕸɤɩȦɲȦ⏏ȋൕݛɹࣞȵ౩ ተɫᲞڃᣒɲܕᅋ̩̜͌˧ȍˁິʠʳ༥ᢹᓔɻȦʢɹɹ⏋1994 ॷʚɫɹᕶᐌრɻ 10 ⎾Гά ɫดɽȦˁᐚȿɩȦʳᦅകອᅋଯݬתЦǵ2002⏏
4
ȅυȜσ͂ΈυȜΨσ͈͉̰́͘
ǵɄʶʚɫ͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɹࡔܧɻ⏋ȷʼʠɩ༥ෑᇕɴɭʰȭʰʶɩȷɛʭȩɴਲ਼ȩ⏏͇˓ ̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɹ᧨ࡔᇕൕݛɭȦȩɄɭɽɴᝠɇʶʳʭȩɴ⏋ᦅɫࡸ᭬ɴൕݛɇʶɩȦɛɭɌ ɩʢ⏋ɗʶɻұးɤɩȦɛɴɐȹɲȦ⏋ɛʚɛʚ႒߫ȷɲϺȵൕݛɌɩȦɛɞȿɞɭȦȩ كɴៗᨾɇʶɛ⏏Ɍȴʢ⏋ɗɹࢰഀɴɦȦɩ⏋ᐁཕᇕѝғȵжȼ⏋ᅊ༎ɹɲȴɫɻជ֖ᇕɲ৲ ւɌȴ୫ɛɲȦɹɞȴʰ⏋ʦȵɩɻ༥ྙɐʳɞʸȩɭϜɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ʼɛɌᕶ᤹⏋͇˓̠ͻ ˪̺ͦ̒ȵɲȼɲʳմɴࢹɲȼɭʢ៨᪼ɴɭɰʠ⏋᧨Шᣂ྇ɭɌɩѳࡔɌɩȲȼਖឹȵȡʳɞ ʸȩɭᓒȭɩȦɛɌ⏋ᠭീˁࠃʠɛয়՟ɻɗȩȦɤɛጓݭȴʰɹࢪਝɴᏺࠃɌɩȦɛɄɭɻو ʠɲȦ⏏ ǵɭɄʸȵ⏋ೣዣɫʛɩȷɛʭȩɴ⏋̩̜͌˧ɭȦȩ 1 ዛᰖɹ͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ˁࢪᢒɴɌɲ ȵʰʢ⏋с႒ɭϺɹᬠѥɴɻȦȼɦȴɹᅵɲɤɛሂȵ᠗ʠʰʶɛ⏏ᰩʏʳՕɞȿൕݛɌɩȦ ʳϺʢȦʶɽ⏋߂ៀฐɴൕݛɌɩჼᩆؚԂˁɩȦʳϺʢȦʳ⏏।ᅊ༎ɴྒȿᦉ˃ɞᅎȦʰ ʶȵȡʳȦɤʗȩɫ⏋ਸ਼ɴʱԂʶʭȩɭɐʳ֪ȷʢʛʰʶʳ⏏ɄɹʭȩɲɇʚɊʚɲϟ ᢒˁʛʳȴȹʱ⏋͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ȵΫɴᦚʏɛʭȩɲ༥ෑᇕɲΥᯆȴʰɹʛɭʰȭʰʶʳʢ ɹɫɻɲȦɄɭɻ౩ʰȴɫȡʳ⏏ɗɄɫɄɹ፲ɫɻ⏋๖ɹʭȩɲکᰍரᣱȴʰ͇˓̠ͻ˪ͦ̒ ̺ɹɭʰȭȴɛɴɦȦɩԗද២ɌɩʛɛȦ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋̩̜͌˧ɹൕݛʦգᅎȵᐚȦɩȦɛ ɭȷ⏋ɗʶɻɛɞɤɩȦɛɴɐȹɲȦɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ɲɕ༥ȭؑɤɩɌʚʼɲȴɤɛɹɞʸȩ ȴ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋߂ɹϜˁȼɦȵȭɌ⏋͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ȵڧڃс႒ɭɌɩ߂ᩄɴᅊᅋɇʶ⏋ ৄɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛᔘɴɻɲɴȵȡʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏋ɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ ǵʚɑ⏋̊˓ʦ͞ˠ˽ɹϟёɹʭȩɴ⏋္ᅣʦᅣɫࢸៀฐɴ̩̜͌˧ȵൕݛɇʶɩȦʳݭغ ˁᓒȭɩʛʳ⏏ൕݛɹয়ϟᓔɫȡʳᦅɴɭɤɩ⏋̩̜͌˧ɻᕶՕɛɠȵз˃ɫȦʳܩݖɴʢ ɭʢɭȡɤɛс႒ɫ⏋ᅎȦʰʶʳڃዛɻ⏋БǾ؝ȿᐙȦɫȷɛ⏋ȡʳȦɻᦏ᭰ȴʰᡶʱ؝ȿɛ ʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶˁᕶʰᔒɩɩᕶʰᰩʏɩȦʳ⏏̩̜͌˧ˁൕݛɐʳɄɭʢ⏋ᰩʏʳɄɭʢ ।ᅊ༎ɹΥᨆɫȡʱ⏋ൕݛȴʰգᅎʚɫɹዐɻ⏋ɐʏɩᕶՕɛɠɹзʞܩݖɹμɫᐄɌɩ Ȧʳ⏏ ǵɄɹёȵኍɐʭȩɴ⏋͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ȵܩݖɴɇʶʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ɗʶˁൕݛɌգᅎɐʳ Ϻɹࡔܧȵέخ๕ɫȡʳ⏏ȦȦȴȭʶɽ⏋ൕݛȴʰգᅎʚɫȵʁɭᐚȷɴɲɤɛϺǾɹಬʰɌ ȵȡʱ⏋ɗɹಬʰɌɴࢌஞɴᬠᦹɌɛс႒ɭɌɩ͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ˁеᒞɧȿʳɄɭȵɫȷʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ɐɫɴᦅՕᩃɫɻܩݖɭಬʰɌˁ˥ͻͩͻ̝ɴ⏋ȋܧܩɹᦅᅒμǵ2000ȍʦ ȋᦅɴȲȿʳܧഀଯػᩃǵ2001ȍˁឿሁɐ᠅ʛȵࠃʚɤɩȦʳ⏏ᦅɭಬʰɌˁʁȷɦ ȿɩɭʰȭʭȩɭɐʳɭȷ⏋ᐁཕᇕѝғɭɻաɹࡔܧჿᅓˁʢɤɩܩݖɴɇʶɛ͇˓̠ͻ˪ ̺ͦ̒ɹࡔܧɴɄɗ⏋ᇿˁكȿʳʏȷɫȡʸȩ⏏Ʉɹ፲ɹɻɍʠɴ⏋͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɹᅊ༎ ɴȲȿʳជ֖ᇕɲ৲ւɭȦȩɄɭˁᦚʏɛȵ⏋ɗʶɻ͍˻͑ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɭປᥒɌɛɭȷᐁཕᯆ ɫជ֖ᇕɫȡʳɭȦȩɄɭˁɇɌɩȦʳɴɐȹɲȦ⏏ൕݛɌɩȦʳয়ϟᓔɹ।ᅊ༎ˁςкɴ ᓒȭʶɽ⏋͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ˁЂɌɩᕶးᄩޅɴӈȷȴȿ⏋͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ˁգᅎɌɩಬʰ Ɍɹ଼፲ˁ৩ʳဤɻ⏋ɗʶɞȿɫѝғˁ୫ɦʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ӱʦූɌʛˁʢɛʰɐʢɹɫȡ ʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ ǵȦɤʗȩ⏋͞ˠ˽⏋͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲላٞᦇɫɻ⏋ڧڃс႒ɭɲɤɛ̩̜͌˧ȵ߂ៀฐɴൕ ݛɇʶɩȦɛ⏏Ʉɹϟёɻ⏋ɛ˃ɴዛʦڃዛȵ߉ʼʶɩȦȼɄɭɴลઢˁୃȼಁೝȴʰ⏋ܩ ݖˁᣴȭɩᅊᅋ႒ȵȷϯȩ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɹ৯ᯱˁʢᓒૅɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦಁೝʍɭ⏋͇˓ ̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ˁʠȽʳႥȵ߂ȷȼɌɛɄɭˁ႒ɤɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɄʶʚɫɴആˏ˻ˏɫڧൕݛɇʶɩȷɛс႒ɻ⏋ܩݖɹȴʰ୫ɠᦉʚʶɛʢɹȵ ȼ⏋˱ͻ̯ͻ⏋˳̨͌˥⏋ˏ̸͓͞˹ɲɰɹ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳс႒ʦ⏋˥͑̾̓ʦ̢Ͳ˻Ͳ⏋ ˠ͞Ͳ̋˓̍˳ɲɰɹᲞᩃᘛɲɰȵɗɹёɴȡɛʳ⏏ɭɄʸȵ⏋͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲላٞᦇɹݭ غ⏋ʢɭʢɭܩݖɴȡɤɛс႒ɭؾɍዛᰖɹڧڃс႒ȵ⏋ȋᮃᏝᇕȍɲൕݛɭɭʢɴࢷԂ ɇʶʳხɌȦ˭ͻ˽ɭɲɤɛ⏏ܧഀڃዛˁᕶࢃᅎɴൕݛɌɩȷɛᐁᱻˁ୫ɦᦅɻ⏋̩̜͌˧ ɹਸᣒɴਝɍɛൕݛʦڃዛˁឿʳᇿˁɐɫɴЦɌɩȦɛ⏏Ʉɹɛʠ⏋ܩݖɹȴʰɹᅵ ᣒɲڃዛɭൕݛɹ୫ɠᦉʛɻ⏋؝ȿԂʶʳᦅɹүɴཌྷϕʦ௷ˁᅊɍɇɓɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ ̩̜͌˧ڧൕݛȵୟ߂ɌɩȦȼዐɫ⏋ܧഀ̩̜͌˧ɹȦɤɗȩɹ͇˓̠ͻȵᦽ˃ɞ⏏ ǵȦɤʗȩೣɫɻ⏋ܩݖɹᦅɹɲȴɴ̩̜͌˧ȵࡔܧɌɲȼɲɤɩɻɍʠɩ⏋ృɛɲЊ֓ ѝғˁʢɤɩ̩̜͌˧ȵѝɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ҫঔɴʭȦᰩ႒ˁິʠʳ༥ᢹᓔȴʰɹȦ ឹິɴਝɍɩൕݛɹ༎ȵ᠅ʛʰʶɛʢɹɹ⏋̩̜͌˧ᅊᅋɻЭʃੱ˃ɫȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ܕԒ ᅊᅋᩄˁᣳȭɛᮛឹɻ⏋ᦅɹ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɹɲȴɫᥥԂɴᰉʳ෯ᦶˁᅊ˃ɞ⏏ɄȩɌɩ⏋ܩ ݖˁ᭧ɩɩᅊ༎ɐʳ̩̜͌˧ɹᅊᅋᓔɭգᅎᓔȵ⏋ϣȦɴᰑˁȡʼɓɛɄɭʢɲȦʚʚ⏋॑ݭ ᐁཕɴʭɤɩᐄʃЊȿʰʶʳɴᕸɤɛ⏏ ǵͦͻˡ͡ɲᅊᅋ႒ȵγᅠᇕɲڧڃɭɲɤɩ༑ᦲɐʳȦɤʗȩɫ⏋ᅊᅋܩɴɇʚɊʚɲࢀȵ ؖʉёɻ⏋ᦅᅋ႒ɞȿɫɲȼගകᅋ႒ʦ႕༠ᅋ႒ɫʢధȼሾʰʶɩȦʳᵒឿǵ1982⏩ጭ ᅒǵ1997⏩ᣧळǵ1999⏏с႒ɻ߃းᣂ྇ɹഞཔɭȦȩဣɫɻکᰍɴɲʰɲȦʢɹɹ⏋ɗɹܧ ഀڃዛȵܩݖܔɹ᧨Шᣂ྇ɫȡʱ⏋ൕݛીʦգᅎˁɭʢɲɤɛయᢧɫȡʳɭɐʳែဣ ɴጓɩɽ⏋̩̜͌˧ڧൕݛȵ͡ˏͲ̮̫ͻͲላٞᦇܩݖɴήȭɛ৯ᯱɻཉխɫȡʳ⏏ፀ 2 ፲ ɫ୭Ɍɛʭȩɴ⏋ɐɫɴڃዛɹࢷԂɴʭɤɩܧഀڃዛɹ᧨ШᇕѢᰩȵᦽʛ⏋ܧഀڃዛɭᐄʃ
ɦȦɛൕݛʦգᅎɹయɴȵᅊɍɩȦʳ⏏ɇʰɴܩݖɹᕶးᄩޅɴᬠᦹɌɩ⏋̩̜͌˧ɹ ᓚܩᬖᇍɴʭʳܤܩգᅎȵ୫ᐚᇕɲ္ᅣɭϠ๖കɹգᅎ˵˓˪͡ȴʰᧀᔵɌɲȦʢɹɫȡɤɛ ɹȴɭȦȩဣɻ⏋Ёද២ˁឹɐʳᠩᰍɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋༥ᢹᓔɹឿȭɲȦɭɄʸɫ⏋̩ ̜͌˧ڧൕݛȵᅊᅋܩɴ͍̋ͻ˻ˁɹɄɌɩȦʳخᔨਸȵᲞȼ⏋ᅊᅋܩɭ༥ᢹܩˁɰȩᐄʉ ȴɭȦȩکᰍȵఒʠɩکʼʶʳɹɫȡʳ⏏
̤ȁͩȁͤȁͅ
