1300ｨｨ ｨ ｨｮｨｪｨ ｨｪ ｨ ｨｹｨｨｨｪ ｨｰｨｨ ｨ 0906ｨ ｨｪ ｨｹ ｨｬｨ 07 ｨｰ020808ｨｨｨｰ0608ｨｨ07 ｨｪ02060

Ñîñòàâ íåâîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö þãà ëåñî-ñòåïíîé çîíû ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ ð. Âîëãè çà ïî-ñëåäíåå ñòîëåòèå ïðåòåðïåë çíà÷èòåëüíûå èçìåíåíèÿ â ôàóíå, ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñòðóê-òóðå, ÷èñëåííîñòè è ðàçìåùåíèè îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ ïî òåððèòîðèè ðåãèîíà. Èññëåäîâà-íèå ýòèõ âîïðîñîâ â Ñðåäíåì Ïîâîëæüå ïî-çâîëÿåò íàéòè îòâåòû íà ïðîèñõîäÿùèå èç-ìåíåíèÿ â ïðèðîäå ñåãîäíÿ è, íåñîìíåííî, áóäåò ñîñòàâëÿþùåé ÷àñòüþ àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ ðàáîò â áóäóùåì. Ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû èíòåðåñíû è ïðè ðàññìîòðåíèè ïðîáëåì çîîãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî ðàéîíèðîâàíèÿ, ïî-ñêîëüêó íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè ïðîõîäÿò ãðà-íèöû ïðèðîäíî-êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ çîí. Ïðåäëàãàåìàÿ ðàáîòà ñòàâèò ñâîåé çàäà-÷åé ïîêàçàòü ïðîèçîøåäøèå èçìåíåíèÿ â ìèðå ïòèö íà þãå ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Ïðàâî-áåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ çà ïîñëåäíèå 100 ëåò, à â îòäåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ îòðàçèòü èõ ïðè÷èíó è äèíàìèêó. Èçëîæåííûé ìàòåðèàë èìååò íåñîìíåííóþ öåííîñòü äëÿ èññëåäîâàòåëåé, êîòîðûå ïðîäîëæàò äàëüíåéøèé ìîíèòî-ðèíã îðíèòîôàóíû ðåãèîíà â ÕÕI â., ðàç-ðàáîòêó è ïðåòâîðåíèå â æèçíü ñòðàòåãèè îõðàíû ñóùåñòâóþùåãî áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ. Ôèçèêî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà þãà ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Ïðàâîáåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ Ëåñîñòåïíîå Ïîâîëæüå âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ ñëåäóþùèå àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûå îáðàçîâà-íèÿ: Ðåñïóáëèêà Ìîðäîâèÿ, Ïåíçåíñêàÿ îá-ëàñòü, ïðàâîáåðåæíûå ÷àñòè Óëüÿíîâñêîé è Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòåé, ñåâåð Ñàðàòîâñêîé îáëàñòè äî øèðîòû ã. Ñàðàòîâà (ðèñ.).  àä-ìèíèñòðàòèâíîì îòíîøåíèè Ïîñâÿùàåòñÿ ïàìÿòè ïðîôåññîðà Êèåâñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà Â.Ì. Àðòîáîëåâñêîãî

ÀÍÀËÈÇ ÑÎÑÒÎßÍÈß ÔÀÓÍÛ

ÍÅÂÎÐÎÁÜÈÍÛÕ ÏÒÈÖ ÞÃÀ ËÅÑÎÑÒÅÏÍÎÉ

ÇÎÍÛ ÏÐÀÂÎÁÅÐÅÆÍÎÃÎ ÏÎÂÎËÆÜß

 ÕÕ ÂÅÊÅ

Analysis of the state of fauna of non-passerine birds in south of the forest-steppe zone of the Right-bank Volga region in XX century. - V.V. Frolov, S.A. Korkina, A.V. Frolov, E.V. Lysenkov, A.S. Lapshin, O.V. Borodin. - Berkut. 10 (2). 2001. - The study area includes Mordovia, Penza region, right-bank parts of Ulyanovsk and Samara regions, north part of Saratov region (Figure). Reliable literature data about the ornithofauna of this area are known since the beginning of XIXth cent. Short history of research is described. Data obtained on borders of XIX–XXth and XX–XXIth cent. allow to compare the state of fauna of non-passerine birds for the century. At the beginning of XXth cent. it counted 161 species from 17 orders, at the end – 178 species from 16 orders (Table 1). Total during the century 187 species from 17 orders were discovered (Table 2). At the end of XXth cent. 9 species were absent: 8 vagrant ones and 1 sedentary species. 26 species were found: 15 – vagrant, 7 – migrating and breeding, 3 – passage migrants, 1 – sedentary. Sedentary non-passerine birds are represented by 23 species from 5 orders (Table 3). Willow Grouse is absent now, three new species appeared: Tengmalm’s Owl, Grey-headed Woodpecker, Middle Spotted Woodpecker. The group of migrating and breeding non-passerine birds has 94 species from 14 orders (Table 4). Wood Sandpiper was not found, 16 new species appeared. Passage migrants are presented by 31 species from 6 orders (Table 5). It has 9 new species. Wintering birds have 2 species from 2 orders (Table 6). Vagrant birds number 29 species from 7 orders (Table 7). Changes in numbers are presented in the Tables 8–12. The analysis shows the high degree of adaptation and the stability to changes of non-passerines, which were considered as more vulnerable than passerines. [Russian].

Key words: fauna, non-passerines, the Volga, number, changes, adaptation. Address: V.V. Frolov, Sanitarniy proezd 6/1, Penza, 440026 Russia.

åìàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ íåîäíîêðàòíî ïåðåêðàèâàëàñü â ïðîøåäøåì âåêå, ýòî ìîæåò ïðîèçîéòè è â áóäóùåì, ïîýòîìó áóäåò òî÷íåå îïðåäåëèòü ýòîò ðåãèîí êàê ó÷à-ñòîê, ëåæàùèé ìåæäó 52º 00´ è 55º 00´ ñ. ø., ñ âîñòîêà îãðàíè-÷åííûé ïðàâûì áåðåãîì ð. Âîë-ãè è ñ çàïàäà 42º 00´ â. ä.  ðàñ-ñìàòðèâàåìûé ðåãèîí íå âõîäÿò ëåñíûå ìàññèâû è áåðåãîâûå îá-ðûâû ñîáñòâåííî äîëèíû ð. Âîë-ãè, à òàêæå Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà. Ðåãèîí ðàñïîëîæåí â öåíò-ðàëüíî-âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè Ðóññêîé ðàâíèíû è çàíèìàåò Ïðèâîëæñ-êóþ âîçâûøåííîñòü è âîñòî÷íóþ îêðàèíó Îêñêî-Äîíñêîé íèçìåí-íîñòè. Ñðåäíÿÿ âûñîòà åå ïîâåð-õíîñòè îêîëî 200 ì. Ìàêñèìàëü-íûå âûñîòû äî 350 ì (íà òåððè-òîðèè Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè). Ðå÷íàÿ ñåòü ðåãèîíà ïðèíàä-ëåæèò áàññåéíàì Âîëãè è Äîíà. Âîäîðàçäåë ìåæäó áàññåéíàìè ðåê ïðîõî-äèò ïî Êåðåíñêî-×åìáàðñêîé âîçâûøåííî-ñòè. Âñåãî â ðåãèîíå áîëåå 400 ðåê, ñàìûå êðóïíûå èç íèõ Ñóðà, Ñâèÿãà, Áàðûø, Ìîê-øà, Õîïåð, Âîðîíà. Îçåðà íåìíîãî÷èñëåí-íû è ïðåäñòàâëåíåìíîãî÷èñëåí-íû â îñíîâíîì ïîéìåííåìíîãî÷èñëåí-íû- ïîéìåííû-ìè îçåðàïîéìåííû-ìè-ñòàðèöàïîéìåííû-ìè, ðåæå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ âîäîðàçäåëüíûå.  ðåãèîíå âñåãî äâà êðóï-íûõ âîäîõðàíèëèùà, ïðè÷åì îáà ðàñïîëî-æåíû íà òåððèòîðèè Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè (Ñóðñêîå – 110 êì2 _{è Âàäèíñêîå – 11,25 êì}2_). Êðóïíûìè èñêóññòâåííûìè âîäíî-áî-ëîòíûìè êîìïëåêñàìè ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü òàê-æå î÷èñòíûå ñîîðóòàê-æåíèÿ ãîðîäîâ (Ïåíçû, Ñàðàíñêà, Óëüÿíîâñêà, Êàìåíêè è äð.) è êðóïíûõ ïðîìûøëåííûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé (ñà-õàðíûå çàâîäû, Áåëèíñêñåëüìàø, ÒÝÖ è äð.), à òàêæå ïðóäû ðûáîõîçÿéñòâåííîãî íà-çíà÷åíèÿ.  öåëîì îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ èíòðàçî-íàëüíûì ýëåìåíòîì ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Ïî-âîëæüÿ, è çäåñü ñôîðìèðîâàëñÿ íîâûé, íå-õàðàêòåðíûé äëÿ ëåñîñòåïè îêîëîâîäíûé îðíèòîêîìïëåêñ. Ðåãèîí ðàñïîëîæåí â óìåðåííîì êëèìà-òè÷åñêîì ïîÿñå, íà ñòûêå ëåñíîé è ñòåïíîé ïðèðîäíûõ çîí, ïîýòîìó ïðèðîäíûå óñëî-âèÿ åãî ðàçíîîáðàçíû. Êëèìàò óìåðåííî-êîíòèíåíòàëüíûé. Àìïëèòóäà êîëåáàíèÿ ñðåäíèõ òåìïåðàòóð èþëÿ (+19 ºC) è ÿíâà-ðÿ (–12 ºÑ) ñîñòàâëÿåò 31 ºÑ. Ìàêñèìàëü-íûå òåìïåðàòóðû ëåòîì ìîãóò äîñòèãàòü 38–40 ºÑ, à ìèíèìàëüíûå òåìïåðàòóðû âîç-äóõà çèìîé ìîãóò áûòü äî –48 ºÑ. Ñðåäíåå ãîäîâîå êîëè÷åñòâî îñàäêîâ 400–650 ìì. Ëóãîâî-ëåñíûå ëàíäøàôòû ñåâåðà è ñå-âåðî-âîñòîêà ñìåíÿþòñÿ íà þãå ëóãîâî-ñòåïíûìè è ëóãîâî-ñòåïíûìè. Ñìåøàííûå è øè-ðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà çàíèìàþò îêîëî 20 % òåððèòîðèè.  ðåãèîíå ñóùåñòâóþò äâà çà-ïîâåäíèêà: Ìîðäîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé çàïîâåäíèê èì. Ï.Ã. Ñìèäîâè÷à è ãîñóäàð-ñòâåííûé çàïîâåäíèê “Ïðèâîëæñêàÿ ëåñî-ñòåïü” íà òåððèòîðèè Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè. Èñòîðèÿ èçó÷åíèÿ îðíèòîôàóíû þãà ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Ïðàâîáåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ Íà÷àëî èçó÷åíèþ îðíèòîôàóíû ëåñî-ñòåïíîãî Ïðàâîáåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ áûëî Þã ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Ïðàâîáåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ. South of forest-steppe zone in right-bank Volga region.

ïîëîæåíî â êîíöå XVIII â. àêàäåìè÷åñêîé ýêñïåäèöèåé ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì Ï.Ñ. Ïàëëà-ñà (1809, Pallas, 1811–1814) è È.È. Ëåõèíà (1821).  1768–1769 ãã. ýêñïåäèöèÿ ïå-ðåñåêëà Ñèìáèðñêóþ ïðîâèíöèþ Êàçàíñ-êîé ãóáåðíèè è ïîñåòèëà Çàâîëæüå. Ñîáðàí-íûå ó÷åíûìè ñâåäåíèÿ î ïòèöàõ áûëè ïåð-âûìè íàó÷íûìè çîîãåîãðàôè÷åñêèìè ìà-òåðèàëàìè ñ äàííîé òåððèòîðèè, ïðåäñòàâ-ëÿþùèìè îãðîìíûé èíòåðåñ.  êîíöå XIX â. ïðîôåññîð Êàçàíñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà Ý.À. Ýâåðñìàí (1866) îïóáëèêîâàë ôóíäà-ìåíòàëüíóþ ñâîäêó îá îðíèòîôàóíå òåððè-òîðèè ìåæäó Âîëãîé è Óðàëîì; ñâåäåíèÿ èç ýòîé êíèãè ìîãóò áûòü ÷àñòè÷íî ïðèâëå-÷åíû äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ ïòèö ëåñîñòåïíîãî Ïðà-âîáåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ, õîòÿ â öåëîì ìàòå-ðèàë ñîáèðàëñÿ âîñòî÷íåå. Ó÷åíèê Ý.À. Ýâåðñìàíà, çîîëîã Ì.Í. Áîãäàíîâ â 1871 ã. íà îñíîâå ñâîèõ äåñÿòèëåòíèõ èçûñêàíèé ïî ôàóíå Ïîâîëæüÿ îïóáëèêîâàë êíèãó “Ïòèöû è çâåðè ÷åðíîçåìíîé ïîëîñû Ïî-âîëæüÿ è äîëèíû Ñðåäíåé è Íèæíåé Âîë-ãè”.  ýòîé ðàáîòå çàôèêñèðîâàíî ñîñòîÿ-íèå àâèôàóíû êðàÿ â ñåðåäèíå XIX â. Íà ðóáåæå ÕIՖXX ââ. íà÷èíàåòñÿ óã-ëóáëåííîå èçó÷åíèå ðåãèîíàëüíîé ôàóíû ïòèö. Íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå Ñèìáèðñêîé ãóáåð-íèè ïðîâîäèë èññëåäîâàíèÿ êàçàíñêèé îð-íèòîëîã Ì.Ä. Ðóçñêèé (1894), îí èçó÷àë â îñíîâíîì òåððèòîðèþ íûíåøíåé ×óâàøèè è Ìîðäîâèè. Ïòèöàì ñîáñòâåííî Ñèìáèð-ñêîé ãóáåðíèè ïîñâÿùåíà ðàáîòà Á.Ì. Æèò-êîâà è Ñ.À. Áóòóðëèíà (1906), ãäå ïðèâî-äÿòñÿ äàííûå ïî íåâîðîáüèíûì ïòèöàì ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî Ñèìáèðñêîãî Ïðèñóðüÿ. Óíèêàëüíàÿ êîëëåêöèÿ òóøåê ïòèö, ñîáðàí-íàÿ Ñ.À. Áóòóðëèíûì, íàñ÷èòûâàëà áîëåå 12 000 ýêçåìïëÿðîâ. Çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü åå áûëà ïîòåðÿíà âî âðåìÿ ãðàæäàíñêîé âîé-íû, 6420 ýêçåìïëÿðîâ õðàíèòñÿ â çîîëîãè-÷åñêîì ìóçåå ÌÃÓ, 421 òóøêà – â ôîíäàõ Óëüÿíîâñêîãî îáëàñòíîãî êðàåâåä÷åñêîãî ìóçåÿ.  ñåðåäèíå 1920-õ ãã. âûøëè ðàáîòû ñàðàòîâñêîãî ó÷åíîãî È.Á. Âîë÷àíåöêîãî (1924, 1925) î ïòèöàõ Ñðåäíåãî Ïðèñóðüÿ.  öåíòðàëüíûõ ðàéîíàõ ñîâðåìåííîé Ìîðäîâèè (ðàíåå âõîäèëè â ñîñòàâ Ïåíçåí-ñêîé ãóáåðíèè) è þãî-âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè íû-íåøíåé Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè çíà÷èòåëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ áûëè ïðîâåäåíû ñ 1898 ïî 1926 ãã. ïðîôåññîðîì Êèåâñêîãî óíèâåðñè-òåòà Â.Ì. Àðòîáîëåâñêèì. Îí ïðèâîäèò ñïèñîê èç 237 âèäîâ ïòèö ñ óêàçàíèåì õà-ðàêòåðà ïðåáûâàíèÿ è îòíîñèòåëüíîé ÷èñ-ëåííîñòè (Àðòîáîëåâñêèé, 1906).  ýòî âðå-ìÿ èì áûëè ñîáðàíû îîëîãè÷åñêèå êîëëåê-öèè è îêîëî 7000 øêóðîê ïòèö. Ê ñîæàëå-íèþ, ýòà êîëëåêöèÿ íå äîøëà äî íàøèõ äíåé: îêîëî 2000 øêóðîê ïòèö ïîãèáëî çà âðåìÿ ðåâîëþöèîííûõ ñîáûòèé 1917 ã., à îñòàâøàÿñÿ ÷àñòü – âî âðåìÿ Âåëèêîé Îòå-÷åñòâåííîé âîéíû.  1923–1924 ãã. Â.Ì. Àðòîáîëåâñêèé ñìîã ïîäâåñòè èòîãè ñâîèõ èññëåäîâàíèé â ðàáîòå “Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïî-çíàíèþ ïòèö þãî-âîñòîêà Ïåíçåíñêîé ãó-áåðíèè”, ãäå àâòîð äîïîëíÿåò ñïèñîê ïòèö åå äî 255 âèäîâ è ïîäâèäîâ (Àðòîáîëåâ-ñêèé, 1923–1924).  1905 ã. â Ïåíçå ñîçäà-åòñÿ Ïåíçåíñêîå îáùåñòâî ëþáèòåëåé åñ-òåñòâîçíàíèÿ (ÏÎËÅ), ÷ëåíû êîòîðîãî çà-íèìàþòñÿ èçó÷åíèåì ôàóíû êðàÿ. Ïî ýòèì ìàòåðèàëàì Ô.Ô. Ôåäîðîâè÷ â 1915 ã. ïóá-ëèêóåò ñîîáùåíèå “Çâåðè è ïòèöû Ïåíçåí-ñêîé ãóáåðíèè”, ãäå óïîìèíàåò 247 âèäîâ ïòèö. Îäíàêî ïðèâåäåííûé ìàòåðèàë íå ñîäåðæèò ñâåäåíèé î ÷èñëåííîñòè è ðàñïðî-ñòðàíåíèè, âðåìåíè è ìåñòàõ âñòðå÷, îñî-áåííîñòÿõ ýêîëîãèè. Ïîñëå ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñîâðåìåííûõ àä-ìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèö îáëàñòåé èçó÷åíèå èõ òåððèòîðèé áûëî ðàçëè÷íûì.  Ìîðäî-âèè áûë ñîçäàí Ìîðäîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåí-íûé çàïîâåäíèê èì. Ï.Ã. Ñìèäîâè÷à è ñ ýòî-ãî âðåìåíè íà÷àëèñü ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêèå ñòà-öèîíàðíûå íàáëþäåíèÿ â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè ðåñïóáëèêè.  Ïåíçåíñêîé è Óëüÿíîâ-ñêîé îáëàñòÿõ äî 1950-õ ãã. ñïåöèàëüíûõ èñ-ñëåäîâàíèé ïî àâèôàóíå ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå ïðîâîäèëîñü. Òîëüêî â 1977 è 1978 ãã. âûø-ëà ìîíîãðàôèÿ “Ïòèöû Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ” ïîä ðåäàêöèåé Â.À. Ïîïîâà, â îñíî-âó êîòîðîé ïî þãó ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Ïðà-âîáåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ áûëè ïîëîæåíû âûøå óïîìÿíóòûå ðàáîòû.  ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèìè èññëåäîâàíèÿìè çàíèìàþòñÿ âóçû

