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Sir Isaac Newton (1730) Rays are not colored. 2011年 9月 26日 月曜日

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(1)

視覚研究者のための

表色の基礎

千葉大学大学院融合科学研究科

矢口博久

(2)

Sir Isaac Newton

(1730)

(3)

Thomas Young

(1802)

Trichromatic theory

(4)
(5)

講義内容

表色の歴史と色覚メカニズムの話

表色と等色の話

XYZの話

LMSの話

(6)

Color Vision and History of Colorimetry

Retina rods and cones Horizontal cells Bipolar cells Amacrine cells Ganglion cells LGN Magno-celluar Parvo-cellular Konio-cellular

Physiology Color Vision Model Colorimetry

Brain V1 V2 V4 IT L M S luminance channel opponent color channels Color appearance brightness, hue, chroma

achromatic red/green yellow/blue

CIEXYZ (1931)

CIELAB (1976)

(7)

→眼→脳→色

L

e,λ

L

M

S

w

/b

r

/

g

y

/

b

red green yellow blue purple brown pink orange gray white black

(8)

等色と表色

(3つの表色系)

物理的表色系

(RGB)

生理的表色系

(LMS)

数学的表色系

(XYZ)

R

+G+B

C

L

=

L

M

=

M

S

=

S

X

=

X

Y

=

Y

Z

=

Z

R G X Y

C

L M S

(9)

等色と表色

R

G

B

L

M

S

X

Z

Y

C G

R

B

等色

錐体

三刺激値

(10)

表色系を正しく理解するために重要なこと

• 誰の等色実験のものですか?

• Wright&Guild? Stiles&Burch 2º? 10º?

• 原刺激の色は?

• R, G, Bの色空間での方向は? • L, M, Sの方向は?混同色点は? • これにより線形変換行列の値を決めます!

• 単位の決め方は?

• 基礎刺激(白色)に何を使ってる? • 等エネルギー白色?D65? • LMSの場合の単位は?L+M=輝度?L-M=0が白?

(11)

等色関数の理解が重要!

等色関数

(color matching functions, CMFs)

• 等色関数とは単位エネルギーを持つ単色光の

三刺激値

である

• 三刺激値とはRGB, XYZ, LMSの値であり,錐体

が吸収した光の量(あるいはその線形和)に

対応する

• LMSについては,私は錐体刺激値と読んでい

る。錐体応答と区別するため。

• なぜ等色関数が重要か?

(12)

Grassman’s law of additive

color mixture

A

B

A=B

C

D

C=D

A+C=B+D

A+C

B+D

+

=

+

=

(13)

Grassman’s law of additive

color mixture

+

=

(14)

Grassman’s law of additive color mixture

=

=

+•••+

(15)

Stiles (NPL) Trichromator

(16)

The 10º CMFs of Stiles and Burch

-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 350 450 550 650 750 850 tr is ti m ul us v al ue wavelength r10 g10 b10

(17)

Failure of Grassman’s law of additity

Maximum saturatiod method (MSM) vs. Maxwell method (MWM)

G+B

λ+R

MSM

R+B

R+B

+

=

+

=

R+G+B

R+λ+B

MWM

?

(18)
(19)

CIE1931 CMFs vs Judd’modified CMFs

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 350 450 550 650 750 850 tr is ti m ul us v al ue wavelength (nm) xb_judd yb_judd zb_judd xb_1931 yb_1931 zb_1931

(20)

CIE1931 2º CMFs vs CIE1964 10º CMFs

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 350 450 550 650 750 850 st is ti m ul s va lue wavelength (nm) xb_cie10 yb_cie10 zb_cie10 xb_1931 yb_1931 zb_1931

(21)

等色関数を用いて任意の光の分光放射

輝度から三刺激値が計算できる

光源色

(22)

CIE1931XYZ

光源色

物体色

色度座標

(23)
(24)
(25)

CIE1976L*a*b*(CIELAB)

色順応

白はいつも白い

環境(照明)の三刺激値で正規化

非線形性

物理量から感覚量への変換

1/3乗の指数関数

反対色性

(26)
(27)

Transformation from the 10º CMFs to

the L

10

-, M

10

- , S

10

-cone fundamentals

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 tr is ti m ul us v al ue r10 g10 b10 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 lo g se ns it iv it y log L10_cie log M10_cie log S10_cie

(28)

Derivation of the 2º cone fundamentals

from the 10º cone fundamentals

(29)

The 10º cone fundamentals

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 350 450 550 650 750 850 lo g se ns it iv it y wavelength log L_cie log M_cie log S_cie log L10_cie log M10_cie log S10_cie

(30)

CIE cone fundamentals

in terms of quanta

in terms of energy

A. Stockman, L.T. Sharpe, The spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength-sensitive cones derived from measurements in observers of known genotype, Vision Res., 40, 1711-1737 (2000)

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 350 450 550 650 750 850 lo g co ne s ti m ul us v al ue wavelength (nm) Lq Mq Sq -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 350 450 550 650 750 850 lo g co ne s ti m ul us v al ue wavelength (nm) Le Me Se

(31)

Various cone fundamentals

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 350 450 550 650 750 850 lo g se ns it iv it y wavelength log L_sp log M_sp log L_vos log M_vos log L_cie log M_cie

(32)

Comparison between cone fundamentals of CIE

and Smith&Pokorny

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 350 450 550 650 750 850 lo g se ns it iv it y wavelength log L_cie log M_cie log L_sp log M_sp

(33)

Various cone fundamentals

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 350 450 550 650 750 850 lo g se ns it iv it y wavelength log L_cie log M_cie log L_hpe log M_hpe

(34)

MacLeod-Boynton chromaticity diagram

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 b r

D.I.A. MacLeod and R.M. Boynton, J. opt.Soc.Am., 69, 1183-1186 (1979)

(35)

DKL color space

Derrington AM, Krauskopf J, Lennie P (1984) "Chromatic mechanisms in lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque." J Physiol (Lond) 357:241-265

(36)

sRGB color space

if R’sRGB, G’sRGB, B’sRGB, ≤ 0.04045

if R’sRGB, G’sRGB, B’sRGB, > 0.04045

Red Green Blue White(D65)

x 0.6400 0.3000 0.1500 0.3127

(37)

sRGB to CIELAB

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 lum ina nc e digital 8 bit 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 1 lig htne ss lum ina nc e 150 200 250 300 di gi ta l 8 bi t

(38)

Color matching functions and

cone fundamentals

color matching experiment

field

size color matching functions cone fundamentlas Wright (1928-1929) 2º CIE 1931 2º CMFs Judd’ modified CMFs Hunt-Pointer-Esteves (CIECAM02) Guild (1931) 2º CIE 1931 2º CMFs

Judd’ modified CMFs Vos and Walraven (1971) Smith and Pokorny (1975) Stiles and Burch

(1959) 10º

CIE 1964 10º CMFs

Stockman and Sharp (CIE) 10º Stockman and Sharp (CIE) 2º Speranskaya (1959) 10º

CIE 1964 10º CMFs

Stiles and Burch

参照

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