•
CD8+T c e l l granzyme B a c t i v a t e s k e r a t i n o c y t e e n d o g e n o u s IL
・1 8
Tomoko Ak e d a *
,K e i i c h i Yamanaka*
,K e n s h i r o T s u d a *
,Y o u i c h i Omoto*
,E s t e b a n C . G a b a z z a * * a n d H i t o s h i M i z u t a n i *
* D e p a r t m e n t ofDermatology
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,Mie U
凶v e r s i t y
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,J a p a n
Running t i t l e : CD8+T c e l l g r a n
勾I m eB a c t i v a t e s k e r a t i n o c y t
巴巴n d o g e n o u sI L ‑ 1 8
Key word: I L ‑ 1 8 ; g r a r
可meB ; HaCaT c e l l
Funding: K . Y a r n a n a k a ( 2 3 5 9 1 6 4 3 ) a n d H. M i z u t a n i ( 2 4 5 9 1 6 4 7 ) r e c e i v e g r a n t s f o r s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h from t h e M i n i s 町 o f E d u c a t i o n
,C u l
旬r e
,S p o r t s
,S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y , J a p a n . Oth
巴ra u t h o r s do n o t r e c e i v e a n y f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t .
Correspondence t o : K e i ‑ i c h i Yamanak
九M D
,P hD
Dep
訂t m e n tofDermatology
,Mie U
凶Vぽs i t y
,Gr a d u a t e S c h o o l ofMedicine
,2 ‑ 1 7 4 E d o b a s h i
,Tsu
,Mie 5 1 4 ‑ 8 5 0 7
,J a p a n TEL: + 8 1 ‑ 5 9 ‑ 2 3 1 ‑ 5 0 2 5
FAX: + 8 1 ‑ 5 9 ‑ 2 3 1 ‑ 5 2 0 6
E ‑ m a i l : v ' a r n a k e ! a l c l i n . m e d i c . m i e ‑ u . a c . i o
.
Word c o u n t : 2 0 8 8
F i g u r e c o u n t : 5
T a b l e c o u n t : n o n e
、
A b s t r a c t
1 L ‑ 1 8 i s a p r o ‑ i n f l a m m a t o r y c y t o k i n e o f t h
巴1 L
開1f a m i l y i n v o l v e d i n Thl
汀h2 p o l a r i z a t i o n . 1 L ‑ 1 8 i s p r o d u c e d a n d s t o r e d a s a n i n a c t i v e p r e c u r s o r ( p r o 1 L ‑ 1 8 ) i n s e v e r a l c e l l s i n c l u d i n g k e r a t i n o c y t e s , a n d t h u s a p p r o p r i a t e p r o c e s s i n g i s r e q u i r e d t o r e l e a s e i t s a c t i v e f o r m . 1 n a p r e v i o u s s t u d y u s i n g r e c o m b i n a n t p r o t e i n , we d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t g r a n z y m e B ( G r B ) c l e a v e s p r o 1 L ‑ 1 8 i n t o i t s a c t i v e f o r m s i n a s i m i l
むf a s h i o na s c a s p a s e ‑ l a n d h u r n a n m a s t c e l l c h y m a s e . Gr B r e l e a s e d f r o m c y t o t o x i c T l y m p h o c y t e (CTL) a n d NK c e l l s h a s r o l e s i n a p o p t o s i s a n d c y t o t o x i c a c t i v i t y . 1 n c e r t a i n i n f l a m m a t o r y s k i n d i s e a s e s w i t h e p i d e r m a 1 c e l l d e a t h
,t h e e p i d e r m a l k e r a t i n o c y t e s a r e t a r g e t s o f CTL a n d NK c e l l s . However , 1 L ‑ 1 8 a c t i v a t i o n d u r i n g t h e d i r e c t i n t e r a c t i o n o f CTL I l 叫 Kw i t h k e r a t i n o c y t e s h a s n o t b e e n d e s c r i b e d s o f : 紅 .