Ïîâîë-æüÿ è îðíèòîëîãè-ëþáèòåëè. Ïîÿâèëèñü ïóáëèêàöèè ïî âèäîâîìó ñîñòàâó, ðàñïðîñ-òðàíåíèþ â ðåãèîíå, ÷èñëåííîñòè, ýêîëî-ãèè, îîëîãèè ðàçëè÷íûõ ãðóïï ïòèö (Ãóðû-ëåâà è ëð., 1978; Äåíèñîâ, Ôðîëîâ, 1981, 1987à, 1987á, 1987â, 1988, 1990à, 1990á, 1991; Ëûñåíêîâ, 1990; Ôðîëîâ, Ðîäèîíîâ, 1991; Áîðîäèí, 1994, 1999, 2000; Ôðîëîâ, 1994, 1996, 1997à, 1997á, 1998; Áàðàáàøèí, Êîðîëüêîâ, 1997, 1999; Áàðìèí è äð., 1997; Áîðîäèí è äð., 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000à, 2000á, 2001à, 2001á; Ëûñåíêîâ è äð., 1997, 2001; Ñîñíèí, 1997; Ôðîëîâ, Êîðêèíà, 1997, 1998à, 1998á, 1999à, 1999á, 1999â, 2000à, 2000á; Ôðîëîâ è äð., 1999, 2000à, 2000á, 2001à, 2001á, 2001â; Áàðàáàøèí, 2000, 2001; Áàðàáàøèí è äð., 2000, 2001; Êè-ðÿøèí, 2000; Êîðêèíà, Ñàëàãèí, 2001 è äð.). Âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ íåâîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö þãà ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Ïðàâîáåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ Ïîëó÷åííûå äàííûå â ðåãèîíå íà ðóáå-æå XIՖÕÕ è ÕՖÕÕI ââ. ïîçâîëÿþò ïðî-âåñòè àíàëèç ñîñòîÿíèÿ íåâîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö þãà ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Ïðàâîáåðåæíîãî Ïî-âîëæüÿ çà ïîñëåäíèå ñòîëåòèå. Ñ ýòîé öå-ëüþ âñå ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû ñâåäåíû â òàáëèöó (òàáë. 1).  íà÷àëå XX â. ôàóíà íåâîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö ðåãèîíà âêëþ÷àëà â ñåáÿ 161 âèä èç 17 îòðÿäîâ.  êîíöå âåêà èõ ÷èñëî ñîñòàâè-ëî 178 ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé èç 16 îòðÿäîâ.  öå-ëîì, çà ñòîëåòèå îòìå÷åíî 187 âèäîâ èç 17 îòðÿäîâ (òàáë. 2).  êîíöå XX â. íå îòìå÷åíî 9 âèäîâ, çà-ðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè ðàíåå: 8 âèäîâ èç ãðóïïû çàëåòíûõ è 1 – èç ãðóï-ïû îñåäëûõ. Âñå ýòè âèäû áûëè âêëþ÷åíû â ñïèñîê íà îñíîâàíèè îäíîé èëè íåñêîëü-êèõ âñòðå÷, ÷òî ãîâîðèò îá î÷åíü íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè îäíèõ è ýïèçîäè÷åñêèõ çàëå-òàõ äðóãèõ íà èññëåäóåìóþ òåððèòîðèþ. Îäíàêî è â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íå èñêëþ÷àåò-ñÿ âîçìîæíîñòü èõ âñòðå÷ â ðåãèîíå.  ÷èñëî 26 âíîâü îáíàðóæåííûõ âèäîâ âîøëè: 1 – îñåäëûé, 7 – ïåðåëåòíî-ãíåçäÿ-ùèõñÿ, 3 – ïðîëåòíûõ è 15 – çàëåòíûõ. Îá-íàðóæåíèå ýòèõ âèäîâ íà èññëåäóåìîé òåð-ðèòîðèè íà íàø âçãëÿä íå èìååò îäíîçíà÷-íîãî îòâåòà. Ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû ýòî äèíàìè÷-íîå ðàçâèòèå îðíèòîôàóíû âî âðåìåíè – â òåñíîé çàâèñèìîñòè îò èçìåíåíèé îêðóæà-þùåãî ëàíäøàôòà è âíóòðèïîïóëÿöèîííûõ èçìåíåíèé, ñ äðóãîé – áîëåå òùàòåëüíîå èçó÷åíèå ðåãèîíà áîëüøèì êîëè÷åñòâîì èññëåäîâàòåëåé. Ýêîëîãî-ôàóíèñòè÷åñêèé àíàëèç Ïî õàðàêòåðó ïðåáûâàíèÿ íà òåððèòî-ðèè â òå÷åíèå ãîäà ïòèöû ðàçäåëÿþòñÿ íà ïÿòü ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ãðóïï: îñåäëûå, ïåðå-ëåòíî-ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ, ïðîëåòíûå, çèìóþùèå è çàëåòíûå. Îñåäëûå íåâîðîáüèíûå ïòèöû ïðåä-ñòàâëåíû 23 âèäàìè èç 5 îòðÿäîâ (òàáë. 3). Çäåñü íå îòìå÷åí â êîíöå XX âåêà 1 âèä. Áåëàÿ êóðîïàòêà (Lagopus lagopus) áûëà âêëþ÷åíà â ñïèñîê îðíèòîôàóíû Ìîðäîâèè À.Å. Ëóãîâûì (1975) íà îñíîâàíèè ðàáîòû Ñ.À. Ïðåäòå÷åíñêîãî (1928). Îäíàêî, áîëåå ÷åì çà 70 ëåò, íèêàêîé èíôîðìàöèè ïî ýòî-ìó âèäó íå èìååòñÿ. Òðè íîâûõ âèäà ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ â ýòîé ãðóïïå íà îñíîâàíèè ñâåäåíèé, ïîëó÷åííûõ âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå XX â. Âîðîáüèíûé ñû÷ (Glaucidium passerinum), ðàíåå âõî-äèâøèé â ãðóïïó çèìóþùèõ, ïîñëå îáíàðó-æåíèÿ åãî íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Ìîðäîâèè (Ëó-ãîâîé, 1975), ïîëó÷àåò ñòàòóñ îñåäëîãî. Ñå-äîé äÿòåë (Picus canus), ðàíåå âõîäèâøèé â ãðóïïó ïðîëåòíûõ ïòèö, ðàñøèðèë ñâîé àðåàë è íûíå çàíèìàåò âåñü ðåãèîí. Ïîñ-ëåäíèé âèä, ïîïîëíèâøèé ãðóïïó îñåäëûõ ïòèö, ñðåäíèé äÿòåë (Dendrocopos medi-us), îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ïîéìàõ ðåê Õîïåð è Ñåðäîáà â Ñåðäîáñêîì ðàéîíå (Çàâüÿëîâ è äð., 1999) è â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Ïåíçû (2000 ã.). Ïåðåëåòíî-ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ íåâîðîáüèíûå ïòèöû ïðåäñòàâëåíû 94 âèäàìè èç 14 îòðÿ-äîâ (òàáë. 4).  äàííîé ãðóïïå â êîíöå XX â. íå îòìå÷åí 1 âèä – ôèôè (Tringa glare-ola).  îòíîøåíèè ýòîãî âèäà íåîáõîäèìî

Òàáëèöà 1 Ñîñòîÿíèå ôàóíû íåâîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö þãà ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Ïðàâîáåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ State of ornithofauna of non-passerine birds in the south of forest-steppe zone of Right-bank Volga region

Âèä Äàííûå Äàííûå 1971–2001 ãã.

1898–1924 ãã. Ìîðäîâèÿ Óëüÿíîâñêàÿ îáë. Ïåíçåíñêàÿ îáë. (ïðàâîáåðåæüå)

Species 1898–1924 Mordovia Ulyanovsk region Penza region (right-bank part) 1 2 3 4 5 Gaviiformes Gavia stellata – – – Ï1 G. arctica Ï2 Ï2 Ï1 Ï2 Podicipediformes Podiceps ruficollis – Ã1 – – P. nigricollis Ã3 Ã1 Ã3 Ã3 P. auritus Ï2 Ï2 Ï1 Ã2 P. grisegena Ã2 Ï1 Ï1 Ã2 P. cristatus Ã2 Ã3 Ã4 Ã4. Ç1 Pelecaniformes Pelecanus onocrotalus + – – – P. crispus + – – + Phalacrocorax carbo – – – + Ciconiiformes Botaurus stellaris Ã4 Ã3 Ã3 Ã4 Ixobrychus minutus Ã4 Ã2 Ã2 Ã2 Nycticorax nycticorax – – – Ã1 Ardeola ralloides – – – + Egretta alba + + + Ã1. ÎÊ3 E. garzetta + – – – Ardea cinerea Ã4 Ã3 Ã4 Ã5 A. purpurea – – + – Plegadis falcinellus – – – + Ciconia ciconia + Ã1 Ã1 Ã1 C. nigra + Ã1 Ã1 – Phoenicopteriformes Phoenicopterus roseus + – – – Anseriformes Branta leucopsis – – – + B. bernicla – – + Ï1 Rufibrenta ruficollis + Ï2 Ï1 + Anser anser Ï3 Ã1. Ï3 Ï4 Ï3 A. albifrons Ï4 Ï4 Ï5 Ï5 A. erythropus Ï1 – Ï1 Ï1 A. fabalis Ï4 Ï4 Ï5 Ï4 Chen caerulescens – – + –

Cygnus olor Ï1 Ã1. ËÊ2 Ã3. ËÊ4 Ã1. ËÊ3 C. cygnus Ï4 Ï2 Ï2. Ç1 Ï2 Tadorna ferruginea + – Ã3 Ã1 T. tadorna + + – + Anas platyrhynchos Ã4 Ã4 Ã5. Ç3 Ã5. Î3 A. crecca Ã5 Ã3 Ã3 Ã4 A. strepera Ã4 Ã2 Ã2 Ã2 A. penelope Ã1 Ï4 Ï4 Ã1. Ï5 A. acuta Ã1. Ï4 Ã1. Ï3 Ï3 Ã1. Ï3 A. querquedula Ã4 Ã4 Ã5 Ã5 A. clypeata Ã4 Ã3 Ã2. Ï4 Ã3 Netta rufina – + + + Aythya ferina Ã1. Ï3 Ã1. Ï3 Ã2. Ï5.Ç1 Ã3. Ï5 A. nyroca Ï1 Ï1 Ï1 Ï1 A. fuligula Ã2 Ã2 Ã1. Ï5.Ç1 Ã3. Ï4 A. marila + + + + Clangula hyemalis + + – – Bucephala clangula Ï4 Ï3 Ã1. Ï5.Ç1 Ã2. Ï4.Ç1 Polysticta stelleri – – – + Melanitta nigra – + – + M. fusca Ï2 – – Ï2 Mergus albellus Ï2 Ï2 Ï2. Ç1 Ï2 M. serrator + Ï1 – Ï1 M. merganser Ï3 Ï1 Ï3 Ï3 Falconiformes Pandion haliaetus Ã1 Ï2. Ã? Ï2 Ã1. ËÊ3 Pernis apivorus Ã3 Ã3 Ã3. Ï4 Ã2 Milvus migrans Ã4 Ã3 Ã5 Ã4 Circus cyaneus Ã4 Ã2 Ï3. Ã1? Ã2 C. macrourus Ã4 Ã2 Ï2 Ã2 C. pygargus Ã4 Ã3 Ã5 Ã5 C. aeruginosus Ã4 Ã3 Ã5 Ã4 Accipiter gentilis Î4 Î3 Î4 Î3 A. nisus Ã4 Ã3. Î1 Ã4. Ï5.Ç3 Ã3. Î1 A. brevipes – – – Ã1 Buteo lagopus Ç3 Ç2. Ï3 Ç2. Ï5 Ç3. Ï4 B. rufinus – – + – B. buteo Ã4 Ã4 Ã4. Ï5 Ã4 Circaetus gallicus Ã1 Ã2 Ï1. Ã1? Ã1 Hieraaetus pennatus + Ã2 Ã1 Ã1 Aquila rapax + – – + A. clanga Ã4 Ã1 Ã1. Ï2 Ï1 A. heliaca Ã3 Ã2 Ã4 Ã2 A. chrysaetos Ã3 Ï2. Ã? Ã1. Ï2 + Haliaeetus albicilla Î3 Ï2. Ç1 Ã1. Ï3 Î2. Ï3 Aegypius monachus + – + –

Ïðîäîëæåíèå òàáëèöû 1 Continuation of the Table 1

Gyps fulvus + – + – Falco rusticolus + – + – F. cherrug Ã3 Ã1 Ã1 Ï1 F. peregrinus Ï2 Ï1 Ï2 + F. subbuteo Ã3 Ã2 Ã4 Ã4 F. columbarius Ï2 Ï2 Ï2. Ç1 Ï1 F. vespertinus Ã4 Ã2 Ã1 Ã2 F. naumanni + Ã1 – + F. tinnunculus Ã4 Ã4 Ã4 Ã4 Galliformes Lagopus lagopus Î1 – – – Lyrurus tetrix Î4 Î4 Î4 Î4 Tetrao urogallus Î3 Î3 Î3 Î3 Tetrastes bonasia Î3 Î3 Î3 Î4 Perdix perdix Î4 Î3 Î4 Î3 Coturnix coturnix Ã4 Ã3 Ã5 Ã4 Gruiformes Grus grus Ã4 Ã3 Ã3. Ï4 Ã2 Rallus aquaticus Ã1 Ã2 Ã1. Ç1 Ã1 Porzana porzana Ã4 Ï2. Ã? Ã3 Ã3 P. parva Ã2 Ï2 Ã2 Ã2 P. pusilla – Ï2 – Ã2 Crex crex Ã4 Ã4 Ã4 Ã4 Gallinula chloropus Ã4 Ã3 Ã4 Ã3 Fulica atra Ã5 Ã3 Ã4 Ã4 Otis tarda Ã3 – Ã1 Ã1 Tetrax tetrax + + + – Charadriiformes Pluvialis squatarola Ï3 + Ï2 Ï3 P. fulva – – – + P. àðricaria Ï4 Ï2 Ï1 Ï2 Charadrius hiaticula Ï3 Ï3 Ï3 Ï2 Ch. dubius Ã4 Ã3 Ã4 Ã4 Eudromias morinellus + – – – Chettusia gregaria + – – – Vanellus vanellus Ã4 Ã4 Ã5 Ã5 Arenaria interpres + + + + Himantopus himantopus + Ã1 + Ã2 Haematopus ostralegus Ã4 Ã3 Ã3 Ã3 Tringa ochropus Ã4 Ã3 Ã3. Ï5 Ã3 T. glareola Ã4 Ï3 Ï4 Ï4 T. nebularia Ï3 Ï3 Ï3 Ï3 T. totanus Ã4 Ã3 Ã4. Ï5 Ã4 T. erythropus Ï1 Ï2 Ï1 Ï2 T. stagnatilis Ã3 Ã2 Ã1. Ï3 Ã2 Actitis hypoleucos Ã4 Ã3 Ã4 Ã5

