意見文の分かりやすさを決めるのは何か? : 大学教
員による作文評価を通じて
著者
長谷川 哲子, 堤 良一
雑誌名
関西学院大学日本語教育センター紀要
号
創刊号
ページ
7-18
発行年
2012-03-05
URL
http://hdl.handle.net/10236/9273
ᗧᢥߩಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߐࠍࠆߩߪ߆㧫 㧙ᄢቇᢎຬߦࠃࠆᢥ⹏ଔࠍㅢߓߡ㧙 㐳⼱Ꮉືሶޔႇ⦟৻ CDUVTCEV
Overseas undergraduate students are required to complete an assignment in which they have to submit various “writings” about their daily studies and research activities. In order to provide effective writing education for Japanese language students, we need to validate which type of writings can be considered comprehensible and which ones tend to receive positive evaluation. In this research article, we examine the points that university professors take into consideration while evaluating writings as well as the factors that determine understandability of opinion in writings by conducting research on university professors’ evaluations of the writings. These professors evaluate the writings of overseas undergraduate students. In the research, both professors specializing in the Japanese language and Japanese language education and those specializing in other fields were asked to evaluate the writings of students who are not native Japanese speakers. The evaluative comments were then analyzed. The trend showed that grammatical accuracy was not the factor that determined whether a writing evaluation was to be positive or negative. It also showed that sentence structure tended to be a more important factor than the formal aspects such as grammar.
ࠠࡢ࠼㧦ᢥޔ⹏ଔޔᗧᢥޔಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߐ 㧝㧚 ߪߓߦ ㄭᐕޔᚒ߇࿖ߩᄢቇ߳ߩ⇐ቇ↢Ⴧടߦޔቇㇱ⇐ቇ↢ߦ߅ߌࠆ✚ว⊛ߥᣣᧄ⺆ㆇ↪⢻ ജߩᔅⷐᕈߪߣߺߦ㜞߹ࠅߟߟࠆޕਛߢ߽ޟᦠߊޠ⢻ജޔߣࠅࠊߌᄢቇߢ⺖ߐࠇࠆ⺖㗴 ߦߟߡᦠߊ⢻ജߪޔᄢቇߦቇߔࠆߚߦ߽ޔ߹ߚቇᓟߦᗧ⟵ߥ⇐ቇ↢ᵴࠍㅍࠆߚ ߦ߽ਇนᰳߥ߽ߩߢࠆޕ ߎࠇ߹ߢߩᣣᧄ⺆ߩᢥ⎇ⓥߦ߅ߡߪޔޟᐨ⺰㧙ᧄ⺰㧙⚿⺰ޠߩࠃ߁ߥ᭴ᚑޔ߹ߚޔ ޟဳޔ㗡ဳޔየဳޠߥߤߩࠃ߁ߥ㈩ߩ㘃ဳޔ߅ࠃ߮ᢥ┨᭴ᚑߩฦㇱಽߦ߅ߡ
↪ࠄࠇࠆޔߥߤߩࠃ߁ߦޔᢥ┨ߩ⚿᭴߿ᒻᑼߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏ߿ಽᨆࠍㅢߓߡޟᦠ ߊޠ⢻ജߩะ߳ߩឭ⸒ࠍⴕ߁⎇ⓥ߇ਥᵹߛߞߚࠃ߁ߢࠆޕߎ߁ߒߚ⎇ⓥߦࠃߞߡޔ⺰ ᢥ߿ࡐ࠻ߩၫ╩ߩ㓙ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥࠍ↪ߔࠇ߫ࠃ߆ޔ߹ߚޔߤߩࠃ߁ߥ᭴ᚑࠍ ↪ߡᦠߌ߫ࠃ߆ߣ߁ⷐ᳞ߦኻߔࠆޔࠊ߫ᮨ▸⊛ߥᜰ㊎ࠍ␜ߔߣ߁ὐߢޔ৻ቯߩ ⍮߇⫾Ⓧߐࠇߡ߈ߚޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߥᜰዉߦ㑐ߔࠆ⍮ߦട߃ޔᢥᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߡߪ⹏ଔߩ㕙߽⋴ㆊߢ߈ߥޕ ቇㇱߦ߅ߌࠆቇ⠌ᵴേ߿⎇ⓥᵴേߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡߩᢥߪޔߘߩ⺖㗴ࠍ⺖ߒߚᢎຬߦ⺒߹ࠇޔ ࠄ߆ߩ⹏ଔࠍਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆޕߘ߁ߒߚ႐㕙ߦ߅ߡޔߊࠄቇ⠌⠪߇ޟಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߊޠᦠ ߚߣᕁߞߡߡ߽ޔߘߩᢥࡊࡠ࠳ࠢ࠻߇⹏ଔ⠪ߢࠆᢎຬߦߣߞߡޟಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔޠ ߣ⹏ଔߐࠇߥߌࠇ߫ޔቇ⠌⠪ߩദജ߇᳓ᵃߦᏫߔน⢻ᕈ߽ࠆޕ⹏ଔ⠪ߢࠆᢎຬ߇ߤߩ ࠃ߁ߥᢥࠍޟಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔޠߣ⹏ଔߒޔߤߩࠃ߁ߥᢥࠍޟಽ߆ࠅߦߊޠߣ⹏ଔߔࠆ ߆ޔߘߒߡޔᓐࠄߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥὐߦ㊀߈ࠍ߅ߡ⹏ଔߔࠆߩ߆ޔߣ߁ὐࠍࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ ߎߣߪޔޟಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔޠᢥ߿ޔ㜞⹏ଔࠍᓧࠆߎߣߩߢ߈ࠆᢥࠍᦠߊߚߩലᨐ⊛ ߥᜰዉߦ⾗ߔࠆߣߎࠈ߇ᄢ߈ޕ ߘߎߢޔᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔᣣᧄ⺆㕖Უ⺆⠪߇ᦠߚᗧᢥࠍޔᣣᧄ⺆ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ࠍኾ㐷 ߣߔࠆᄢቇᢎຬ㧔એਅޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎຬ㧕ߣޔߘߩઁߩಽ㊁ߩኾ㐷ኅߢࠆᄢቇᢎຬ㧔એਅޔ ኾ㐷ᢎຬ㧕ߦ⹏ଔߒߡ߽ࠄޔߘࠇߙࠇߩ⹏ଔ߿ޔ⹏ଔߩ㓙ߩ⌕⋡ὐߦߟߡߩ⠨ኤࠍⴕ ߞߚޕߘߩ⚿ᨐޔએਅߩࠃ߁ߥߎߣ߇ಽ߆ߞߚޕ (1)a.ᢥᴺߩᱜ⏕ߐߪޔ⹏ଔߩ㜞ૐࠍቯߠߌߥޕ b.⹏ଔߩ㜞ૐࠍቯߠߌߡࠆߩߪޟᢥᴺޠߢߪߥߊޟ᭴ᚑޠߩ⦟ߒᖡߒߢࠆޕ c.⹏ଔߩ㜞ᢥ߳ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߦߪޔޟ᭴ᚑޠߦኻߔࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇⋡┙ߟޕ d.⹏ଔߩૐᢥ߳ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߦߪޔޟᢥᴺޠߦኻߔࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇⋡┙ߟޕ e.ޟ᭴ᚑޠ߇ᖡᢥ┨ߣߪޔ⹏ଔ⠪ߦ⽶ᜂ߇߆߆ࠆࠃ߁ߥᢥ┨ߢࠅޔ⺰ᣦࠍ⹏ଔ⠪ ߢౣ᭴▽ߢ߈ߥߚߦޟᢥᴺޠߦ⋡߇߈ޔࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ޟᢥᴺޠߦኻߔࠆ߽ߩ ߦߥࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ ᧄⓂߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆޕ߹ߕ㧞㧚ߢవⴕ⎇ⓥࠍⷰߒޔ㧟㧚ߢ⺞ᩏߩⷐࠍ⺑ ߔࠆޕ㧠㧚ߢᣣᧄ⺆ᢎຬߦࠃࠆ⹏ଔߦߟߡ⠨ኤߒޔ⛯ߡޔ㧡㧚ߢߪኾ㐷ᢎຬߦኻߒߡ ⴕߞߚ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߦߟߡ⺰ߓࠆޕᦨᓟߦޔ㧢㧚ߢ߹ߣߣᓟߩ⺖㗴ࠍㅀߴࠆޕ 㧞㧚 వⴕ⎇ⓥ ߎࠇ߹ߢߦ㕖Უ⺆⠪ߩᢥߦኻߔࠆᣣᧄੱᲣ⺆⠪ߩ⹏ଔࠍ⺞ᩏߒߚవⴕ⎇ⓥ߇ߊ ߟ߆ࠄࠇࠆޕ↰ઍ(1995,1999,2004)ߢߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߩᢥߦ߅ߡߪޔߡᒻធ⛯ߩ
ᄙ↪ޔⷞὐޔធ⛯ޔ⺆ᒵߥߤߩᢥᴺ߿ߦ㑐ࠊࠆ㕙߇⺒ߺᚻߩℂ⸃ࠍᅹߍߡࠆ ⷐ࿃ߣߥߞߡࠆߎߣ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡࠆޕ߹ߚޔ↰ਛઁ(1998a,b)ߪޔᣣᧄੱߦࠃࠆᢥ⹏ ଔၮḰߩ⸃ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚ߽ߩߢࠆ߇ޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎຬߣ৻⥸ߩᣣᧄੱߦࠃࠆᢥ⹏ଔߦ߅ ߡߪޔౝኈ߿᭴ᚑ߇㊀ⷞߐࠇࠆߣߒߡࠆޕߐࠄߦޔᷓየ(2002)ߪޔᎿቇㇱߩኾ㐷ᢎቭߦ ࠃࠆቇ⠌⠪ߩ⸃╵ᢥ߳ߩ⹏ଔࠍㅢߓߡޔ㜞⹏ଔࠍᓧࠆߩߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ⸃╵ᢥ߆ߦߟߡ ౕ⊛ߥಽᨆࠍⴕߞߡࠆޕ ቇ⠌⠪߇ᄢቇߦቇߒߚᓟߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎຬߦട߃ߡޔኾ㐷ᢎຬ߽ᢥߩ⹏ଔ⠪ߣߥࠆߎ ߣ߆ࠄޔᢥᜰዉߦ߅ߡ߽ᓐࠄ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥⷰὐ߆ࠄቇ⠌⠪ߩᢥࠍ⹏ଔߔࠆ߆ޔߣ ߁ⷞὐ߇ᰳ߆ߖߥߣ⸒߃ࠆޕߎߩⷞὐ߆ࠄޔᷓየ(2002)ߢߪᎿቇㇱߩኾ㐷ᢎቭߦኻߔࠆ ⹏ଔ⺞ᩏ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡࠆ߇ޔߘߩઁߩኾ㐷ಽ㊁ߩᢎຬߢߪߤ߁ߢࠆ߆ߣ߁ὐߢߪޔࠃ ࠅᐢ▸ߥ⎇ⓥ߇ᓙߚࠇࠆޕ ߹ߚޔᢥߩౝኈ߿ࠫࡖࡦ࡞߆ࠄࠆߣ↰ਛઁ(1998a,b)ߢߪޟᣣᧄ㧛᧲੩ߦ᧪ߡ㛳ߚ ߎߣޠޔ↰ઍ(1995,1999)ߢߪ⺑ᢥޔᷓየ(2002)ߢߪ⑼ቇᛛⴚ⊛ߥౝኈߦ㑐ࠊࠆ⸃╵ᢥ߇ ߘࠇߙࠇ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߣߐࠇߡࠆޕߥ߅ޔ↰ઍ(2004)ߢߪᗧᢥ߇⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߣߥߞߡࠆ߇ޔ ߘߩ⹏ଔ⠪ߪᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߣᣣᧄ⺆Უ⺆⠪㧔ᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߩᢥ┨ࠍ⋡ߦߔࠆߎߣ߇߶ߣࠎ ߤߥ㧕ߢࠆޕ એߩࠃ߁ߥవⴕ⎇ⓥࠍ〯߹߃ࠆߣޔᢥߩౝኈ߿ࠫࡖࡦ࡞ޔ߅ࠃ߮ߘߩ⹏ଔ⠪ߦߟ ߡޔਥᒛߣߘߩ⺰ࠍㅀߴࠆߎߣ߇ਥ⌒ߩᗧᢥࠍ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߣߒޔߥ߅߆ߟᄙጘߩኾ㐷ಽ ㊁ߦࠊߚࠆᄢቇᢎຬߦࠃࠆ⹏ଔࠍ⺞ᩏߒޔ⠨ኤߒߚ߽ߩߪޔᧄ⎇ⓥࠃࠅએ೨ߦߪ▤ߦߒ ߡࠄࠇߥޕ ᄢቇߢ᳞ࠄࠇࠆᢥߩ⢻ജߪޔࠝࠫ࠽࠹ࠖߩࠆᗧࠍ⹏ଔ⠪ߢࠆᄢቇᢎຬߩ ᳞ࠆ᳓Ḱߦᴪߞߡㆡᩰߦߔࠆߎߣߢࠆޕᄢቇᢎຬ߆ࠄ㜞⹏ଔࠍᓧࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ ࠆಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔᗧᢥࠍᦠߊ⢻ജ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢࠆ߆ߪޔචಽߥ⎇ⓥߩ߇ࠆޕ ᧄ⎇ⓥߪޔߘߩ┵✜ߣߒߡޔߤߩࠃ߁ߥᗧᢥ߇ಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߣ⹏ଔߐࠇࠆ߆ޔ߹ߚޔಽ ߆ࠅ߿ߔߣ⹏ଔߐࠇࠆ႐วߪޔߤߩࠃ߁ߥὐߦᵈ⋡ߒߡ⹏ଔߐࠇࠆߩ߆ޔࠍࠄ߆ߦߔ ࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕ 㧟㧚 ⺞ᩏߩⷐ ࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߢߪޔ࿖┙࿖⺆⎇ⓥᚲᚑߩޟᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߦࠃࠆᣣᧄ⺆ᢥߣޔߘߩᲣ⺆ ⸶ߣߩኻ⸶࠺࠲ࡌࠬޠࠍ⹏ଔኻ⽎ߣߒߡ↪ߒߚޕߎߩࠦࡄࠬ߆ࠄޔߩ႐ࠍో ߡᾍߦߔࠆⷙೣߩቯߩᤚ㕖ߦߟߡㅀߴߚᢥ 20 ▻ࠍછᗧߦߒޔᄢቇߢᣣᧄ⺆ ᢎ⢒ߦᓥߔࠆ 6 ฬߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎຬߦ⹏ଔߒߡ߽ࠄߞߚޕߐࠄߦޔᄢቇߦൕോߔࠆኾ㐷ᢎຬ 10 ฬߦ߽⹏ଔ⺞ᩏࠍታᣉߒߚޕኾ㐷ᢎຬߦߟߡߪޔฦᢎຬߩኾ㐷ಽ㊁߇ޔੱᢥ⑼ቇޔ␠ ળ⑼ቇޔ⥄ὼ⑼ቇߩฦಽ㊁ߦࠊߚࠆࠃ߁ߦޔᔃℂቇޔ⠨ฎቇޔ⧷ᢥቇޔᴺቇޔ␠ળቇޔ↢
‛ቇޔൻቇޔᢙቇޔ‛ℂቇߩߘࠇߙࠇࠍኾ㐷ߣߔࠆᢎຬߦ⹏ଔࠍଐ㗬ߒߚޕ⹏ଔߪ㧝㨪㧠 㧔⹏ଔዤᐲߪޟ1 㕖Ᏹߦಽ߆ࠅߦߊޔ2 ಽ߆ࠅߦߊޔ3 ಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔޔ4 㕖Ᏹߦಽ߆ࠅ ߿ߔޠ㧕ߢࠅޔ⹏ଔߩ್ᢿℂ↱ߦ㑐ߔࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻ᰣࠍ⸳ߌߚޕ ߎߎߢޔߥߗᗧᢥࠍ⾗ᢱߦㆬࠎߢ⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߚ߆ߣ߁ߎߣߦ㑐ߒߡ⸒ߒߡ߅߈ߚ ޕᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆࠕࠞ࠺ࡒ࠶ࠢࠗ࠹ࠖࡦࠣߢߪޔ⥄ࠄߩᗧ߿ਥᒛ߇᳞ࠄࠇࠆߎߣ ߇ᄙޕᗧ߿ਥᒛߩ⺰⸽ߪޔవⴕ⎇ⓥߦ⸒ߒޔ⁛⥄ߩ⺞ᩏޔታ㛎ߥߤࠍㅢߓߡߥߐࠇ ࠆߴ߈߽ߩߢࠆ߇ޔᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔਥᒛߣߘߩ⺰߆ࠄਥߦ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆᗧᢥࠍߘߩ೨Ბ 㓏ߣߒߡ⟎ઃߌࠆޕߎߩὐ߆ࠄߡޔಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔᗧᢥ߇ᦠߌࠆ⢻ജߪޔᄢቇߢߩࠕ ࠞ࠺ࡒ࠶ࠢࠗ࠹ࠖࡦࠣߦ߅ߌࠆၮ␆⊛ߥ⢻ജߛߣ⸒߃ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߣ⹏ଔ ߐࠇࠆᗧᢥ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢࠆ߆ࠍ⸃ߔࠆߎߣߪޔᓟߩࠕࠞ࠺ࡒ࠶ࠢࠗ࠹ ࠖࡦࠣᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆౕ⊛ߥᜰ㊎ߩ⸳ቯߦᄢ߈ߊ⽸₂ߔࠆ߽ߩߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆޕ 㧠㧚 ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎຬߦࠃࠆ⹏ଔ ᢥᴺߩ⺋↪ߣ⹏ଔ ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎຬ߇ቇ⠌⠪ߩᢥࠍ⹏ଔߔࠆ႐วޔ߹ߕ⏕ߦᜰ៰ߒ߿ߔὐߣߒߡᢥᴺߩ⺋ ↪߇ࠆޕߘߎߢޔߎߎߢߪޔߘࠇߙࠇߩᢥߦߟߡޔᢥᴺ⊛ߥ⺋↪ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ▎ᚲ ߩ⇣ߥࠅᢙࠍᢙ߃ߒߚޕߘߩߢޔᢥߩ✚ᢥሼᢙߦኻߔࠆ⺋↪ߩᢙߩഀวࠍ⸘▚ߒߚޕ ߘߩ⚿ᨐޔࠛ₸߇㜞ߊߡ߽㜞⹏ଔࠍᓧߡࠆ߽ߩ(in020, sg022)߿ޔㅒߦࠛ₸ߪ ૐ߽ߩߩ⹏ଔ߇⧐ߒߊߥ߽ߩ(in061, kr008)߇ࠅޔᢥᴺ⊛ߥ⺋↪ߪᔅߕߒ߽⹏ଔࠍ ቯߠߌߥߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆޕ (2) ᢥ ᢥሼᢙ ࠛᢙ ࠛ₸㧔㧑㧕 ⹏ଔᐔဋ in020 471 18 3.82 3.29 sg022 347 10 2.88 2.86 in061 782 15 1.92 1.86 kr00 752 4 0.53 1.86 㧝 ࠛ₸ߣ⹏ଔᐔဋ એਅߢߪޔᢥᴺ㕙ߢߩ⺋↪ࠍߍߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕ㧔ᢥߩᓟࠈߦ㧔ᢥ⇟ภ߽ߒߊߪ⹏ ଔ⠪⸥ภޔ߅ࠃ߮ޔᗧᢥߩ⹏ὐ㧕ࠍઃߔޕਅ✢ߪޔᧄⓂ╩⠪ߦࠃࠆޕ㧕 (3)a.᧲ᵗᵗࠍࠊߕޔߚ߫ߎߩࠦࡑࠪࡖ࡞߇ోㇱ↵ࠄߒ↵ߣ⟤ᅚ߇ਥᓎߣߒߡߣ ࠄࠇߚޕ(cn001, 3.13) b.ᆎߡᣣᧄߦ᧪ߚᤨޔᣣᧄੱߩ༛ᾍ⠪ߩᢙߦ㛳߆ࠇߚޕ(cn001, 3.13)
