経験の語りと時間的経過から捉える英語学習動機の変容

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⤒㦂ࡢㄒࡾ࡜᫬㛫ⓗ⤒㐣࠿ࡽᤊ࠼ࡿⱥㄒᏛ⩦ືᶵࡢኚᐜ

୕ࢶᮌ┿ᐇ

໭ᾏ㐨ᩥᩍ኱Ꮫ

Makoto Mitsugi

Hokkaido Bunkyo University

Abstract

L2 learning motivation has received a lot of interest from language teachers and researchers in the

field. It is unfortunate, however, that little attention has been paid to the dynamic fluctuation of

language learning motivation. The aim of this study is to understand the fluctuation in the learning

motivation of one Japanese learner of English through narratives of learning experiences. The data

gathered through individual interviews was analyzed qualitatively by means of Personal Attitude

Construct (PAC) Analysis and Trajectory Equifinality Approach (TEA). This study focused on the

period of time when the learning motivation underwent a drastic change. The results of the study

revealed the particular social factors that had an effect on the learner's motivation and demotivation

with regards to English language learning. What is more, this study shows that the learner’s beliefs

and values about the purpose of English learning were affected by various perspective changing

encounters with both influential role models, and with other learners in the same environment that

resulted in comparisons.

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࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸ⱥㄒᏛ⩦ືᶵ㸪ኚᐜࣉࣟࢭࢫ㸪」⥺ᚄ㊰࣭➼⮳ᛶ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ(TEA)

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㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟

እᅜㄒᏛ⩦࡟㛵ࡍࡿືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢ◊✲ࡣ㸪⌧ᅾࡶከࡃࡢ◊✲⪅ࡀᙉ࠸㛵ᚰࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Dörnyei, 2001; Dörnyei and Ushioda, 2011; Hiromori, 2005㸧ࠋṔྐⓗ࡟ぢࢀࡤ㸪1970ᖺ௦࡟Gardner and Lambert (1972)ࡀ㸪 ➨஧ゝㄒᏛ⩦࡟ᑐࡍࡿືᶵࢆࠕ⤫ྜⓗືᶵࠖ࡜ࠕ㐨ලⓗືᶵࠖ࠿ࡽ࡜ࡽ࠼㸪ࡇࢀࢆࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡜ࡋ࡚➨ ஧ゝㄒ⩦ᚓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢ㔜せᛶࡀᗈࡃㄆ▱ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛㸪ゝㄒᏛ⩦࡟≉໬ࡋ࡞࠸ ᙧ࡛Ꮫ⩦ືᶵࡢศ㢮ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓὶࢀࡶ⌧ࢀࡓࠋ≉࡟ᩍ⫱ᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢศ㔝࡛㸪ࠕෆⓎⓗືᶵࠖ࡜ࠕእⓎⓗື ᶵࠖࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽືᶵࢆศ㢮ࡍࡿ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ㸦Deci and Ryan, 1985, 2002㸧ࡀጞࡲࡾ㸪➨஧ゝㄒᏛ⩦࡟ᑐ ࡍࡿືᶵ࡙ࡅ◊✲࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ2000ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡣ㸪➨஧ゝㄒᏛ⩦࡟ᑐࡍࡿືᶵࡀẚ㍑ ⓗᏳᐃࡋࡓಶேࡢ≉ᛶ㸦trait㸧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡣ㸪✀ࠎࡢせᅉ࡟ࡼࡾὶືⓗ࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿ≧ែ㸦state㸧

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࡛࠶ࡾ㸪࠿ࡘẁ㝵ⓗ࡞ኚ໬ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡀ୺ὶ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚◊✲ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 㸦Dörnyei, 2005㸧ࠋ

✀ࠎࡢせᅉ࡟ࡼࡿືᶵࡢኚ໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪Ꮫ⩦ືᶵࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ㸪ࡲࡓࡣῶ㏥ࡉࡏࡿせᅉࢆ᥈ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ ほⅬ࠿ࡽ◊✲ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋືᶵࢆ㧗ࡵࡿせᅉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪౛࠼ࡤ⳥ᆅ࣭㓇஭㸦2016㸧࡛ࡣ㸪⮬ ᕫỴᐃ⌮ㄽ㸦Ryan and Deci, 2002㸧࡜motivational strategies㸦Dörnyei, 2001㸧ࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࠕᩍᖌ࡟ 㛵ࡍࡿせᅉࠖࠕᤵᴗࡢෆᐜ㸭≉㉁ࠖࠕᏛ⩦⤒㦂ࠖࠕ┠ᶆタᐃࠖࠕᏛ⩦᪉ἲࠖࠕᩍᐊ⎔ቃࠖࠕ᭷⬟ᛶࠖ ࠕෆⓎⓗືᶵࠖࢆ㸪ືᶵࢆ㧗ࡵࡿせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ᩚ⌮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪ືᶵࢆῶ㏥ࡉࡏࡿせᅉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪 Kikuchi (2013)ࡀඛ⾜◊✲ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡓୖ࡛㸪ࠕᩍᖌ࡟㛵ࡍࡿせᅉࠖࠕᤵᴗࡢෆᐜ㸭≉㉁ࠖࠕኻᩋ⤒㦂ࠖ ࠕᤵᴗ⎔ቃࠖࠕᤵᴗᩍᮦࠖࠕⱥㄒ࡟ᑐࡍࡿෆⓎⓗືᶵࡢḞዴࠖࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢྥୖ࡟㔜せ࡞せᅉࡸືᶵ࡙ࡅࢆῶ㏥ࡉࡏࡿせᅉࡢ≉ᐃࡣᑡࡋࡎࡘ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪᪂ࡋ࠸ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢᤊ࠼᪉࡜ࡉࢀࡿືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢኚ໬ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟╔┠ࡋࡓ◊✲ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ ぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢኚ໬ࢆࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢵࢡ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ືᶵࡢྥୖࡸῶ㏥ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤ㸪ᐇ㝿ࡢᣦᑟᐇ㊶࡟ྥࡅ࡚᭷┈࡞♧၀ࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓ ࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡀኚ໬ࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜ኚ໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍせᅉࢆヲ⣽࡟ぢ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ ࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪኱Ꮫ⏕ⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡢᏛ⩦ືᶵࡀ㢧ⴭ࡟ኚ໬ࡋࡓ᫬ᮇ࡟ὀ┠ࡋ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅⮬㌟ࡢㄒ ࡾ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿලయⓗ࡞Ꮫ⩦ᩥ⬦࡜᫬㛫ⓗ࡞⤒㐣ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡀኚᐜࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫࡸኚ ᐜࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓせᅉࢆ㉁ⓗ࡞ศᯒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

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㸰㸬ඛ⾜◊✲

ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪᫬㛫ⓗ⤒㐣ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡓືᶵࡢኚ໬࡜ࡑࡢせᅉࡢ≉ᐃࢆヨࡳࡓඛ⾜◊✲ࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪᪥ᮏேⱥ ㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓࡶࡢ㸦Hayashi, 2005; ⳥ᆅ࣭㓇஭, 2016; Miura, 2010; Sawyer, 2007㸧ࢆᴫほࡋ㸪ᮏ ◊✲ࡢㄢ㢟࡟⧅ࡆ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ Hayashi (2005)ࡣ᪥ᮏேⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅481ྡ࡟୰Ꮫ1ᖺ᫬࠿ࡽ኱Ꮫ3ᖺ᫬ࡲ࡛ࡢⱥㄒᏛ⩦ືᶵࢆ5ẁ㝵࡛ ホ౯ࡉࡏ㸪ⱥㄒᏛ⩦ືᶵࡢኚᐜࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆヨࡳࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪㧗࠸ືᶵࡀ⥅⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⩌㸪ప࠸ ືᶵࡀ⥅⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⩌㸪ᚎࠎ࡟㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ⩌㸪ᚎࠎ࡟పࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ⩌ࡢ4⩌࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟㸪ኚ໬ࡢ⌮⏤ࢆ⮬⏤グ㏙ᅇ⟅ࡉࡏࡓ࠺࠼࡛⮬ᕫỴᐃ⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ ࡓࡀ㸪6ᖺ㛫ࡢືᶵ࡙ࡅኚᐜࡢヲ⣽ࡣ༑ศ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ⳥ᆅ࣭㓇஭㸦2016㸧ࡣ᪥ᮏேⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅191ྡࢆᑐ㇟࡟㸪୰㧗ࡢ6ᖺ㛫ࡢⱥㄒᏛ⩦࡜࠸࠺㛗ᮇࡢ᫬㛫 ⓗ⤒㐣ࡢ୰࡛㸪࡝ࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ືᶵࡢྥୖ࣭ῶ㏥ࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓ࠿ࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ཷ㦂ᮇ ࡀྥୖࡢ᫬ᮇ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜㸪ࡲࡓ㸪୰Ꮫ3ᖺ᫬࠿ࡽ㧗ᰯ1ᖺ᫬ࡲ࡛࡜㧗ᰯ1ᖺ᫬ࡢึࡵ࠿ࡽ⤊ࢃࡾ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ ࡢ᫬ᮇࡀῶ㏥ࡢ᫬ᮇ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟㸪⮬⏤グ㏙ᅇ⟅࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᏛ⩦⪅ࡢㄆ㆑ࡢศᯒ ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪୰Ꮫ1ᖺ࡜㧗ᰯ1ᖺࡢ᫬ᮇ࡛ࡣᩍᖌ㸪ᤵᴗෆᐜ㸪ᡂ⦼ࡢྥୖ࡜పୗ㸪୰Ꮫ3ᖺ᫬࡛ࡣཷ㦂ᮇࡸ ┠ⓗព㆑㸪㧗ᰯ1ᖺ᫬࡛ࡣ୙㐺ษ࡞ᤵᴗࡢ࣮࣌ࢫࡸࣞ࣋ࣝ㸪ᩍᮦ㸪ㄢ㢟ࡢከࡉࡀືᶵࡢྥୖ࣭పୗࡢせ ᅉ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ Miura (2010)ࡣ᪥ᮏே኱Ꮫ⏕196ྡࢆᑐ㇟࡟㸪୰Ꮫ1ᖺ᫬࠿ࡽ኱Ꮫ1ᖺ᫬ࡲ࡛ࡢ7ᖺ㛫ࡢⱥㄒᏛ⩦ືᶵࡢ ᙉࡉ࡜ࡑࡢ⌮⏤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㡰఩࡙ࡅࢆࡉࡏ࡚ㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢኚ໬ࡀ᫬㛫ࡢ⤒㐣࡟ కࡗ࡚㢖⦾࡟⌧ࢀࡿࡇ࡜㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢኚ໬࡟ࡣ㧗ᰯ࡜኱Ꮫࡢධヨࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋ

(3)

