「ヒト」名詞の派生について－形態統語論からのアプローチ

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Ȉʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂ์ႆȾȷȗȹᴪढৰፋ᝙ᝲȞɜɁɬʡʷ˂ʋ

ࠞǽႎǽதǽխ

An Analysis of Agentive Nouns in Japanese: A Morpho-syntactic Approach

Íáóáóèé ÙÁÍÁÄÁ

²°±¹ ࢳ ±± ఌᴵஓՙျ ੮ǽǽǽ᧸ ǽటሟȟ՘ɝ˨ȥȲȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɂǾफࠞᴥ²°°²ᴦȾɛȶȹᴰሗ᭒Ⱦґ᭒ȨɟɞȦȻ ȟ૬ಘȨɟǾɑȲǾȰɟȱɟɁሗ᭒ɁȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɂǾ࿑᠎ഫᣲȻ᝙ञകॡഫᣲȞɜ ȰɁႆ਽ȟᝢ஥ȺȠɞȦȻȟ૬ಘȨɟȹȗɞǿటሟȺɂȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɁșȴǾȈᴪᐐȉ Ȉᴪ޿ȉɥ˿ᛵ᥂Ⱦધȷջ᜽ȾཱིཟɥछȹǾȰɁ᜘᝙̜޴ɥ୥ျȪǾढৰፋ᝙ᝲ ᴥÎáîïóùîôáøº Óôáòëåᴥ²°°¹ᴦ¬ Ãáèáᴥ²°°¹ᴦኄᴦɁౕጸɒȞɜȦɟɜɁջ᜽Ɂႆ਽ ʫɵʕʄʪɥ୿ȲȽ᛾ཟȞɜ૬ಘȪȲǿщͶᄑȾɂǾȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂ˿ᛵ᥂ȻȽɞ Ȉᴪ޿ȉȈᴪᐐȉȟǾḧ  ȰɁژͶȾȼɁɛșȽፋ᝙ኰႺȟ϶ɢȶȹȗɞɁȞǾḨ  ፋ᝙଩ͽɥጽȹႆ਽Ȩɟɞፋ᝙ഫᣲȟȼɁɛșȽጨॴɁጸɒնɢȮɥюӿȬɞɁȞɁ ᴯཟȞɜǾȦɟɜɁջ᜽բɁґ᭒ᄑ࿑ॴȻፋ᝙ᄑ࿑ॴɁ˵஁ȟસțɜɟɞȦȻɥ૬ಘ ȪȲǿ ɷ˂ʹ˂ʓǽǽȈʜʒȉջ᜽ǽढৰፋ᝙ᝲǽÎáîïóùîôáø  Ȉᴪ޿ȉջ᜽ǽȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽ ɂȫɔȾ ǽటሟɂǾȈʜʒȉջ᜽ᴥãæ®  फࠞ ¨²°°²©ᴦɁ˹ȞɜǾȈᴪ޿ȉȈᴪᐐȉɥͧȶȹ์ႆȨ ɟɞȈʜʒȉջ᜽ᴥȦɟɥటሟȺɂǾȰɟȱɟȈᴪ޿ȉջ᜽ǾȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽Ȼ֣ɉǿᴦ ɥ՘ɝ˨ȥǾÎáîïóùîôáøᴥÓôáòëå ¨²°°¹©ǾÃáèá ¨²°°¹©ǾÃáèá ¨²°±¹© ኄᴦɁౕጸɒ ɥႊȗȹǾȦɟɜɁջ᜽Ɂႆ਽ʫɵʕʄʪɁ૬ಘɥᝁɒɞɕɁȺȕɞǿȈʜʒȉջ᜽ ȾȷȗȹɂǾ޺ࡀ ¨±¹¹·© ኄɁґ᭒ɥᇀȾǾफࠞ ¨²°°²© ȟȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɂᴰȷȾґ᭒ ȺȠɞȦȻɥ஥ɜȞȾȪǾɑȲǾȰɟȱɟȾґ᭒ȨɟȲȈʜʒȉջ᜽ȟ Ðõóôåêïöóëù  ¨±¹¹µ© ȟ૬ಘȬɞɹɴʴɬഫᣲȻ᝙ञകॡഫᣲɥႊȗɞȦȻȺျᝲᄑȾᝢ஥ȺȠɞȦ Ȼɥ૬ಘȪȹȗɞǿటሟɂफࠞ ¨²°°²© Ɂґ᭒ȻȰɁျᝲᄑᝢ஥ɁܵछॴɥᝓɔȷȷɕǾ ࿑ȾȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂ˹ȞɜȈᴪ޿ȉջ᜽ȻȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽ȾཱིཟɥछȹǾढৰፋ᝙ᝲᴥ˿ Ⱦ ÎáîïóùîôáøᴦɁౕጸɒȞɜȰɁႆ਽ʫɵʕʄʪɥ஥ɜȞȾȬɞǿ

¶´ ǽటሟɁഫ਽ɂ͏˩ȺȕɞǿɑȭǾȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂґ᭒Ⱦȷȗȹ޺ࡀ ¨±¹¹·©Ǿफࠞ ¨²°°²© ɥകᝢȪǾɑȲǾȈᴪ޿ȉջ᜽ȻȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽Ⱦȷȗȹబర ¨±¹¸¶©Ǿफࠞ ¨²°°²© Ȟɜ ̜޴ɥɑȻɔɞǿ±®³ ኮȺɂǾफࠞ ¨²°°²© Ⱥ૬ಘȨɟȲȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂႆ਽ʫɵʕʄ ʪɁျᝲᄑᝢ஥ɥɑȻɔȲऻǾటሟȟґ౏ɁౕጸɒȻȬɞढৰፋ᝙ᝲᴥÎáîïóùîôáøᴦ ȾȷȗȹᴯኮȺകᝢȬɞǿȰɁ˨ȺǾȦɁျᝲᄑౕጸɒȞɜȈᴪ޿ȉջ᜽ȻȈᴪᐐȉ ջ᜽Ɂ์ႆȟસțɜɟɞȦȻɥᇉȬᴥᴰኮᴦǿఊऻȾǾᴱኮȺటሟɥɑȻɔɞǿ ᴮᴫȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ⱦȷȗȹ ǽటኮȺɂǾஓట᝙ɁȈʜʒȉջ᜽ȾȷȗȹɁґ᭒ᴥãæ®  ޺ࡀ ¨±¹¹·©Ǿफࠞ ¨²°°²©ᴦ ȾȷȗȹɑȻɔǾటሟȺឰᝲȬɞȈᴪ޿ȉջ᜽ȻȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽ȟǾ˨ᣖɁаᚐᆅሱȾ ɛɞґ᭒ȾɛȶȹȼɁɛșȾґ᭒ȨɟɞɁȞǾ᜘᝙̜޴ɥ୥ျȬɞǿȰȪȹǾफࠞ  ¨²°°²© ɁȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂ์ႆȾᩜȬɞ૬ಘɥകᜊȬɞǿ ±®±ᴫȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂґ᭒ ǽஓట᝙ȾɂǾژͶȾ͇ࠖȪȹȈʜʒȉɥ᚜Ȭढৰጨȟ۹ୣȕɞǿ΍țɃǾȈᴪ̷ȉ Ȼȗș૚ᢷɂȈ˰ᝈȬɞȉɗȈᅆ឴ȬɞȉȻȗȶȲᢌӦ᜽Ɂ໱᝙᥂ґȾ૚ፖȪǾȰɁ ᚐའɥᚐș̷Ȉ˰ᝈ̷ȉȈᅆ឴̷ȉɥ์ႆȬɞǿɑȲǾȈᴪਖ਼ȉȻȗș૚ᢷɂȈЄȢȉ ȈᐨȢȉȽȼɁӦ᜽Ⱦ૚ፖȪȹȈЄȠਖ਼ȉȈᐨȠਖ਼ȉȻȗȶȲәЄӌɥɕȷ˿Ͷᴥ೘ႎ  ¨±¹¹µ©© ɥ᚜Ȭ์ႆ᝙ɥႆȫɞǿటኮȺɂǾȦɁɛșȽȈʜʒȉջ᜽ᴥãæ® फࠞ ¨²°°²©ᴦ Ȼ፱ለȨɟɞջ᜽ȾȷȗȹɁґ᭒ᴥãæ®  ޺ࡀᴥ±¹¹·¹Ǿफࠞ ¨²°°²ᴦᴦȾȷȗȹɑȻɔǾ టሟȟґ౏ߦ៎ȻȬɞ᜘᝙̜޴ɥ୥ျȬɞǿ ǽ޺ࡀᴥ±¹¹·ᴦɂǾஓట᝙ɁȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɥӿજᄑȾᆅሱȪǾȰȦȾֆɑɟɞӦͽɁ ৙֞ᄑ࿑ॴǾ࿑ȾǾʐʽʃȻɬʃʤɹʒɁᜊཟȞɜᴱȷɁʉɮʡȟȕɞȦȻɥ஥ɜȞ ȾȪȹȗɞǿ ḻǽᵞᴫး޴Ɂʁʐ  ȈƂȪȹȗɞ̷ȉ  ᛻࿎̷   ᵟᴫ໿٣ᄑȽʁʐ  ȈƂȬɞ̷ȉ  ᅆ឴ݤ   ᵠᴫጽ᮷ᐐ  ȈƂȪȲȦȻȟȕɞ̷ȉ  ࿞̷    ᵡᴫˢްɁ࿡ৰȾȕɞᐐ  ȈƂȪȹȗɞ̷ȉ  გ̷  ᴥ޺ࡀ ¨±¹¹·©ᴷ±µ¸ᴦ ǽȦɁɛșȾǾ޺ࡀ ¨±¹¹·© ɂȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɂʐʽʃȻɬʃʤɹʒɁᴯȷɁᛵጨɁᩜ ɢɝնȗȞɜґ᭒ȺȠɞȦȻɥᇉȪȹȗɞǿ ǽḻɁґ᭒ȾߦȪȹǾफࠞ ¨²°°²© ɂ޺ࡀᴥ±¹¹·© Ɂґ᭒ɁᑔऻȾɂɬʃʤɹʒȻȈᚐ འɁ޴ᚐȟး޴Ȟ໿٣Ȟᴥफࠞ ¨²°°²©ᴷ´¶ᴦȉɁᴯȷɁᛵጨȟຉ٣ȪȹȗɞȻȗșǿ ¨±ã© ɂஒȾᚐȶȲᚐའɥ᚜ȬɁȾߦȪǾᴥ±ä© ɂး٣ᚐȶȹȗɞᚐའɥ᚜ȪȹȗɞȟǾ ȦɁɛșȽᤏȗɂյӦ᜽ȟધȷ̜៎ɁɬʃʤɹʒʉɮʡȾᤏȗȟ෰ɔɜɟɞȦȻȻȽ ɝǾȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂ࿑ॴɂȰɁژᄷȻȽɞӦ᜽ɁɬʃʤɹʒʉɮʡȾ࢜ȬɞȻȪȹȗɞǿ ȰɁˢ஁ȺǾफࠞ ¨²°°²© ɂȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɁᚐའɁ໿٣ॴɥɕȻȾǾӦͽջ᜽ɂᴰȷ