We h e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n CTL a n d k e r a t i n o c y t e s , a n d 1 L ‑ 1 8 p r o c e s s i n g b y CTL d e r i v e d GrB u s i n g c u l t u r e d CD8+T c e l l s a n d k e
削i n o c y t ec e l l l i n e HaCaT. G r B ( + ) / c a s p a s e ‑ l (
・・)CD8+ T c e l l s c u l t i v a t e d
企omh e a l t h y human PBMC w e r e c o ‑ c u l t u r e d w i t h i n t e r f e r o n ( I F N )
ヴーt r e a t e dHaCaT c e l l s . The e x p r e s s i o n o f GrB a n d c a s p a s e ‑ l i n HaCaT c e l l s was a n a l y z e d by f l o w c y t o m e
仕ya n d PC R . The 1 L ‑ 1 8 c o n c e n
廿a t i o n i n t h e c u l t u r e s u p e m a t a n t was m e a s u r e d by s p e c i f i c ELISA. The i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n HaCaT c e l l s a n d CTL c o ‑ c u l t u r e i n c r e a s e d t h e n u r n b e r o f c y t o p l a s m i c G r B ‑ p o s i t i v e HaCaT c
,e l l s w i t h l i m i t e d e n d o g e n o u s GrB mRN A e x p r e s s i o n . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f m a t u r e 1 L ‑ 1 8 l e v e l s i n c r e a s e d i n t h e c o ‑ c u l t u r e s u p e m a t a n t . GrB
企
om CTLs a c t s d o u b l e r o l e s t o k e r a t i n o c y t e s : a 1 L ‑ 1 8 c o n v e r t i n g e
回,yme a n d
p r o ‑ a p o p t o t i c f a c t o r i n t h e s k i n i n f l a m m a t o r y d i s e a s e s
、
I n t r o d u c t i o n
1 L ‑ 1 8 i s n o t o n l y a p r o ‑ i n f l a m m a t o r y m e d i a t o r b u t a l s o a r e g u l a t o r o f t h e c y t o t o x i c a c t i v i t y o f N a t u r a l K i l l e r (N K) c e l l s a n d T c e l l s [ 1 , 8 ] . F u r t h e r , 1 L ‑ 1 8 c a n s u p p o r t t h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n a n d a c t i v a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t T h e l p e r ( T h ) c e l l s u b s e t s d e p e n d i n g on t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c y t o k i n e p r o f i l e [ 2 ] . 1 n t h e p r e s e n c e o f 1 L ‑ 1 2 d u r i n g p a t h o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s s u c h a s c h r o n i c eczema o r p s o r i a t i c s k i n i n f l a m m a t i o n
,1 L
・1 8f a v o r s Thl r e s p o n s e s ; b u t i n
吐l ea b s e n c e o f I L ‑ 1 8
,t h e T h 2 r e s p o n s e i s e n h a n c e d a s s e e n i n t h e a c u t
巴p h a s e o f a t o p i c d e r m a t i t i s a n d c u t a n e o u s T c e l l lymphoma [ 1 2
,1 8
,1 9 ] . 1 L ‑ 1 8 i s
p r o d u c e d by a w i d e r a n g e o f c e l l s i n c l u d i n g K u p f f e r c e l l s , m a c r o p h a g e s , T c e l l s , B c e l l s ,
o s t e o b l a s t s , k e r a t i n o c y t e s , d e n d r i t i c c e l l s , a s t r o c y t e s a n d m i c r o g l i a l c e l l s [ 1 1 ] . 1 L
・1 8i s
p r o d u c e d a s a b i o l o g i c a l l y i n a c t i v e p r e c
町s o r
,a n d t h u s a p p r o p r i a t e p r o c e s s i n g i s
r e q u i r e d t o s e c r e t e i t s a c t i v e f o r m . I n a p r e v i o u s s t u d y , we demons
むa t e dt h a t g r a n z y m e
B ( G r B ) c l e a v e s p r o 1 L ‑ 1 8 i n t o i t s a c t i v e f o r m s u s i n g a r e c o m b i n a n t p r o t e i r t
,i n a s i m i l a r
f a s h i o n a s c a s p a s e ‑ l a n d human m a s t c e l l c h y m a s e [ 1 3 , 1 4 ] . The i n f l a m m a t o r y c y t o k i n e
a c t i v a t i o n d u r i n g
吐1
巴CTL
/NK ‑ m e d i a t e dk e r a t i n o c y t e i n j u r y h a s n o t b e e n a s y e t
c l a r i f i e d ; i t i s s t i l l u n c l e a r how p r o 1 L ‑ 1 8 i s a c t i v a t e d i n t h e e p i d e r m i s d u r i n g
i n f l a m m a t o r y c o n d i t i o n s . I n t h e c u r r e n t s
旬dy , we i n v
巴s t i g a t e dt h e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n
CTL
飢dk e r a t i n o c y t e s
,a n d t h e mechanism o f IL~18 p r o c e s s i n g by C T L ‑ d e r i v e d GrB
usmgaco
剛. c u l t u r es y s t e m o f CD8+ T c e l l s a n d a k e r a t i i l o c y t
巴c e l l l i n e .