Sawyer (2007)ࡣ㸪୰Ꮫ1ᖺ᫬࠿ࡽ኱Ꮫ2ᖺ᫬ࡲ࡛ࡢ8ᖺ㛫ࡢⱥㄒᏛ⩦ືᶵࡢኚ໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿ ࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪᪥ᮏே኱Ꮫ⏕120ྡ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚6௳ἲ࡟ࡼࡿືᶵࡢ⮬ᕫホ౯࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪ྛ᫬ᮇࡢືᶵ ࡙ࡅ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⮬⏤グ㏙࡛ᅇ⟅ࢆồࡵࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ືᶵࡢྥୖせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕᩍᖌࠖࠕ཭ேࠖࠕ┠ᶆタ ᐃࠖࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ୍᪉㸪ῶ㏥せᅉ࡟ࡣࠕᩍᖌࠖࠕ཭ேࠖࠕ┠ᶆ႙ኻࠖࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟㸪୰ 1ࠥ୰3ࡢ㛫ࡣືᶵࡀUᆺ࡛ࠕ㧗࠸Ѝప࠸Ѝ㧗࠸ࠖࡢὶࢀ࡛ኚᐜࢆぢࡏࡿࡇ࡜㸪㧗ᰯ࡛ࡣJᆺ࡛ࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ ప࠸࡜ࡇࢁ࠿ࡽྥୖࡋ࡚࠸ࡃኚᐜࢆぢࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢඛ⾜◊✲ࡣ㸪ඹ㏻㒊ศ࡜ࡋ࡚ືᶵࡢኚᐜࡀ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞᫬㛫⤒㐣ࡢ୰࡛⌧ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂☜࡟♧ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪᭱ࡶືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢ㧗࠿ࡗࡓࡶࡋࡃࡣప࠿ࡗࡓ᫬Ⅼࡢືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢ⌮⏤ࢆ♧ࡋࡓⅬࡸ㸪Ꮫ ⩦⪅ࡢ⤒㦂࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ືᶵྥୖ࣭పୗࡢせᅉࢆ♧ࡋࡓⅬࡣព⩏῝࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲ࡀ ኱ேᩘࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ㔞ⓗ࡞ศᯒࢆ୰ᚰ࡟⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾ㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅኚᐜࡢලయⓗ࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ♧ ࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋᘅ᳃㸦2014㸧࡛ࡣ㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅ◊✲ࡢከࡃࡀᏛ⩦⪅㞟ᅋࢆᑐ㇟࡟࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡓࡵ࡟㸪ಶࠎࡢᏛ⩦⪅ࡢືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢ㐃⥆ⓗ࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀᤊ࠼ࡁࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ᘅ ᳃ࡣࡇࢀࡀ◊✲᪉ἲㄽୖࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡶᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࡶಶࠎࡢᏛ⩦⪅ࡢືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢ ኚ໬ࢆࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢵࢡ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿ◊✲᪉ἲࡢⓎᒎࡀᮃࡲࢀࡿࠋ௒ᚋ㸪ࡇࡢ◊✲᪉ἲㄽୖࡢㄢ㢟ࢆඞ᭹ࡍࡿ ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤ㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢵࢡ࡞ኚᐜࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡸືᶵࡢྥୖ࣭ῶ㏥ࡢⓎ⏕࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀ ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡾ㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅ◊✲ࡢศ㔝࡛ࡼࡾᩍ⫱ᐇ㊶ⓗ♧၀࡟ᐩࡴ◊✲ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ௨ୖࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ಶேࡢ⨨࠿ࢀࡓᩥ⬦ࢆ᫬㛫㍈ࡢ୰࡛ᤊ࠼㸪ືᶵኚᐜࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜ኚᐜ ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓせᅉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㉁ⓗ࡞ศᯒࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࠕಶேูែᗘᵓ㐀ศᯒ㸦PAC ศᯒ㸧㸦ෆ⸨, 2002㸧ࠖ࡜ࠕ」⥺ᚄ㊰࣭➼⮳ᛶ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ㸦TEA㸧㸦Ᏻ⏣࣭ࢧࢺ࢘, 2017㸧ࠖࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪 ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱ཰㞟࡜ศᯒ࣭⪃ᐹࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ḟࡢ2ࡘࡢࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࢡ࢚ࢫࢳࣙࣥࢆタᐃࡋࡓࠋ (1) Ꮫ⩦ືᶵࡢኚᐜࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓ♫఍ⓗせᅉࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࠿ (2) Ꮫ⩦ືᶵࡢኚᐜ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓಶேࡢಙᛕ࣭౯್ほࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࠿ ≉࡟1ᅇ┠࡜2ᅇ┠ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮࡛ࣗࡣ㸪Ꮫ⩦ືᶵࡢኚᐜࡀⴭࡋ࠸᫬ᮇ࡟⤒㦂ࡋࡓฟ᮶஦ࡸឤ᝟࣭ᛮ ⪃ࡢኚ໬ࢆᖜᗈࡃᤊ࠼ࡿࡓࡵ㸪PACศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾ⮬⏤㐃᝿ἲ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡲࡓ㸪」⥺ ᚄ㊰࣭➼⮳ᛶ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ㸦TEA㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ಶேࡢືᶵ࡙ࡅ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ⤒㦂ࡢ㌶㊧ࢆࣉࣟࢭࢫ ᅗ㸦TEMᅗ㸧࡟ࡋ࡚ᥥ෗ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋ㸪TEMᅗࡢෆᐜࢆࡶ࡜࡟ㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅ᮏே࡜ࡢ☜ㄆ࡜ศᯒࢆ㔜ࡡ㸪 ⱥㄒᏛ⩦ືᶵࡢኚᐜࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆྍ⬟࡞㝈ࡾヲ⣽࡟ྍど໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࠋ

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㸱㸬◊

◊✲᪉ἲ

㸱

㸯

ศ

ศᯒࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ㸸

㸸3

3$&ศ

ศᯒ࡜」⥺ᚄ㊰࣭

࣭➼⮳ᛶ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ㸦7

7($㸧

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ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ືᶵኚᐜࡢ㐣⛬࡛ㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒㦂ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࠿ࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪PACศᯒ ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࠋPACศᯒࡣಶேࡈ࡜ࡢែᗘࡸ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆศᯒࡍࡿᡭἲ࡛㸪(1) ⮬⏤㐃᝿ (2) 㐃᝿㡯┠㛫 ࡢ㢮ఝᗘホᐃ (3) 㠀㢮ఝᗘ㊥㞳⾜ิ࡟ࡼࡿࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ศᯒ (4) ㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅࡟ࡼࡿࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ᵓ㐀 ࡢゎ㔘 (5) ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ࠾ࡼࡧ⥲ྜⓗゎ㔘ࡢᡭ⥆ࡁࢆ⤒ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡞ศᯒࡢᡭ⥆ࡁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࡲࡎ

(4)

ㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅ࡀ่⃭ᩥ࠿ࡽ⮬⏤㐃᝿࡛ᛮ࠸ࡘࡃࡇ࡜ࢆࡍ࡭࡚௜⟢࡟᭩ࡁฟࡋ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ࡑࢀࢆ㔜せᗘ࡟ᛂ ࡌ࡚୪࡭᭰࠼࡚㡰࡟␒ྕࢆ௜ࡍࠋḟ࡟㸪௜⟢࡟᭩࠿ࢀࡓ㡯┠ྠኈࡀ┤ឤⓗ࡟࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ㏆࠸࠿ࢆ7ẁ㝵㸦ࠕ࠿࡞ࡾ㏆࠸ࠖ࠿ࡽࠕ࠿࡞ࡾ㐲࠸ࠖࡲ࡛㸧࡛ホᐃࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝᚓࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ㸦㠀㢮ఝᗘ㊥㞳⾜ิ㸧 ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪◊✲⪅ࡀSPSS ver.24ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ศᯒ㸦ᖹ᪉࣮ࣘࢡࣜࢵࢻ㊥㞳㸪࢛࣮࢘ࢻἲ㸧ࢆᐇ ᪋ࡋ㸪ࢹࣥࢻࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆసᡂࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋ㸪ࢹࣥࢻࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ゎ㔘ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࢡࣛ ࢫࢱ࣮ࢆศ๭ࡋ㸪⥲ྜⓗ࡞ゎ㔘ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ศ๭ࡉࢀࡓࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ࡢྡ௜ࡅ㸦ᢳ㇟໬㸧ࢆ⾜ ࠺㝿࡟㸪ㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢኚᐜ࡟⮳ࡿ㐣⛬࡛㉳ࡇࡗࡓฟ᮶஦ࡸᙜ᫬ࡢᚰ㇟ࢆᩚ⌮ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡁ㸪ḟࡢTEM࡟ࡼࡿศᯒ࡟⧅ࡆ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ

PACศᯒ࡟⥆ࡁ㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ」⥺ᚄ㊰࣭➼⮳ᛶ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ㸦Trajectory Equifinality Approach: TEA㸧ࢆ ศᯒࡢࡓࡵ࡟⏝࠸ࡓࠋTEAࡣ㸪ே㛫ࡢኚᐜࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜ே⏕ᚄ㊰ࡢከᵝᛶ࠾ࡼࡧ」⥺ᛶࢆ㸪㠀ྍ㏫ⓗ᫬ 㛫ࡢᴫᛕ࡜♫఍ⓗᩥ⬦ࡢ୰࡛ᤊ࠼࡚ศᯒࡍࡿ㉁ⓗ◊✲ࡢ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Ᏻ⏣࣭ࢧࢺ࢘, 2017㸧ࠋTEAࡣ㸪 ࠕ」⥺ᚄ㊰࣭➼⮳ᛶࣔࢹࣝ㸦Trajectory Equifinality Model: TEM㸧ࠖ࡜ࠕṔྐⓗᵓ㐀໬ࡈᣍᚅ㸦Historically Structured Inviting: HSI㸧ࠖ࡜ࠕⓎ⏕ࡢ3ᒙࣔࢹࣝ㸦Three Layers Model of Genesis: TLMG㸧ࠖࡢ3ࡘࡢ࢔ࣉ ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋTEM࡜ࡣ㸪ಶேࡢ㑅ᢥࡸពᛮỴᐃࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚฿㐩Ⅼ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࡢᚄ ㊰ࢆ᫬㛫ࡢὶࢀ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ᅗ⾲໬ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࡓࡵࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋHSIࡣ㸪◊✲⪅ࡀ⯆࿡࣭㛵ᚰࢆᣢࡗࡓ ⌧㇟ࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓேࢆᣍ࠸࡚ヰࢆ⪺ࡃᡭ⥆ࡁࢆᣦࡍࠋࡲࡓ㸪TLMGࡣಙᛕ࣭౯್ほࡢኚᐜࡸⓎ⏕ࢆᤊ࠼ ࡿࡓࡵࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ TEM࡟ࡣ3ࡘࡢ㔜せ࡞ᴫᛕࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࠕ➼⮳Ⅼࠖࠕ㠀ྍ㏫ⓗ᫬㛫ࠖࠕศᒱⅬࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࠋࠕ➼ ⮳Ⅼࠖࡣ㸪◊✲ࡢ㛵ᚰࡸゎ᫂ࢆ┠ᣦࡍ஦㇟ࡢ฿㐩Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࠕ㠀ྍ㏫ⓗ᫬㛫ࠖࡣỴࡋ࡚ᚋᡠࡾࡋ࡞࠸ ᫬㛫ࡢὶࢀࢆ⾲ࡍࠋࡲࡓ㸪ࡑࡢ᫬㛫ࡢὶࢀࡢ୰࡛⏕ࡌࡿ㸪ಶே࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞ព࿡ࢆᣢࡘ㑅ᢥࡀ࡞ࡉ ࢀࡓⅬࢆࠕศᒱⅬࠖ࡜࿧ࡪࠋTEM࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡽ3ࡘࡢ୺せ࡞ᴫᛕࢆྲྀࡾධࢀ࡚㸪୺࡟ศᒱⅬࢆጞⅬ࡜ࡋ ࡚➼⮳Ⅼ࡟⮳ࡿ」ᩘࡢᚄ㊰࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫬㛫ⓗᴫᛕࢆᤞ㇟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃᥥࡃࠋࡉࡽ࡟㸪༠ຊ⪅ࡀே⏕࡛⾜ ࡗࡓ㑅ᢥࡸពᛮỴᐃ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓ⤒㦂㸪ࡲࡓࡑࡢ㝿࡟㢧ᅾ໬ࡋࡓឤ᝟ࡸᛮ⪃ࡶ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡓศᯒࡸ⪃ᐹ ࡶ⾜࠺ࠋ ⾲1 TEM࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿᴫᛕ㸦⏝ㄒ㸧ࡢᐃ⩏ ➼⮳Ⅼ

㸦Equifinality Point: EFP㸧

ಶࠎேࡀᅛ᭷࡞ᚄ㊰ࢆࡓ࡝ࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࡶ᫬㛫ⓗ⤒㐣ࡢ୰࡛➼ࡋࡃ ฿㐩ࡍࡿⅬ࡛㸪◊✲ࡢ㛵ᚰࡸゎ᫂ࢆ┠ᣦࡍ஦㇟ࢆ⾲ࡍⅬ ୧ᴟ໬ࡋࡓ➼⮳Ⅼ

㸦Polarized Equifinality Point: P-EFP㸧 ➼⮳Ⅼ㸦EFP㸧࡜ᑐᴟࡢព࿡ࢆᣢࡘⅬ ศᒱⅬ

㸦Bifurcation Point: BFP㸧

」ᩘࡢᚄ㊰ࡀⓎ⏕࣭ศᒱࡍࡿᆅⅬ࡛㸪ಶே࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞ព࿡ ࢆᣢࡘⅬ

ᚲ㡲㏻㐣Ⅼ

㸦Obligatory Passage Point: OPP㸧 ไᗘࡸ័⩦࡞࡝ࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ከࡃࡢேࡀ㏻㐣ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿⅬ ♫఍ⓗຓໃ

㸦Social Guidance: SG㸧 ➼⮳Ⅼ࡟ྥ࠿࠺⾜ືࡸ㑅ᢥࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ♫఍ⓗせᅉ ♫఍ⓗ᪉ྥ௜ࡅ

(5)

㏻ᖖ㸪TEMࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ಶேࡢ㑅ᢥࡸពᛮỴᐃࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚➼⮳Ⅼ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࡢᚄ㊰ࢆ᫬㛫 ࡢὶࢀ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ᅗ⾲໬ࡍࡿ㸦TEMᅗ㸧ࠋࡑࡢᚋ㸪◊✲⪅࡜༠ຊ⪅ࡀඹྠ࡛ࢫࢺ࣮࣮ࣜࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡀ㸪 ࡑࡢ㝿࡟ࡣ௚ࡢᴫᛕࡶศᯒࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤ㸪➼⮳Ⅼ࡜ᑐᴟࡢព࿡ࢆᣢࡘࠕ୧ᴟ໬ࡋࡓ ➼⮳Ⅼࠖࡸ㸪ᚄ㊰ࡢ୰୍࡛⯡ⓗ࡟ከࡃࡢேࡀ㏻ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠕᚲ㡲㏻㐣Ⅼࠖࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟㸪➼⮳Ⅼ࡟ ྥ࠿࠺⾜ືࡸ㑅ᢥࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࠕ♫఍ⓗຓໃࠖ࡜㸪➼⮳Ⅼ࡟ྥ࠿࠺⾜ືࡸ㑅ᢥࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿࠕ♫఍ⓗ᪉ྥ ௜ࡅࠖࡀ㸪⾜Ⅽࡢ㑅ᢥ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ♫఍ⓗせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ᴫᛕ໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦⾲1㸧ࠋ ࡞࠾㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ึࡵ࡟PACศᯒࡢ⮬⏤㐃᝿࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࡢᡭἲࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚㸪ᚋ࡟⥆ࡃ TEA࡟ࡼࡿ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ࡟⧅ࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠᵝࡢᡭἲࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ୸ᒣ࣭ᑠ⃝㸦2017㸧࡛ࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࢱࣅࣗ ࣮ࡢ㝿࡟㸪◊✲⪅ࡀᮇᚅࡍࡿࢫࢺ࣮࣮ࣜࢆ༠ຊ⪅࡜ඹ࡟ᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࣜࢫࢡࢆ㑊ࡅࡿ┠ⓗ࡛㸰ࡘࡢ ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆྠ᫬࡟⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ྠᵝࡢᡭἲ࡟ࡼࡾୖグࣜࢫࢡ࡬ࡢᑐᛂࢆヨࡳࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ ࡟㸪ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌮⏤࡛2ࡘࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆྜࢃࡏ࡚⏝࠸ࡓศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ1ࡘࡣ㸪PACศᯒࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅࣗ ࣮ࢆඛ࡟ᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ᚋ࡟⥆ࡃTEAࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ࡟ྥࡅ࡚ࡼࡾලయⓗ࡞⤒㦂ࢆᢳฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ุ᩿ࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪◊✲⪅ࡢ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ෆᐜࡸ᪂ࡓ࡞㉁ၥࢆㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅ࡢ ㄒࡾ࠿ࡽᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪2ࡘࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆྜࢃࡏ࡚⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋࡓࠋ

㸱

㸰

ㄪ

ㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅ࡢᴫせ࡜

࡜ࢹ࣮ࢱ཰㞟

ㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅ࡣ໭ᾏ㐨ࡢ⚾❧኱Ꮫ࡟㏻࠺኱Ꮫ⏕㸦ㄪᰝ᫬ࡣ኱Ꮫ3ᖺ⏕㸧1ྡ㸦௨ୗ㸸Y࡜࿧ࡪ㸧࡛㸪ⱥㄒ ࢆᑓ㛛࡟ᏛࡪᏛ⛉࡟ᡤᒓࡋ㸪ⱥㄒᩍဨᚿᮃࡢࡓࡵᩍ⫋ㄢ⛬ࡢᒚಟࡶ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2ᖺ๓ᮇ⤊஢ᚋࡢኟఇ ࡳ࡟ࡣ࢝ࢼࢲ࡬ࡢㄒᏛ␃Ꮫࢆ1ࣨ᭶㛫⤒㦂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢືᶵ࡙ࡅ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢኚ㑄 ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⮬ᕫㄆ㆑ࢆ᫬㛫ⓗ⤒㐣ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚Y࡜࡜ࡶ࡟☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋኚᐜࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ࡜ࡽ࠼ࡿᮇ㛫ࢆ኱ ᏛධᏛ๓࠿ࡽ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ᫬㸦኱Ꮫᖺḟኟఇࡳ㸧ࡲ࡛࡟ᐃࡵ㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢኚ㑄ࢆ⥺ࢢࣛࣇ࡛᭩࠸࡚ࡶ ࡽࡗࡓ㸦ᅗ2㸧ࠋ ᅗ2 ㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅Yࡢືᶵኚ㑄࡜᫬ᮇ༊ศ ➨Ϩᮇ ➨ϩᮇ ➨Ϫᮇ ➨ϫᮇ

(6)

ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ᅗ2ࡢ㏻ࡾ㸪Yࡢືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢኚ㑄࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ኚ໬ࡀぢ࠼ࡸࡍ࠸Ⅼࢆᇶ‽࡜ࡋ࡚4ࡘࡢ᫬ᮇ 㸦➨Ϩᮇ࠿ࡽ➨ϫᮇ㸧࡟༊ศࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ༊ศࡢኚ㑄ࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪➨ϨᮇࡣⱥㄒᏛ⩦࡟ᑐࡍࡿືᶵ ࡙ࡅࡀᚎࠎ࡟పୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨ϩᮇ࡛ࡣྥୖࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢ᫓ఇࡳ๓࡟ࡣపୗࡶぢࡽࢀ㸪࠶ࡲࡾ኱ ࡁ࡞ኚ໬ࢆぢࡏ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ➨Ϫᮇ࡛ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟㢧ⴭ࡞ኚ໬ࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪➨ϫᮇ࡛ࡣືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢ⥔ᣢ࡜ࡉࡽ࡞ ࡿྥୖࢆぢࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾㸪ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㸪᭱ࡶືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢྥୖࡀⴭࡋ࠸ࠕ➨Ϫᮇ㸦1ᖺḟᚋᮇ⤊஢ᚋࡢ᫓ ఇࡳ࠿ࡽ2ᖺḟ๓ᮇኟఇࡳ⤊஢ᚋࡲ࡛㸧ࠖࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱ཰㞟࡜ศᯒࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࠋPACศᯒ࡛ࡣ㸪 ⮬⏤㐃᝿࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ࡜ࢹࣥࢻࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࡢィ2ᅇ㸪TEA࡟ࡼࡿศᯒ࡛ ࡣィ3ᅇࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ㸦ࡑࢀࡒࢀ1ᅇ60ศ࠿ࡽ90ศ⛬ᗘ㸧ࠋTEAࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮࡛ࣗࡣ㸪ࡲ ࡎ1ᅇ┠ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆᐇ᪋ᚋ࡟ෆᐜࢆᩥᏐ໬ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀࢆ⏝࠸࡚TEMᅗࡢసᡂࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ2ᅇ┠ࡣ TEMᅗࢆY࡟ぢࡏ࡞ࡀࡽ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ⾜࠸㸪◊✲⪅ࡢ⌮ゎ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚సᡂࡋࡓᅗࡢෆᐜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚Y ⮬㌟ࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽ㐺ษࡉࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚ࡶࡽࡗࡓࠋ3ᅇ┠࡟ࡣ㸪☜ㄆᚋ࡟ಟṇࡋࡓᅗࢆ෌ᗘᥦ♧ࡋ㸪☜ㄆ࡜⌮ ゎࡢඹ᭷ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ

㸲

㸲㸬

㸬⤖

⤖ᯝ

㸲

㸯

ື

ືᶵኚᐜࡢࣉ

ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛ᚓ

ᚓࡽ

ࡽࢀࡓ

ࡓ⤒㦂

ᮏ✏࡛ศᯒࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ➨Ϫᮇࡣ㸪Yࡀ࢝ࢼࢲ࡬ࡢ▷ᮇㄒᏛ␃Ꮫ࡟⾜ࡃ࡜Ỵ᩿ࡋࡓ᫬ᮇ࡟ጞࡲࡾ㸪 ␃Ꮫ࠿ࡽᖐᅜࡋࡓ᫬ᮇࡲ࡛ࡢᮇ㛫࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪PACศᯒ࡛౑⏝ࡋࡓ่⃭ᩥࡣ㸪ࠕࠗ⚾࡜␃Ꮫ࠘ ࠗ⮬ࡽࡢⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ㐣ཤ࣭⌧ᅾ࣭ᮍ᮶࠘࡜⪺࠸࡚ᛮ࠸ᾋ࠿࡭ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣఱ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋࠖ࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ ࡚㸪᝿㉳ࡉࢀࡓ㐃᝿ㄒ㸦ᩥ㸧ࡣ୺࡟␃Ꮫ᫬ࡢయ㦂࡟㞟୰ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ่⃭ᩥ࠿ࡽ㐃᝿ࡉࢀࡓ33ࡢㄒ㸦ᩥ㸧 ࢆ⏝࠸࡚㐃᝿㡯┠㛫ࡢ㢮ఝᗘホᐃࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡢࡕ㸪ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ศᯒࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࢹࣥࢻࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀᥥ⏬ࡉࢀ ࡓࠋY࡜ㄪᰝ⪅㸦➹⪅㸧࡛ࡑࡢࢹࣥࢻࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆゎ㔘ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪5ࡘࡢࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮࡟ศ๭ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ ࡁࡓ㸦⾲2㸧ࠋYࡣ1ࡘ┠ࡢࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸦௨ୗCL㸧ࢆ㸪ࠕ៿ࢀࡢᾏእ⏕άࠖ㸪CL2ࡣࠕᾏእ⏕ά࡛ࡢⱥㄒ ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠖ㸪CL3ࢆࠕ࣮ࣟࣝࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡢฟ఍࠸ࠖ㸪CL4ࢆࠕ⌮᝿ࡢⱥㄒᩍ⫱ࠖ㸪CL5ࢆࠕ࢝ ࢼࢲࡢESL⎔ቃ࡜ከᵝᛶࠖ࡜࿨ྡࡋࡓࠋ Yࡣᫎ⏬࡛ぢࡿⱥㄒᅪࡢୡ⏺࡟៿ࢀࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜㸪ࡲࡓࡑࡢᫎ⏬ࡢୡ⏺ࡢⓏሙே≀ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ⱥㄒࢆ ౑࠺⏕άࡀᐇ⌧ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ලయⓗ࡞⤒㦂࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪CL1ࢆࠕ៿ࢀ ࡢᾏእ⏕άࠖ࡜࿨ྡࡋࡓࠋCL2ࡣ㸪࣍ࢫࢺࣇ࢓࣑࣮ࣜ࡜ࡢ᪥ᖖ⏕άࡸࡑࡇ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿⱥㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ឤࡌࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ༳㇟ⓗ࡞⤒㦂࡜ࡋ࡚ㄒࡗࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ࠕᾏእ⏕ά࡛ࡢⱥㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠖ࡜࿨ྡࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪Yࡣ␃Ꮫඛ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ⱥㄒᑓᨷ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡟ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎⱥㄒࢆᏛࡪࡓࡵ࡟ ␃Ꮫࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢡࣛࢫ࣓࢖ࢺࡀከ࠸ࡇ࡜࡟㦫ࡁ㸪ࡲࡓᙼࡽࡢⱥㄒࢆᏛࡪ┠ⓗࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ ࡓࡵࡢࢶ࣮ࣝࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ⮬ࡽࡢὸࡣ࠿ࡉࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ㸪ࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ⱥㄒࢆ౑࠸ࡇ ࡞ࡍᏑᅾࢆ࣮ࣟࣝࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ᛮ࠸ࢆㄒࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡼࡗ࡚㸪CL3ࢆࠕ࣮ࣟࣝࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡢฟ఍ ࠸ࠖ࡜࿨ྡࡋࡓࠋCL4ࡣ㸪CL3࡛ᚓࡓ࣮ࣟࣝࣔࢹࣝ࡟㏆࡙ࡃࡓࡵ㸪ࡲࡓࡣ࣮ࣟࣝࣔࢹࣝ࡟㏆࠸Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢆ ⫱ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࣄࣥࢺ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ⤒㦂࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ࠕ⌮᝿ࡢⱥㄒᩍ⫱ࠖ࡜࿨ྡࡋࡓࠋ CL5ࡣ㸪࢝ࢼࢲ࡛᪥ᖖⓗ࡟஧ゝㄒే⏝ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙ㠃ࢆᐇ㝿࡟┠ࡢᙜࡓࡾ࡟ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛㸪」ᩘࡢ ゝㄒࢆ᪥ᖖⓗ࡟౑⏝ࡍࡿゝㄒ⎔ቃࡢᏑᅾࡸከᵝᛶࢆព㆑໬ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄒࡗࡓࡓࡵ㸪ࠕ࢝ࢼࢲࡢ ESL⎔ቃ࡜ከᵝᛶࠖ࡜࿨ྡࡋࡓࠋ

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⾲2 ㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅Yࡢ㐃᝿࢖࣓࣮ࢪ࡜㔜せᗘ㸪࠾ࡼࡧࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮㸦CL㸧ࡢྡ๓ CL 㔜せᗘ 㐃᝿࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡢෆᐜ ձ ៿ ࢀ ࡢ ᾏ እ ⏕ ά 25 ࢝ࢼࢲࡢỈ᪘㤋࡛ാ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࢫࢱࢵࣇ࡬ヰࡋ࠿ࡅࡓ 26 ᩍ఍࡛▱ࡽ࡞࠸ே࡜ⱥㄒ࡛ヰࡋࡓ 27 ᮅᏛᰯ࡟ྥ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ᫬࡟㏆ᡤࡢே࡜Good morning࡜࠶࠸ࡉࡘࡍࡿ᫬࡟ⱥㄒᅪ࡟ ࡑࡲࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ឤࡌࡓ 29 ࣂࢫ࡟஌ࡿ᫬ࡢ㐠㌿ᡭ࡜ࡢ఍ヰ 32 ࢝ࢼࢲࡢࣞࢫࢺ࡛ࣛࣥὀᩥࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࡀࡍࡈࡃᴦࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ 34 ࣞࢪ࡛”Have a good day”࡜ゝ࠺ࡢࡀࡍࡈࡃឤືࡋࡓ

22 ␃Ꮫ୰࡟ᩍ఍࡟⾜ࡗࡓ᫬࡟࢔ࢪ࢔ேࡢᏊ࡝ࡶࡀⱥㄒࢆヰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ឤື 24 ࢝ࢼࢲ࡛ࡶ⮬ศ࠿ࡽヰࡍࡇ࡜ࡢtryࡀᚲせࡔ࡜ឤࡌࡓ 1 ࢝ࢼࢲࡢㄒᏛ◊ಟ࡛ࡣⱥㄒᅪ࡬ࡢ࠶ࡇࡀࢀࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ⮬ศ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚⣲ᬕࡽࡋ࠸᫬㛫 ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ ղ ᾏ እ ⏕ ά ࡛ ࡢ ⱥ ㄒ ࢥ ࣑ 䣻 ࢽ ࢣ 䤀 ࢩ 䣼 ࣥ

30 ࣍ࢫࢺࣇ࢓࣑࣮ࣜࡀ”Car coming”࡜ゝࡗࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟”Car is coming”࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿࡜࠸ ࠺ዲወᚰ

31 ᫎ⏬࡛౑ࢃࢀࡿࢫࣛࣥࢢࢆᐇ㝿⪺࠸ࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ឤື 28 ࣍ࢫࢺࣇ࢓࣑࣮ࣜ࡜ࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺ࡟⾜ࡃ

33 ࣍ࢫࢺࡢᜥᏊ࡜∗ࡀࢣࣥ࢝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ᫬࡟ⱥㄒ࡛ࢣࣥ࢝ࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮࡗࡓ 10 ࣮࣒࣍ࢫࢸ࢖ᐙ᪘ࡢヰࢆࡍࡿࢫࣆ࣮ࢻ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࡃࡸࡋࡉ

20 Host family࡟I don’t know understand. What are you talking about.࡜ゝࢃࢀࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ຮ ᙉࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮࡗࡓ 21 Host࡜Death Penalty࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ヰࡋࡓ᫬࡟㸪኱Ꮫ࡛ࡇࡢヰ㢟ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࢫࣛ_{ࢫࣛヰࡏࡓࠋᴦࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ} ճ ࣟ 䤀 ࣝ ࣔ ࢹ ࣝ ࡜ ࡢ ฟ ఍ ࠸ 7 ࢡࣛࢫ࣓࢖ࢺࡢክࡀⱥㄒࡢᑓ㛛ࡌࡷ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢẼ௜ࡁ 15 ᭷ྡ኱Ꮫࡢேࡀⱥㄒࢆຮᙉࡋ࡟᮶࡚࠸ࡿ㸻ⱥㄒࡀヰࡏࡿ 2 ࢝ࢼࢲࡢࢡࣛࢫ࣓࢖ࢺࡢᑗ᮶ࡢክࡀⓙࡍࡈࡃ࡚⮬ศࡢࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀୖࡀࡗࡓ 3 ࢝ࢼࢲࡢࢡࣛࢫ࣓࢖ࢺࡢࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀ࡜࡚ࡶ㧗࠸ 4 ࢝ࢼࢲࡢࢡࣛࢫ࣓࢖ࢺࢆᑛᩗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽᙼࡽ࡟Ⅼᩘࡀ㈇ࡅࡓ᫬ࡣ㸪ࡶࡗ࡜ຮᙉ ࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗࡓ 19 ࡲࢃࡾࡣ᭷ྡ኱Ꮫࡢேࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛ᛧ࠿ࡗࡓ մ ⌮ ᝿ ࡢ ⱥ ㄒ ᩍ ⫱