Ïðîäîëæåíèå òàáëèöû 1 Continuation of the Table 1

Xenus cinereus Ã3 Ã2 Ã2. Ï4 Ã3 Phalaropus fulicarius + – – + Ph. lobatus Ï2 Ï2 Ï2 Ï2 Philomachus pugnax Ã2 Ã1 Ï5. ËÊ3 Ï5 Calidris minuta Ï5 Ï4 Ï4 Ï4 C. temminckii Ï4 Ï2 Ï4 Ï1 C. ferruginea Ï2 Ï3 Ï2 Ï2 C. alpina Ï4 Ï2 Ï3 Ï3 C. maritima + – – – C. canutus + – – – C. alba – Ï1 – Ï1 Limicola falcinellus + Ï1 – Ï1 Lymnocryptes minimus Ï2 Ï2 Ï2 Ï2 Gallinago gallinago Ã4 Ã3 Ã4 Ã4 G. media Ã4 Ã1 Ï2 Ã2 Scolopax rusticola Ã4 Ã3 Ã4 Ã4 Numenius arquata Ï1 Ã1 Ã1 Ï1 N. phaeopus + + Ï1 – Limosa limosa Ã1 Ã3 Ï4 Ã2 Glareola nordmanni + – – Ã1 Stercorarius pomarinus – – – + S. parasiticus – – – + Larus ichtyaetus – – +. ËÊ2 +. ËÊ1 L. minutus Ï2 Ï2 Ï2 Ã2. Ï4 L. ridibundus Ã2 Ã2 Ã2 Ã4 L. fuscus + – Ï2 Ï1 L. argentatus + Ï2 Ã1. Ï5 Ã2. ÎÊ4 L. canus Ï3 Ã1. Ï2 Ï5 Ã2. Ï4 Chlidonias niger Ã4 Ã3 Ã4 Ã3. Ï4 Ch. leucopterus Ã3 Ã4 Ã3 Ã4. Ï5 Ch. hybrida – Ã1 – + Sterna hirundo Ã2 Ã3 Ã4 Ã4 S. albifrons Ã2 Ã2 Ã2 Ã3. Ï4 Columbiformes Syrrhaptes paradoxus + – – – Columba palumbus Ã3 Ã3 Ã4. Ï5 Ã4 C. oenas Ã4 Ã2 Ã3. Ï3 Ã3

C. livia [var. domestica] Î5 Î5 Î5 Î5

Streptopelia decaocto – Ã2 Ã3 Ã3 S. turtur Ã5 Ã3 Ã5 Ã4 Cuculiformes Cuculus canorus Ã4 Ã3 Ã4 Ã4 C. saturatus – Ã1 Ã1? + Strigiformes Nyctea scandiaca + Ç2 Ç2 Ç2 Bubo bubo Î4 Î3 Î2 Î1 Asio otus Î4 Î4 Î4 Î4

Ïðîäîëæåíèå òàáëèöû 1 Continuation of the Table 1

A. flammeus Î4 Ã3 Î3 Î2. Ã3 Otus scops Ã2 Ã1 Ã4 Ã1 Aegolius funereus Î3 Î2 Î1 Ç2 Athene noctua Î4 Î2 Î2 Î1 Glaucidium passerinum Ç2 Î2 Ç1 – Surnia ulula Ç2 + – + Strix aluco Î4 Î3 Î3 Î2 S. uralensis Î3 Î3 Î4 Î4 S. nebulosa + – – + Tyto alba – – + – Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgus europaeus Ã4 Ã3 Ã5 Ã4 Apodiformes Apus apus Ã5 Ã5 Ã5 Ã5 Coraciiformes Coracias garrulus Ã4 Ã2 Ã2 Ã2 Alcedo atthis Ã4 Ã3 Ã4 Ã4 Merops apiaster Ã3 Ã3 Ã4 Ã4 Upupa epops Ã3 Ã2 Ã4 Ã3 Piciformes Jynx torquilla Ã4 Ã3 Ã4 Ã3 Picus viridis Î4 Î2. Ã? Î2. Ã? Î3 P. canus Ï3 Î2 Î2 Î2 Dryocopus martius Î3 Î2 Î3 Î3 Dendrocopos major Î5 Î3 Î4 Î4 D. medius – – – Î1 D. leucotos Î4 Î3 Î3 Î3 D. minor Î4 Î3 Î4 Î3 Picoides tridactylus Î2 Î2 + Î2 Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Âûäåëåííûé øðèôò ïîêàçûâàåò, â êàêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ãðóïïå âèä ðàñ-ñìàòðèâàåòñÿ: à – ïåðåëåòíî-ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ; Î – îñåäëûé; Ï – ïðîëåòíûé; Ç – çèìóþùèé; + – çàëåòíûé. Êóðñèâîì ïðèâåäåíà äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î õàðàêòåðå ïðåáûâà-íèÿ âèäà íà òåððèòîðèè: ËÊ – ëåòíå-êî÷óþùèé; ÎÊ – îñåííå-êî÷óþùèé; ? – îòñóòñòâóþò äîñòîâåðíûå ôàêòû ãíåçäîâàíèÿ; 1 – åäèíè÷íûå âñòðå÷è âèäà (îò 1 äî 10 âñòðå÷ íà èñ-ñëåäóåìîé òåððèòîðèè çà âñå ãîäû íàáëþäåíèé), 2 – î÷åíü ðåäêèé âèä (îò 1 äî 10 âñòðå÷ çà îäèí ãîä íàáëþäåíèé), 3 – ðåäêèé âèä (îäíà âñòðå÷à â áëàãîïðèÿòíîì áèîòîïå çà ñóòêè íàáëþäåíèé), 4 – îáû÷íûé âèä (2–5 âñòðå÷ â áëàãîïðèÿòíîì áèîòîïå çà ñóòêè íà-áëþäåíèé), 5 – ìíîãî÷èñëåííûé âèä (ñâûøå 5 âñòðå÷ â áëàãîïðèÿòíîì áèîòîïå çà ñóòêè). Note. Ecological groups: à – migrating and breeding; Î – sedentary; Ï – passing; Ç – win-tering; + – vagrant. Additional information: ËÊ – summer-nomadic; ÎÊ – autumn-nomadic; ? – reliable facts of breeding are absent; 1 – solitary records of the species (1–10 records in studied area during all years of observations), 2 – very rare species (1–10 records in one year of observations), 3 – rare species (one record in the favourable habitat in one day of obser-vations), 4 – common species (2–5 records in the favourable habitat in one day of obserobser-vations), 5 – numerous species (more than 5 records in the favourable habitat in one day of observations). Îêîí÷àíèå òàáëèöû 1 End of the Table 1

ñîãëàñèòüñÿ ñ ìíåíèåì Ï.Ñ. Òîìêîâè÷à, âû-ñêàçàííîãî â ëè÷íîé áåñåäå, î íåñîñòîÿòåëü-íîñòè ðàññìîòðåíèÿ ôèôè, êàê ãíåçäÿùåãî-ñÿ âèäà â äàííîì ðåãèîíå, ïîñêîëüêó çà ïî-ñëåäíèå 100 ëåò òàê è íå îáíàðóæèëè äîñòî-âåðíûõ ôàêòîâ åãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Ãðóïïó ïåðåëåòíî-ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïòèö ïî-ïîëíèëè 16 âèäîâ, ðàññìàòðèâàâøèõñÿ ðà-íåå â äðóãèõ ãðóïïàõ. Êðàñíîøåéíàÿ ïî-ãàíêà (Podiceps auritus) – îòìå÷åíî åæå-ãîäíîå ãíåçäîâàíèå â Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè íà Ñåëèòüáåíñêîì è Áîáðîâîì îçåðàõ â Êóç-íåöêîì ðàéîíå è ýïèçîäè÷åñêîå ãíåçäîâà-íèå íà Èâàíîâîì îçåðå â Çåìåò÷èíñêîì ðàé-îíå. Áîëüøàÿ áåëàÿ öàïëÿ (Egretta alba) – çàôèêñèðîâàíî ãíåçäîâàíèå åäèíè÷íûõ ïàð â 1978 è 2001 ãã. íà Ñåëèòüáåíñêîì îçå-ðå è â 1982 ã. íà Ñóðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå. Áåëûé àèñò (Ciconia ciconia) – îòìå÷åíû íà ãíåçäîâàíèè åäèíè÷íûå ïàðû: â 1989 ã. – â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, â 1999 è 2001 ãã. – â Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè, à â 1996 ã. ïàðà ãíåçäèëàñü â Ìîðäîâèè. ×åðíûé àèñò (C. nigra) – ðàíåå çàëåòíûé âèä; íà íàø âçãëÿä åãî íåîáõîäèìî ðàññìàòðèâàòü êàê ãíåçäÿ-ùåãîñÿ, ïîñêîëüêó äî 1978 ã. îí ãíåçäèëñÿ â Ìîðäîâñêîì ãîñóäàðñòâåííîì çàïîâåäíè-êå (Ãðèøóòêèí, 1997). Ñåðûé ãóñü (Anser anser) – íà òåððèòîðèè âñåãî ðåãèîíà ýòî îáû÷íûé ïðîëåòíûé âèä, íåêîòîðûå èññëå-äîâàòåëè ïðåäïîëàãàëè åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå, îä-íàêî äîñòîâåðíûõ ôàêòîâ íå îáíàðóæåíî. Òîëüêî äàííûå, èçëîæåííûå â ñòàòüå Â.Ã. Ñåäîâà (1997), ïîçâîëÿþò ðàññìàòðèâàòü ñåðîãî ãóñÿ â ãðóïïå ïåðåëåòíî-ãíåçäÿùèõ-ñÿ âèäîâ. Ëåáåäü-øèïóí (Cygnus olor) – åäèíè÷íàÿ âñòðå÷à ïðîëåòíîé ñòàè â íà÷à-ëå XX â. Â.Ì. Àðòîáîíà÷à-ëåâñêèì (1923–1924) ïîçâîëèëà ðàññìàòðèâàòü äàííûé âèä êàê î÷åíü ðåäêèé ïðîëåòíûé, à äî1980 ã. íèêà-êîé íîâîé èíôîðìàöèè íå áûëî. Íà÷èíàÿ ñ 1981 ã. ëåòíèå êî÷óþùèå ñòàè øèïóíîâ îò-ìå÷åíû â ñåâåðíûõ ðàéîíàõ Ñàðàòîâñêîé îáëàñòè è íà òåððèòîðèè Ïåíçåíñêîé è Óëü-ÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòåé.  1988 ã. çàôèêñèðîâà-íî ãíåçäîâàíèå â Êóçíåöêîì ðàéîíå Ïåí-çåíñêîé îáëàñòè, â 1986 ã. â Ìàéíñêîì ðàé-îíå è â 1989 ã. â Òåðåíüãóëüñêîì ðàéðàé-îíå Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè.  ïîñëåäóþùèå ãîäû øèïóí åæåãîäíî îòìå÷àåòñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ðåãèîíå. Îãàðü (Tadorna ferruginea) – ðåäêèé çàëåòíûé âèä; â ïîñëåäíèå äâàäöàòü ëåò àêòèâíî ïðîäâèãàåòñÿ ê ñåâåðó.  íà-ñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè â 1978 ã. â Ñòàðîêó-ëàòêèíñêîì ðàéîíå, â 1990 ã. íà ïðóäàõ Áîëüøåêëþ÷èùåíñêîãî ðûáõîçà, à òàêæå ïîñòîÿííî íà÷àëè âñòðå÷àòü â ðåïðîäóêòèâ-íûé ïåðèîä â Ðàäèùåâñêîì è Ïàâëîâñêîì ðàéîíàõ. Íà òåððèòîðèè Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñ-òè ìåñòà åæåãîäíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îòäåëü-íûõ ïàð íàõîäÿòñÿ â Íåâåðêèíñêîì (ñ 1993 ã.) è Øåìûøåéñêîì (ñ 1998 ã.) ðàéîíàõ, ýïèçîäè÷íîãî – â Ïåíçåíñêîì (1999 ã.), Ìà-ëîñåðäîáèíñêîì (1992 ã.) è Êîëûøëåéñêîì (2000 ã.) ðàéîíàõ. Îáûêíîâåííûé ãîãîëü (Bucephala clangula) – â íà÷àëå âåêà îáû÷-íûé íà ïðîëåòå âèä, à ñ âîçíèêíîâåíèåì â ðåãèîíå êðóïíûõ èñêóññòâåííûõ âîäîåìîâ ñòàë ãíåçäèòüñÿ.  1977 ã. âïåðâûå îòìå÷å-íà ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ïàðà â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñ-òè íà òåððèòîðèè Áîëüøåêëþ÷èùåíñêîãî ðûáõîçà, à íà÷èíàÿ ñ 1993 ã. åæåãîäíî ðàç-ìíîæàåòñÿ 8-10 ïàð â Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè íà Ñóðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå, ïîéìåííûõ îçåðàõ-ñòàðèöàõ äîëèíû ð. Ñóðû è íà âîäî-ðàçäåëüíîì Ìåðòâîì îçåðå â Ïåíçåíñêîì ðàéîíå. Îðåë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus penna-tus) – â íà÷àëå âåêà âèä ðàññìàòðèâàëñÿ êàê çàëåòíûé, ïîñêîëüêó èññëåäîâàòåëè íå ðàñ-ïîëàãàëè äîñòîâåðíûìè äàííûìè î õàðàê-òåðå åãî ïðåáûâàíèÿ â ðåãèîíå. Îïèñàíèÿ îòäåëüíûõ âñòðå÷ ïîçâîëÿëè ïðåäïîëîæèòü âîçìîæíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà (Àðòîáîëåâ-ñêèé, 1926; Ïðåäòå÷åí(Àðòîáîëåâ-ñêèé, 1928).  1979 ã. îáíàðóæåíà ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ïàðà â Áåëèí-ñêîì ðàéîíå, à â 2001 ã. – â ÏåíçåíÁåëèí-ñêîì ðàé-îíå Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè. Ñ 1994 ã. çàðåãèñ-òðèðîâàíî ãíåçäîâàíèå â Ñåíãèëååâñêîì ðàéîíå Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè è òîëüêî â 1995 ã. íàéäåíî ãíåçäî â Ìîðäîâñêîì çàïî-âåäíèêå. Ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco nau-manni) – â íà÷àëå âåêà èññëåäîâàòåëè îò-ìå÷àëè è äîáûâàëè îäèíî÷íûõ ïðåäñòàâè-òåëåé âèäà. Ýòè âñòðå÷è ÷àñòü íàáëþäàòå-ëåé ñ÷èòàëà ñëó÷àéíûìè, è âèä