¶µ ɁʉɮʡȾґ᭒ȺȠɞȦȻɥ઩ଊȪȹȗɞǿ ǽफࠞɂǾ޺ࡀɁ઩ଊȬɞȈˢްɁ࿡ৰȾȽɞᐐȉᴥ½¨±ä©ᴦɂǾ঄ࢠᄑȽ࿑ौɥᇉȬ ȦȻȞɜǾȦɟɥȈρͶᜓ᥺ջ᜽ȉȻ֣ɆǾරɝɁᴰȷᴥ½¨±á ∼ ã©ᴦɂ޴᪨ȾӦᄑȽ ̜ৰȟऀȠᠭȦȨɟɞȦȻȟҰ૬ȻȽɞȲɔȈ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽ȉȻջ͇ȤȹȗɞǿɑȲǾ ȗȢȷȞɁ୫ศᄑȽળɞᓋȗɁᤏȗȞɜǾ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽ȾɂᴯȷɁʉɮʡȟȕɞȦȻ ɥ઩ଊȪǾȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɂпͶȻȪȹᴰȷɁʉɮʡȾѓґ᭒ȺȠɞȦȻɥ૬ಘȪȹȗɞǿ ǽफࠞ ¨²°°²© ɂǾ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽ȟᴯȷȾґ᭒ȺȠɞȦȻɁಏચȻȪȹȈȗɞȉȈȕɞȉ ȻɁцᠭॴɁᤏȗɥમȥȹȗɞǿȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɂژటᄑȾɂȕɞ̜ৰɥऀȠᠭȦȬȈʜ ʒȉɥ᚜ȬɁȺȕɞȞɜǾȰɁސ٣ɥ᚜Ȭ᪨ɂȈȗɞȉȻцᠭȬɞɁȟˢᓐᄑȺȕɞǿ ޴᪨ȾफࠞȟρͶᜓ᥺ջ᜽Ȼ֣ɉȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɂȈȗɞȉȻцᠭȪȹȰɁސ٣ɥ᚜Ȭǿ ḼǽȦȾ û ๡᩻ۢᴬᄊࠞ޿ᴬԗᐐᴬʛɮʷʍʒᴬᅆ឴࢙ᴬΡ׆ᴬܤފޙႆᴬәЄᐐᴬ ᤅɆ̷ᴬᕶ᝙޿ ý û ȗɞᴬ ª ȕɞ ýǿ ᴥफࠞ ¨²°°²©ᴷ´¸ᴦ ǽˢ஁Ǿ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽Ɂ˹ȾɂȈȗɞȉȻɁɒцᠭժᑤȽɕɁȻȈȗɞȉȈȕɞȉɁ ȼȴɜȻɕцᠭժᑤȽɕɁȟȕɞȻȗșǿ ḽǽᵞᴫ஺ᩖɂ û ̋޵ᴬᣮᚐ̷ᴬᄊࠞᐐᴬҟႊᐐ ý ȟ û ȗɞᴬȕɞ ý ᵟᴫɑȶȲȢ û ऀȠՙȤਖ਼ᴬᕶ͝ᐐ ý ȟ û ȗȽȗᴬȽȗᴥȕɝɑȮɦǿᴦý ᴥफࠞ ¨²°°²©ᴷ´¸ᴦ ǽȈȗɞȉɂ࿎ͶɁސ٣ɥ᚜Ȭˢ஁ȺǾȈȕɞȉɂҋ఼̜Ɂᄉႆɥ᚜ȬȦȻɂɛȢᅺɜ ɟȹȗɞȦȻȞɜǾ¨³© ɁɛșȽȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɂщͶᄑȽ̷ɥ᚜ȪȹȗɞȳȤȺɂȽȢǾ юӿȬɞӦ᜽Ɂ̜ৰɁ৙֞ȟऐȢးɟȹȗɞȻґ౏ȨɟɞǿȲȳȪǾ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽Ɂ пȹȟȈȕɞȉȻцᠭȬɞɢȤȺɂȽȢǾȰɟȻцᠭȺȠȽȗ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽ɕސ٣Ȭɞǿ ḾǽȈᴥȕɞ஽ᴦᵻȟȕɞᴬȽȗȉȺΈțɞ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽ ᝉछᐐǾ࢑ఖᐐǾՎӏᐐǾඑ࢚ᐐǾᤂҩᐐǾҟႊᐐǾՙ᮷ᐐǾᄻ଒ᐐǾ᣷ઽᐐǾ ᤜᫍᐐǾ࿚࿏ᐐǾ޵Ǿ̋޵Ǿᜪץ޵Ǿ៳ȗਖ਼ǾݮɁɕɜȗਖ਼ǾՙȤ՘ɝ̷ǾȤȟ ̷Ǿ២ϾᐐǾඳ̪ᐐǾᣮᚐ̷Ǿᚐ஁˪஥ᐐǾᐱᚏ ḿǽȈᴥȕɞ஽ᴦᵻȟȕɞᴬȽȗȉȺΈțȽȗ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽ ᜭᐐǾኂᐐǾ᭮ȗ˿Ǿᫍ෢Ǿͳ෢ǾȗȰșɠșǾșȰȷȠǾɛȶɄɜȗǾᮛ౫ɒ ޵Ǿ࿞̷Ǿ࿞ᏘᐐǾᄉ஥ᐐǾ޴ӌᐐǾ࿎ᅺɝǾᦂધȴ ᴥफࠞ ¨²°°²©ᴷ´¹ᴦ ǽȨɜȾǾ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽Ȼґ᭒ȨɟɞȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂ˹Ⱦɂ̜ৰɁᄉႆ஽ɥ᪅ްȬɞ ᝙բȾɛȶȹε᭰ȨɟɞɕɁȟȕɞȦȻȟ઩ଊȨɟȹȗɞǿ

¶¶ ṀǽᵞᴫறஓɁᴥՎӏᐐᴬඑ࢚ᐐᴬҟႊᐐᴬ࿚࿏ᐐᴬ᣷ઽᐐᴬ̋޵ᴬҟႊ޵ᴦ ᵟᴫᴞறஓɁᴥ࿞̷ᴬᥖȶ੝ȗᴬͳ෢ᴬ࿞Ꮨᐐᴬͽᐐᴬᮛ౫ɒ޵ᴬࢳ߆ɝᴦ ᴥफࠞ ¨²°°²©ᴷ´¹ᴦ फࠞɂ ¨¶â© Ɂ୫ศҜ୽ɥᴞȻȪȹȗɞȟǾȦɟɂȈʜʒȉջ᜽ȾюӿȬɞ̜ৰɁᄉ ႆɥ஽ᩖᄑȾ᪅ްȬɞᜓ᥺ᴥȦȦȺɂǾȈறஓɁᚐའȉᴦȟȽȗȦȻɥᇉȪȹȗɞǿȦ ɁɛșȽ࿑ް஽ᩖɥ᚜Ȭε᭰բɥՙȤоɟȽȗ̜޴ɂǾḿɁ̜៎ᜓ᥺ջ᜽ɂḾɁȰɟ ȻႱȽɝǾး޴˰ႜȺژͶȻȽɞӦ᜽ȟ᚜Ȭҋ఼̜Ɂᄉႆɥ᚜ȬȦȻȟȺȠȽȗȻґ ౏ȨɟɞǿȰȪȹǾफࠞɂḾɁɛșȽȈʜʒȉջ᜽ȟюӿȬɞҋ఼̜Ɂᄉႆɥ৙֞Ȭ ɞɕɁɥȈҋ఼̜ᄉႆջ᜽ȉȻ֣ɦȺ̜៎ᜓ᥺ջ᜽ȻԖҝȬɞǿ ǽȦȦɑȺǾफࠞ ¨²°°²© Ɂ૬ಘɥɑȻɔɞȻǾȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɂ͏˩ɁᴰȷȾґ᭒Ȩɟɞǿ ṁǽᵞᴫρͶᜓ᥺ջ᜽ ᵟᴫ̜៎ᜓ᥺ջ᜽ ᵠᴫҋ఼̜ᄉႆջ᜽ ǽफࠞɁґ᭒ɂǾ޺ࡀ ¨±¹¹·© ɁḻɁᴱґҾɥᴰґҾȾՖ୩ȨȮǾȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂюӿ Ȭɞ৙֞ᄑȽᜓ᥺Ⱦɛɞґ౏ȾȻȼɑɜȭǾፋ᝙ᄑǾढৰᄑળɞᓋȗȾɕᤏȗȟɒɜ ɞȦȻɥᇉȪȲཟȾȦɁґ᭒ɁܵछॴȟᇉȨɟɞǿफࠞ ¨²°°²© ɂȦɟɜᴰȷɁȈʜʒȉ ջ᜽ȾɂژͶȻȽɞᣖ᝙ɁᬱഫᣲȻȰɟȻцᠭȬɞ͇ӏ᜽ȟȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂढ਽Ɂ᪨ ȾȼɁɛșȾऀȠፕȟɟɞȞȾᤏȗȟɒɜɟɞȻȗșǿ ǽɑȭǾρͶᜓ᥺ջ᜽ȺȕɞȟǾ͏˩ɁɛșȾᬱɕ͇ӏ᜽ɕऀȠፕȣȦȻȟȺȠȽȗǿ ṂǽᵞᴫûÁ გ೓ᴬ ª ȦɁপᐐ ý Ɂᅆ឴ݤǾû ୣޙᴬ ª ̝ඒ஁ሌࣻ ý Ɂଡ଼࢙Ǿû ʝʵཌ དߩᩌᴬ ª ȠɁșɁཌ̜ ý Ɂ๡᩻ۢǾû ඟᓋ͞ᴬ ª ࣳਈ ý Ɂमᐐ ᵟᴫª ˥ࢳኂȺɁߴᝢ޿ᴥ˥ࢳኂȺߴᝢɥంȢȻȗș৙֞Ⱥᴦ ª ʥ˂ʃȺɁ๡᩻ۢᴥʥ˂ʃȺ๡ȬȻȗș৙֞Ⱥᴦ ª ʞʍɻʵȺɁᄊࠞ޿ ᴥफࠞ ¨²°°²©ᴷµ°­µ±ᴦ ǽඒȾǾ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽ȺȕɞȟǾᬱɁऀȠፕȡɂժᑤȺȕɞȟǾ͇ӏ᜽ɁȰɟɂ˪ժ ᑤȺȕɞǿ ṃǽᵞᴫȰɁ̜͔Ɂ࿞̷ǾʣʒʔʪȞɜɁᫍ෢ǾȦɁ࿝Ɂ᭮ȗ˿ ᵟᴫª ˥ࢳኂȺɁͽᐐǾª ߴᓌȺɁᫍ෢Ǿª ʞʃʒʵȺɁ࿞ᏘᐐǾª ᓗΠȺɁᣞɝ˿Ǿ ª ཱུᥔȺɁᥖȶɄɜȗǾª ʞʃʒʵȺɁ࿞̷ ᴥफࠞ ¨²°°²©ᴷµ±ᴦ

¶· ǽఊऻȾǾҋ఼̜ᄉႆջ᜽ɂᬱǾ͇ӏ᜽ȻɕȾऀȠፕȡժᑤȺȕɞǿ Ṅǽᵞᴫ˥ࢳኂɁঢ়ႊᐐǾ˪௑෥Ⱥʉɹʁ˂Ɂ̋ɝਖ਼ȟȽȗǿݮȾɕɜȗਖ਼ȟȽȗǿ ᵟᴫȰɁ̜͔ȺɁ᣷ઽᐐǾᒲ៵ȺɁՎӏᐐǾᒲ޿ႊ᡾ȺɁ఼کᐐǾ᫖᡾ȺɁᣮޙᐐǾ ɻ˂ʠʵɵ˂ȺɁᄊࠞᐐǾ᫖᡾̜୒ȾɛɞᤂҩᐐǾʡ˂ʵȺɁ໐ඳᐐǾʣʒ ʔʪ੉̚ȺɁ੉ඳᐐǾ۾᫚དȺɁ࿚࿏ᐐᴬᚐ஁˪஥ᐐǾ᪡෉ȺɁᢆυᐐ ᴥफࠞ ¨²°°²©ᴷµ±ᴦ ȦɁɛșȾǾȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɂژͶᣖ᝙Ɂᬱɗ͇ӏ᜽ɁऀȠፕȡȾȷȗȹ୫ศॴɁᤏȗ ȟ᛻ɜɟɞǿ ǽɑȲǾᛓն᝙ढ਽Ɂ̜޴ɥᜊߔȬɞȻǾ˨ᜤȻպറȾȈʜʒȉջ᜽ȟȼɁʉɮʡȾ ґ᭒ȨɟɞȞȾɛȶȹળɞᓋȗɁᤏȗȟ᛻ɜɟɞȦȻȟᜊߔȨɟȹȗɞǿ͏˩Ɂɛș ȾǾρͶᜓ᥺ջ᜽ɂᛓն᝙ढ਽ȟժᑤȺȕɞᴥ½¨±±á©© ȟǾ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽ɂȰɟȟȺ ȠȽȗ ¨½¨±±â©©ǿ ṅǽᵞᴫʩʃʐʴ˂ͽ޿Ǿධխߴᝢ޿Ǿඟᓋ͞मᐐǾʒʳʍɹᤆᢆਖ਼Ǿʒʷʽʦ˂ʽ ܏ᐐ ᵟᴫª ᇘੑͳ෢Ǿª ቟ᝈͽᐐǾª ෋̷̜͔࿞̷Ǿª ୿ᒾޭଡ଼αᐐ ᴥफࠞ ¨²°°²©ᴷµ±­µ²ᴦ ǽҋ఼̜ᄉႆջ᜽ȺȕɞȟǾ͏˩ɁɛșȾᛓն᝙Ɂढ਽ȟժᑤȺȕɞȟǾ¨±±á© ȻႱ Ƚɝᛓն᝙ɥढ਽ȬɞȰɟȱɟɁջ᜽ȟ᝙ɬɹʅʽʒɥίધȬɞǿȦɁɛșȽॴ᠎ɥ ધȷᛓն᝙ɥफࠞɂȈ᝙ᴨȉȻջ͇ȤǾ¨±±á© Ɂᛓն᝙ȻԖҝȪȹȗɞǿ Ṇǽట͔ᵹᝉछᐐǾʁʽʧʂɰʪᵹՎӏᐐǾᝢ஥͢ᵹඑ࢚ᐐǾί᪙ᦂᵹՙȤ՘ɝ̷Ǿ ៣ႇᵹᄾፖ̷ǾӭᦂᤆӦᵹᄉᠭ̷Ǿաъᕶ᝙ᵹঢ়ܧᐐǾछࣆᵹҟႊ޵ ᴥफࠞ ¨²°°²©ᴷµ²ᴦ ǽȦɁɛșȾǾफࠞ ¨²°°²© ɂȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɁюӿȬɞҋ఼̜ॴɁᤏȗȾɛȶȹ৙֞ ᄑȾᴰȷȾґ᭒ȬɞȦȻȟᇉȨɟǾɑȲȰɁґ᭒ɂǾ¨Á© ᬱഫᣲɁऀȠፕȡǾ¨Â© ᛓ ն᝙ढ਽ɁᴯȷɁፋ᝙ᄑǾढৰᄑળɞᓋȗȞɜȰɁܵछॴȟᇉȨɟȹȗɞǿటሟȺɂǾ फࠞ ¨²°°²© ɁȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂᴰґ᭒ɥ૗ႊȪǾ۹റȽȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂ˹ȞɜȈᴪ޿ȉ ջ᜽ȻȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽ɥ՘ɝ˨ȥǾÎáîïóùîôáø ɁౕጸɒȞɜȦɟɜɁջ᜽Ɂႆ਽ʫɵ ʕʄʪɥ૬ಘȬɞǿ ±®²ᴫȈᴪᐐȉȈᴪ޿ȉջ᜽ ǽటሟɂȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂ˹Ȟɜ์ႆȾፋ᝙ᄑ᛼Ҭॴȟ᛻ɜɟɞȈᴪ޿ȉջ᜽ȻȈᴪᐐȉ ջ᜽ɥ՘ɝ˨ȥɞǿȦɟɜᴯȷɁջ᜽ȾȷȗȹɂǾబర ¨±¹¸¶© ȟ৙֞ᄑᜊཟȞɜ̜