8 ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ㸪Grammar &Vocabࢆmain࡟focusࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢝ࢼࢲ࡛ࡣwriting, Speaking, Listening, Grammar඲࡚࡟focusࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ 9 ࢝ࢼࢲࡢࢡࣛࢫ࡛ࡢⱥㄒᣦᑟ࡟ឤ㖭ࢆཷࡅࡓ 18 ࢝ࢼࢲࡢඛ⏕ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ඛ⏕࡟࡞ࡾࡓ࠸࡜ᛮࡗࡓ 12 ⱥㄒᩍဨ࡟࡞ࢁ࠺࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ୰㸪ⱥㄒ⛉ᩍ⫱ἲࡢᤵᴗࡀᴦࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ 17 ኱Ꮫ࡛ࡢⱥㄒ⛉ᩍᤵἲ࡜࢝ࢼࢲࡢඛ⏕ࡀࣜࣥࢡࡋࡓ 13 TV Showࢆసࡾୖࡆࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࣮࣡ࢡㄢ㢟࡛4ᢏ⬟ࡀᴦࡋࡃຠ⋡ⓗ࡟Ꮫ࡭ ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᐇឤ 14 ࢝ࢼࢲࡢࢡࣛࢫ࡛ࡢ࢔ࢡࢸ࢕ࣅࢸ࢕࣮ࡢከࡉ 16 ␃Ꮫ࡛኱Ꮫ࡛ࡸࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࡢព࿡ࢆ⌮ゎ յ ࢝ ࢼ ࢲ ࡢ ES L ⎔ ቃ ࡜ ከ ᵝ ᛶ 5 ⓙⱥㄒࡀヰࡏࡿ࡜୙Ᏻࡔࡗࡓࡀ⮬ศ࡜ኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸㸪ࡶࡋࡃࡣ⮬ศࡢ᪉ࡀヰࡍࡇ࡜ ࡣୖ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿㸽࡜ឤࡌࡓ 35 㡑ᅜே㸪ࣈࣛࢪࣝே࡜ヰࡍ࡜ࡁ᫬ࡣ┦ᡭࡶ➨㸰ゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽᏳᚰ 11 ࢔ࢪ࢔ேࡀ㸰ゝㄒࢆヰࡋ࡚࠸࡚㸪ࣂ࢖ࣜࣥ࢞ࣝᩍ⫱ࢆຮᙉࡋࡓ࠸࡜ᛮࡗࡓ 23 ከࡃࡢேࡀ㸰ゝㄒࢆヰࡏ࡚ከᵝᛶ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡓ 6 ࢝ࢼࢲࡢ༞ᴗᘧ࡛ࡢ㞺ᅖẼࡀ᪥ᮏ࡟ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ᡠࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ࠸࡜ᙉࡃᛮࡗࡓ ͤࠕ㐃᝿࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡢෆᐜࠖࡢḍ࡟᭩࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᩥࡣ㸪ㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅Yࡀ᭩࠸ࡓࡶࡢࢆཎᩥࡢࡲࡲグ㍕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

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௨ୖ㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅኚᐜࡢ㐣⛬࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ⤒㦂࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪PACศᯒࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚5ࡘࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟ᩚ⌮ࡍࡿ ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣᚋ࡟⥆ࡃTEA࡟ࡼࡿ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ࠾ࡼࡧศᯒ࡬ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞㊊ࡀ࠿ࡾ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡲ ࡓYࡀㄒࡗࡓࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤒㦂ࡀືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢኚᐜ࡜࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ಀᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆ୎ᑀ࡟ぢ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵ࡟㸪 TEA࡟ࡼࡾືᶵ࡙ࡅኚᐜࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆྍど໬ࡍࡿࠋ

㸲

㸰

᫬

᫬㛫ⓗ⤒㐣࠿ࡽᤊ࠼ࡿື

ືᶵኚᐜࣉࣟࢭࢫ

HSI࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮࡛ࣗᚓࡽࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽ㸪➼⮳ⅬࢆࠕⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ⓗ࡜┠ᶆࡀ ᫂☜໬ࡋࡓࠖ࡟タᐃࡋ㸪TEMᅗࢆసᡂࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ3㸧ࠋ 㠀ྍ㏫ⓗ᫬㛫 ᅗ3 ㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅YࡢTEMᅗ

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ᚲ㡲㏻㐣Ⅼ㸦OPP㸧ࡣ㸪␃Ꮫඛᶵ㛵ࡢไᗘୖࡢ㏻㐣Ⅼ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ࢝ࢼࢲ࡛ࡢ▷ᮇ␃Ꮫࢆ㛤ጞࡍࡿࠖࠕ␃ Ꮫඛࡢᤵᴗ࡛ࡢࢡࣛࢫศࡅ࡛ୖ఩ࢡࣛࢫ࡟ᡤᒓ࡛ࡁࡓࠖࡢ2Ⅼ࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪➼⮳Ⅼ࡟ྥ࠿࠺⾜ືࡸ㑅 ᢥࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࠕ♫఍ⓗຓໃ㸦SG㸧ࠖࡣ6ࡘ㸪㜼ᐖࡍࡿࠕ♫఍ⓗ᪉ྥ௜ࡅ㸦SD㸧ࠖࡣ2ࡘᢳฟࡉࢀࡓࠋಶ ே࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ㔜せ࡞ព࿡ࢆᣢࡘ㑅ᢥࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓⅬࢆ⾲ࡍศᒱⅬ㸦BFP㸧ࡣ㸪ࠕⱥㄒࢆࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩ ࣙࣥࡢࡓࡵࡢࠗࢶ࣮࡛ࣝ࠘࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿࠖ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ࡞࠾㸪➼⮳Ⅼ࡜ᑐᴟࡢព࿡ࢆᣢࡘⅬ࡛࠶ࡿ୧ᴟ ໬ࡋࡓ➼⮳Ⅼ㸦P-EFP㸧ࡣ㸪ࠕⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ⓗ࡜┠ᶆࡀ᫂☜໬ࡋ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋTEMᅗ࡛⏝࠸ࡓᴫᛕ ࡢᮏ◊✲࡛ࡢ఩⨨௜ࡅࡣ㸪ḟࡢ⾲3ࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ⾲3 TEMᅗ࡛⏝࠸ࡓᴫᛕࡢᮏ◊✲࡛ࡢ఩⨨௜ࡅ ➼⮳Ⅼ㸦EFP㸧 ⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ⓗ࡜┠ᶆࡀ᫂☜໬ࡋࡓ ୧ᴟ໬ࡋࡓ➼⮳Ⅼ㸦P-EFP㸧 ⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ⓗ࡜┠ᶆࡀ᫂☜໬ࡋ࡞࠸ ศᒱⅬ㸦BFP㸧 ⱥㄒࢆࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢࡓࡵࡢࠕࢶ࣮࡛ࣝࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿ ᚲ㡲㏻㐣Ⅼ㸦OPP㸧 ࢝ࢼࢲ࡛ࡢ▷ᮇ␃Ꮫࢆ㛤ጞࡍࡿ ␃Ꮫඛࡢᤵᴗ࡛ࡢࢡࣛࢫศࡅ࡛ୖ఩ࢡࣛࢫ࡟ᡤᒓ࡛ࡁࡓ ♫఍ⓗຓໃ㸦SG㸧 ⱥㄒ౑⏝ࡢᡂຌయ㦂 ࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞่⃭ ௚⪅࠿ࡽཷࡅࡓ่⃭ ⱥㄒ࡟ࡼࡿ஺ὶ ༳㇟ⓗ࡞Ꮫ⩦⤒㦂 ᩍᖌ࣭Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡢどⅬ ♫఍ⓗ᪉ྥ࡙ࡅ㸦SD㸧 ࢩࣙࢵ࢟ࣥࢢ࡞య㦂 ⮬ศ࡜ࡢࢿ࢞ࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞ẚ㍑ TEMᅗ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪➼⮳Ⅼ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࡢ㐣⛬ࡣḟࡢ㏻ࡾ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋYࡣ㸪ᾏእ⏕ ά࡬ࡢ៿ࢀ࠿ࡽ࢝ࢼࢲ࡬ࡢ␃Ꮫࢆᐇ⌧ࡉࡏࡓࠋ␃Ꮫࢆ㛤ጞࡋ㸪᪥ᖖ⏕ά࡜Ꮫᰯ⏕άࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡛ⱥㄒࢥ ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜࠺୰࡛㸪஧ゝㄒࢆే⏝ࡍࡿඣ❺ࡸ▷ᮇ㛫ࡢⱥㄒᏛ⩦Ṕ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎⱥㄒ࡛ࢥ ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆࡍࡿࣈࣛࢪࣝே㸪ⱥㄒᑓᨷ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸᪥ᮏே␃Ꮫ⏕࡜ࡢฟ఍࠸࡟่⃭ࢆཷࡅ㸪ࠕࢥ ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢⱥㄒࠖࢆᙉࡃព㆑ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ḟ➨࡟ⱥㄒࢆࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚౑࠸ࡇ ࡞ࡍᏛ⩦⪅࡛࠶ࡾࡓ࠸㸪ࡲࡓ㸪ཷ㦂┠ⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢⱥㄒࢆᩍ࠼ࡿᩍᖌ࡟࡞ࡾࡓ࠸㸪࡜࠸ ࠺Ꮫ⩦⪅࠾ࡼࡧᩍᖌࡢ࣮ࣟࣝࣔࢹࣝࡢ᫂☜࡞࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆᣢࡘࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀ௨㝆㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅࡜ᩍᖌ ࡢ୧᪉ࡢどⅬ࡛␃Ꮫඛࡢᤵᴗ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ㸪ᤵᴗࢆ῝ࡃほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞୰࡛㸪ⱥㄒᏛ⩦ື ᶵࡢ⥔ᣢ࣭ྥୖ࡟ࡣ㸪㇏ᐩ࠿ࡘᴦࡋ࠸࢔ࢡࢸ࢕ࣅࢸ࢕࡜άືᚋࡢᩍᖌࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡜ᙉࡃឤࡌࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶᩍᖌࡢ༶᫬ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࢆᚓࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡛⮬ࡽࡢᡂ㛗࡜Ꮫ⩦ άືࡢࡸࡾࡀ࠸ࢆឤࡌࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡇࡢ⤒㦂ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪⮬ࡽ࡜ྠᵝࡢయឤࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿᏛ⩦⪅ࢆ⫱ᡂࡋ ࡓ࠸࡜ឤࡌࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ⱥㄒࢫ࢟ࣝࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆ㆑ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛㸪 ⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ⓗ࡜┠ᶆࡀ᫂☜໬ࡉࢀ㸪⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ⱥㄒᏛ⩦࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㧗࠸ືᶵࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪TEMᅗ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡓYࡢືᶵ࡙ࡅኚᐜࡢᚄ㊰ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋḟ❶࡛ࡣ㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅኚᐜࢆ ࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ♫఍ⓗせᅉ࡜Ⓨ⏕ࡢ୕ᒙࣔࢹࣝ㸦TLMG㸧ࡢศᯒࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࢡ࢚ࢫࢳࣙࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ ⪃ᐹࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ

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㸳

㸳㸬⪃

⪃ᐹ

ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪2ࡘࡢࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࢡ࢚ࢫࢳࣙࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ➨1ࡢࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࢡ࢚ࢫࢳࣙࣥ㸦Ꮫ⩦ື ᶵࡢኚᐜࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓ♫఍ⓗせᅉࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࠿㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪SG࠾ࡼࡧSDࢆศᯒ ࡋ㸪࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞♫఍ⓗせᅉࡀYࡢືᶵ࡙ࡅ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓࡢ࠿ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ➨2ࡢࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࢡ࢚ࢫࢳࣙ ࣥ㸦Ꮫ⩦ືᶵࡢኚᐜ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓಶேࡢಙᛕ࣭౯್ほࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࠿㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪Ⓨ⏕ࡢ3ᒙ ࣔࢹࣝ㸦TLMG㸧࡟ࡼࡾಶேࡢಙᛕ࣭౯್ほࡢෆⓗ࡞ኚᐜࢆ࡜ࡽ࠼ࡿࠋ

㸳

㸯

Ꮫ

Ꮫ⩦ືᶵࡢኚ

ኚᐜ࡟

࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓ♫఍ⓗせᅉ

Ꮫ⩦ືᶵࡢኚᐜ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓ♫఍ⓗせᅉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪TEMᅗ࡟࠾࠸࡚SG࡜ࡋ࡚ᾋୖࡋࡓࡶࡢࢆື ᶵ࡙ࡅኚᐜࡢ࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣈせᅉ㸦ືᶵ࡙ࡅྥୖせᅉ㸧㸪ࡲࡓSDࢆࢿ࢞ࢸ࢕ࣈせᅉ㸦ືᶵ࡙ࡅῶ㏥せᅉ㸧 ࡜ࡋ㸪PACศᯒࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮࡛ࣗㄒࡽࢀࡓලయⓗ࡞⤒㦂ࡶ⪃៖࡟ධࢀ࡞ࡀࡽศᯒ࡜⪃ᐹࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ Yࡣ⬟ືⓗ࡞ⱥㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡓ⤒㦂ࢆືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢኚᐜ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓ࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ ࣈ࡞せᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪TEMᅗ࡛ࡣࠕⱥㄒ౑⏝ࡢᡂຌయ㦂ࠖ࡜ࠕⱥㄒ࡟ࡼࡿ஺ὶࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚♧ࡉ ࢀࡓࠋ1ࡘ┠ࡢⱥㄒ౑⏝ࡢᡂຌయ㦂࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪␃Ꮫ୰ࡢᵝࠎ࡞≧ἣ࡛ᆅඖࡢே㐩࡜ⱥㄒ࡟ࡼࡿ┿ṇ࡞ ࢖ࣥࢱࣛࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆᐇ⌧ࡉࡏࡓࡇ࡜ࡀᡂຌయ㦂࡜࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡀືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢኚᐜ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋ Ỉ᪘㤋࡟ゼࢀࡓ㝿࡟⮬ࡽࢫࢱࢵࣇ࡟ⱥㄒ࡛ヰࡋ࠿ࡅࡓࡇ࡜㸪࣮࣒࣍ࢫࢸ࢖ඛࡢ㏆ᡤࡢே࡜ࡢᣵᣜ㸪ࣞ ࢫࢺ࡛ࣛࣥࡢὀᩥ㸪ࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮ࡢࣞࢪᗑဨ࡜ࡢࡸࡾྲྀࡾࡢ⤒㦂ࡀࡑࡢ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ2ࡘ┠ࡢⱥㄒ࡟ࡼࡿ ஺ὶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᩍᐊ࡛ฟ఍ࡗࡓࣈࣛࢪࣝேᏛ⩦⪅࠿ࡽ㸪ᬑẁ⪺ࡅ࡞࠸ࣈࣛࢪࣝࡢᵝᏊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ⱥㄒ ࡛⪺ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ㸪ࡲࡓ⮬ศࡢⱥㄒࡀ㏻ࡌ࡚␗ᩥ໬஺ὶࢆ⾜࠼ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢྥୖ࡟࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣈ ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢྥୖ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓせᅉࡢ୍ࡘࡀࠕ⮬ࡽࡀ⬟ືⓗ࡟⾜ ࠺ⱥㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࠖ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ␃Ꮫඛ࡛ฟ఍ࡗࡓ௚⪅ࡢᏑᅾࡶYࡢືᶵኚᐜࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠾ࡾ㸪TEMᅗ࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕ࣏ࢪࢸ ࢕ࣈ࡞่⃭ࠖࠕ௚⪅࠿ࡽཷࡅࡓ่⃭ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ␃Ꮫ୰࡟ᩍ఍࡟⾜ࡗࡓ㝿࡟୰ᅜ⣔࢝ࢼࢲேࡢ ඣ❺ࡀὶᬸ࡟ⱥㄒ࡜୰ᅜㄒࡢ஧ゝㄒࢆే⏝ࡍࡿሙ㠃࡟㐼㐝ࡋ㸪⮬ศ࡜ྠᵝ࡟࢔ࢪ࢔࡟࣮ࣝࢶࢆᣢࡕ㸪 ᖺ㱋ࡶ⮬ศࡼࡾⱝ࠸ඣ❺ࡀⱥㄒࢆྵࡴ஧ゝㄒࢆὶᬸ࡟ヰࡍᵝᏊ࡟ឤືࡋࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞่ ⃭ࢆཷࡅ࡚⮬ࡽࡢᏛ⩦ືᶵࢆ㧗ࡵࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪ᩍᐊෆ࡛ฟ఍ࡗࡓࢡࣛࢫ࣓࢖ࢺ㸦᪥ᮏே␃Ꮫ⏕㸧ࡢ࡯࡜ ࢇ࡝ࡀ᪥ᮏࡢ኱Ꮫ࡛ⱥㄒࢆᑓᨷࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ᑗ᮶ࡢ┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢶ࣮ ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢⱥㄒࢆᏛ⩦ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢⱥㄒࢆᠱ࿨࡟Ꮫࡪࢡࣛࢫ࣓࢖ࢺ ࡜ࡢฟ఍࠸ࡀ࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞่⃭࡜࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡀYࡢືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢኚᐜ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪2ࣨ᭶⛬ᗘ ࡢ▷࠸ⱥㄒᏛ⩦⤒㦂࡟ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎ㧗࠸ⱥㄒຊࢆ㌟࡟ࡘࡅࡓࣈࣛࢪࣝேࡢࢡࣛࢫ࣓࢖ࢺࡀ㸪㧗࠸ືᶵ࡙ ࡅ࡛ⱥㄒࢆᏛࡪᵝᏊࢆぢ࡚࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞่⃭ࢆཷࡅࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢኚᐜࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪Y࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪ࠕᏛ⩦ືᶵࡢ㧗࠸௚⪅ࡢᏑᅾࠖࡀ኱ࡁ࡞せᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ືᶵ࡙ ࡅࡢኚᐜࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ ␃Ꮫඛࡢᩍᐊෆ࡛ᚓࡓⱥㄒᏛ⩦⤒㦂ࡶືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢኚᐜ࡟࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋ␃Ꮫඛࡢ ᤵᴗ࡛ࡣࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࣮࣡ࢡࡀከ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪Yࡣ㧗࠸ືᶵ࡙ࡅ࡛ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࢡࣛࢫ࣓ ࢖ࢺ࡟ゐⓎࡉࢀ㸪⮬ࡽࡶᙼࡽ࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞㧗࠸ືᶵ࡙ࡅ࡛ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔࡇ࡜ࢆ༳㇟ⓗ ࡞Ꮫ⩦⤒㦂࡜ࡋ࡚ㄒࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪ࡑࡢ㝿㸪ᩍᖌ࠿ࡽಶู࠿ࡘ㢖⦾࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿ༶᫬ⓗ࡞ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻ

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ࣂࢵࢡࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⮬ࡽࡢᏛࡧࢆ᣺ࡾ㏉ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀᨵၿⅬࡢ᫂☜໬࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ㸪⮬㌟ࡢᡂ㛗ࢆᗄᗘ࡜࡞ࡃ యឤ࡛ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࡀືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢኚᐜ࡟࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ࠕᏛ⩦άື ࡬ࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ᪉ࠖ࠾ࡼࡧࠕᨵၿⅬࢆ᫂☜໬ࡉࡏࡿᩍᖌࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࠖࡶືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢྥୖ࡟࣏ࢪࢸ ࢕ࣈ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ാ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ୍᪉㸪SD࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࠕࢩࣙࢵ࢟ࣥࢢ࡞య㦂ࠖࠕ⮬ศ࡜ࡢࢿ࢞ࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞ẚ㍑ࠖࡢ2ࡘࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ๓ ⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪≉࡟࣍ࢫࢺࣇ࢓࣑࣮ࣜ࡜ࡢⱥㄒ࡟ࡼࡿ఍ヰࡢ୰࡛ࠕఱࢆゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ ゝࢃࢀ㸪Ꮫࢇ࡛ࡁࡓⱥㄒࡀ㏻ࡌ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢῶ㏥せᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚⌧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪ඛ㏙ࡢ ⱥㄒᏛ⩦⤒㦂㸰ࣧ᭶ࡢࣈࣛࢪࣝேࡢ㧗࠸ⱥㄒ⬟ຊࡸ୰ᅜ⣔࢝ࢼࢲேࡢඣ❺࡟ࡼࡿ஧ゝㄒ౑⏝ࡶ㸪ᙜ᫬ ࡢ⮬ศ⮬㌟࡜ࡢẚ㍑࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ⱥㄒ⬟ຊ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⮬ᕫホ౯ࢆపୗࡉࡏࡿせᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢ ῶ㏥࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾ㸪ࠕ௚⪅࡜ࡢẚ㍑࡟ࡼࡿప࠸⮬ᕫホ౯ࡢㄆ㆑ࠖࡀῶ㏥ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞せᅉ ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ TEMᅗࡢศᯒ࠿ࡽᏛ⩦ືᶵࡢኚᐜࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓ♫఍ⓗせᅉࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞せᅉࡣ㸪 ࠕ⮬ࡽࡀ⬟ືⓗ࡟⾜࠺ⱥㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠖࠕᏛ⩦ࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㧗࠸௚⪅ࡢᏑᅾࠖࠕᏛ⩦ά ື࡬ࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ᪉ࠖࠕᨵၿⅬࢆ᫂☜໬ࡉࡏࡿᩍᖌ࡟ࡼࡿࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࠖࡢ4ࡘ࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ୍᪉࡛㸪ࢿ࢞ࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞せᅉࡣ㸪ࠕ௚⪅࡜ࡢẚ㍑࡟ࡼࡿప࠸⮬ᕫホ౯ࡢㄆ㆑ࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ ࡇ࡜ࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