ǵೣዣɫɻ͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ˁଝȵȴʱɴ⏋ᦅɭс႒⏋ಬʰɌɭс႒ɴɦȦɩද២ˁ֓ȭɩ ȷɛ⏏ȋʱɇʶɛȍ͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɴᇿɌɩʛʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ܩݖɴȲȿʳᦅɭ ಬʰɌˁᬠᦹɧȿɩɭʰȭ⏋ؾಁɴ⏋ܩݖˁᣴȭɩᦅɭಬʰɌȵᐄʃɦȿʰʶʳჼБᇕɲ֪ ȷˁᓒȭʳɛʠɹែဣȵரኍɇʶɛʭȩɴਲ਼ȩ⏏ ǵ͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ɹʓȴɴʢ⏋ϺǾɹ।ᅊ༎ɴᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳᅎඨ႒ɴɻɇʚɊʚɲʢ ɹȵȡʳ⏏ɞȵ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲȦʼʪʳᅊ႒ᣂ྇ɹȦȼɦȴɴɦȦɩʢ⏋ჼܧ⏋ɗɹ҅кధɹཝ ࢹʦᐓྙȵઉɇʶɩȦʳ⏏͇˓̠ͻ˪̺ͦ̒ʢᅎඨ႒ʢ⏋ܩݖɴȡɤɩϺǾɭࢌஞɲȴȴ ʼʱˁ୫ɤɩȷɛඨ႒ᒴɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹઝ٢ȴʰܩݖˁᠧʛៗȼՖʱؤˁឿՏɐɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ ಬʰɌɴཉȼᬠѥɌɛඨ႒ɹਸɭܩݖਸˁɄʶȴʰʢᦠິɌɩȦȷɛȦ⏏ ǵೣዣɹᠭീɻ⏋యᨆዀህዀድᢹជ֖ᩆ⏃ݜᇻድ A 2⏆ȋᅵᅊᏙஞ៘ɴᬠʼʳϺؤው֪ɭᣂ྇գ ᅎ˹˽̘͌ɹᢟȍ⏃ድБᝠᓔ⏧ϴᨊ߂߂ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድድዀإाχᮁఠஐ⏆ɹ֖ ଁɴʭʱࡸేɇʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ჼܩᠭീɫɻ, Souksompong Prixar ລ⏃͞ˠ˽ܕጓ߂⏆ɭᛚ౩੯ᅊລ ⏃ϴᨊ߂߂ᦅድዀ⏆ȴʰ߂ɲתˁɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᦅࢃɹǾɻ⏋ɄɄʸʭȼ˓Ͳ̲͖̊ͻɴ ਝɍɩȼɞɇɤɛ⏏ʛɲɇ˃ɴཉȼઢᡚᅕɌΫɁʚɐ⏏ ֨ȁဥȁȁࡃ ᣧळǵཋ⏏1999⏏ȋ߂ᝓɐʳࡾরషჿȍȏ˛˱̶̅ˑˏȑ4: 56-59⏏Anderson, E. F. 1993. Plants and People of the Golden Triangle, Ethnobotany of the Hill Tribes of Northern Thailand. Portland, Oregon: Dioscorides Press.
Arora, R. K. 1977. Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) A minor food and fodder crop of northeastern India, Economic Botany 31: 358-366.
μܕᚫջԇصμܕཀྵᐒዀድ⏏1996⏏ȏμܕᚫջᣂ྇ܩܒᮃȑᮁཱ⏏ إाᄕ౨⏏1963⏏ȏ̩̜͌˧ɹ֟ᅎŅˤͲɭᒭࢅɭᬏࢫɴȷȼŅȑԈ⏏
Goodman, D. and M. J. Watts. 1997. Globalizing food-Agrarian questions and global restructuring. London, New York: Routledge.