c.ࠆੱߪࠬࡕࠠࡦࠣࠍㆬ߫ࠇߡޔߔߋΌ߿߆ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚޕ(cn051, 1.75㧕 d.ᾍߪⓨ᳇ਛߦᐢ߇ࠄࠇߡኂ‛߽ᢔߒߡ߈߹ߒߚ(cn051, 1.75) (3)ߢߪޔోߡߩᢥߦฃേࠍ↪ߚ⺋↪߇ߒߡࠆޕߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄޔ(3)a,b ߢߪ ⹏ଔߪ㜞ߊޔ(3)c,d ߢߪૐޕߎߩߎߣ߆ࠄޔߎߎߢߩฃേߦ㑐ߔࠆᢥᴺ⊛⺋↪ߪޔ ⹏ଔࠍᏀฝߔࠆ⋥ធ⊛ߥⷐ࿃ߢߥߎߣ߇߁߆߇߃ࠆޕ ᰴߩߣߒߡޔഥ⹖ޟ࠻ޠ߇↪ߐࠇߥ⺋↪ࠍߍࠆޕ (4)a.ේ࿃߇ᦨ߽ᄙߊߩߪޡᩰᅢޢߛಽ߆ࠆޕ(cn001, 3.13) b.ߛ߆ࠄޔၮᧄ⊛ߥੱᮭࠍ߽ࠄߞߚหᤨߦޟߩੱߩஜᐽߩߚޠߣ⸒߁⟵ോߪࠆ ߴ߈ߛޕ(cn051, 1.75) (4)a㧔ߛߣಽ߆ࠆ㧕ޔ(4)b㧔ੱᮭࠍ߽ࠄߞߚߣหᤨߦ㧕ߪߣ߽ߦޔޟ࠻ޠ߇↪ߐࠇߥ ὐߢߪห⾰ߩ⺋↪ߢࠆ߇ޔߘߩో⊛ߥ⹏ଔὐߪኻᾖ⊛ߢࠆޕ ߹ߚޔ(5)ߩࠃ߁ߥേ⹖ߩ⥄ઁߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺋↪ࠍߡߺࠆߣޔߎߎߢ߽ߣหߓࠃ߁ߦޔ⥄ ઁേ⹖ߩ⺋↪ߘߩ߽ߩ߇ޔᢥోߩ⹏ଔࠍਅߍࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥߎߣ߇␜ໂߐࠇࠆޕ (5)a.ߘࠇߢޔߔ߉ߩઍߢ߽ߎߩ≻ߦ㒱ߜࠄߥࠃ߁ߦ᳇ࠍߟ߈ޔ࠲ࡃࠦᐢ๔ࠍㅍߒ ߥᣇ߇ߣᕁ߹ߔޕ(in020, 3.29) b.ᣣᧄߩߚ߫ߎࠍๆࠊߥੱ߽⥄ಽߩჿࠍߡߩ႐ᚲߢᾍߩᴺᓞൻࠃ߁ߦ㗎 ᒛࠆߴ߈ߛߣᕁ߁ޕ(cn001, 3.13) c. ߪߚ߫ߎࠍๆ߁ੱ߹ߔ߹ߔჇ߃߹ߒߚޕߚ߫ߎ߽߆ࠎߚࠎߦᚻࠍࠇ߹ߔޕ (ml145, 1.86) ߐࠄߦޔ(6)ߪ⸥ߩ㗴ޔ(7)ߪ್ቯ⹖ޟ࠳ޠߩ⺋↪ߢࠆޕߕࠇ߽ޔ⹏ଔ߇㜞ᢥ ߦ߽ߘ߁ߢߥᢥߦ߽ㅢߒߡࠄࠇߚ⺋↪ߢࠆ߇ޔߘߩ⹏ὐࠍߡߺࠆߣޔߎ߁ߒ ߚ⺋↪ߘߩ߽ߩ߇⹏ଔࠍቯઃߌࠆࠃ߁ߥⷐ࿃ߦߪߥߞߡߥߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆޕ (6)a.〝ߪድ߃߫ޔࡆ࠾࡞ޔ⚕ޔࡃࠬߩ࠴ࠤ࠻ߥߤ߇ߞߚߦ߃ߥ߆ߞߚޕ(th020,3.29) b.ߘࠇߢޔ࠲ࡃࠦࠍๆߞߚੱߩሶଏߪ߶ࠎߣ߁ߦ߮ࠂ߈↢߹ࠇࠆޕ(mn040, 1.71) (7)a.ᣣᧄੱߩᾍ⨲ࠍๆ߁ߎߣߦኻᐲߪᒰࠅ೨ߩߎߣࠄߒߛޕ(th020, 3.29) b.ੱޘߪోㇱ࠲ࡃࠦࠍๆ߁ߩߪߣߡ߽ᖡߊߡ㉛ߛߣᕁ߁ޕ(mn040, 1.71) ߎࠇࠄߩ࠺࠲߇␜ߔࠃ߁ߦޔหߓࠃ߁ߥ㗄⋡㧔ฃりޔᒁ↪▵ޔേ⹖ߩ⥄ઁޔࠞ࠲ࠞ࠽ ⸥ޔࠗᒻኈ⹖㧗࠳㧕ߩ㑆㆑ࠍⶄᢙߩᢥߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔ⠪ߩ⹏ଔߪ৻ቯߢߪߥޕ
એߦࠃࠅޔ⹏ଔ⠪ߪᢥᴺ㕙ࠍਛᔃߦᢥࠍ⹏ଔߔࠆߩߢߪߥߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߩࠅ ᢥ⹏ଔߦ߅ߡޔᢥᴺ㕙ࠃࠅ߽᭴ᚑ㕙߇㊀ⷞߐࠇࠆߎߣࠍߐࠄߦᬌ⸽ߔࠆߚߦޔ⹏ ଔߩ್ᢿℂ↱ߦ㑐ߔࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߩౝኈߦߟߡㅀߴࠆޕ 20 ▻ߩᢥߦኻߒߡ 6 ฬߩ⹏ଔ⠪ࠃࠅᓧࠄࠇߚ⸘ 120 ᨎߩ⹏ଔ↪⚕ߦ⸥ߐࠇߚࠦࡔ ࡦ࠻ߦߟߡޔ᭴ᚑ㧔㧷㧕ߥࠄ߮ߦᢥᴺ㧔㧮㧕ߦ㑐ߔࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻߆ࠄߘࠇߙࠇ⢐ቯ⊛ߥ⸒ 㧔㧗㧕ߣุቯ⊛ߥ⸒㧔㧙㧕ߩ࿁ᢙࠍᢙ߃ߍޔ1 ࿁ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߦߟ߈ 2 ὐਈ߃ߚޕ ߃߫ޟᢥᴺߩ㑆㆑ߪࠆ߽ߩߩޔ᭴ᚑߪࠃޠߩࠃ߁ߦㅒធ⊛ߥࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߩ႐วߪ᭴ᚑ ߦߟߡߪ 1 ὐࠍᷫߓޔ㧮㧙ࠍ 1 ὐޔ㧷㧗ࠍ 2 ὐߣߒߚޕߘߩ㓸⸘⚿ᨐࠍਅߦ␜ߔޕ ਛߩޟว⸘ޠޟᐔဋޠߪߘࠇߙࠇߩὐᢙߩว⸘ߣᐔဋߢࠆޕ (8) ⹏ଔ䋱䌾䋴ว⸘ 䋱䋲䋰ᨎ ⹏ଔ㪢䋫 㪢䋭 㪙䋫 㪙㪄 ว⸘ 㪈㪇㪎 㪈㪋㪌 㪉㪏 㪈㪊㪇 ᐔဋ㪇㪅㪏㪐 㪈㪅㪉㪈 㪇㪅㪉㪊 㪈㪅㪇㪏 ⹏ଔ䋳䌾䋴ว⸘ 䋵䋲ᨎ ⹏ଔ䋱䌾䋲ว⸘ 䋶䋸ᨎ ⹏ଔ㪢䋫 㪢䋭 㪙䋫 㪙㪄 ⹏ଔ㪢䋫 㪢䋭 㪙䋫 㪙㪄 ว⸘ 㪐㪎 㪊㪏 㪉㪉 㪌㪈 ว⸘ 㪈㪇 㪈㪇㪎 㪍 㪎㪐 ᐔဋ 㪈㪅㪏㪎 㪇㪅㪎㪊 㪇㪅㪋㪉 㪇㪅㪐㪏 ᐔဋ 㪇㪅㪈㪌 㪈㪅㪌㪎 㪇㪅㪈㪈 㪈㪅㪈㪍 ⹏ଔ䋴ว⸘ 䋱䋱ᨎ ⹏ଔ䋳ว⸘ 䋴䋱ᨎ ⹏ଔ䋲ว⸘ 䋴䋷ᨎ ⹏ଔ䋱ว⸘ 䋲䋱ᨎ ⹏ଔ㪢䋫 㪢䋭 㪙䋫 㪙㪄 ⹏ଔ㪢䋫 㪢䋭 㪙䋫 㪙㪄 ⹏ଔ㪢䋫 㪢䋭 㪙䋫 㪙㪄 ⹏ଔ㪢䋫 㪢䋭 㪙䋫 㪙㪄 ว⸘ 㪉㪇 㪏 㪏 㪍 ว⸘ 㪎㪎 㪊㪇 㪈㪋 㪋㪌 ว⸘ 㪎 㪎㪎 㪍 㪌㪈 ว⸘ 㪊 㪊㪇 㪇 㪉㪏 ᐔဋ 㪈㪅㪏㪉 㪇㪅㪎㪊 㪇㪅㪎㪊 㪇㪅㪌㪌 ᐔဋ 㪈㪅㪏㪏 㪇㪅㪎㪊 㪇㪅㪊㪋 㪈㪅㪈 ᐔဋ 㪇㪅㪈㪌 㪈㪅㪍㪋 㪇㪅㪈㪊 㪈㪅㪇㪐 ᐔဋ 㪇㪅㪈㪋 㪈㪅㪋㪊 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪈㪅㪌㪇 㧞 ⹏ଔߏߣߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ᢙ㧔ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎຬߦࠃࠆ⹏ଔ㧕 ߩ߆ࠄޔએਅߩะ߇⺒ߺขࠇࠆޕ Ԙࠦࡔࡦ࠻ౝኈߪޔ✚ߓߡᢥᴺࠃࠅ߽᭴ᚑ߳ߩ⸒߇ᄙߊޔߎߣߦᢥᴺ߳ߩ⢐ቯ⊛⸒ߪ ዋߥޕ ԙ⹏ଔ㧟㨪㧠ߣ㧝㨪㧞ߢߪޔᢥᴺࠃࠅ߽᭴ᚑ߳ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ᄙߎߣߪㅢߒߡࠆޕߒ ߆ߒޔ⹏ଔ㧟㨪㧠ߢߪ㧷㧗㧪㧷㧙ߢࠆߩߦኻߒޔ⹏ଔ㧝㨪㧞ߢߪ㧷㧗㧨㧷㧙ߣߥߞߡ ࠆޕ৻ᣇߢޔᢥᴺߦߟߡߪޔਔ⠪ߩߕࠇߦ߅ߡ߽ޔ㧮㧗㧨㧮㧙ߣߥߞߡࠆޕ Ԛ⹏ଔ㧠ߦ߅ߡߪ㧮㧗߇㧮㧙ࠍࠊߕ߆ߦ࿁ࠆ߇ޔ⹏ଔ㧟ߢߪ㧮㧗㧨㧮㧙ߣߥߞߡࠆޕ ԛ⹏ଔ㧞ޔ⹏ଔ㧝ߦ߅ߡߪޔࠄ߆ߦ㧮㧗㧨㧮㧙ߣߥߞߡࠆޕ ో⥸⊛ߦࠆߣޔ⹏ଔ߇㜞߽ߩߦߟߡߪ᭴ᚑࠍ⢐ቯ⊛ߦࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߔࠆะߦࠅޔ ⹏ଔ߇ૐ߽ߩߦߟߡߪᢥᴺߩ㑆㆑ࠍᜰ៰ߔࠆะߦࠆޕ⹏ଔ㧟㨪㧠ߣ⹏ଔ㧝㨪㧞 ߩะᏅ߇␜ߔࠃ߁ߦޔಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߐޔಽ߆ࠅߦߊߐࠍಽߌࠆ߽ߩߪ᭴ᚑߢࠆޕ߹ߚޔ 㧮㧗ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ะ߆ࠄߡޔᢥᴺߩᱜ⏕ߐߩߺࠍ߽ߞߡߒߡߪޔ㜞⹏ଔࠍᓧߦߊߣ⠨
߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ એਅߦޔታ㓙ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍߍࠆޕ㧔ᢥߩᓟࠈߦ㧔ᢥ⇟ภ߽ߒߊߪ⹏ଔ⠪⸥ภޔ߅ ࠃ߮ޔᗧᢥߩ⹏ὐ㧕ࠍઃߔޕ㧕 (9)ห৻⹏ଔ⠪㧔⹏ଔ⠪ I㧕ߦࠃࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻ a.⽎⺆ࠍᄙߊ↪ޔታߣ⥄ಽߩᗧࠍ߃ߟߟ⺑ᓧജߩࠆᢥ┨ߦߥߞߡࠆޕ ഥ⹖߿⺆ߩ⺋ࠅߪዋߥߊߥ߇ޔో߇߹ߣ߹ߞߡࠆߚޔߐ߶ߤ᳇ߦߪߥࠄߥ ޕ(in061, 4) b.⸥ޔᢥᴺޔᘒޔࡕ࠳࠹ࠖ╬ਇ⥄ὼߥὐޔ⺋ࠅ߇ᚲޘߦᢔߐࠇࠆ߇ޔో⊛ߥᢥ ┨ߩℂ⸃ߦᡰ㓚ࠍ᧪ߔ߶ߤߣߪᗵߓࠄࠇߥޕ(th020, 4) c.ᒝਥᒛ߇ࠆߎߣߪࠊ߆ࠆ߇ޔ⽎⊛ߥߎߣࠍ⽎⊛ߥ⺆ࠍ↪ߡ⸒ߘ߁ߣ ߒߡࠆࠊࠅߦߪ⺆ߘߩ߽ߩߪ߽ߜࠈࠎᢥᴺ㧔߿ᤨޔ⥄ઁേ⹖ߩ㧕ߩ⺋ ࠅ߇߹ࠅߦ߽ᄙߊޔ߹ߚᚲޘߦ᥉ㅢ߇ᷙߓߞߡࠆὐߢ߽⺒ߺᚻࠍᷙੂߐߖޔ⸒ ߚߎߣ߇߁߹ߊવࠊߞߡߎߥޕ(cn051, 2) d.╙ਃᲑ⪭ߩਥᒛ߇ోߊಽ߆ࠄߥޕ㧔ޟߘࠎߥᖡᓇ㗀ޠ߇ࠍߐߔߩ߆ਇޕ㧕ߡߨ 㧛ߙࠎߑߥᢥ߇ᷙߒޔో⊛ߦ⺒ߺߦߊߊߒߡࠆޕ(sg.002, 2) (10)หߓᢥߦኻߒߡ⹏ଔ߇ഀࠇߚ႐วߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻㧝(ml145) a.Ბ⪭߇߈ߜࠎߣಽ߆ࠇߡߡޔធ⛯⹖߇߁߹ߊ߃ߡ߅ࠅޔᢥ┨ዷ㐿߇ಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔޕ ⥄ಽߩ⍮ߞߡࠆᢥᴺޔ⺆ᒵࠍήℂߥߊߞߡࠆޕᢥᴺߩ⺋ࠅ߽ࠄࠇࠆ߇ޔᗧ ߩᷙੂࠍ߈ߚߔߎߣߪߥޕ㧔⹏ଔ⠪ O, 3㧕 b.ᢥߩਛߦߪᢥᴺ⊛ߥ߹ߜ߇ࠍ⸓ᱜߒߡ⺒߹ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ߆ߞߚޕ․ߦ㜞ᩞ↢ߦࠕ ࡦࠤ࠻ࠍߣߞߚߎߣߦߟߡㅀߴߡࠆㇱಽߪ㑆㆑߇ㅪ⛯ߒߡߡޔ⺒ߺߒߚ ᓟౝኈ߇ℂ⸃ߢ߈ߚޕ㧔⹏ଔ⠪ S, 2㧕 (11) หߓᢥߦኻߒߡ⹏ଔ߇ഀࠇߚ႐วߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻㧞(vn072) a.ౕ⊛ߥࠍߍޔℂ↱ࠍᩮߠߌࠃ߁ߣߒߡࠆޕ㧔⹏ଔ⠪ I, 3㧕 b.ᢥᴺ⊛⺋ࠅ߇߶ߣࠎߤߥߊޔਥᒛ߽ߪߞ߈ࠅߒߡߡޔ⸘ߥߎߣ߇ᦠߡ߅ࠄߕಽ ߆ࠅ߿ߔޕ㧔⹏ଔ⠪ O, 4㧕 c.ోߩਥᒛߣ৻ߟ৻ߟߩᢥߩᐳࠅߩᖡߐ߇ࠆޕ㧔⹏ଔ⠪ S, 2㧕 d.න⺆ᢥᴺ߇ਇᱜ⏕ޔ᭴ᚑਇචಽޕ㧔⹏ଔ⠪ M, 2㧕 એߩࠃ߁ߦޔ㕙⊛ߦߪޔࠃߊℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆߩߪޟ᭴ᚑޠ߇߆ࠄޔߘߒߡޔℂ⸃߇ ࿎㔍ߥߩߪޟᢥᴺޠ߇ᖡ߆ࠄޔߣ⹏ଔߐࠇߡࠆޕߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄޔ೨▵ߢߩ⼏⺰ߩࠃ߁ ߦޔޟᢥᴺޠߩ㑆㆑߇⹏ὐߩ㜞ૐߦ⋥⚿ߒߡߥߎߣࠍ⠨ᘦߦࠇࠆߥࠄ߫ޔޟ᭴ᚑޠ
ߩᖡߐ߇⹏ଔࠍਅߍࠆߎߣߦᄢ߈ߊ㑐ࠊߞߡࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ ߎߎ߹ߢޔ㕖Უ⺆⠪ߦࠃࠆᢥߦኻߔࠆᣣᧄ⺆ᢎຬߩ⹏ଔߦߟߡޔਥߦᢥᴺߣ᭴ᚑ ߳ߩᵈ⋡ߩߒ߆ߚࠍਛᔃߦ⠨ኤߒޔᢥᴺ㕙ࠃࠅ߽᭴ᚑ㕙߇⹏ଔߩ㓙ߦ㊀ⷞߐࠇࠆߎߣࠍㅀ ߴߚޕᣣᧄ⺆ᢎຬ߆ࠄߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߦ㑐ߒߡ⌕⋡ߔߴ߈ߪޔߘࠇߙࠇߩ⹏ଔ⠪߇ޔࠄ߆ߩ ᒻߢ᭴ᚑߦ㑐ߔࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍⴕߞߡࠆߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆޕ᭴ᚑ߇ࠃᢥ┨ߪ⺒ߺ߿ߔߊޔ ߒߚ߇ߞߡᢥᴺߩ㑆㆑߽᳇ߦߥࠄߥޕ৻ᣇޔ᭴ᚑ߇ᖡᢥ┨ߪ⺒ߺߦߊߊޔਥᒛ߇વ ࠊߞߡߎߥޕߎߣߦޔਥᒛ߇ోߊℂ⸃ߢ߈ߥࠃ߁ߥᢥ┨ߦ߅ߡߪޔߤߎࠍᚻ⋥ߒߔ ࠇ߫ࠃߩ߆ߦࠊ߆ߦ್ᢿ߇ߟ߆ߥ႐ว߽ࠅޔߘߩࠃ߁ߥ႐วޔࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߩኻ⽎ߪ᭴ ᚑߢߪߥߊޔᜰ៰ߒ߿ߔᢥᴺ㕙ߢߩ⺋↪ߦߊߩߢߪߥߛࠈ߁߆ޕ 㧡㧚 ኾ㐷ᢎຬߦࠃࠆ⹏ଔ ቇㇱ⇐ቇ↢ߪޔቇᓟᄢቇߢߩቇ⠌ᵴേ߿⎇ⓥᵴേߩਛߢޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎຬߩߺߥࠄߕޔኾ 㐷ᢎຬ߆ࠄ߽ޔᗵᗐᢥ߿ࡐ࠻ߥߤޔᦠߚ߽ߩࠍ⹏ଔߐࠇࠆ႐㕙ߦ⋥㕙ߔࠆޕ ᧄ▵ߢߪޔኾ㐷ᢎຬࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚޔᣣᧄ⺆㕖Უ⺆⠪ߩᗧᢥߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ ߦߟߡ⠨ኤߒޔએਅߩߎߣࠍਥᒛߔࠆޕ (12)a.ኾ㐷ᢎຬߩ⹏ଔߢߪޔᢥᴺ߿ߥߤߩᒻᑼ⊛㕙ࠃࠅ߽ޔᢥ┨᭴ᚑ߿⺰ℂߩ৻ ⽾ᕈ߇㜞ߊ⹏ଔߐࠇ߿ߔޕߎࠇߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎຬߦࠃࠆ⹏ଔߣ߅߅ߨห᭽ߩ ะߢࠆޕ b.