㸳

㸰

ື

ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢኚᐜࢆ

ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓಶ

ಶேࡢಙ

ಙᛕ࣭౯್ほࡢ

ࡢⓎ⏕

ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪TEAࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿせ⣲ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿⓎ⏕ࡢ3ᒙࣔࢹࣝ㸦TLMG㸧ࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪 ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ಶேࡢಙᛕ࣭౯್ほࡀືᶵ࡙ࡅኚᐜࡢዎᶵࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋTLMG࡜ࡣᚄ㊰ ࡢศᒱⅬ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓಙᛕࡸ౯್ほࡢኚᐜࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡓࡵࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋTLMGࡣࠕ3ᒙࣔࢹࣝࠖ࡜࠸࠺ ࿧ࡧྡࡢ㏻ࡾ3ᒙᵓ㐀࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪➨1ᒙࡣ㸪ಶࠎேࡢ⤒㦂ࡋࡓฟ᮶஦ࡢ୰࡛ࡢ⾜ືࡸ㑅ᢥ㸪ពᛮỴ ᐃࡢⓎ⏕ࢆ⾲ࡍ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ࠶ࡾ㸪TEM࡟ࡼࡾྍど໬ࡋࡓᚄ㊰ࡀࡑࢀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨2ᒙࡣேࢆ᪂ࡋ࠸⾜ືࡸ 㑅ᢥ࡬࡜ㄏ࠺ಁ㐍ⓗグྕࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪BFP࡟⮳ࡿ⫼ᬒ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ ࡢẼ࡙ࡁࡀಁ㐍ⓗグྕ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ➨3ᒙࡣ㸪ಙᛕࡸ౯್ほࡢኚᐜࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪⾜ື ࡸ㑅ᢥ࡟ኚᐜࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿಁ㐍ⓗグྕ㸦Ẽ࡙ࡁ㸧ࡢⓎ⏕ࡢ⤖ᯝ᪂ࡓ࡟⏕ࡌࡓಙᛕࡸ౯್ほࡢኚᐜࢆ♧ ࡍࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪TLMGࡣ㸪ศᒱⅬ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⾜ືࡸ㑅ᢥࢆಁ㐍ⓗグྕ࡜ಙᛕࡸ౯್ほ࡜ࡢ 㛵㐃࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ TLMGࢆ⏝࠸ࡓศᯒ࠿ࡽ㸪ࠕⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ⓗࠖཬࡧࠕⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅࣭ⱥㄒᩍᖌࠖࡢ㸰ࡘࡢほⅬ࡛ಙᛕ࣭ ౯್ほࡢኚᐜࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋTLMGࢆᅗᘧ໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀᅗ4࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ⓗࠖࡢಙᛕ࣭౯್ほ ࡣ㸪ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ኚᐜࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋYࡀ␃Ꮫࡢᗎ┙࡟ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ⓗࡣ㸪ⱥㄒຊྥୖࡢࡓࡵ ࡟ⱥㄒࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆᏛࡪࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࠕⱥㄒࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࡓ࠸࠿ࡽⱥㄒࢆᏛࡪࠖ࡜࠸࠺₍↛࡜ࡋ ࡓಙᛕ࣭౯್ほ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪␃Ꮫඛᶵ㛵࡛ⱥㄒᑓᨷ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸௚ࡢ᪥ᮏே␃Ꮫ⏕ࡢࢡࣛࢫ࣓࢖ࢺ ࡜ฟ఍ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ኱ࡁ࡞ࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡜࡞ࡾ㸪ಙᛕ࣭౯್ほࡢኚᐜࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡓࠋኚᐜࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟࠶ࡗࡓ⾜ ືࡣ⮬ࡽࡢⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ⓗ࡜ࡢࠕẚ㍑࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⮬ࡽ࡜ࡢẚ㍑ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㝿ࡢㄆ㆑ࢆYࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ ㄒࡗࡓࠋ

(12)

ࡇࡗࡕ࡟᮶࡚㸪ࡳࢇ࡞ⱥㄒᑓᨷࡋ࡚࡚ⱥㄒࢆຮᙉࡋ࡟ࡁ࡚ࢇࡔࢁ࠺࡞࡜ᛮࡗࡓ᫬࡟㸪࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ ࡍⱥㄒᑓᨷࡀࠋࡳࢇ࡞ูࡢ⌮⣔࡜࠿ᑓᨷࡋ࡚࡚㸪ⱥㄒࢆࡓࡔࡢࡦ࡜ࡘࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ ࡋ࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡁ࡚ࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋ㸦୰␎㸧⤖ᒁ୍ࡘࡢ㐨ල࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳࢇ࡞ఱ࠿࡟ࢺࣛ࢖ࡋ࡚ࡿࢇࡔ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ ࠺ࡢࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠋ᜝ࡎ࠿ࡋ࠸࡞࡜ᛮࡗ࡚ࠋຮᙉࡋ࡞࠸࡜ࡸࡤ࠸࡞࡜ᛮࡗ࡚ࠋࡌࡷ࠶ࡇࡢே࡜ྠࡌࡌࡷࡔ ࡵࡔࡋ㸪㉺ࡉ࡞࠸࡜ࡶ࠺ఱࡶ⮬៏࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢࡀ࡞࠸࡜ᛮࡗ࡚㸪⮬ศࡀຮᙉࡋ࡞ࡁࡷ㸪࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪Yࡣẚ㍑ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࢡࣛࢫ࣓࢖ࢺࡢⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ⓗࡀ⮬ศ࡜␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜ࡁ㸪ࡑࡢ ࡇ࡜ࡀಁ㐍ⓗグྕ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚㸪₍↛࡜ࡋࡓᙧ࡛⮬ࡽࡢⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ⓗࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ࢡࣛࢫ࣓࢖ ࢺ࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᐇ㊶ⓗ࡞ⱥㄒࢆᏛࡪࡇ࡜ࠖࢆⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿಙᛕ࣭౯್ほ࡟ኚᐜࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ 㻌㻌㻌㻌 ➨ 咆 ᒙ㻌⾜ ື 呍㑅 ᢥ 呍 ព ᛮ Ỵ ᐃ㻌 ➨ 咇 ᒙ㻌 ಁ 㐍 ⓗ グ ྕ㻌 ➨ 咈 ᒙ㻌 ಙ ᛕ 呍 ౯ ್ ほ㻌 ➨ 咇 ᒙ㻌 ಁ 㐍 ⓗ グ ྕ㻌 ➨ 咈 ᒙ㻌 ಙ ᛕ 呍 ౯ ್ ほ㻌 ᅗ4 ㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅YࡢⓎ⏕ࡢ୕ᒙࣔࢹࣝ㸦TLMG㸧 ࢡࣛࢫ࣓࢖ࢺࡢⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ⓗ ࡀ⮬ศ࡜␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡬ࡢẼ௜ࡁ ࢡࣛࢫ࣓࢖ࢺ࡜ࡢฟ఍࠸࡜ẚ㍑ ⱥ ㄒ Ꮫ ⩦ ࡢ ┠ ⓗ ࡣ ⱥ ㄒ ࡑ ࡢ ࡶ ࡢ ࢆᏛࡪࡇ࡜㸦ⱥㄒ ຊྥୖ㸧 ⱥ ㄒ Ꮫ ⩦ ⪅ 呍 ⱥ ㄒ ᩍ ᖌ㻌 ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢ㧗࠸ ࢡࣛࢫ࣓࢖ࢺࡢ Ꮡᅾ࡬ࡢẼ࡙ࡁ ⱥ ㄒ Ꮫ ⩦ 叏 ┠ ⓗ㻌 ⫱࡚ࡓ࠸ⱥㄒᏛ⩦ ⪅ീࡸ࡞ࡾࡓ࠸ᩍ ᖌീࡣ࠶࠸ࡲ࠸ ⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠕࢥ ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ ࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᐇ㊶ ⓗ࡞ⱥㄒࠖࢆᏛࡪࡇ࡜ ㉁ࡢ㧗࠸ⱥㄒᏛ⩦άື ㉁ࡢ㧗࠸༶᫬ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ 㐩ᡂឤ࡜ࡸࡾࡀ ࠸ࢆㄆ㆑ࡍࡿ ⱥㄒࢆࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙ ࣥࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚౑࠸ࡇ࡞ ࡍⱥㄒᩍᖌ࡟࡞ࡾࡓ࠸㸭 Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢆ⫱ᡂࡋࡓ࠸ Ꮫ⩦⪅࡟ⓗ☜࡞༶᫬ࣇ ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࢆ࡛ࡁࡿ ࡢࡀ⌮᝿ࡢⱥㄒᩍᖌ Ꮫ⩦⪅࡜ⱥㄒᩍ ᖌࡢ཮᪉ࡢどⅬ ࡛ᤵᴗ࣭ᩍᖌࢆほ ᐹࡍࡿ ⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠕࢥ ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢࢶ ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᐇ㊶ⓗ࡞ ⱥㄒࠖࢆᏛࡪࡇ࡜ 㠀ྍ㏫ⓗ᫬㛫

(13)