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·° ɥ͑ްȪȹȗɞǿ Ṍǽǽ ᴥÐõóôåêïöóëù ¨±¹¹µ©º ²³°ᴦ ǽðåäåóôòéáî     ÆÏÒÍÁÌ ½ ø ÑÕÁÌÉÁ½  ÁÇÅÎÔÉÖÅ ½ ÷áìëßáãô ¨å¬ ø©     ƂƂ ǽöéïìéîéóô     ÆÏÒÍÁÌ ½ ø ÑÕÁÌÉÁ ½  ÔÅÌÉའðìáù ¨å¬ ø¬ ùº öéïìéî©      ƂƂ ǽ ̜ ৰ ᜓ ᥺ ջ ᜽ Ⱥ ȕ ɞ ðåäåóôòéáî ɂ ࿑ ᠎ ഫ ᣲ Ɂ ÁÇÅÎÔÉÖÅ Ⱦ Ȱ Ɂ щ Ͷ ᄑ Ӧ ͽᴥ÷áìëßáãôᴦ ȟ ᜤ ᣖ Ȩ ɟ ɞ Ȧ Ȼ ȺǾ Ȱ Ɂ Ӧ ͽ Ɂ ᄉ ႆ ɥ ˿ Ͷ ᄑ Ⱦ ᚐ ș ̷ Ⱥ ȕ ɞ ðåäåóôòéáî ɥ ࿑ ौ ȸ Ȥ ȹ ȗ ɞǿ ˢ ஁Ǿöéïìéîéóô ɂǾ ᝙ Ɂ ᄻ ᄑ Ȼ ൡ ᑤ ȟ ᜤ ᣖ Ȩ ɟ ɞ ÔÅÌÉà ȾȈ ʚ ɮ ɴ ʴ ʽ ɥ ओ Ȣ ȉ ȟ ᜤ ᣖ Ȩ ɟ ȹ ȗ ɞǿÐõóôåêïöóëù ¨±¹¹µ© ɂ Íïòáöãóéë ¨±¹¹°© ɁȈȕɞ࿎ͶɁΈႊȾፀɆȷȢఊɕъټᄑȽӦͽɂ፱ለᄑȽ᪔ᣖȺ ȕɞȉȻɁᜊߔȞɜǾȦɁȈʚɮɴʴʽɥΈȶȹ໮܏ȬɞȉȻȗșᜤᣖȟ öéìïìéîéóô Ɂ፱ለᄑȽ࿑ौȻȪȹᜤᣖȨɟɞȦȻȾȽɝǾöéïìéîéóô ȟρͶᜓ᥺ջ᜽ȻȪȹґ᭒Ȩ ɟɞȻȪȹȗɞǿȦɁɛșȾǾ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽ȻρͶᜓ᥺ջ᜽Ɂᤏȗɂ࿑᠎ഫᣲюɁȼ ɁमҾȾ᝙ɥ࿑ौȸȤɞщͶᄑӦͽȟᜤᣖȨɟɞȞɁᤏȗȾɛȶȹᝢ஥Ȩɟɞǿ ǽȦɁ Ðõóôåêïöóëù Ɂґ౏ɥफࠞ ¨²°°²© ɂஓట᝙ɁȈʜʒȉջ᜽ȾᤛႊȪȹȗɞǿ ҰᣖɁɛșȾǾफࠞɁȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂᴰґ᭒ɁșȴǾ¨·á­â© ɂ˨ᜤɁ Ðõóôåêïöóëù ȟ ઩ଊȬɞջ᜽Ɂ࿑ौȻቺնȬɞǿȦɁȦȻȞɜǾȦɟɜɁȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɂǾṌɁ࿑᠎ ഫᣲɁᤏȗȾɛȶȹસțɜɟɞȻ˿एȬɞǿරɝɁफࠞȟҋ఼̜ᄉႆջ᜽Ȼջ͇ȤȲ ¨·ã© ɂǾҰᣖɁṆɁᛓն᝙Ɂ̜޴ȞɜǾީпȽ᝙ȻȪȹɁॴ᠎ɥᠯțȹ᝙ञᄑȽॴ᠎ Ȼፋ᝙ᄑȽॴ᠎ɥնɢȮધȷȈ᝙ᴨȉȻȗș࿑ौɥધȷǿȰȦȺफࠞɂǾҋ఼̜ᄉႆ ջ᜽ɂ࿑᠎ഫᣲȾȰɁ࿑ौȟᜤᣖȨɟɞɁȺɂȽȢǾ᝙ञകॡഫᣲȞɜႆ਽ȨɟɞȦ Ȼɥ૬ಘȪȹȗɞǿ ṍǽӦ᜽᥂ґɁകॡഫᣲᴥÛ ÝøǽÁÃÔƂᴦȾ૚ᢷɁ৙֞ᴥèõíáî ¨ø©ᴦɥӏțɞ ǽǽơĩ ø Û ¨ Û Ýø ÁÃÔ Ƃ ©ǽƲǽèõíáî ¨ø© Ý  ᴥफࠞ ¨²°°²©ᴷµ´ᴦ ǽȦɁɛșȾǾҋ఼̜ᄉႆջ᜽ȟ᝙ञകॡഫᣲȞɜ์ႆȨɟɞȻȬɞȦȻȺǾҋ఼̜

·± ᄉႆջ᜽ȟᬱȻ͇ӏ᜽ɥऀȠፕȣȦȻȟȺȠǾɑȲǾȈ᝙ᴨȉȻ֣Ƀɟɞᛓն᝙ɥႆ ਽ȺȠɞȦȻȟᝢ஥ȺȠɞȻȗșǿ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽ȻρͶᜓ᥺ջ᜽ɂ࿑᠎ഫᣲǾҋ఼̜ ᄉႆջ᜽ɂ᝙ञകॡഫᣲȻᴯȷɁ᝙ɥ์ႆȬɞ᜘᝙᥂ᩌȞɜᴰȷɁʉɮʡɁȈʜʒȉ ջ᜽ȟ์ႆȬɞȦȻȻȽɞȟǾफࠞɁˢᣵɁᆅሱᴥफࠞ ¨±¹¹³©Ǿफࠞ ¨±¹¹¶©Ǿफࠞᴣ ౺ែ ¨±¹¸¹© ኄᴦȾिȶȹǾ᝙ढ਽ɂᛓୣɁ᜘᝙᥂ᩌȺȽȨɟɞȻȬɞʬʂʯ˂ʵढ ৰᝲɥ૗ႊȬɞȦȻȺǾȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɁșȴǾ᝙ञᄑॴ᠎ɁऐȗρͶᜓ᥺ջ᜽Ȼ̜ৰ ᜓ᥺ջ᜽ɂ࿑᠎ഫᣲǾፋ᝙ᄑॴ᠎ɥધȴșɞҋ఼̜ᄉႆջ᜽ɂ᝙ञകॡഫᣲȻǾ์ႆ Ȩɟɞ᜘᝙ʶʣʵȟႱȽɞȦȻɥᝓɔȹȗɞǿ ǽȦȦɑȺɑȻɔɞȻǾफࠞ ¨²°°²© ɂǾȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɂᴰȷɁʉɮʡȾґ᭒ȨɟǾɑȲǾ ȰɟȱɁȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɂǾ࿑᠎ഫᣲɑȲɂ᝙ञകॡഫᣲȞɜȰɁႆ਽ȟျᝲᄑȾᝢ஥ ȺȠɞȦȻȟ૬ಘȨɟȲǿటሟȺᐎߔɁߦ៎ȻȬɞȈᴪ޿ȉȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽ȾȷȗȹɂǾ ҰኮȺǾफࠞ ¨²°°²© ɁȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂᴰґ᭒Ⱦɛȶȹґ᭒ȺȠɞȦȻɥᇉȪȲȦȻȞɜǾ ˨ᣖɁफࠞ ¨²°°²© ɁျᝲᄑౕጸɒȞɜȰɁળɞᓋȗȟᝢ஥ȨɟɞȦȻȟᒲུȾ߳Ȟ ɟɞǿȪȞȪǾफࠞ ¨²°°²© Ɂျᝲᄑᝢ஥ɂǾḧ  ᛓୣɁ᜘᝙᥂ᩌȾɑȲȟɞျᝲͶጕ ɥȽȪȹȗɞȦȻǾḨ  ρȁɁढৰጨȾߦȬɞщͶᄑȽ᜘ՒȟȽȗȦȻȽȼȾץᭉȟ ȕɞǿȰȦȺǾటሟȺɂǾȈᴪ޿ȉȻȈᴪᐐȉɁᴯȷɁढৰጨȾཱིཟɥछȹǾඒኮȺ കᝢȬɞढৰፋ᝙ᝲɁ቏کȞɜǾᴮȷɁፋնᄑȽျᝲͶጕȞɜȈᴪ޿ȉջ᜽ǾȈᴪᐐȉ ջ᜽Ɂ์ႆɥᝢ஥Ȭɞǿ ᴯᴫढৰፋ᝙ᝲᴥÎáîïóùîôáøᴦȾȷȗȹ ǽటኮȺɂǾటሟȟျᝲᄑౕጸɒȻȪȹ૗ႊȬɞढৰፋ᝙ᝲᴥ˿Ⱦ ÎáîïóùîôáøᴦȾ ȷȗȹǾȰɁျᝲᄑౕጸɒɥകᜊȬɞǿ ǽढৰፋ᝙ᝲɁౕጸɒɂǾढৰ᥂ᩌȻፋ᝙᥂ᩌɁґҾȮȭǾ᝙Ɂढ਽ɂፋ᝙ᄑȽ᛼ ҬȾिȗǾ᝙Ȼ୫Ɂႆ਽ᤈሌɥˢЫԇȬɞɕɁȺȕɞǿȰɁ͍᚜ᄑȽౕጸɒȻȪ ȹǾ ґ ୠ ढ ৰ ᝲᴥÄéóôòéâõôåä ÍïòðèïìïçùᴥÈáììå ¦ Íáòáîôú ¨±¹¹³©ǾÍáòáîôú  ¨±¹¹·© ኄᴦȟ૬ಘȨɟǾറȁȽ᜘᝙̜޴Ɂျᝲᄑᝢ஥ȟᝁɒɜɟȹȠȲǿɑȲǾᣋ ࢳǾÃèïíóëù ¨²°°±© ͏᪃Ɂ Íéîéíáìéóô Ðòïçòáí Ɂ୿ȲȽ᣹ࠕȾ֣ख़ȪȹǾґୠढ ৰᝲɥژᄷȻȪȽȟɜɕǾȰɟɥȨɜȾᄉࠕȨȮȲ Îáîïóùîôáøᴥãæ® Óôáòëå ¨²°°¹©Ǿ Ãáèá ¨²°°¹© ኄᴦȻ֣Ƀɟɞढৰፋ᝙ᝲɁౕጸɒȟ૬ಘȨɟȹȗɞǿ ǽÎáîïóùîôáø ɂǾґୠढৰᝲɥᄉࠕȨȮȲढৰፋ᝙ᝲȺȕɞȲɔǾḧढৰᛵጨɁն ਽ɂǾፋ᝙ᝲɁˢ᥂ȻȪȹસțɞᴥ‘syntax all the way down’ᴥÃáèá ¨²°±¹©º ±ᴦǾḨ  ΄նᴥÍåòçåᴦȻሉӦ ᴥÍïöåᴦɁᴯȷɁ଩ͽȾɛȶȹढৰն਽ɥᚐșǾḩढৰᛵጨ ɁऻષоᴥÌáôå ÉîóåòôéïîᴦɥᝓɔɞǾȽȼɁཟȺґୠढৰᝲȻᢀɥˢȾȬɞǿȦɟ ɜᴰȷɁ࿑ौɥ϶țȹȗɞȦȻȞɜǾ˵ᐐɂढৰ᥂ᩌȻፋ᝙᥂ᩌɥґᫌȮȭǾ˵ᐐɥ ɅȻȷɁʁʃʐʪɁ˹Ⱥˢ៩ȪȲ଩ͽɥ͑ްȪȹ᝙Ȼ୫ɁഫኳɥᚐșȦȻȟȺȠɞျ ᝲᄑౕጸɒȺȕɞȻȗțɞǿ ǽȰɁˢ஁ȺǾґୠढৰᝲȻ Îáîïóùîôáø ȺɂǾढৰն਽ɁژటᄑԨͱɥͷȾȻȬ ɞɁȞȾᤏȗȟ᛻ɜɟɞǿጨॴɁశᴥæåáôõòå âõîäìåóᴦɥژటԨͱȻȬɞґୠढৰ