ኾ㐷ᢎຬߩ⹏ଔߦ߅ߡߪޔᢥᴺ߿ࠃࠅ߽ޔ⺰ℂᕈ߿ਥᒛߩ⸃ߐߦኻߔࠆ ࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇⋡┙ߟޕ c.ᢥᴺ⊛ᱜ⏕ߐ߇ߞߡ߽ޔ⺰ℂᕈ߿ਥᒛߩ⸃ߐߦᰳߌࠆᢥߪޔኾ㐷ᢎຬ߆ࠄ 㜞⹏ଔࠍฃߌ߇ߚޕ ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ะߩᏅ ೨ߩ 4 Ბ㓏⹏ଔߦ߽ߣߠߚ⹏ଔ⠪ోຬߩᐔဋߪޔ2.46 ߢߞߚޕ⹏ଔߩ⸥ߣหᤨ ߦޔ⹏ଔߩ್ᢿℂ↱ߦߟߡ߽⸥ࠍ᳞ߚ߇ޔߘߩౝኈࠍࠆߣޔᢥᴺ߿⺆ᒵ╬ߩ⺋↪ ߿⸥ߩ⺋ࠅߩࠃ߁ߥᒻᑼ㕙ߦട߃ߡޔ⺰ℂᕈ߿ᢥ┨ዷ㐿ߩࠃ߁ߥ᭴ᚑ㕙ߦ⸒ߔࠆࠦ ࡔࡦ࠻߇⋡┙ߟޕߘߩߚޔࠦࡔࡦ࠻ౝኈߦߟߡޔޟ᭴ᚑޠߣޟᢥᴺޠߦᄢ߈ߊੑಽߒޔ ߘߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ะࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆߎߣߣߔࠆޕ ⹏ଔኻ⽎ߩᢥ 20 ▻ߦߟߡޔ10 ฬߩ⹏ଔ⠪ߩ⸥ߒߚ⹏ଔ↪⚕⸘ 200 ᨎਛ߆ࠄޔ᭴ ᚑ㧔㧷㧕ߥࠄ߮ߦᢥᴺ㧔㧮㧕ߦ㑐ߔࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߦߟߡޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎຬߩ႐วߣห᭽ߦὐᢙ ൻߒߚޕߎߩ⚿ᨐࠍਅߩߦ߹ߣߡ␜ߔޕਛߩޟว⸘ޠޟᐔဋޠߪߘࠇߙࠇߩὐᢙߩว ⸘ߣᐔဋߢࠆޕ
ኾ㐷䋱䌾䋴ว⸘ 䋲䋰䋰ᨎ ⹏ଔ㪢䋫 㪢䋭 㪙䋫 㪙㪄 ว⸘ 㪈㪍㪎 㪈㪌㪈 㪍㪐 㪉㪈㪈 ᐔဋ 㪇㪅㪏㪋 㪇㪅㪎㪍 㪇㪅㪊㪌 㪈㪅㪇㪍 ኾ㐷䋳䌾䋴ว⸘ 䋹䋶ᨎ ኾ㐷䋱䌾䋲ว⸘ 䋱䋰䋴ᨎ ⹏ଔ㪢䋫 㪢䋭 㪙䋫 㪙㪄 ⹏ଔ 㪢䋫 㪢䋭 㪙䋫 㪙㪄 ว⸘ 㪈㪊㪏 㪉㪎 㪌㪎 㪎㪈 ว⸘ 㪉㪐 㪈㪉㪋 㪈㪉 㪈㪋㪇 ᐔဋ㪈㪅㪋㪋 㪇㪅㪉㪏 㪇㪅㪌㪐 㪇㪅㪎㪋 ᐔဋ㪇㪅㪉㪏 㪈㪅㪈㪐 㪇㪅㪈㪉 㪈㪅㪊㪌 ኾ㐷䋴ว⸘ 䋲䋹ᨎ ኾ㐷䋳ว⸘ 䋶䋷ᨎ ⹏ଔ㪢䋫 㪢䋭 㪙䋫 㪙㪄 ⹏ଔ 㪢䋫 㪢䋭 㪙䋫 㪙㪄 ว⸘ 㪋㪇 㪍 㪉㪉 㪈㪍 ว⸘ 㪐㪏 㪉㪈 㪊㪌 㪌㪌 ᐔဋ 㪈㪅㪊㪏 㪇㪅㪉㪈 㪇㪅㪎㪍 㪇㪅㪌㪌 ᐔဋ 㪈㪅㪋㪍 㪇㪅㪊㪈 㪇㪅㪌㪉 㪇㪅㪏㪉 ኾ㐷䋲ว⸘ 䋷䋶ᨎ ኾ㐷䋱ว⸘ 䋲䋸ᨎ ⹏ଔ 㪢䋫 㪢䋭 㪙䋫 㪙㪄 ⹏ଔ 㪢䋫 㪢䋭 㪙䋫 㪙㪄 ว⸘ 㪉㪏 㪐㪍 㪈㪉 㪐㪏 ว⸘ 㪈 㪉㪏 㪇 㪋㪉 ᐔဋ 㪇㪅㪊㪎 㪈㪅㪉㪍 㪇㪅㪈㪍 㪈㪅㪉㪐 ᐔဋ 㪇㪅㪇㪋 㪈 㪇 㪈㪅㪌 㧟 ⹏ଔߏߣߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ᢙ㧔ኾ㐷ᢎຬߦࠃࠆ⹏ଔ㧕 ߎࠇࠄߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄޔએਅߩะ߇␜ߐࠇࠆޕ Ԙోߣߒߡޔᢥᴺࠃࠅ߽᭴ᚑ߳ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ᄙޕ ԙ⹏ଔ㧟㨪㧠ߣ㧝㨪㧞ࠍᲧセߔࠆߣޔ⹏ଔ㧟㨪㧠ߢߪ㧷㧗㧪㧷㧙ߢࠆߩߦኻߒޔ⹏ଔ㧝 㨪㧞ߢߪ㧷㧗㧨㧷㧙ߣߥߞߡࠆޕ৻ᣇߢޔᢥᴺߦߟߡߪޔਔ⠪ߩߕࠇߦ߅ߡ߽ޔ 㧮㧗㧨㧮㧙ߣߥߞߡࠆޕ Ԛ⹏ଔ㧠ߣ⹏ଔ㧟ߩ㆑ߪޔ᭴ᚑߢߪߥߊᢥᴺ߳ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ะߢࠆޕߟ߹ࠅޔ⹏ଔ㧠 ߢߪޔB㧗㧪㧮㧙ޔ⹏ଔ㧟ߢߪ㧮㧗㧨㧮㧙ߣߥߞߡࠆὐߢࠆޕ ԛ⹏ଔ㧞ޔ⹏ଔ㧝ߦ߅ߡߪޔ᭴ᚑߛߌߢߥߊᢥᴺߦߟߡ߽ޔุቯ⊛⹏ଔ߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇߡ ࠆޕ એࠃࠅޔో⥸⊛ߥะߣߒߡޔ⹏ଔ߇㜞߽ߩߦߟߡߪޟ᭴ᚑޠࠍ⹏ଔߔࠆะߦ ࠅޔ⹏ଔ߇ૐ߽ߩߦߟߡߪޟᢥᴺޠߩ㑆㆑ࠍᜰ៰ߒߡࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆޕ⹏ଔ㧟㨪㧠 ߣ⹏ଔ㧝㨪㧞ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ะߩᏅ߇␜ߔ߽ߩߪޔಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߐޔಽ߆ࠅߦߊߐߩਥⷐߥ್ ᢿၮḰߩ߭ߣߟ߇᭴ᚑߦࠆߣ߁ὐߢࠆޕߘߩߚޔᢥᴺߩᱜ⏕ߐߩߺߦၮߠߡ㜞 ⹏ଔࠍᓧࠆߎߣߪ㔍ߒߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ߹ߚޔᢥᴺߩਇᱜ⏕ߐߪޔ⹏ଔ㧠ߣ⹏ଔ㧟ߩࠃ߁ߦޔ ⹏ଔዤᐲߩὐᢙࠍᷫߓࠆߎߣ߇ߞߡ߽ޔᢥߘߩ߽ߩߩಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߐ߿ಽ߆ࠅߦߊߐߩ ್ᢿߦ߅ߌࠆቯ⊛ߥⷐ࿃ߣߪߥࠅߦߊߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߩౝኈ ೨▵ߩಽᨆࠃࠅޔኾ㐷ᢎຬߦࠃࠆᢥ⹏ଔߦ߅ߡ߽ޔᢥᴺࠃࠅ߽᭴ᚑ߇㊀ⷞߐࠇࠆ ะ߇ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚޕታ㓙ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߦ߅ߡ߽ޔᢥᴺߦߟߡߪุቯ⊛ߥࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍਈ
߃ߥ߇ࠄ߽ޔ᭴ᚑ߿⺰ℂ⊛ߥ㕙ߦߟߡߪ⢐ቯ⊛ߦ⹏ଔߔࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ᢔߐࠇޔᢥᴺ ߩ᜕ߐߦࠃߞߡߪౝኈℂ⸃߇ᅹߍࠄࠇߡߥߣࠄࠇࠆࠤࠬ߇ࠆޕ (13) ഥ⹖ޔേ⹖ޔฬ⹖ߩ↪ߦ⧯ᐓߩ⺋ࠅ߇ࠆ߇ޔᢥ┨ߩዷ㐿߇⺰ℂ⊛ߢࠆߩߢޔ ߘࠇࠄࠍߞߡℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆޕ㧔⹏ଔ⠪ No.4㧕 ߹ߚޔᦠ߆ࠇߚౝኈߦߟߡޔ⸽ਇ⿷߿⚿⺰ߩᰳᅤߥߤ᭴ᚑ㕙ߦ⸒ߔࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻߽ ࠆޕ (14) ਥᒛ߇ᔟࠪࡦࡊ࡞ߥߩߢޔ⺋ሼ⣕ሼߦߟߡ߽ផ᷹߇ኈᤃޕߚߛߒ⺰ߩឭ␜ ߿ᢥ┨ዷ㐿ߦߟߡߪ‛⿷ࠅߥ㕙߽ࠆޕ㧔⹏ଔ⠪ No.3㧕 ߐࠄߦޔਥߦ⽎ᔨࠍߔࠃ߁ߥ↪⺆ߩ↪ᣇߩਇᱜ⏕ߐߦߟߡߪޔ (15) ᮭ㨯⟵ോ⥄↱ߣ߁⽎⊛ᔨ߇༛ᾍߣ߁ౕ⊛ߥ࠻ࡇ࠶ࠢߦ߅ߡലᨐ⊛ ߦࠊࠇߡߥޕ㧔⹏ଔ⠪ No.1㧕 ߩࠃ߁ߥࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ࠄࠇߚޕߎࠇߪޔᷓỈ(1994)ߩ߁ޟḰኾ㐷↪⺆ޠߩ↪ߦ㑐ࠊࠆ ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇޔኾ㐷ᢎຬߩⷞὐࠍㅢߓߡߎߘᶋ߆߮߇ࠆ㗴ὐߢࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆޕ ৻ᣇߢޔᢥᴺ߿ߩᱜ⏕ߐࠃࠅ߽ޔᢥ┨ߩ᭴ᚑߦࠃߞߡ⚿ᨐ⊛ߦಽ߆ࠅߦߊߣ್ቯ ߐࠇࠆ႐ว߽ࠆޕ (16)৻ᢥ৻ᢥߪߣߡ߽ߡߨߦᦠ߆ࠇߡߡಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔ߇ޔోߣߒߡࠍ⸒ߚ ߩ߆ࠊ߆ࠄߥޕ․ߦᦨᓟߩ߹ߣ߇ߒߞߊࠅߎߥޕ㧔⹏ଔ⠪ No.6㧕 (16)߇␜ߔࠃ߁ߦޔᢥᴺ⊛ߥ⺋↪߇ߞߡ߽ಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߣ್ቯߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇ࠆߩߦ ኻߒߡޔోߩ᭴ᚑ߇ࠃߊߥߌࠇ߫⺒ߺᚻߦߣߞߡߪ⺒ߺㅴߡߊߢߩ⽶ᜂ߇ᄢ߈ߊ ߥࠅޔ⚿ᨐߣߒߡಽ߆ࠅߦߊߣ್ቯߐࠇࠆߩߢߪߥߛࠈ߁߆ޕ ᢥᴺ⊛㕙ߦኻߔࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߪޔ⺋↪ߘߩ߽ߩࠍߒߡᜰ៰ߔࠆ߽ߩ߽ᄙߊࠄࠇߚ ߇ޔߘߩ৻ᣇߢޔߩ᜕ߐߦࠃߞߡߪℂ⸃߇ᅹߍࠄࠇߥᣦ߇ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߐࠇࠆߎߣ߽ ࠆޕߘࠇߦኻߒߡޔᢥᴺ߿ߩᱜ⏕ߐ߇ߞߡ߽ޔᢥ┨ߩ᭴ᚑߦࠃߞߡޔ⚿ᨐ⊛ߦಽ߆ ࠅߦߊߣ್ቯߐࠇࠆ႐ว߽ࠆޕ೨⠪ߣᓟ⠪ߩ㆑ߪޔᢥᴺߣ᭴ᚑߦߟߡߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ ะߩᏅࠍߋߞߡ␜ໂ⊛ߢࠆޕ೨⠪ߦ߅ߡߪޔᢥᴺ⊛ߥ⺋↪߇ߞߡ߽ᢥ߇ᐔᤃߢ ◲ẖߢࠇ߫ផ᷹น⢻߽ߒߊߪℂ⸃ࠍᅹߍࠆߎߣߦߥࠄߕಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔޔߣ್ቯߐࠇࠆޕ ߘࠇߦኻߒߡޔᓟ⠪ߢߪޔ⺋↪ߪߥߊߣ߽᭴ᚑ߇⹏ଔ⠪ߦℂ⸃ߐࠇߥߌࠇ߫⺒ߺㅴࠆ⽶ ᜂ߇ᄢ߈ߊޔ⚿ᨐߣߒߡಽ߆ࠅߦߊߣ್ቯߐࠇࠆߩߢߪߥߛࠈ߁߆ޕߛߣߔࠇ߫ޔߐ ߒߡ߶ࠆ߶ߤߩᵞ✵ߐࠇߚ߿ᢥᴺ⊛ᱜ⏕ߐࠍߞߡߥߊߣ߽ޔᢥ߇ᐔᤃ߆ߟ◲ẖ ߢᱜ⏕ߢࠆ႐ว߽ࠅޔߎ߁ߒߚ႐วߦߪ B+ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߪਈ߃ࠄࠇߥน⢻ᕈ߇ࠆޕ ߹ߚޔᢥᴺߣ᭴ᚑ߳ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߩะᏅ߆ࠄߡޔᢥ⹏ଔߦ߅ߡߪޔᢥᴺࠃࠅ߽᭴ ᚑ߇ࠃࠅ㊀ⷞߐࠇࠆὐࠍ⠨߃วࠊߖࠇ߫ޔታ㓙ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߦࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦޔᄙዋᢥᴺ 㕙ߩ߹ߕߐ߇ߞߡ߽᭴ᚑ㕙߇⹏ଔߐࠇࠇ߫ಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߐࠍ៊ߓࠆߎߣߪߥߣ߽⠨߃ࠄ ࠇࠆޕㅒߦޔ᭴ᚑ߇߹ߕߣ್ᢿߐࠇࠆ႐วߪޔ⹏ଔ⠪ߦኻߒߡᢥࠍ⺒ࠎߢℂ⸃ߔࠆ ߢߩ⽶ᜂࠍᒝߡ߅ࠅޔߘߩ⽶ᜂߪᢥᴺ㕙ߩᱜ⏕ߐࠍ߽ߞߡߒߡ߽ࠞࡃߢ߈ߥ߽ߩߣ
ߥࠆߩߢߪߥߛࠈ߁߆ޕߎߩὐߦߟߡߪޔ⹏ଔ㧝㨪㧠ࠍㅢߓߡ B+߳ߩࠦࡔࡦ࠻߇ᦨ ߽ዋߥߊޔಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߣ್ቯߐࠇߚ⹏ଔ㧟㨪㧠ߦ߅ߡ߽ޔ᭴ᚑ㕙߶ߤߦߪᢥᴺ㕙߇⢐ ቯ⊛ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ࠍਈ߃ࠄࠇߡߥߎߣ߇ற⸽ߣߥࠆޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦޔኾ㐷ᢎຬߦߟߡ߽ޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎຬߣห᭽ߦޔᗧᢥߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔߦ߅ߡ ߪޔᢥᴺࠃࠅ߽᭴ᚑ߇㊀ⷞߐࠇࠆߎߣߪޔኾ㐷ᢎຬ߆ࠄߩ⹏ଔࠍฃߌࠆ႐㕙߇Ⴧ߃ࠆᄢቇ 㜞ᐕᰴߦะߌߡߩᢥᜰዉߦ߅ߡޔ⇐ᗧߔߴ߈ὐߢࠆޕ 㧢㧚 ߹ߣ ᧄⓂߢߪޔᄢቇᢎຬ㧔ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎຬ߅ࠃ߮ኾ㐷ᢎຬ㧕ߦኻߔࠆ㕖Უ⺆⠪ߩᢥ⹏ଔߩ⺞ ᩏ⚿ᨐߣߘߩಽᨆࠍႎ๔ߒߚޕ߹ߚޔ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߦၮߠߡޔᢥ⹏ଔߦ߅ߡߪޔᢥᴺ㕙 ࠃࠅ߽᭴ᚑ㕙߇㊀ⷞߐࠇࠆߎߣࠍታ⸽⊛ߦਥᒛߒߚޕ ᢥ┨ߩಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߐߪޔ⺒ߺᚻߩሽߣߪಾࠅ㔌ߖߥ߽ߩߢࠆ߇ޔ⺒ߺᚻߩᢥ┨ℂ ⸃ߦ߅ߌࠆޟ੍᷹ޠߩⷰὐ߆ࠄޔ⍹㤥(2008:398)ߦ߅ߡߪޔޟ⺰ᢥ߿ࡐ࠻ߢߪ੍᷹ ߇ᒰߚࠆ᥋ߥᢥ┨߇ᦸ߹ߒޠߣㅀߴࠄࠇߡࠆޕߎߩߎߣ߆ࠄޔ⺒ߺᚻ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ ޟ੍᷹ޠࠍᜬߜߥ߇ࠄ⹏ଔࠍⴕߞߡࠆߩ߆ޔߘߩᾖวߩࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓ߽ࠄ߆ߦߐࠇߨ߫ ߥࠄߥޕ⺒ߺᚻߩ੍᷹ߣ߁ⷰὐࠍᢥᢎ⢒ߦขࠅࠇࠆߎߣߦߟߡߪޔᣧߊߦ㋈ᧁ (1996)ߦᜰ៰߇ࠅޔᓟߩᢥᢎ⢒ޔ․ߦޔᄢቇߢቇ߱⇐ቇ↢ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚࠕࠞ࠺ࡒ࠶ ࠢࠗ࠹ࠖࡦࠣᜰዉߦ߅ߡߪޔਇนᰳߩ⺖㗴ߢࠈ߁ޕ ᓟߪޔᢥ┨ߩ⺒ߺᚻߢࠆ⹏ଔ⠪ߦߣߞߡߩಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߐߩౕ⊛ߥ⸃ࠍㅢߓߡޔ ᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߦኻߔࠆᢥᢎ⢒߅ࠃ߮ᜰዉᴺߦ⾗ߔࠆឭ᩺ࠍⴕߞߡ߈ߚߣ⠨߃ߡࠆޕ ෳ⠨ᢥ₂ (1)⍹㤥(2008)ޡᣣᧄ⺆ߩᢥ┨ℂ⸃ㆊ⒟ߦ߅ߌࠆ੍᷹ߩဳߣᯏ⢻ޢ߭ߟߓᦠᚱ (2)㋈ᧁ⌬(1996)ޟ⺒ߺᚻߩ੍᷹ߣ⺣ߩዷ㐿ߦߟߡߩⷡᦠ㧙ਛ⚖ߩᢥᢎ⢒㧙ޠޡዊ ᴰඳ჻ฎ⒘⸥ᔨ⺰ᢥ㓸 ⸒⺆ត᳞ߩ㗔ၞޢᄢቇᦠᨋޔpp.253-260 (3)↰ઍ߭ߣߺ(1995)ޟਛ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߩᢥ┨ߩ㗴ὐ-ਇ⥄ὼߐಽ߆ࠅߦߊߐߩ ේ࿃ࠍߐߋࠆ-ޠᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ 85 ภޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ቇળޔpp.25-37 (4)↰ઍ߭ߣߺ(1999)ޟ⺒ߺᚻ߆ࠄߚ⺑ᢥߩಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߐߩಽᨆ-ᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߩᢥ┨ࠍ ਛᔃߦ-ޠޡ᧲੩ᄢቇ⇐ቇ↢ࡦ࠲♿ⷐޢ╙ 9 ภޔpp.55-73 (5)↰ઍ߭ߣߺ(2004)ޟᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߩᗧᢥߦ߅ߌࠆ⺒ߺᚻߩℂ⸃ࠍᅹߍࠆ㗴ὐޠޡ ᶏᣣᧄ⺆ޢ╙ 9 ภޔpp.21-39
(6)↰ਛ⌀ℂဝᩮ↱㚅㉿ೋ㣮㊁㒙ࠇ(1998a)ޟ╙ੑ⸒⺆ߣߒߡߩᣣᧄ⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆᢥ⹏ ଔၮḰ-ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߣ৻⥸ᣣᧄੱߩᲧセ㧙ޠޡᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ޢ96 ภޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ቇળޔ pp.1-12 (7)↰ਛ⌀ℂೋ㣮㊁㒙ࠇဝᩮ↱㚅㉿(1998b)ޟ╙ੑ⸒⺆ߣߒߡߩᣣᧄ⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆᢥ⹏ ଔ㧙ޟޠᢥߩቯⷐ࿃㧙ޠޡᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ޢ99 ภޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ቇળޔpp.60-71 (8)㐳⼱Ꮉືሶႇ⦟৻(2007a)ޟޡಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߐޢࠍࠆⷐ࿃ߪ߆㧫̆ߤߩࠃ߁ߥᢥ ┨߇ಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߣ⹏ଔߐࠇࠆ߆̆ ޠޡᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ቇળ╙ 10 ࿁⎇ⓥ㓸ળ㧔㑐㧕 ੍Ⓜ㓸ޢpp.65-68. (9)㐳⼱Ꮉືሶႇ⦟৻(2007b)ޟᄢቇᢎຬߦࠃࠆ㕖Უ⺆⠪ᢥߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔޠޡ╙ 9 ࿁ ኾ㐷ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ቇળ⎇ⓥ⸛⺰ળ੍Ⓜ㓸ޢpp.18-19. (10)ᷓየ⊖วሶ(2002)ޟ⑼ቇᛛⴚᢥᢎ᧚ߩ㐿⊒߅ࠃ߮ࡕ࠺࡞⸃╵ᚑߩߚߩ⸃╵ᢥಽ ᨆ㧙Ꮏቇㇱኾ㐷ᢎቭߦࠃࠆ⸃╵ᢥߩ⹏ଔࠍㅢߒߡ㧙ޠޡᄙ⇐ቇ↢ࡦ࠲ᢎ⢒⎇ⓥ ⺰㓸ޢ╙ 3 ภޔpp.33-41 (11)ᷓỈߩߙߺ(1994)ޟ⑼ቇᛛⴚ⺰ᢥᚑࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚᢥᜰዉ-ኾ㐷ᢎຬߣᣣᧄᢎᏧߩⷞὐ ߩ㆑ࠍਛᔃߦ-ޠޡᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ޢ84 ภޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ቇળޔpp.27-39 ⾗ᢱ (1)ޡᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߦࠃࠆᣣᧄ⺆ᢥߣޔߘߩᲣ⺆⸶ߣߩኻ⸶࠺࠲ࡌࠬޢver.2 CD-ROM 㧔2001㧕 ࿖┙࿖⺆⎇ⓥᚲ ઃ⸥㧦ᧄ⎇ⓥߪޔ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⾌ഥ㊄⎇ⓥ⺖㗴ޟ⺋↪ߣߘߩ㗴ὐߩಽᨆߦၮߠߚᣣᧄ⺆ ࠕࠞ࠺ࡒ࠶ࠢࠗ࠹ࠖࡦࠣᢎ᧚ߩ㐿⊒ޠ㧔⺖㗴⇟ภ㧦18520415㧕ߦ߅ߌࠆ⎇ⓥᚑᨐ ߩ৻ㇱߢࠆޕ