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ቄᅒھχᮁ⏏1981⏏ȏ̩̜͌˧̆ɦȼʱɭգᅎȑᦅྫయתЦ⏏
ᵭᩃਠᮁ⏏1946⏏ȏആϩᏳϩӴرድ 1 ȑሼऄೆଗ⏏ Ϋ᧑߅ᅒᣎψ⏏1958⏏ȋዛᬚᮊዛ̩̜͌˧˻͖͇̀̋ɹ F 1 ඨ႒ɴɦȦɩȍȏីϴ߂ݬٚᦅ ȑ10: 111-120⏏ μ࣊и֖⏏1966⏏ȏൕݛඨ႒ɭᦅᓚɹᣱ྇ȑ࣬ೆঊ⏏ ೣॺ߅⏏1999⏏ȏ̩ͻ̸ɴᬠɐʳγᅠᇕ֪كɭೣɹࢪਝǵ̩ͻ̸⏱ȑ́ͩ˓̜͡ͻ͌⏏ ೣ႕ᦅᅋ႒תЦ⏏1999⏏ȏᚫᅎඨ႒⏃ᅊᚫ⏆ᮛᐌɹჼႥɭࢰഀࣙȑ⏏ᢧϺೣ႕ᦅᅋ႒תЦ⏏ ᦅകອᅋଯݬתЦ⏏2002⏏http://www.afftis.or.jp/ToshiSakumotsu/hatomugi/hatomugi.html.⏃2002 ॷ 4 8 ⏆ ᘺغᮓᩃ⏏1996⏏ȋ̊˓ᨆɹ˻͖͇̀̋ࣚඨ႒ɭɗɹգᅎȍȏ᧨Шȑ50 (9) 50-54⏏ 㨋㨋㨋㨋⏏2001⏏ȋആˏ˻ˏ߂᭜ᨆɴȲȿʳᮊዤɹൕݛɭգᅎŅ͞ˠ˽ჼܩᠭീȴʰŅȍȏᮊዤድȑ15: 1-6⏏
Ochiai, Y. 2002. Domestication and Cultivation of Edible Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi subsp. ma-yuen) under the influence of vegeculture. In Yoshida, S. and Matthews, P. J. eds., Vegeculture in Eastern Asia and Oceania. JCAS Symposium Series 16: 59-75.
ࣩᅒࢼϓໜᩃψഽ࿚ᮂψᑊᅒെ⏏2001⏏ȋ͞ˠ˽ᨆᦅɴȲȿʳ္ᅣᯆዩɹୟ߂ɭɗɹ܍ ɴɦȦɩŅLaos, Oudomxai ላ, La ᨃ, Lak 15 ɹϟёŅȍȏၖय़ᦅȑ45 Extraissue 1: 105-106⏏ ͞˓̶˹ͻ̝̦̜̒ͩͻ˪⏏1999⏏ȏᮊዤǵɦȼʱᅊȴɌȑօග⏏ ᬼೣ࢞ᅖ⏏1988⏏ȏᮊዤɹȷɛ᧑Ņ͘ͻ͞˹ˏඨ႒᠖ȴʰȑೣఔᦢՏႆתЦ⏏ ጭᅒಅϓ⏏1997⏏ȋගക႒ᅋȍȏϟԎആˏ˻ˏȑেయݟ⏏ ᅒμ⏏1989⏏ȋ᧨Шᣂ྇ɭɻȍᅒμᴚܜަᗀ࿚ٮᑂȏඨ႒᧨Шᣂ྇ԂᬐȑଯݬݟՏႆ⏏ ᅒμᓚص⏏2000⏏ȋᕶးˁᅊȴɐᦅȍᅒμᓚصᑂȏᡙএϺᬚɭᄩޅ 3 ᕶးɭᐄʉȋᦅȍɴʛʳਸȑ ٮݟ⏏ ആᦅድ́Ͳ̊ͻ⏏2002⏏http://www.tnaes.affrc.go.jp/kaihatu/shigen/index.html⏃2002 ॷ 3 13 ⏆ ᵒឿᖪ⏏1982⏏ȏ̫̠̠ɭೣϺŅ̶ˑ̴͠ͲᦅܟɭᰩשɹȡȦɞŅȑ࣬ೆঊ⏏
Vacharotayan, S., J. Jan-orn, P. Charoen, S. Titatarn and S. Kingkaew. 1982. Job’s Tears Production and Marketing in Thailand. Bangkok: Kasetsart University.
ཡᨆਠγ⏏1999⏏ȋჼБɹɄɭɽŅ͡ˏͲ̺̫͞ͲʚɫŅȍȏϴᨊృᓬȑ1999 ॷ 1 4 ⏃⏆⏏ Watt, G. 1904. Coix spp.or Job's tears: A review of all available information, Agricultural Ledger 13: 513-553. ػᩃᱚࡎ⏏2001⏏ȋܧഀଯɭ˻˙Ͳ̋ͻȍȏܕ᭬ᦅകתȑ24 (7): 22-30⏏