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ᝲȻɂႱȽɝǾÎáîïóùîôáø ȺɂǾԨˢɁጨॴᴥóéîçìå æåáôõòåóᴦɥȰɟȻȬɞǿȦ ɟɥ Ãáèá ¨²°±¹© ɂǾ͏˩ɁɛșȾްᏲȪȹȗɞǿ

ṎǽNo Bundling

ǽThe atoms (terminal nodes) of syntactic trees are single features. All combinations of morphosyntactic features arise as the result of (binary) Merge. Pre-syntactic feature bundles do not exist, they correspond to phrases assembled by syntax.

ᴥCaha ¨²°±¹©º ³ᴦ ǽÎáîïóùîôáø ȺጨॴɁశɥᝓɔȽȗျႏȻȪȹǾÃáèá ¨²°±¹© ɂǾጨॴɁశɂ᜘᝙ ɁρҝॴȾႏ఼ȬɞɕɁȺȕɝǾȦɟɥ͑ްȬɞ᪅ɝढ਽Ȩɟɞፋ᝙ഫᣲɕρҝ᜘ ᝙Ɂ࿑ॴɥՕ஭ȪȲɕɁȾȽɜȩɞɥीȽȗȻȪȹȗɞǿÃáèá ɂǾÃéîñõå ¦ Òéúúé  ¨²°±°© ɁȈൡᑤᄑȽኰႺɁސ٣ȟȕɞ᜘᝙ȺᝓɔɜɟɟɃǾпȹɁ᜘᝙ȺպറɁൡᑤ ኰႺȟސ٣ȪȹȗɞȉȻȗșᐎțɥऀႊȪǾढৰᄑȽն਽Ⱦ॒ᛵȽρҝ᜘᝙Ⱦ࿑ौᄑ Ƚᛵጨɂސ٣ȪȽȗȻȪȹȗɞǿȰɁ͍ɢɝȻȪȹ Îáîïóùîôáø ȺɂǾፋ᝙ഫᣲɁ ɵ˂ʒɺʳʟɭ˂ᴥÃéîñõå ¦ Òéúúé ¨²°±°© ኄᴦɥ૗ႊȪǾढৰն਽Ⱦɵ˂ʒɺʳʟɭ˂ ɥ߳оȪȹȗɞǿȦɁȦȻȞɜǾÎáîïóùîôáø Ⱥɂρҝ᜘᝙ȟȰɟȱɟȟɕȷፋ᝙ഫ ᣲ͏ҰɁ᝙ञ᥂ᩌɥ͑ްȪȽȢȹɕຑɓȦȻȻȽɝǾɛɝௐᤇॴɁᯚȗ᜘᝙ျᝲȺȕ ɞȦȻȻȽɞǿ ǽɑȲǾÃáèá ¨²°±¹© ɂǾ෗ᢎጥɁ์ႆȾᩜɢɞґୠढৰᝲɁᝢ஥ȾျᝲᄑȽץᭉȟ ȕɞȻȪȹȗɞǿґୠढৰᝲȺɂǾâáä Ɂ෗ᢎጥ ÷ïòóå ɂ͏˩ɁɛșȾƬ ÂÁÄ Ȼ ȗ ș îïî­ôåòíéîáì Ɂ ᛵ ጨ ȾÃÍÐÒȟ Íåòçå Ȭ ɞ Ȧ Ȼ ȺÃÍÐÒÐ Ȼ ȗ ș ôåòíéîáì  îïäå ȟႆȫɞȻґ౏ȪȹȗɞǿȰȪȹǾґୠढৰᝲȺ͑ްȨɟȹȗɞ Ɂ Óõâóåô  Ðòéîãéðìå Ⱦɛȶȹ ɁɛșȾ âáä Ɂ෗ᢎጥɁ ÷ïòóå ȟ᝙ȻȪȹႆȫɞȻȗșǿ ǽÃÍÐÒÐᴥ÷ïòóåᴦ ǽǽǽ ǽÃÍÐÒǽǽ Ƭ ÂÁÄ  ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ¨Ãáèá ¨²°±¹©º ¶© ǽÓõâóåô Ðòéîãéðìåᴰ Ôèå ðèïîïìïçéãáì åøðïîåîô ïæ á Öïãáâõìáòù Éôåí éó éîóåòôåä éîôï á íïòðèåíå  ïæ  ôèå  ôåòíéîáì  óôòéîç  éæ  ôèå  éôåí  íáôãèåó  áìì  ïò  ïîìù  á  óõâóåô  ïæ  ôèå  çòáííáôéãáì æåáôõòåó óðåãéæéåä éî ôèå ôåòíéîáì íïòðèåíå® ᴥÃáèá ¨²°±¹©º µ© ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ᴰ   Ãáèá ¨²°±¹© ȺɂǾ Ɂ Óõâóåô Ðòéîãéðìå ᒲͶȾɕץᭉȟȕɝǾÔèå Çåîåòáìéúåä Óõâóåô ÐòéîãéðìåᴥÃáèá  ¨²°±¹©º ¶ᴦȻȗș͑ɁՁျɥႊȗȹ ÷ïòóå Ɂ์ႆȾȷȗȹᝢ஥ȪȹȗɞȟǾటሟȺɂǾ˨ᣖɁ Ɂ Óõâóåô  Ðòéîãéðìå ɥՙȤоɟɞǿ

·³ ǽÓõâóåô ðòéîãéðìå ȾिȶȹǾഫᣲԇȨɟȲ îïî­ôåòíéîáì ɁᛵጨȾ᝙ञષоȨɟȹ ÷ïòóå ȟ์ႆȨɟɞǿȪȞȪǾÃáèá ¨²°±¹© ɂǾȦɁ óõâóåô ðòéîãéðìå Ⱦɛȶȹ Ɂ ɛșȽ æáóô Ɂ෗ᢎጥɥᤈҼႆ਽ȬɞȝȰɟȟȕɞȦȻɥ઩ଊȪȹȗɞǿ ǽᵞᴫÃÍÐÒР¨æáóô©ǽǽǽǽǽᵟᴫæáóô ↔Ƭ ÆÁÓÔ ǽǽǽǽ ǽǽÃÍÐÒǽǽǽƬ ÆÁÓÔ  ᴥÃáèá ¨²°±¹©º ¶ᴦ ÷ïòóå ȻպറɁ์ႆɥȲȼɞ ­ ȻǾ¨²³á© ɁɛșȾ æáóô ɂÃÍÐÒÐ Ɂ óõâóåô ȻȽȶȹ ȗɞᴯȷɁጨॴɥધȶȹȗɞɁȺ์ႆȟՖశȬɞȟǾ᝙ञԇȨɟȲ æáóô ɂ෗ᢎɁ৙ ֞ɥધȶȹȗȽȗᴥ෗ᢎጥȻȪȹ᝙ञԇȨɟɞɌȠȽɁɂ æáóôåòᴦȲɔǾढࣻȻ৙֞ ȾʩʃʨʍʋȟႆȫȹȪɑșǿȦɁȦȻȞɜǾґୠढৰᝲȟ᝙ञԇɁʫɵʕʄʪȻȪ ȹ͑ްȬɞ ȾɂျᝲᄑȾץᭉȟȕɞȻȗșǿ ǽ ɑ ȲǾ ґ ୠ ढ ৰ ᝲ Ⱥ ɂǾ ˨ ᣖ Ɂ ץ ᭉ Ɂ و ᤧ Ɂ Ȳ ɔ ȾǾÆõóéïî Ȼ ȗ ș ðïóô­ óùîôáãôéã Ƚ଩ͽɥ͑ްȪȲґ౏ȟ૬ಘȨɟȹȗɞǿ ǽÃÍÐÒÐǽǽơ ǽÛÃÍÐÒ Ƭ ÂÁÄÝ ǽǽǽǽ ǽǽÃÍÐÒǽǽǽƬ ÂÁÄ  ᴥÃáèá ¨²°±¹©º ·ᴦ Æõóéïî Ɂ଩ͽɂǾ᝙ञષоȟᠭȦɞҰɁ଩ͽȺ ¨²µá© ɁɛșȾ ÐÆ ϫȺɁɕɁȺȕɞǿ ȦɁȲɔǾÆõóéïî ɥጽȹ ÐÆ ϫȾᣞɜɟɞɕɁɂ᝙Ɂᜓ᥺ȾᩜɢɜȽȗȦȻȻȽɝǾ ᝙ञષоȨɟȲɕɁȟȼɁɛșȾᜓ᥺ȨɟɞɁȞґȞɜȽȗǾȷɑɝǾષоȨɟȲ᝙ Ȼᜓ᥺ȟˢᒵȪȽȗȦȻȟႆȫɞȝȰɟȟȕɞǿ ǽᵞᴫÄéóôòéâõôåä ÍïòðèïìïçùǽǽǽǽᵟᴫÎáîïóùîôáø ǽǽǽǽǽǽÆåáôõòå âõîäìåóǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽÓéîçìå æåáôõòåó ǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽÐÆǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽÃÆǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽÐÆǽǽǽǽǽǽÃÆ ᴥÃáèá ¨²°±¹©º ¸© Ìåøéãïî Ìåøéãïî Æõóéïî¬ Æåáôõòå éîóåòôéïî¬ Íåòçå