ðàññìàò-Òàáëèöà 2 Èçìåíåíèå âèäîâîãî ñîñòàâà íåâîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö þãà ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Ïðàâîáåðåæíî-ãî Ïîâîëæüÿ â ÕÕ â.

Changes in fauna of non-passerine birds in the south of forest-steppe zone of Right-bank Volga region in XXth cent.

Îòðÿä Êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ Number of species

âñåãî â íà ðóáåæå íà ðóáåæå èñ÷åçíóâøèå íîâûå

XX â. XIX–XX â. XX–XXI â. âèäû âèäû

Order total on border on border disappeared new

in XX th cent. XIX–XX cent. XX–XXI cent. species species

1 2 3 4 5 6 Gaviiformes 2 1 2 – 1 (Gavia stellata) Podicipediformes 5 4 5 – 1 (Podiceps ruficollis) Pelecaniformes 3 2 2 1 1 (Pelecanus (Phalacrocorax onocrotalus) carbo) Ciconiiformes 11 7 10 1 4

(Egretta garzetta) (Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides,

Ardea purpurea, Plegadis falcinellus)

Phoenicopteri- 1 1 – 1 –

formes (Phoenicopterus roseus)

Anseriformes 32 26 32 – 6 (Branta leucopsis, B. bernicla, Chen caerulescens, Netta rufina, Polysticta stelleri, Melanitta nigra) Falconiformes 30 28 30 – 2 (Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus) Galliformes 6 6 5 1 – (Lagopus lagopus) Gruiformes 10 9 10 – 1 (Porzana pusilla) Charadriiformes 51 45 47 4 6

(Eudromias (Pluvialis fulva,

morinellus, Calidris alba,

Chettusia gregaria, Stercorarius

Calidris maritima, pomarinus,

C. canutus) S. parasiticus,

Larus ichtyaetus, Chlidonias hybrida)

Columbiformes 6 5 5 1 1

(Syrrhaptes paradoxus) (Streptopelia decaocto)

ðèâàëè êàê çàëåòíûé (Ôåäîðîâè÷, 1915), äðóãèå ïðè÷èñëÿëè åãî ê âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäÿ-ùèìñÿ ïòèöàì, íî äîñòîâåðíûå ôàêòû ðàç-ìíîæåíèÿ îòñóòñòâóþò (Ïòèöû …, 1977). Ëèøü â 1974 ã. îáíàðóæåíà ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ïà-ðà â Ìîðäîâèè, à â 1979 ã. çäåñü îòìå÷åíî êîëîíèàëüíîå ïîñåëåíèå èç 4 ïàð. Íà îñ-òàëüíîé òåððèòîðèè ðåãèîíà ðåãèñòðèðîâà-ëèñü òîëüêî åäèíè÷íûå ïòèöû â þæíûõ ðàéîíàõ. Õîäóëî÷íèê (Himantopus himan-topus) – çàëåòíûé âèä â íà÷àëå ÕÕ â., â 1990-õ ãã. õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ðàñøèðåíèåì ñâîåãî àðåàëà è ïîÿâëåíèåì ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð íà òåððèòîðèè Ìîðäîâèè (1996 ã.) è Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè (1997 ã.). Áîëüøîé êðîíøíåï (Numenius arquata) – õàðàêòåð ïðåáûâàíèÿ âèäà â Ïðàâîáåðåæíîì Ïîâîë-æüå âñåãäà òðàêòîâàëñÿ íåîäíîçíà÷íî. Îäíè àâòîðû ñ÷èòàëè åãî ðåäêèì çàëåòíûì (Ôå-äîðîâè÷, 1915), äðóãèå – ïðîëåòíûì, âîç-ìîæíî ðåäêî ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ (Àðòîáîëåâñêèé, 1923-1924), à òàêæå ïòèöåé, ïîñåëåíèÿ êî-Îêîí÷àíèå òàáëèöû 2 End of the Table 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 Cuculiformes 2 1 2 – 1 (Cuculus saturatus) Strigiformes 13 12 13 – 1 (Tyto alba) Caprimulgiformes 1 1 1 – – Apodiformes 1 1 1 – – Coraciiformes 4 4 4 – – Piciformes 9 8 9 – 1 (Dendrocopos medius) Âñåãî: Total: 17 187 161 178 9 26 Òàáëèöà 3 Äèíàìèêà âèäîâîé ñòðóêòóðû îñåäëûõ íåâîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö þãà ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Ïðà-âîáåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ â ÕÕ â.

Changes in fauna of sedentary non-passerine birds in the south of forest-steppe zone of Right-bank Volga region in XXth cent.

Îòðÿä Êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ Number of species

íà ðóáåæå íà ðóáåæå èñ÷åçíóâøèå âèäû, èçìåíèâøèå íîâûå

XIX–XX â. XX–XXI â. âèäû õàðàêòåð ïðåáûâàíèÿ âèäû

Order on border on border disappeared species, changed new

XIX–XX cent. XX–XXI cent. species staying charakter species

Falconiformes 2 2 – – – Galliformes 5 4 1 (Lagopus lagopus) – – Columbiformes 1 1 – – – Strigiformes 7 8 – 1 – (Glaucidium passerinum) Piciformes 6 8 – 1 1

(Picus canus) (Dendrocopos

medius)