୍᪉㸪Yࡀ␃Ꮫࡢᗎ┙࡟ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠕⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅࣭ⱥㄒᩍᖌࠖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿಙᛕ࣭౯್ほࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟࠶࠸ ࡲ࠸࡛ᙳ㡪ຊࡢᙅ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ⱥㄒᩍᖌ࡟࡞ࡾࡓ࠸Ẽᣢࡕࡣ࠶ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡢ㸪ලయⓗ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩍ ᖌ࡟࡞ࡾ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢆ⫱࡚ࡓ࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺࣮ࣟࣝࣔࢹࣝࡣ᫂☜࡟ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࡼ ࠺࡞୰㸪ࠕⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ⓗ࡛ࠖⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞ಙᛕ࣭౯್ほ㸦ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ ࡢᐇ㊶ⓗ࡞ⱥㄒࠖࢆᏛࡪࡇ࡜㸧ࡀಁ㐍ⓗグྕ࡜ࡋ࡚ാࡁ㸪ࠕⱥㄒࢆࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ ౑࠸ࡇ࡞ࡍⱥㄒᩍᖌ࡟࡞ࡾࡓ࠸㸭Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢆ⫱ᡂࡋࡓ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ಙᛕ࣭౯್ほࡀ᪂ࡓ࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪 ࡇࢀࢆዎᶵ࡜ࡋ࡚YࡣᏛ⩦⪅┠⥺࡛ᤵᴗࢆほᐹࡍࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟㸪ⱥㄒᩍᖌ┠⥺࡛ࡶᤵᴗ࡜ᩍᖌࢆほᐹࡍ ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅┠⥺࡛ࡣ㸪ࢡࣛࢫ࣓࢖ࢺࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟㧗࠸ືᶵ࡙ࡅ࡛ⱥㄒᏛ⩦࡟ྲྀࡾ ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟Ẽࡀ௜ࡁ㸪ࡑࢀࢆ⮬ࡽࡢືᶵ࡙ࡅྥୖ࡟⧅ࡆ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄒࡽࢀࡓෆᐜࡣ ḟࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡛㸪ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ୰࡛ࡶ㸪⤖ᒁ4ே୍⤌ࡔࡗࡓࢇ࡛㸪ࡑࡢ௚ࡢேࡢⱥㄒࢆᑓᨷࡋ࡚࡞࠸ேࡓࡕࡢ ⱥㄒ࡬ࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ᪉࡜࠿ࡀࡑࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ୰࡛ぢࢀࡓࡋ㸪ࡑࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࣮࣡ࢡࡸࡗ࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡋ ࡓࡢࡶ኱஦ࡔࡅ࡝㸪ࡑࡢ㐣⛬࡛ࡢ௚ࡢேࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ᪉ࡀࡍࡈ࠸࡞࡜ᛮࡗࡓࡾࡋ࡚㸪ࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ ࡣ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡲࡋࡓࠋ ࡉࡽ࡟㸪ᩍᖌ┠⥺࡛ᤵᴗࡸᩍᖌࢆほᐹࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪ᩍᖌࡀ⮬ศ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㠀ᖖ࡟㉁ࡢ㧗࠸ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵ ࢡࢆᏛ⩦άືᚋ࡟༶᫬࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟Ẽࡀ௜࠸ࡓࠋYࡣ༶᫬ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᨵၿⅬࡀ᫂☜ ໬ࡉࢀ㸪ᨵၿࡢࡓࡵࡢᏛ⩦ࢆ⥅⥆ⓗ࡟⾜ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛⮬ࡽࡢᡂ㛗ࢆᐇឤࡋࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ⱥㄒᏛ⩦࡟㐩ᡂ ឤ࡜ࡸࡾࡀ࠸ࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢࡇ࡜ࡀಁ㐍ⓗグྕ࡜࡞ࡾ㸪᪂ࡓ࡟ࠕᏛ⩦⪅࡟ⓗ ☜࡞༶᫬ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡀ࡛ࡁࡿⱥㄒᩍᖌ࡟࡞ࡾࡓ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ಙᛕ࣭౯್ほࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࠋ Yࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟᫬㛫ⓗ⤒㐣ࡢ୰࡛ኚᐜࡲࡓࡣⓎ⏕ࡋࡓಙᛕ࣭౯್ほࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ㸪⫱࡚ࡓ࠸ⱥㄒ Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡢ࣮ࣟࣝࣔࢹࣝࢆ᫂☜࡟࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢆ⫱࡚ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ⱥㄒࢆ౑࠸ࡇ࡞ࡍࢫ࢟ࣝࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀY࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ ┠ⓗ࣭┠ᶆ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

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ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪1ྡࡢ኱Ꮫ⏕ⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ⱥㄒᏛ⩦ືᶵࡢኚ໬ࡀⴭࡋ࠸᫬ᮇ࡟ᚓࡓ⤒㦂ࡢ ㄒࡾ࠿ࡽ㸪ࠕⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ⓗ࣭┠ᶆࡢ᫂☜໬ࠖ࡟⮳ࡗࡓᚄ㊰ࢆPACศᯒ࠾ࡼࡧTEA࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ྍど໬ࡋ ࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ಶேࡢືᶵ࡙ࡅ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ⤒㦂ࡢ㌶㊧ࢆTEMᅗ࡜ࡋ࡚ᥥ෗ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢ ྥୖࡶࡋࡃࡣῶ㏥࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓ♫఍ⓗせᅉࢆSGࡲࡓࡣSD࡜ࡋ࡚♧ࡋࡓࠋSGࡢศᯒ࠿ࡽࡣ㸪ࠕ⮬ࡽ ࡀ⬟ືⓗ࡟⾜࠺ⱥㄒࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠖࠕᏛ⩦ືᶵࡢ㧗࠸௚⪅ࡢᏑᅾࠖࠕᏛ⩦άື࡬ࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ᪉ࠖ ࠕᨵၿⅬࢆ᫂☜໬ࡉࡏࡿᩍᖌࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࠖࡀ㸪ືᶵྥୖ࡟⮳ࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓせᅉ࡛ ࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉㸪SDࡢศᯒ࠿ࡽࡣ㸪ࠕ௚⪅࡜ࡢẚ㍑࡟ࡼࡿప࠸⮬ᕫホ౯ࡢㄆ㆑ࠖ ࡀືᶵῶ㏥ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞せᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࡲࡓ㸪Ⓨ⏕ࡢ3ᒙࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪᫬㛫ⓗ⤒㐣ࡢ୰࡛Ꮫ⩦ືᶵ࡜㛵㐃ࢆᣢࡘಙᛕ࣭౯್ほࡢኚᐜ࠾ࡼ ࡧⓎ⏕࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒ࡜⪃ᐹࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋYࡣ␃Ꮫඛ࡛ࡢฟ఍࠸࡜ẚ㍑ࢆዎᶵ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩ

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ࣙࣥࡢࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᐇ㊶ⓗ࡞ⱥㄒࢆᏛࡪࡇ࡜ࠖࢆⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿಙᛕ࣭౯್ほࡢኚᐜࢆ⏕ࡌ ࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪ࡇࡢኚᐜࢆዎᶵ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࠕⱥㄒࢆࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢶ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚౑࠸ࡇ࡞ࡍⱥㄒᩍᖌ࡟ ࡞ࡾࡓ࠸㸭Ꮫ⩦⪅ࢆ⫱ᡂࡋࡓ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ಙᛕ࣭౯್ほࢆ᪂ࡓ࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡉࡏࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ㸪⮬ࡽࡢⱥㄒᏛ ⩦ࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡸᤵᴗࡢほᐹࢆ㏻ࡌࡓẼ࡙ࡁ࠿ࡽ㸪ࠕᏛ⩦⪅࡟ⓗ☜࡞༶᫬ࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡀ࡛ࡁࡿⱥㄒ ᩍᖌ࡟࡞ࡾࡓ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ಙᛕ࣭౯್ほࡶ᪂ࡓ࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ᮏ◊✲࡛ヨࡳࡓࡢࡣ㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢኚ໬ࢆࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢵࢡ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ືᶵࡢྥୖࡸῶ㏥ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢྥୖ࣭ῶ㏥࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ ♫఍ⓗせᅉࡸࡑࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟࠶ࡿព㆑ࡢኚᐜࢆ㉁ⓗ࡞ศᯒࡸ⪃ᐹࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ྍど໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࡋ࠿ ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ศᯒ࠿ࡽᢳฟࡉࢀࡓືᶵ࡙ࡅ࡟㛵ࢃࡿせᅉࡀ㸪ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡢ⌮ㄽࡸࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟㔞ⓗ࡞◊✲ࢆ ㏻ࡌ࡚≉ᐃࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓືᶵ࡙ࡅྥୖࡶࡋࡃࡣῶ㏥ࡢせᅉ࡜࠸࠿࡟㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᳨ウࡉࢀ ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢㄢ㢟࡟ࡉࡽ࡞ࡿ᳨ウࢆ㔜ࡡࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤ㸪ᮏ◊✲ࡢ఩⨨࡙ࡅࡀࡼࡾ᫂☜໬ࡋ㸪ື ᶵ࡙ࡅ◊✲ࡢศ㔝࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡼࡾព࿡ࡢ࠶ࡿ㈉⊩ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ಶูⓗ࡞ㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ ࡣ㸪௒ᅇࡣ➨Ϫᮇࡢࡳࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡀ㸪➨Ϩᮇ㸪ϩᮇ㸪ϫᮇࡢศᯒࡶྠᵝࡢᙧᘧ࡛⾜࠺ ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤ㸪ࡼࡾ㛗ᮇ࠿ࡘࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢵࢡ࡞ኚᐜࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ㸪᪂ࡓ࡞▱ぢࢆᚓࡿࡇ ࡜ࡀᮇᚅ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㸪௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡉࡽ࡟◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ

ᘬ

ᘬ⏝ᩥ⊩

⳥ᆅᜨኴ࣭㓇஭ⱥᶞ (2016). ࠕⱥㄒᏛ⩦ືᶵࡢኚ໬࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍせᅉ: ືᶵ㧗ᥭ⤒㦂ཬࡧῶ⾶⤒㦂 ࡢෆᐜศᯒࠖ. JALT Journal, 38, 119-147. ෆ⸨ဴ㞝 (2002). ࠗPAC ศᯒᐇ᪋ἲධ㛛㹙ᨵゞ∧㹛ࠕಶࠖࢆ⛉Ꮫࡍࡿ᪂ᢏἲ࡬ࡢᣍᚅ࠘. ᮾி㸸ࢼ࢝ࢽ ࢩࣖฟ∧. ᘅ᳃཭ே (2014). ࠕࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࢩࢫࢸ࣒⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ᪂ࡋ࠸ືᶵ࡙ࡅ◊✲ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࠖ. The Language Teacher, 38, 15-18. ୸ᒣ༓ḷ࣭ᑠ⃝ఀஂ⨾ (2017). ࠕ࠶ࡿ⩻ヂ⪅ࡀ⮬❧࡟⮳ࡿᚄ㊰㸸⛣ືࡋ࡚Ꮫࡪ᫬௦ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒᩍ⫱࡬ࡢ ♧၀ࠖ.ࠗ᪥ᮏㄒ࣭᪥ᮏㄒᩍ⫱࠘➨ 1 ᕳ, 19-35. Ᏻ⏣⿱Ꮚ࣭ࢧࢺ࢘ࢱࢶࣖ (⦅ⴭ) (2017). ࠗTEM ࡛ࡦࢁࡀࡿ♫఍ᐇ⿦−ࣛ࢖ࣇࡢ඘ᐇࢆᨭ᥼ࡍࡿ࠘. ᮾ ி㸸ㄔಙ᭩ᡣ.

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