·´ ǽȰȦȺ Îáîïóùîôáø Ⱥɂ ¨²µâ© ɁɛșȾǾ᝙Ɂढ਽ȾᩜɢɞпȹɁ଩ͽȟጶɢȶȲ ऻȾ᝙ɥષоȬɞʬʑʵɥ૬ಘȪȹȗɞǿȦɁȦȻȺǾ˨ᣖɁɛșȽґୠढৰᝲȟ੿ țɞץᭉཟɥوᤧȬɞǿȰȪȹǾ෗ᢎጥ ÷ïòóå Ɂ์ႆɂǾ Ɂ Ïöåòóðåãéæéãáôéïî Ȼ ȰɟɥᮠӦȬɞ Óôáòëå ¨²°°¹© ȟ૬ಘȬɞ Óõðåòóåô ðòéîãéðìå Ȟɜᝢ஥ȨɟɞȻȨɟ ɞǿ ǽÏöåòóðåãéæéãáôéïî ¨á æåáôõòå óðåãéæéã ôï Îáîïóùîôáø©® Éî  ïòäåò  æïò  á  ìåøéãáì  éôåí  ôï  âå  éîóåòôåä  éî  á  îïä嬠 ôèå  ìåøéãáì  åîôòù  íõóô  æõììù ãïîôáéî ôèå óùîôáãôéã îïä嬠éîãìõäéîç áìì éôó äáõçèôåòó¬ çòáîääáõçèôåòó¬  åô㮬  áìì  ôèå  ÷áù  äï÷î  ôï  åöåòù  óéîçìå  æåáôõòå  äïíéîáôåä  âù  ôèå  îïäå  ôï  âå  óðåììåä ïõô¬ áîä éî ôèå òéçèô çåïíåôòéãáì óèáðå® ᴥÃáèá ¨²°±¹©º±°© ǽÔèå Óõðåòóåô Ðòéîãéðì嬠Óôáòëå ¨²°°¹©º Á  ìåøéãáììù  óôïòåä  ôòåå  Ì  íáôãèåó  á  óùîôáãôéã  îïäå  Ó  éææ  Ì  ãïîôáéîó  ôèå  óùîôáãôéã ôòåå äïíéîáôåä âù Ó áó á óõâôòåå®  ᴥÃáèá ¨²°±¹©º±°© ȺɂǾ᝙ञᄑȽഫ਽ᛵጨɥ϶țȲഫᣲᴥ΍țɃ ᴦȟፋ᝙ᄑȽ îïäå ȺୈᥓȨɟȲ ፋ᝙ഫᣲɥֆɦȺȗȽȤɟɃȽɜȽȗȲɔǾîïî­ôåòíéîáì ȽɕɁȟ óðåìì­ïõô Ȭɞ ॒ᛵȟȕɞǿȰɁȲɔǾÆõóéïî ɁɛșȽ଩ͽɥ͑ްȪȽȢȹɕ ɂ ÷ïòóå ɥ์ႆ Ȭɞǿˢ஁Ǿ¨²³â© ɁɛșȽᴥ෗ᢎጥȻȪȹɁᴦæáóô ɂǾæáóô Ɂ᝙ञɲʽʒʴ˂Ⱦɂ ෗ᢎጥȻȪȹɁႊศȟȽȗȲɔǾ¨²³â© ɂ óðåìì­ïõô ȨɟȽȗȻȨɟɞǿȦɁɛșȾǾ Îáîïóùîôáø ɂǾґୠढৰᝲɛɝɕߵȽȗᤍщ቏ȹȺǾɑȲǾɛɝፋ᝙ᝲȺ૬ಘȨɟ Ȳႆ਽ਖ਼෉ɥႊȗȹ᝙Ɂႆ਽ɥᤛҒȾᝢ஥ȺȠɞျᝲȺȕɞȻȗțɞǿ ǽɑȲǾÎáîïóùîôáø ȺɂǾ᝙Ɂႆ਽ȾᩜɢɞഫᣲȾ Ãéîñõå ¦ Òéúúé ¨²°±°© ኄȟ૬ ಘȬɞɵ˂ʒɺʳʟɭ˂ɥ՘ɝоɟǾ᝙ढ۰ԇȾȷȗȹျᝲᄑȾᝢ஥ȬɞǿÃáèá  ¨²°°¹© ɂǾ͏˩ɁɛșȽᴥး͍ᴦɸʴʁʭ᝙Ɂջ᜽Ɂಐ۰ԇᴥᴺ ᴦɂǾ ɁɛșȽ ഫᣲȞɜ์ႆȬɞȻґ౏Ȭɞǿ ǽÍïäåòî Çòåå묠Ãìáóó É áîä Öᴥæòïí Áìåøéáäïõ áîä Íüììåò ²°°µᴦ ǽǽǽǽǽǽáîôèòïðïóᴥíáóç®ᴦǽǽöõîᴥíïõîôáéóç®ᴦ   ÎÏÍ  áîôèòïð­ïó  öõî­ï   ÁÃà áîôèòïð­ï  öõî­ï   ÇÅΠ áîôèòïð­õ  öõî­õ  ᴥÃáèá ¨²°°¹©º µ²ᴦ

·µ  ᵞᴫÎïíéîáôéöåºǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽÎЪǽǽǽÎïíéîáôéöå ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  ÁǽǽǽǽǽÎЪ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  ǭ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  Î ǽᵟᴫÁããõóáôéöåºǽǽ  ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽÎЪǽǽǽÁããõóáôéöå ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  ÂǽǽǽǽÎïíéîáôéöå ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  Áǽǽǽǽ  ÎЪ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǭ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽÎ ǽᵠᴫÇåîéôéöåºǽǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽÎЪǽǽǽÇåîéôéöå ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  ÃǽǽǽǽÁããõóáôéöå ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  ÂǽǽǽǽÎïíéîáôéöå ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  Áǽǽǽǽ  ÎЪ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǭ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽÎ ᴥÃáèá ¨²°°¹©º µ³ᴦ ǽಐ۰ԇɥՙȤɞ ÎÐ ɂȰɁಐ۰ԇɥ΢Ȭጨॴɥ ã­ãïííáîä ȬɞͱᏚȾ Íïöå Ȭɞǿ ȦɁഫᣲȞɜಐȟȼɁɛșȾढৰᄑȾႆȫɞɁȞȟץᭉȻȽɞȟǾ΍țɃǾ¨²¹ã© ɂǾ ¨³°á© ɁɛșȾፋ᝙ഫᣲɁ ÁǾÂǾà ɁᴰȷɁጨॴȟնɢȨɝǾ­õ ȻȪȹ૚ᢷԇȬɞ ȦȻȺಐɥ᚜Ȭढৰጨɥႆȫɞǿ

·¶  ᵞᴫ¯­õ¯ǽ↔ Çåîéôéöå ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  ǽÃǽǽǽǽÁããõóáôéöå ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽǽ  ÂǽǽǽǽÎïíéîáôéöå ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  ¦ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽÁ ǽǽᵟᴫ¯­ï¯ǽ↔ Áããõóáôéöåǽǽǽǽǽǽǽᵠᴫ¯­ïó¯ǽ↔ Îïíéîáôéöå ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ¦ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽÂǽǽǽǽÎïíéîáôéöåǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  Á ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ¦ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽÁ  ¨Ãáèá ¨²°°¹©º µ´© ɁյഫᣲɥɮʽʡʍʒȻȪȹǾȰɟȱɟɁ૚ᢷȟɬɰʒʡʍʒȻȪȹढ਽ȨɟǾ Ɂ᛼ҬȾिȶȹǾȰɟȱɟɁढৰጨȟщးԇȬɞȦȻȾȽɞǿ Ɂಐ۰ԇɁഫᣲɥɒ ɞȻǾಐɁщးԇɂ˨ᣖɁɛșȽɵ˂ʒɺʳʟɭ˂Ȟɜഫ਽ȨɟȹȗɞǿɑȲǾȦɁ ɵ˂ʒɺʳʟɭ˂Ⱦႆȫɞᛵጨɂௐᤇॴɥ϶țȹȗɞɕɁȺȕɞȺǾျᝲᄑȾܵछȽ ൡᑤᄑᛵጨȟፋ᝙ഫᣲȾՕ஭ȨɟȹȗɞȻȗțɞǿȦɟɜɁȦȻȞɜǾÎáîïóùîôáø ȟґୠढৰᝲɛɝɕፋ᝙ᄑȽʵ˂ʵȾژȸȗȹ᝙ढ਽ɥᝢ஥ȪɛșȻȬɞȦȻȟɒȹ Ȼɟɞǿ ǽటኮȺɂǾÎáîïóùîôáø ɁژటᄑȽᐎț஁ɥǾፋ᝙ᄑȽ᛼ҬȞɜ᝙ढ਽ɥસțǾȰ ɟȾ॒ᛵȽ᝙ञ᥂ᩌɥᝓɔȽȗཟȺᢀɥˢȾȬɞґୠढৰᝲȻɁ෗ᢎȞɜകᜊȪȲǿ ඒኮȺɂǾÎáîïóùîôáø ɁژటᄑȽౕጸɒȾिȶȹǾȈᴪ޿ȉջ᜽ȻȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽Ɂ ์ႆȾȷȗȹျᝲᄑᝢ஥ɥᝁɒɞǿ ᴰᴫȈᴪ޿ȉȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽Ɂґ౏ᴪ Îáîïóùîôáø Ɂౕጸɒɥႊȗȹ ǽటኮȺɂǾҰኮȺጳ̿ȪȲढৰፋ᝙ᝲᴥÎáîïóùîôáøᴦɁျᝲᄑౕጸɒɥႊȗȹǾȈᴪ ޿ȉȈᴪᐐȉɁ์ႆʫɵʕʄʪɥ૬ಘȬɞǿ ǽɑȭǾȈᴪ޿ȉջ᜽ȾȷȗȹɁґ౏ɥ૬ᇉȬɞǿబర ¨±¹¸¶© ȟ઩ଊᴥ±®² ኮՎྃᴦ ȬɞɛșȾǾȈᴪ޿ȉջ᜽ɂщͶᄑȽӦͽɥюӿȪȽȗջ᜽ȺȕɞǿȰȦȺǾటሟȺɂǾ ͏˩ɁɛșȾ ÎÐ ɥژͶȻȬɞȻ͑ްȬɞǿɑȲǾȦɁջ᜽ɂǾफࠞ ¨²°°²© Ɂґ᭒ ȺɂρͶᜓ᥺ջ᜽ȾछȲɞǿρͶᜓ᥺ջ᜽ɥႆ਽ȬɞጨॴᴥÁᴱ_{ᴦȟ ÎÐ Ȼ Íåòçå Ȭ} ɞȦȻȺ ÉÌÎᴲ_{ɥढ਽ȬɞǿÎ ȟ Íïöå Ⱦɛȶȹ ÉÌÎ Ȼюᄑ Íåòçå ɥᚐșȦȻȺ ¨³±á©} ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ᴱ    _{టኮȺΈႊȪȹȗɞ ÁǾÂǾà ɁȰɟȱɟɁጨॴɂǾᝢ஥ɁΠ޲˨͑ለȪȲɕɁȺǾȰɁюᄑȽ࿑ौȾ} ȷȗȹɂǾफࠞ ¨²°°²© ɁȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂᴰґ᭒ȾिȶȹǾȰɟȱɟȾґ᭒Ȩɟɞջ᜽ɥ์ႆȬɞȲɔɁ ጨॴȻȬɞǿ ᴲ  _{టኮɁ ÉÌÎ ኄɂ Ðõóôåêïöóëù ¨±¹¹µ© Ɂջ᜽Ɂґ᭒ջɥҟႊȪȹ éîäéöéäõáì­ìåöåì îïõîᴥफࠞɁȈρͶᜓ} ᥺ջ᜽ȉᴦɥ ÉÌÎǾóôáçå­ìåöåì îïõîᴥफࠞɁȈ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽ȉȻȈҋ఼̜ᄉႆջ᜽ȉᴦɥ ÓÌÎ ȻᜤȪȹ ȗɞǿÓÌÎ ɂफࠞ ¨²°°²© ȺɂᴯґҾȨɟɞȲɔǾ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽ɥ ÓÌÎǾҋ఼̜ᄉႆջ᜽ɥ ÓÌβ Ȼᜤ Ȫȹȗɞǿ