òîðîé îòìå÷åíû íà ëóãàõ äîëèí ðåê Ìîê-øè, Ñóðû, Ñâèÿãè è Áàðûøà (Äîáðîõîòîâ, Êíîððå, 1941).  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ýòî ðåä-êèé ïðîëåòíûé âèä, ñ åäèíè÷íûìè ôàêòà-ìè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â 1974 è 2001 ãã. â È÷àë-êîâñêîì ðàéîíå Ìîðäîâèè è â 1985 ã. â Áà-ðûøñêîì ðàéîíå Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ñòåïíàÿ òèðêóøêà (Glareola nordmanni) – ðåäêèé çàëåòíûé âèä â íà÷àëå âåêà, íå áûë îòìå÷åí â òå÷åíèå ñòîëåòèÿ â Óëüÿíîâ-ñêîé îáëàñòè, Ìîðäîâèè è òîëüêî â Ïåíçåí-ñêîé îáëàñòè, äâàæäû çàôèêñèðîâàí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè: â 1975 ã. îáíàðóæåíî êîëîíè-àëüíîå ïîñåëåíèå èç 4 ïàð â Ìîêøàíñêîì ðàéîíå, à â 1977 ã. ïàðà ãíåçäèëàñü â Êî-ëûøëåéñêîì ðàéîíå. Ìàëàÿ ÷àéêà (Larus minutus) – ïðîëåòíûé âèä â íà÷àëå âåêà, îòìå÷åí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ñ 1982 ã. ïî 1987 ã. â Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè íà Ñóðñêîì âîäîõðà-íèëèùå, â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ôàêòû ãíåçäîâà-íèÿ îòñóòñòâóþò. Ñåðåáðèñòàÿ ÷àéêà (L. argentatus) – íà âñåé òåððèòîðèè ðåãèîíà â íà÷àëå âåêà – ðåäêàÿ çàëåòíàÿ ïòèöà.  êîí-öå XX â., â ñâÿçè ñ ñîçäàíèåì êðóïíûõ èñ-êóññòâåííûõ âîäîåìîâ, ñòàíîâèòñÿ ðåäêèì ïðîëåòíûì è ëåòíå-êî÷óþùèì âèäîì.  1986 ã. íàéäåíà ïåðâàÿ ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ïàðà â Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè íà ïðóäàõ Óñòü-Óçèí-ñêîãî ðûáõîçà, à â 2000 ã. îáíàðóæåííàÿ íà Ñåëèòüáåíñêîì îçåðå â Êóçíåöêîì ðàéîíå êîëîíèÿ íàñ÷èòûâàëà 14 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ 2001 ã. ïîêàçàëè ïðèñóòñòâèå â ïîñåëåíèè îòäåëüíûõ îñîáåé ñ ðàçëè÷íîé ñòåïåíüþ òåìíîé îêðàñêè ìàíòèè è íàëè-÷èÿ æåëòîãî öâåòà â îêðàñêå ëàï. Ïîýòîìó ñ ó÷åòîì íàõîäêè êîëîíèè èç 16 ïàð “ñå-ðåáðèñòûõ” ÷àåê â 1998 ã. íà òåððèòîðèè ðûáõîçà â Ìàéíñêîì ðàéîíå Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè íà ð. Ãóùà, èìåâøèõ ñåðî-øèôåð-íóþ ìàíòèþ è ëàïû æåëòîãî öâåòà, íåîá-õîäèìî ñîãëàñèòüñÿ ñ òî÷êîé çðåíèÿ Å.Í. Ïàíîâà è Ä.Ã. Ìîíçèêîâà (1999), ÷òî ýòî áûëà íå êîëîíèÿ âîñòî÷íîé êëóøè (L. heu-glini), à ÷òî íà Ñðåäíåé Âîëãå ïðîèñõîäèò ôîðìèðîâàíèå ïîïóëÿöèè êðóïíûõ áåëîãî-ëîâûõ ÷àåê íåÿñíîé òàêñîíîìè÷åñêîé ïðè-íàäëåæíîñòè. È ýòîò âîïðîñ òðåáóåò äàëü-íåéøåãî èçó÷åíèÿ â ðåãèîíå. Ñèçàÿ ÷àéêà (L. canus) – ðåäêèé ïðîëåòíûé âèä â íà÷à-ëå âåêà, îñòàåòñÿ òàêîâûì è â íàøè äíè íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà.  Óëüÿíîâñêîé îá-ëàñòè â äîëèíå ð. Ñâèÿãè è ïðèëåãàþùèõ ê Âîëãå òåððèòîðèÿõ, ýòî ìíîãî÷èñëåííàÿ ëåòíå- è îñåííå-êî÷óþùàÿ ïòèöà.  Ïåí-çåíñêîé îáëàñè, íà÷èíàÿ ñ 1980 ã. îòìå÷à-åòñÿ åæåãîäíîå ãíåçäîâàíèå 1-3 ïàð íà Ñóð-ñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå, à ýïèçîäè÷åñêîå – íà áîëîòå Ìîõîâîå â Ãîðîäèùåíñêîì è Ñåëèòü-áåíñêîì îçåðå â Êóçíåöêîì ðàéîíàõ, è ñ 1999 ã. íà î÷èñòíûõ ñîîðóæåíèÿõ ã. Ïåíçû.  Ìîðäîâèè ïåðâàÿ ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ïàðà îáíà-ðóæåíà â 1999 ã. â êîëîíèè îçåðíîé ÷àéêè (L. ridibundus) â Òåíüãóøåâñêîì ðàéîíå.  ãðóïïó ïåðåëåòíî-ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïòèö âîøëè 7 âèäîâ, âïåðâûå îáíàðóæåííûõ â ðåãèîíå. Ìàëàÿ ïîãàíêà (Podiceps ruficol-lis) – îòìå÷åíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 2 ïàð â 2000 ã. â Ìîðäîâèè íà Ëåâæèíñêèõ ðûáîõîçÿé-ñòâåííûõ ïðóäàõ. Êâàêâà (Nycticorax nyc-ticorax) – ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ïàðà íàéäåíà â 1979 ã. â Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè íà Ñåëèòüáåíñêîì îçåðå. Åâðîïåéñêèé òþâèê (Accipiter bre-vipes) – ñëó÷àé ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïàðû ïòèö îò-ìå÷åí â 1969 ã. â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Ïåíçû. Ïîãîíûø-êðîøêà (Porzana pusilla) – ðàç-ìíîæàþùàÿñÿ ïàðà îáíàðóæåíà â 1991 ã. íà áîëîòå ßíäîâà â Êóçíåöêîì ðàéîíå Ïåí-çåíñêîé îáëàñòè. Áåëîùåêàÿ êðà÷êà (Chli-donias hybrida) – ïåðâàÿ âñòðå÷à ñòàè èç 6 ïòèö ïðîèçîøëà â Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè íà Ñóðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå 5.06.1997 ã., à â 1999 ã. 3 ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ ïàðû îáíàðóæåíû íà ïðóäàõ ðûáõîçà “Ëåâæèíñêèé” â Ðóçàåâñêîì ðàéîíå Ìîðäîâèè. Êîëü÷àòàÿ ãîðëèöà (Streptopelia decaocto) – â 1980-å ãã. ïîâñå-ìåñòíî âñåëèâøèéñÿ âèä; âïåðâûå îòìå÷åí â Ìîðäîâèè – â 1973 ã., â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îá-ëàñòè – â 1978 ã. è â Ïåíçåíñêîé îáîá-ëàñòè – â 1980 ã. Ãëóõàÿ êóêóøêà (Cuculus satu-ratus) – çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíà â ãíåçäîâîå âðå-ìÿ â Áîëüøåáåðåçíèêîâñêîì ðàéîíå Ìîð-äîâèè â 1980-1982 ãã., à òàêæå â ðÿäå çàïàä-íûõ ëåñçàïàä-íûõ ðàéîíîâ Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè (â 1993 è 1997 ãã. îêîëî îçåðà Êðÿ÷îê â Áà-ðûøñêîì ðàéîíå, â 1996 ã. â Ñóðñêîì ðàéî-íå, â 1998 ã. â Íèêîëàåâñêîì ðàéîíå).

Òàáëèöà 4 Äèíàìèêà âèäîâîé ñòðóêòóðû ïåðåëåòíî-ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íåâîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö þãà ëåñîñòåï-íîé çîíû Ïðàâîáåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ â ÕÕ â.

Changes in fauna of migrating and breeding non-passerine birds in the south of forest-steppe zone of Right-bank Volga region in XXth cent.

Îòðÿä Êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ Number of species

íà ðóáåæå íà ðóáåæå èñ÷åçíóâøèå âèäû, èçìåíèâøèå íîâûå

XIX–XX â. XX–XXI â. âèäû õàðàêòåð ïðåáûâàíèÿ âèäû

Order on border on border disappeared species, changed new

XIX–XX cent. XX–XXI cent. species staying charakter species

Podicipedi- 3 5 – 1 1

formes (Podiceps auritus) (P. ruficollis)

Ciconiiformes 3 7 – 3 1

(Egretta alba, (Nycticorax

Ciconia ciconia, nycticorax)

C. nigra)

Anseriformes 9 13 – 4 –

(Anser anser, Cygnus olor, Tadorna ferruginea, Bucephala clangula)

Falconiformes 17 20 – 2 1

(Hieraaetus pennatus, (Accipiter

Falco naumanni) brevipes)

Galliformes 1 1 – – –

Gruiformes 8 9 – – 1

(Porzana pusilla)

Charadriifor- 19 25 1 6 1

mes (Tringa glareola) (Himantopus (Chlidonias

himantopus, hybrida) Numenius arquata, Glareola nordmanni, Larus minutus, L. argentatus, L. canus) Columbiformes 3 4 – – 1 (Streptopelia decaocto) Cuculiformes 1 2 – – 1 (Cuculus saturatus) Strigiformes 1 1 – – – Caprimulgiformes 1 1 – – – Apodiformes 1 1 – – – Coraciiformes 4 4 – – – Piciformes 1 1 – – – Âñåãî: Total: 14 72 94 1 16 7 Ïðîëåòíûå íåâîðîáüèíûå ïòèöû ïðåä-ñòàâëåíû 31 âèäîì èç 6 îòðÿäîâ (òàáë. 5). Äàííàÿ ãðóïïà ïîïîëíèëàñü 9 âèäàìè. Øåñòü ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ïåðåâåäåíû èç äðó-ãèõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ãðóïï. Êðàñíîçîáàÿ êà-çàðêà (Rufibrenta ruficollis) – ðåäêèé

ïðî-ëåòíûé âèä, îñòàþùèéñÿ íà áîëüøåé òåð-ðèòîðèè ðåãèîíà ñëó÷àéíî çàëåòíûì. Îä-íàêî, èññëåäîâàíèÿ, ïðîâåäåííûå â ïîéìå ð. Ìîêøè (1996 ã.) íà òåððèòîðèè Ìîðäî-âèè, â ïðîöåññå êîòîðûõ áûëè âñòðå÷åíû ñîòíè ïòèö, ïîçâîëÿþò ïðåäïîëîæèòü íà-ëè÷èå âåñåííèõ ìèãðàöèîííûõ ïóòåé â ëå-ñîñòåïíîé çîíå Ïðàâîáåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ. Äëèííîíîñûé êðîõàëü (Mergus serrator) îñòàåòñÿ ðåäêèì çàëåòíûì âèäîì áîëüøåé ÷àñòè ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ. Îäíàêî â äîëèíå ð. Ñóðû åäèíè÷íûå âñòðå-÷è îòäåëüíûõ ñòàé îòìå÷àþòñÿ äîâîëüíî ðåãóëÿðíî â ïåðèîä âåñåííåãî è îñåííåãî ïðîëåòà. Ôèôè – ïðè÷èíû ïåðåâîäà ýòîãî âèäà â äàííóþ ýêîëîãè÷åñêóþ ãðóïïó èç-ëîæåíû âûøå. Ãðÿçîâèê (Limicola falci-nellus) – ðåäêèé çàëåòíûé âèä â íà÷àëå âåêà; çà ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû îòìå÷åí â Ìîðäî-âèè è Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè. Ìàòåðèàëû, èç-ëîæåííûå À.Å. Ëóãîâûì (1975) è ïîëó÷åí-íûå â Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè â 1999 è 2000 ãã., ïîçâîëÿþò ïåðåâåñòè äàííûé âèä â ýòó ãðóïïó. Ñðåäíèé êðîíøíåï (Numenius phaeopus) – çàëåòíûé âèä â íà÷àëå âåêà; â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ðåãèñòðèðóþòñÿ åäèíè÷-íûå âñòðå÷è íà âåñåííåì ïðîëåòå â äîëèíå ð. Ñâèÿãè â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè (8.05.1985 ã. è 3.05.1998 ã.). Êëóøà (Larus fuscus) – ðåäêèé çàëåòíûé âèä â íà÷àëå âåêà; îñòà-åòñÿ òàêîâûì íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà è â êîíöå XX â. Îäíàêî, ïîñëå ñîçäàíèÿ Ñóð-ñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà â Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñ-òè, ñòàëè ïîñòîÿííî ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ Òàáëèöà 5 Äèíàìèêà âèäîâîé ñòðóêòóðû ïðîëåòíûõ íåâîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö þãà ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Ïðà-âîáåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ â ÕÕ â.

Changes in fauna of passing non-passerine birds in the south of forest-steppe zone of Right-bank Volga region in XXth cent.