·· Ɂഫᣲȟ์ႆȬɞǿ ǽᵞᴫÎ ޿ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽᵟᴫ޿↔ ÉÌÎ ǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽnj ǽǽ  Îǽǽǽǽ  ÉÌÎǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽÁ ǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽ  Áǽǽ ǽǽ  ÎÐ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  ǭ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  Î ǽȰȪȹǾ¨³±â© ɁɛșȾǾÁ Ɂጨॴɥɕȷ ÉÌÎ ȟȈ޿ȉȻ૚ᢷԇȬɞȦȻȺȈᴪ޿ȉ ջ᜽ȟ์ႆȬɞǿ ǽඒȾǾȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽ȾȷȗȹȰɁഫᣲɥ૬ಘȬɞǿ±®² ኮȺᣖɌȲɛșȾȈᴪᐐȉջ ᜽ɂᴰȷɁሗ᭒Ⱦґ᭒ȨɟɞǿȰɁȲɔǾ͏˩ɁɛșȾᴰȷɁႱȽɞഫᣲȞɜȰɟȱ ɟɁᜓ᥺ɥɕȷȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽ȟ์ႆȬɞǿɑȭǾρͶᜓ᥺ջ᜽ȻȪȹɁȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽ ȺȕɞȟǾ¨³²á© ɁഫᣲȞɜ์ႆȨɟɞǿ  ᵞᴫÎ ᐐǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽᵟᴫᐐ↔ ÉÌÎ ǽǽ  ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  ¦ ǽǽÎǽǽǽǽÉÌÎǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  Á ǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽ  Áǽǽ ǽǽÎÐ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǭ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽÎ Ȉᴪ޿ȉջ᜽ȻպറȾǾρͶᜓ᥺ջ᜽Ⱦґ᭒ȨɟɞȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽ɂρͶᜓ᥺ջ᜽ɥႆ ɒҋȬጨॴ Á ȟ ÎÐ ɥᛃ᥂ȻȪȹᤣ੻ȬɞǿȰȪȹǾÎ ȟ ÉÌÎ ɥ ã­ãïííáîä Ȭɞ ͱᏚɋȻሉӦȬɞǿȰȪȹǾ¨³²â© ɁɛșȾǾÉÌέÁ ȟρͶᜓ᥺ջ᜽ɥ์ႆȬɞ૚ᢷȈᴪ ᐐȉȻȪȹщးԇȬɞǿ   ɁഫᣲɂǾṈȺ઩ଊȪȲρͶᜓ᥺ջ᜽ȟᬱɗ͇ӏ᜽ɥऀȠፕȟȭǾᛓն᝙ढ਽ȟ ߁஧ȺȕɞȻȗș̜޴ᴥṈɥ ȻȪȹѓૡᴦɥඩȪȢ̙ລȬɞǿ ǽᵞᴫ  ª ȦɁგ̷Ɂԗᐐ  ª ȦɁგ᪋ȺɁԗᐐ  ɗɉԗᐐ ᵟᴫ  ª ຏોɁәЄᐐ  ª ࡾکȺɁәЄᐐ  ஓᫀȗәЄᐐ  ᴥṈɥѓૡᴦ ¨³²á© ɁഫᣲȺɂǾρͶᜓ᥺ջ᜽ɁژͶȻȽɝ ÉÌÎ ɥ ã­ãïííáîä ȬɞͱᏚȾ˨஡Ȭ ɞഫ਽ጨɂ Ö ȺɂȽȢǾÎ ȺȕɞǿȰɁȲɔǾ ɁɛșȽᬱɗ͇ӏ᜽ɥፕ੪ȬɞȦ

·¸ ȻȟȺȠȽȗǿɑȲǾщးԇȬɞջ᜽ɂ Î ȞɜȺȠȹȗȹǾȦɁ Î ȟȰɁ۶ϫȾ Î ɥ՘ȶȹᛓն᝙ɥढ਽ȺȠɞȦȻɂ߁஧Ⱦ̙ລȺȠɞǿȦɁɛșȾǾ Ɂ࿑ौɥᇉȬ ᜘᝙̜޴ɂǾ ɁഫᣲȞɜඩȪȢ߳ȠҋȨɟɞǿ ǽඒȾǾ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽Ⱦґ᭒ȨɟɞȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽Ɂഫᣲɥ ¨³´á© ɁɛșȾ૬ಘȬɞǿ ȦɁȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽ɂ ÖÐ ɥȰɁژͶȾધȴǾȰɟȟጨॴ Á Ȼ Íåòçå Ȫ ÉÌÎ ɥढ਽ ȬɞǿÉÌÎ ȟ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽ɥႆɒҋȬጨॴ  ȻፀնȪȹ ÓÌÎ ɥढ਽ȬɞǿÓÌÎ Ⱦ Ö ȟ Íïöå ȬɞȦȻȺ ¨³´á© Ɂഫᣲȟ์ႆȨɟɞǿɑȲǾ¨³´â© ɁഫᣲȞɜ̜ৰᜓ᥺ ջ᜽Ɂᜓ᥺ɥɕȷȈᴪᐐȉȟщးԇȨɟɞǿ  ᵞᴫÎ ᐐǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽᵟᴫᐐ↔ ÓÌÎ ǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽǽ  ÖǽǽǽǽǽÓÌÎǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽÂǽǽǽǽÉÌÎ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ¦ ǽǽǽǽǽǽ  Âǽǽǽǽ  ÉÌÎǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  Á ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  Áǽǽǽǽ  ÖÐ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǭ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽÖ ǽ¨³´á© ɁഫᣲɂǾṉȺ઩ଊȪȲ̜޴ᴥ ȻȪȹѓૡᴦɥඩȪȢ̙ລȺȠɞǿɑȭǾ ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽ȟᬱɁɒɥፕ੪ȪǾ͇ӏ᜽ɂፕ੪ȪȽȗ̜޴ȺȕɞȟǾ Ⱥ Íïöå Ȫ ȹ ÓÌÎ ɥ ã­ãïííáîä ȬɞͱᏚȾ˨஡ȬɞɁɂ Ö ȺȕɞȲɔǾȦɁ Ö ȟᤣ੻Ȭɞᬱ ɂፕ੪ȺȠɞǿȪȞȪǾÖ Ⱦɂ͇ӏ᜽ȟ՘ɝ͇Ȣፋ᝙ᄑͱᏚȟސ٣ȪȹȗȽȗȲɔǾ ͇ӏ᜽ɂፕ੪ȨɟȽȗǿɑȲǾպറȾ Ö ȾȈᴪᐐȉȟፀնȪȹȗɞȲɔǾȦɟȟջ ᜽ȻፀնȬɞȻǾژͶȻȽɞȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽ȟю٣Ȭɞ୫ศኰႺȻȰɁ۶ϫȾፀնȪɛ șȻȬɞ᝙Ɂ୫ศኰႺȟʩʃʨʍʋɥȝȦȬȲɔǾᛓն᝙Ɂढ਽ɥᜬȨȽȗȦȻȟᝢ ஥ȺȠɞǿ  ᵞᴫᴥȦɁᴦߴᝢɁኂᐐǽǽǽª ʤʽȺɁኂᐐǽǽª ߴᝢኂᐐ ǽǽᵟᴫᴥȦɁᴦ᫖ᝈɁᄉ஥ᐐǽǽª ࡾکȺɁᄉ஥ᐐǽª ᫖ᝈᄉ஥ᐐ   ᴥṉɥѓૡᴦ ǽఊऻȾǾҋ఼̜ᄉႆջ᜽Ⱦґ᭒ȨɟɞȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽ȾȷȗȹȰɁഫᣲȻ์ႆɥᝢ஥ ȬɞǿȦɁջ᜽Ⱦґ᭒ȨɟɞɕɁɂǾ ɁɛșȾژͶȾ öÐ ɥȻɝǾÁǾÂǾà Ɂᴰ ȷɁጨॴɥȰɁю᥂ഫᣲȾɕȷǿˢႭ۶ϫɁ à ȟҋ఼̜ᄉႆջ᜽ɥ์ႆȬɞጨॴɥ ɕȷɕɁȺǾÓÌÎ Ȼ Íåòçå Ȫȹ ÓÌβ ɥ์ႆȬɞǿ

·¹ ǽǽÎ ᐐǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽᵟᴫᐐ ↔ ÓÌβ ǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽöÐǽǽǽǽÓÌβǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  Ãǽǽǽǽ  ÓÌÎ ǽ ǭǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽ ÖÐǽǽÃǽǽǽǽǽÓÌÎǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽÂǽǽǽǽǽÉÌÎ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  Âǽǽǽǽ  ÉÌÎǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽÁ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  Áǽǽ ǽǽǽvP ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽvǽǽǽǽǽÖÐ ǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽǽ  ǭ ǽ˨ᜤᴯȷɁȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽ȻպറȾǾ¨³¶â© ɁഫᣲɁ˹Ɂ ÁǾÂǾà ɁᴰȷɁጨॴɁ ጸɒնɢȮȞɜҋ఼̜ᜓ᥺ջ᜽ȻȪȹɁ៾ಐɥધȷȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽ȟщးԇȨɟɞǿ¨³¶á© ɁഫᣲȞɜṊɁ̜޴ᴥ½ ȻȪȹѓૡᴦȟᝢ஥Ȩɟɞǿ ǽᵞᴫʑʬɁՎӏᐐǽǽуٛȺɁՎӏᐐǽǽǽʑʬᵹՎӏᐐ   ᵟᴫஃᜫɁҟႊᐐǽǽуٛȺɁҟႊᐐǽǽǽуٛᵹҟႊᐐ     ᴥṊɥѓૡᴦ ɁഫᣲȺ ÓÌβ Ȼюᄑ Íåòçå ȬɞɁɂvP ȺȕɞǿvP ɂ Ö ɥюӿȬɞȦȻȞɜǾ Ȱɟȟᤣ੻Ȭɞᬱɥፕ੪ȬɞȦȻɂ ¨³´© Ɂ̜ৰᜓ᥺ջ᜽ȻպറȺȕɞǿᬱȾӏțȹǾ ͇ӏ᜽ɥፕ੪ȬɞȦȻȟժᑤȽ̜޴ɂǾҋ఼̜ॴɥ϶țɞvP ɂ͇ӏ᜽ɥՙȤоɟ ɞȦȻȟȺȠɞȲɔǾvP юȾႆȫɞȦȻȟȺȠɞ͇ӏ᜽ȟፕ੪ȨɟɞȦȻȟᝢ஥Ȩ ɟɞǿɑȲǾफࠞ ¨²°°²© ȟȈ᝙ᴨȉȻջ͇Ȥɞᛓն᝙Ɂढ਽ɥᜬȬ̜޴ȾȷȗȹɕǾ ፀնȨɟɞջ᜽բȟvP ȻȗșൡᑤᄑȽኰႺɥюӿȬɞȲɔǾ᝙ȻȪȹɁ࿲቏ॴȟᯚ ȗȻ͑ްȬɞȻǾҰᛵጨȾջ᜽ɥ՘ȶȹᛓն᝙ɥढ਽ȪȹɕऐɬɹʅʽʒɥίધȪȹǾ ࿑යȽᛓն᝙ɥढ਽ȬɞȦȻȟȺȠɞȻґ౏Ȭɞǿ ǽȦɁɛșȾǾȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽ɂᴰȷȾґ᭒ȨɟɞɕɁɁǾȼɟɕպȫढৰȈᐐȉȻȪ ȹщးԇȪȹȗɞǿȪȞȪǾ¨³²â©Ǿ¨³´â©Ǿ¨³¶â© ɁɛșȾǾȰɟȱɟፋ᝙ഫᣲȟюӿ ȬɞጨॴɁሗ᭒ȟႱȽȶȹȗɞȦȻȞɜǾȰɟȱɟɁȈᴪᐐȉȟȼɁᜓ᥺ɥધȴșɞ ȞɂǾȰɟɜɁધȷፋ᝙ഫᣲȾюӿȨɟɞጨॴɁጸɒնɢȮȞɜ̙ລȨɟɞǿɑȲǾ Íïöå Ȭɞፋ᝙ኰႺɁᤏȗȾɛɝǾṈᴪṊȺ઩ଊȪȲ̜޴ȾȷȗȹɕǾటኮȺ૬ಘȪ Ȳ Îáîïóùîôáø ɥျᝲᄑᑔ௑Ⱦધȷፋ᝙ഫᣲȞɜඩȪȢᝢ஥Ȩɟɞǿ ǽటኮȺɂǾȈᴪ޿ȉջ᜽ȻȈᴪᐐȉջ᜽ȾȷȗȹǾÎáîïóùîôáø ɁౕጸɒɥႊȗȹǾ ျᝲᄑౕጸɒɥ૬ಘȪȲǿటኮɁ૬ಘȾɛɝǾफࠞ ¨²°°²© ȻɂႱȽɝǾᴮȷɁ᜘᝙ ᥂ᩌȞɜᴰȷɁሗ᭒ɁȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂႆ਽ȟျᝲᄑȾᝢ஥ȺȠɞȦȻȟᇉȨɟȲǿ ǽඒኮȺǾటሟɥɑȻɔǾటሟɁ̾ऻɁᝥᭉɥᣖɌɞǿ

¸° ᴱᴫɑȻɔȻ̾ऻɁᝥᭉ ǽటሟȺɂǾȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂ˹ȞɜȈᴪ޿ȉȈᴪᐐȉɥ˿ᛵ᥂ȻȬɞɕɁȾȷȗȹឰᝲ ȪȹȠȲǿȈʜʒȉջ᜽ɂफࠞ ¨²°°²© ȾɛȶȹᴰȷɁʉɮʡȟȕɞȦȻȟ஥ɜȞȾȨɟǾ ɑȲǾȰɁႆ਽ȟʬʂʯ˂ʵढৰᝲȾिȶȹ࿑᠎ഫᣲȻകॡഫᣲɁȰɟȱɟȾᅔᄻȬ ɞȦȻȺસțɜɟɞȦȻȟᇉȨɟȲǿటሟɂȦɁျᝲᄑґ౏ɁܵछॴɥᝓɔȽȟɜǾ ढৰፋ᝙ᝲɁɅȻȷȺȕɞ Îáîïóùîôáø ɁౕጸɒɥႊȗȹǾȈᴪ޿ȉȈᴪᐐȉɥ˿ᛵ ᥂ȻȬɞȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ⱦȷȗȹျᝲᄑᝢ஥ɥᝁɒȲǿటሟɁ૬ಘɂǾȈʜʒȉջ᜽Ɂ ˿ᛵጨȻȽɞ᥂ґȺȕɞȈᴪ޿ȉȈᴪᐐȉȟǾȰɁژͶȾȼɁɛșȽፋ᝙ኰႺȟ϶ɢȶ ȹȗɞɁȞȻȗșȦȻȻǾፋ᝙଩ͽɥጽȹႆ਽Ȩɟɞፋ᝙ഫᣲȟȼɁɛșȽጨॴɁጸ ɒնɢȮɥюӿȬɞɁȞɁᴯཟȞɜǾȦɟɜɁջ᜽բɁґ᭒ᄑ࿑ॴȻፋ᝙ᄑ࿑ॴɁ˵ ஁ȟસțɜɟɞȦȻɥ૬ಘȪȲǿȦɁȦȻȺफࠞ ¨²°°²© ɁᴰȷɁ᥂ᩌȾґȤȲျᝲ ᄑౕጸɒɥᴮȷɁढৰፋ᝙᥂ᩌȺᝢ஥ȨɟɞȦȻȻȽȶȲǿ ǽటሟȺ՘ɝ˨ȥȽȞȶȲ˿ᛵጨɥધȷȈʜʒȉջ᜽ȾటሟɁ૬ಘɥ೫ᜳȬɞȦȻȺ ျᝲɁܵछॴɥ೫᜞ȬɞȦȻȟǾ̾ऻɁᝥᭉȻȽɞǿ Վྃ୫စ

ÃáèᬠÐáöåì® ¨²°°¹© The Nanosyntax of Case® Äïãôïòáì ÄéóóåòôáôéïÕîéöåòóéôù ïæ  Ôòïíóø¬ Ôòïíóø®

Ãáèᬠ Ðáöåì®  ¨²°±¹© ŻÎáîïóùîôáøº  óïíå  ëåù  æåáôõòå󮿠Íáîõóãòéðô¬  Íáóáòùë  Õîéöåòóéôù¬ Ãúåãë® ¨ìéîçâõúú¯°°´´³·©

Ãáòìóï Çòåçïòù®  ¨±¹··© Reference to Kinds in English¬ Äïãôïòáì Äéóóåòôáôéï Õîéöåòóéôù ïæ Íáóóáãèõóåôôó¬ Áíèåòóô®

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