Îòðÿä Êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ Number of species

íà ðóáåæå íà ðóáåæå èñ÷åçíóâøèå âèäû, èçìåíèâøèå íîâûå

XIX–XX â. XX–XXI â. âèäû õàðàêòåð ïðåáûâàíèÿ âèäû

Order on border on border disappeared species, changed new

XIX–XX cent. XX–XXI cent. species staying charakter species

Gaviiformes 1 2 – – 1

(Gavia stellata)

Podicipedifor- 1 – 1 – –

mes (Podiceps auritus)

Anseriformes 11 11 3 2 1

(Anser anser, (Rufibrenta (Branta

Cygnus olor, ruficollis, bernicla)

Bucephala Mergus serrator)

clangula)

Falconiformes 2 2 – – –

Charadriifor- 14 16 3 4 1

mes (Numenius arquata, (Tringa (Calidris

Larus minutus, glareola, alba)

L. canus) Limicola falcinellus, Numenius phaeopus,

Larus fuscus)

Piciformes 1 – 1

(Picus canus) – –

(1984, 1985 è 1987 ãã.) îòäåëüíûå îñîáè è ñòàéêè ýòîãî âèäà.  Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè ðåãóëÿðíî îòìå÷àåòñÿ â äîëèíå ð. Ñâèÿãè â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Óëüÿíîâñêà. Ïîïîëíèëè ãðóïïó ïðîëåòíûõ íåâîðî-áüèíûõ ïòèö òðè âèäà, âïåðâûå îòìå÷åí-íûå â ðåãèîíå. Êðàñíîçîáàÿ ãàãàðà (Gavia stellata) – â ïåðèîä âåñåííåãî è îñåííåãî ïðîëåòà íà Ñóðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå åæå-ãîäíî îòìå÷àþòñÿ, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì, ÷åð-íîçîáûå ãàãàðû (G. arctica), è òîëüêî â 1996 ã. ñðåäè çàïóòàâøèõñÿ â ðûáîëîâíûõ ñåòÿõ êîðìÿùèõñÿ ïòèö áûëè íàéäåíû êðàñíîçî-áûå ãàãàðû (3 è 22.10). ×åðíàÿ êàçàðêà (Branta bernicla) – â ïåðèîä âåñåííåãî ïðî-ëåòà ãóñåé íà òåððèòîðèè Ïåíçåíñêîé îá-ëàñòè â äîëèíå ð. Ñóðû â 1999 è 2001 ãã. îòìå÷åíû äâå ñòàè (7 ïòèö – 8.04.1999 ã. è 35 ïòèö – 11.04.1999 ã.) è ïàðà (8.04.2001 ã.).  Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè ïàðó êàçàðîê íàáëþäàëè 5.10.1991 ã. íà ïðóäó Áîëüøå-êëþ÷èùåíñêîãî ðûáõîçà. Ïåñ÷àíêà (Calid-ris alba) – ðåäêèé ïðîëåòíûé âèä, ðåãèñò-ðèðóåìûé íå åæåãîäíî èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî â ïåðèîä îñåííåãî ïðîëåòà â Ïåíçåíñêîé îá-ëàñè (1978, 1986, 1987 è 1998 ãã.) è Ìîðäî-âèè (1968 ã.). Çèìóþùèå íåâîðîáüèíûå ïòèöû ïðåä-ñòàâëåíû 2 âèäàìè èç 2 îòðÿäîâ (òàáë. 6). Äàííóþ ãðóïïó ïîïîëíèë îäèí âèä. Áåëàÿ ñîâà (Nyctea scandiaca) – ðåäêèé çàëåòíûé âèä íà÷àëà âåêà â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ðàññìàò-ðèâàåòñÿ êàê åæåãîäíî çèìóþùèé î÷åíü ðåäêèé âèä. Çàëåòíûå íåâîðîáüèíûå ïòèöû ïðåä-ñòàâëåíû 29 âèäàìè èç 7 îòðÿäîâ (òàáë. 7).  ãðóïïó çàëåòíûõ ïòèö èç äðóãèõ ãðóïï áûë ïåðåâåäåí òîëüêî îäèí âèä ÿñòðåáèíàÿ ñîâà (Surnia ulula) – âñå èññëåäîâàòåëè íà÷àëà ÕÕ â. ðàññìàòðèâàþò åå êàê ðåäêèé çèìóþùèé âèä, îäíàêî â ðåãèîíå â êîíöå âåêà îíà îòìå÷åíà ëèøü îäíàæäû.  ÿíâàðå 1983 ã. ïòèöà áûëà äîáûòà â Ïåíçåíñêîì ðàéîíå Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè îõîòîâåäîì Ïàâëîâûì. Ãðóïïà ïîïîëíèëàñü 15 íîâûìè âèäà-ìè. Áîëüøîé áàêëàí (Phalacrocorax car-bo) – ïòèöó íàáëþäàëè 30.05.1982 ã. íà Ñóð-ñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå. Îíà ñèäåëà íà äåðåâå è ñóøèëà êðûëüÿ, ïîòðåâîæåííàÿ, ïåðåëå-òåëà íà äðóãîå äåðåâî. Âèäåëè åå íà ýòîì ìåñòå â òå÷åíèå äâóõ äíåé.  2000 ã. óæå 7 îñîáåé äåðæàëèñü çäåñü íà ïðîòÿæåíèè àâ-ãóñòà è ñåíòÿáðÿ. Ðûæàÿ öàïëÿ (Ardea pur-purea) – â ìàå 2000 ã. ïòèöó íàáëþäàëè íà ïðóäàõ Áîëüøåêëþ÷èùåíñêîãî ðûáõîçà. Æåëòàÿ öàïëÿ (Ardeola ralloides) – ñòàÿ èç 5 îñîáåé âñòðå÷åíà 25.05.1991 ã. íà áîëî-òå ßíäîâà â Êóçíåöêîì ðàéîíå Ïåíçåíñêîé Òàáëèöà 6 Äèíàìèêà âèäîâîé ñòðóêòóðû çèìóþùèõ íåâîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö þãà ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Ïðà-âîáåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ â ÕÕ â.

Changes in fauna of wintering non-passerine birds in the south of forest-steppe zone of Right-bank Volga region in XXth cent.

Îòðÿä Êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ Number of species

íà ðóáåæå íà ðóáåæå èñ÷åçíóâøèå âèäû, èçìåíèâøèå íîâûå

XIX–XX â. XX–XXI â. âèäû õàðàêòåð ïðåáûâàíèÿ âèäû

Order on border on border disappeared species, changed new

XIX–XX cent. XX–XXI cent. species staying charakter species

Falconiformes 1 1 – – –

Strigiformes 2 1 2 1 –

(Glaucidium (Nyctea scandiaca)

passerinum, Surnia ulula)

Òàáëèöà 7 Äèíàìèêà âèäîâîé ñòðóêòóðû çàëåòíûõ íåâîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö þãà ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Ïðàâîáåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ â ÕÕ â.

Changes in fauna of vagrant non-passerine birds in the south of forest-steppe zone of Right-bank Volga region in XXth cent.

Îòðÿä Êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ Number of species

íà ðóáåæå íà ðóáåæå èñ÷åçíóâøèå âèäû, èçìåíèâøèå íîâûå

XIX–XX â. XX–XXI â. âèäû õàðàêòåð ïðåáûâàíèÿ âèäû

Order on border on border disappeared species, changed new

XIX–XX cent. XX–XXI cent. species staying charakter species

Pelecaniformes 2 2 1 – 1

(Pelecanus (Phalacrocorax

onocrotalus) carbo)

Ciconiiformes 4 3 1 3 3

(Egretta garzetta) (Egretta alba, (Ardeola

Ciconia ciconia, ralloides,

C. nigra) Ardea

purpurea, Plegadis falcinellus)

Phoenicopteri- 1 – 1 – –

formes (Phoenicopterus roseus)

Anseriformes 6 8 – 3 5

(Rufibrenta (Branta

ruficollis, leucopsis, Chen

Tadorna caerulescens,

ferruginea, Netta rufina,

Mergus Polysticta stelleri,

serrator) Melanitta nigra)

Falconiformes 6 5 – 2 1

(Hieraaetus pennatus, (Buteo

Falco naumanni) rufinus)

Gruiformes 1 1 – – –

Charadriiformes 12 6 4 6 4

(Eudromias (Himantopus (Pluvialis fulva,

morinellus, himantopus, Stercorarius

Chettusia gregaria, Limicola pomarinus,

Calidris maritima, falcinellus, S. parasiticus,

C. canutus) Numenius Larus

phaeopus, ichthyaetus)

Glareola nordmanni, Larus fuscus, L. argentatus)

Columbiformes 1 – 1 – –

(Syrrhaptes paradoxus)

Strigiformes 2 3 – 1 2

(Nyctea (Surnia ulula,

scandiaca) Tyto alba)

îáëàñòè. Ïòèöû êîðìèëèñü â êîëîíèè îçåð-íûõ ÷àåê, à áóäó÷è ïîòðåâîæåííûìè, ðàñ-ñàæèâàëèñü íà äåðåâüÿ; èõ íàáëþäàëè çäåñü â òå÷åíèå âñåãî äíÿ. Êàðàâàéêà (Plegadis falcinellus) – ñòàÿ èç 12 îñîáåé äåðæàëàñü 8-26.10.1981 ã. íà ïðóäàõ Óñòü-Óçèíñêîãî ðûáîêîìáèíàòà â Øåìûøåéñêîì ðàéîíå Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè. Ïî èìåþùèìñÿ äàí-íûì 8 ïòèö äîáûòî, îäíà èç íèõ (ìîëîäàÿ ñàìêà) áûëà äîñòàâëåíà íà êàôåäðó çîîëî-ãèè Ïåíçåíñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïåäàãî-ãè÷åñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà (ÏÃÏÓ). Èçãîòîâ-ëåííîå ÷ó÷åëî õðàíèòñÿ â çîîëîãè÷åñêîì ìóçåå ýòîãî âóçà. Áåëîùåêàÿ êàçàðêà (Branta leucopsis) îòìå÷åíà åäèíñòâåííûé ðàç 9.04.2000 ã. â ñòàå áåëîëîáûõ ãóñåé (Anser albifrons) â ïîéìå ð. Ñóðû â Ãîðîäè-ùåíñêîì ðàéîíå Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè. Áå-ëûé ãóñü (Chen caerulescens) – 3.04.1997 ã. ïòèöà îòìå÷åíà â ñòàå ñåðûõ ãóñåé â ïîé-ìå ð. Ñâèÿãè â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Êðàñ-íîíîñûé íûðîê (Netta rufina) – ðåäêèé çà-ëåòíûé âèä; âïåðâûå îòìå÷åí â Ïåíçåíñ-êîé îáëàñòè íà Óñòü-Óçèíñêèõ ïðóäàõ 12 è 21.10.1981 ã., êîãäà èç êîðìÿùèõñÿ ñòàåê áûëî äîáûòî 2 ïòèöû. Âòîðàÿ âñòðå÷à çäåñü æå: 21.04.1990 ã. íàáëþäàëè ñòàþ èç 25 îñî-áåé.  1995 ã. âèä îáíàðóæåí â Óëüÿíîâ-ñêîé îáëàñòè (9.04) è Ìîðäîâèè (18.11). Ñè-áèðñêàÿ ãàãà (Polysticta stelleri) – íà Ñóð-ñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå 20.09.1996 ã. èç ñòàè (16 ïòèö) äîáûòà âçðîñëàÿ ñàìêà. ×ó÷åëî õðàíèòñÿ â çîîëîãè÷åñêîì ìóçåå ÏÃÏÓ. Ñèíüãà (Melanitta nigra) – ðåäêèé çàëåò-íûé âèä; âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå XX â. äâàæ-äû îòìå÷åíû îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû íà òåððè-òîðèè Ìîðäîâèè 19.10.1969 ã. è â Ïåíçåí-ñêîé îáëàñòè 16.05.1980 ã. Êóðãàííèê (Bu-teo rufinus) – çà ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû èçâåñòíû âñòðå÷è â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè 19.07.1994 ã. â Êóçîâàòîâñêîì è 19.07.1994 ã. â Òåðåí-ãóëüñêîì ðàéîíàõ îòìå÷åíû îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû. Äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ íàáëþäàëè îäíî-ãî êóðãàííèêà â èþíå 1999 ã. â Ñòàðîêóëàò-êèíñêîì ðàéîíå. Áóðîêðûëàÿ ðæàíêà (Pluvialis fulva) – ïòèöà äîáûòà èç ñòàéêè 11.09.1988 ã. íà èñêóññòâåííûõ ïðóäàõ ñîâ-õîçà Ïàíêðàòîâñêèé Ïåíçåíñêîãî ðàéîíà Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè. Ñðåäíèé ïîìîðíèê (Stercorarius pomarinus) – 24.08.1986 ã. íà Ñóðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå âñòðå÷åíà ñòàÿ èç 8 îñîáåé. Êîðîòêîõâîñòûé ïîìîðíèê (S. parasiticus) – â êîíöå àâãóñòà 1983 ã. ïòèöà äîáûòà íà Óñòü-Óçèíñêèõ ïðóäàõ. ×åðíî-ãîëîâûé õîõîòóí (Larus ichtyaetus) – ïåð-âàÿ ïàðà îòìå÷åíà 1.06.1986 ã. íà Óñòü-Óçèíñêèõ ïðóäàõ. Âïîñëåäñòâèè íà Ñóðñ-êîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå â 1998-1999 ãã. âíîâü íàáëþäàëè îäèíî÷íûõ ïòèö.  Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè ýòîò âèä îòìå÷åí äî 1996 ã. òîëüêî â ïîéìå ð. Âîëãè, â 1997 ã. îí çàôèêñèðî-âàí íà ïðóäàõ Áîëüøåêëþ÷èùåíñêîãî ðûá-õîçà è â äîëèíå ð. Ñâèÿãè. Ñèïóõà (Tyto alba) – åäèíñòâåííàÿ âñòðå÷à îêîëüöîâàí-íîé â ã. Ïðàãà ïòèöû èçâåñòíà äëÿ îêðàè-íû ñ. Áàðûø Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè (19.04. 1988 ã.). Èçìåíåíèå îòíîñèòåëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè Ñîñòîÿíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè êàæäîãî âèäà â ëèòåðàòóðíûõ èñòî÷íèêàõ íà÷àëà XX â. èç-ëàãàëîñü àâòîðàìè â ïîíÿòèÿõ îòíîñèòåëü-íîé ÷èñëåííîñòè è ïðè ýòîì â äîâîëüíî âîëüíîé ôîðìå: íåðåäêèé, äîâîëüíî îáû÷-íûé, èçðåäêà èëè â íåáîëüøîì êîëè÷åñòâå âñòðå÷àþùèéñÿ è ò. ä., ÷òî äåëàåò î÷åíü çàò-ðóäíèòåëüíûì ïðîâåäåíèå ñðàâíèòåëüíîãî àíàëèçà.  ðàáîòàõ, âûïîëíåííûõ âî âòî-ðîé ïîëîâèíå âåêà, èñïîëüçîâàíû äðóãèå ìåòîäèêè ó÷åòà (ìàðøðóòíûé, àâòîìàðø-ðóòíûé, êàðòèðîâàíèå, ôîòîñúåìêà è ò. ä.), öåëüþ êîòîðûõ óæå â áîëüøåé ìåðå ñòîèò âûÿñíåíèå àáñîëþòíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè. Ïðè ýòîì íàäî ïðèçíàòü, ýòî íå èçáàâëÿåò èñ-ñëåäîâàòåëÿ îò íåîáõîäèìîñòè âíåñåíèÿ âèäà â ãðóïïó, õàðàêòåðèçóþùóþ åãî ÷èñ-ëåííîñòü îòíîñèòåëüíî äðóãèõ âèäîâ ñ ó÷å-òîì åãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ îñîáåííîñòåé, â ÷åì, áåçóñëîâíî, ñêàçûâàåòñÿ âûñîêèé ñóáúåêòè-âèçì ëþáîãî àâòîðà. Ïðèíÿòàÿ íàìè ãðà-äàöèÿ îòíîñèòåëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäîâ (ñì. òàáë. 1) íå ìîæåò, êîíå÷íî, áûòü óíè-âåðñàëüíîé â îòíîøåíèè âñåõ ïðåäñòàâè-òåëåé, íî äðóãèå êðèòåðèè ïîêà ïðèìåíèòü

ñëîæíî äëÿ îáùåãî àíàëèçà ñòîëü ðàçíîïëà-íîâîé ãðóïïû ïòèö. Èç îñåäëûõ íåâîðîáüèíûõ âèäîâ íå èç-ìåíèëè ñâîþ îòíîñèòåëüíóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü â XX â. 17 ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé (òàáë. 8). Îäèí âèä (áåëàÿ êóðîïàòêà) ñíèçèë ÷èñëåí-íîñòü, âïëîòü äî ïîëíîãî èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ íà ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè è ïîêèíóë ýòó ãðóïïó. Çàìåòíî ñíèçèëè ÷èñëåííîñòü, íî ñîõðà-íèëèñü â èññëåäóåìîì ðåãèîíå, 4 âèäà. Îð-ëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) íà÷àë èñ÷åçàòü â íà÷àëå ÕÕ â. è óæå â 1970-å ãã. ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êàê î÷åíü ðåäêèé çàëåò-íûé âèä, ñîõðàíèâøèéñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ïî ð. Âîëãå â Óëüÿíîâñêîì è Ñåíãèëååâñêîì ðàéîíàõ Óëüÿíîâñêîé îá-ëàñòè. Ñèòóàöèÿ íà÷àëà èçìåíÿòñÿ ê ëó÷-øåìó ñ íà÷àëà 1980-õ ãã., êîãäà ðåçêî óâå-ëè÷èëàñü ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â ïåðèîä âåñåííåãî è îñåííåãî ïðîëåòà â äî-ëèíå ð. Ñóðû, à îòäåëüíûå îñîáè íà÷àëè îñ-òàâàòüñÿ íà çèìîâêó. Íà òåððèòîðèè ðåãèî-íà îñíîâíûì ìåñòîì ñêîïëåíèÿ âî âðåìÿ ïðîëåòà ñ 1986 ã. ÿâëÿåòñÿ Ñóðñêîå âîäî-õðàíèëèùå â Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè. Òàê, ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè ó÷åòà 1.10.1999 ã., áûëî îäíî-âðåìåííî âñòðå÷åíî 14 îñîáåé. Òàêàÿ æå ñè-òóàöèÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ è âî âðåìÿ âåñåííåãî ïðîëåòà.  2000 ã. çäåñü óæå îòìå÷åíî óñ-ïåøíîå ãíåçäîâàíèå îäíîé ïàðû, ó êîòîðîé âûëåòåë ïòåíåö. Ñ 1997 ã. ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ ðàçìíîæåíèå ïàðû â äîëèíå ð. Õîïåð íà ãðàíèöå Ñàðàòîâñêîé è Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñ-òåé.  Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè îòìå÷àåòñÿ ïðî-äâèæåíèå îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â çàïàäíîì íàïðàâëåíèè. Òàê, ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ïàðà â îê-ðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Êðàñíûé Ãóëÿé Ñåíãèëååâñ-êîãî ðàéîíà (16 êì îò Âîëãè) ÿâíî íå îðè-åíòèðîâàíà íà ïîéìó ýòîé ðåêè è ïèòàåòñÿ ìåñòíûìè êîðìàìè. Âñå âûøå èçëîæåííîå ïîçâîëÿåò ãîâîðèòü î íà÷àëå âîçâðàùåíèè âèäà íà òåððèòîðèþ ðåãèîíà, íà ðóáåæå ÕՖÕÕI ââ. Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) – ñîâìåííàÿ íèçêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðå-çóëüòàòîì ïðÿìîãî èñòðåáëåíèÿ ÷åëîâåêîì ýòîé êðóïíîé ñîâû, ïîñêîëüêó êîðìîâàÿ áàçà âèäà âî ìíîãèõ ìåñòàõ íå èñïûòàëà Òàáëèöà 8 Äèíàìèêà îòíîñèòåëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè îñåäëûõ íåâîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö íà þãå ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Ïðàâîáåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ â ÕÕ â.

Dynamics of relative numbers of sedentary non-passerine birds in the south of forest-steppe zone of Right-bank Volga region in XXth cent.

Îòðÿä Âñåãî ×èñëåí- Âîøëè ×èñëåí-

×èñëåí-âèäîâ íîñòü íå â äðóãèå íîñòü íîñòü

â XX â. èçìåíèëàñüãðóïïû âîçðîñëà ñíèçèëàñü

Order Total Number Included Number Number

species has not in other increased decreased

changed groups Falconiformes 2 1 – – 1 (Haliaeetus albicilla) Galliformes 5 4 1 – – (Lagopus lagopus) Columbiformes 1 1 – – – Strigiformes 8 5 – – 3

(Bubo bubo, Athene noctua, Strix aluco)

Piciformes 8 6 – 2 –

(Picus canus, Dendrocopos medius)

Òàáëèöà 9 Äèíàìèêà îòíîñèòåëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ïåðåëåòíî-ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íåâîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö íà þãå ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Ïðàâîáåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ â ÕÕ â.

Dynamics of relative numbers of migrating and breeding non-passerine birds in the south of forest-steppe zone of Right-bank Volga region in XXth cent.

Îòðÿä Âñåãî ×èñëåí- Âîøëè ×èñëåí-

×èñëåí-âèäîâ íîñòü íå â äðóãèå íîñòü íîñòü

â XX â. èçìåíèëàñüãðóïïû âîçðîñëà ñíèçèëàñü

Order Total Number Included Number Number

species has not in other increased decreased

changed groups 1 2 3 4 5 6 Podicipediformes 5 3 – – 2 (Podiceps ruficollis, P. cristatus) Ciconiiformes 7 3 – 1 3

(Ixobrychus minutus) (Nycticorax nycticorax, Egretta alba, Ciconia ciconia)

Anseriformes 13 7 – 2 4

(Anas strepera, (Cygnus olor,

A. clypeata) Tadorna

ferruginea, Aythya ferina, Bucephala clangula)

Falconiformes 20 10 – 6 4

(Circus cyaneus, (Accipiter

C. macrourus, brevipes,

Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus

A. chrysaetos, pennatus,

Falco cherrug, Aquila heliaca, F. vespertinus) Falco naumanni)

Galliformes 1 – – 1 –

(Coturnix coturnix)

Gruiformes 9 7 – 2 –

(Grus grus, Otis tarda)

Charadriiformes 26 15 1 2 8

(Tringa glareola) (Tringa stagnatilis, (Himantopus

Gallinago media) himantopus,

Haematopus ostralegus, Glareola nordmanni, Larus minutus, L. ridibundus, L. argentatus, L. canus, Chlidonias hybrida) Columbiformes 4 2 – 1 1

(Columba oenas) (Streptopelia