、
M a t e r i a l s and methods P r e p a r a t i o n of CD8 c e l l s
PBMCs from h e a l t h y d o n o r s w e r e p r e p a r e d by d e n s i t y g r a d i e n t c e n t r i f u g a t i o n o v e r F i c o l l ‑ H i s t o p a q u e ( S i g m a C h e m i c a l s
,S t . L o u i s
,M O
,USA). CD8+ T c e l l s w e r e p u r i f i e d w i t h MACS CD8 m i c r o b e a d s (M i 1 t e n y i B i o t e c
,B e r g i s h G l a d b a c h
,Germany) a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s i n s t r u c t i o n s , a n d 1 x 1 0
6I m l o f c e l l s were c u l t u r e d w i t h 2 x 1 0
7I m l o f i r r a d i a t e d a u t o l o g o u s PBMCs i n c o m p l e t e medium c o n t a i n i n g RPMI
,10% human AB s e r u m ( G e m i n i b i o ‑ p r o d u c t s )
,2 . 0 m M L ‑ g l u t a m i n e
,1 0 0 U/ml p e n i c i 1 1 i n
,1 0 0 μg / m l s
加ptomyc
恒例 a c a l a iT e s q u
,巴Kyoto
,J a p a n )
,a n d 1 0 m M Hepes b u f f e r s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h 1 OOU/ml o f r e c o m b i n a n t human I L ‑ 2 (Proimmune
,B r a d e n t o n
,FL
,USA) a n d 8 0 n g / m l o f a n t i ‑ C D 3 mAb (M i 1 t e n y i B i o t e c ) . H a l f o f t h e medium was r e p l a c e d by c o m p l e t e medium c o
凶a i n i n g1 レ 2( 2 0 U / m l ) , a n d t h i s r e p l a c e m e n t w
ぉr e p e a t e dt w i c e a week [ 1 4 ] . A f t e r 2 weeks o f c u l t u r e
,CD8+T c e l l s were r e ‑ p u r i f i e d by MACS CD8 m i c r o b e a d s a n d s t i m u l a t e d w i t h P h o r b o l 1 2
叩y r i s t a t e1 3 ‑ a c e t a t e (PMA)
,a n d i o n o m y c i n ( S i g m a ‑ A l d r i c h
,S t . L o u i s
,M O
,USA) f o r 4 h o u r s
Flow c y t o m e t
ηIana
かs i sof MHC c l a s s 1 e x p r e s s i o n on HaCaT c e l l s
The human k e r a t i n o c y t e c e l l l i n e
,HaCaT c e l l s ( C e l l L i n e S e r v i c e
,E p p e l h e i m
,Germany) were c u l t u r e d i n E a g l e ' s MEM ( S i g m a
,S t L o u i s
,M O
,USA) medium s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h 5% f e t a l c a l f s e r u m i n a n i n c u b a t o r c o n t a i n i n g 5% C02. HaCaT c e l l s w e r e p r e ‑
加a t e dwi
吐1 s e v e r a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f I FN‑γ(PEPRO TECH
,Roc 勾 H i l l
,'NJ
,USA) ( 0
,2 5
,5 0
,7 5
,1 5 0 n g / m l ) f o r 4 8 h o u r s
,l e a d i n g t o i n c r e a s e d m
司J o r
h i s t o c o m p a t i b i l i t y complex (MH C ) c l a s s 1 e x p r e s s i o n . To c o n f i r m t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f
MHC c l a s s 1 , HaCaT c 巴 l 1 sw e r e s t a i n e d w i t h P E ‑ c o n j u g a t e d a n t i ‑ H L A
・A2a n t i b o d y
(MBL
,Nagoya
,J a p a n ) . The l 1 u o r e s c e n c e p r o f i l e was a n a l y z e d by f l o w c y t o m e t r y u s i n g
F ACSCalibur (BD B i o s c i e n c e s
,S a n J o s
,巴CA
,U S A ) ( n = 5 ) .
、
mRNA e x p r e s s i o n i n CD8
キTc e l l s and HaCaT c e l l s
The RNA was e x t r a c t e d f r o m c u l t u r e d CD8+ T c e l l s u s i n g I s o g e n (N i p p o n Gene
,Tokyo
,J a p a n ) a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m
叩u f a c
印r e r ' si n s t r u c t i o n s . B r i e f l y
,1 ml o f h o m o g e n a t e was mixed w i t h 200μ1 o f c h l o r o f o r m a n d t h e n c e n t r i f u g e d . The a q u e o u s p h a s e was s e p a r a t e d a n d mixed w i t h 0 . 5 ml o f 2 ‑ p r o p a n o l (N a c a l a i T e s q u e ) t o p r e c i p i t
耐RN A . A f t e r c e n t r i f u g a t i o n , t h e p r e c i p i
凶ewas washed wi
吐170%e
仕1 a n o l (N a k a l a i T e s q u e ) a n d t h e RNA was s u s p e n d e d i n 3 0 μ 1 RNase‑
企巴ew a t e r . The RNA c o n c e n
仕a t i o nwas m e a s u r e d a t 2 6 0 nm. cDNA was s y n t h e s i z e d
企om1μg o f RNA u s i n g a High C a p a c i t y RNA‑to‑cDNA K i t (ABI , F o s t e r C i t y , CA , USA) a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s p r o t o c o l . GAPDH was u s e d a s a n i n t e m a l c o n t r o l f o r e a c h c e l l p r e p a r a t i o n . The p r i m e r s e q u e n c e s w e r e a s f o l l o w s ( 5 ' ‑ 3 ' ) , G r B : TGC AAC CAA TCC TGC TTC TG a n d GAC ATT TAT GGA GCT TCC CC
,c a s p a s e ‑ l : AGA GCA CAA GAC CTC TGA CA a n d TCT TTC AGT GGT GGG CAT CT , human I L ‑ 1 8 : TAC TTT GGC AAG CTT GAA TCT AAA T and GTC TTC GTT TTG AAC AGT GAA CAT T , GAPDH:
GTG GGG CGC CCC AGG CAC CA a n d CTC CTT AAT GTC ACG CAC GAT TTC [ 1 4 ] . The f r a g m e n t s o f GrB
,I L ‑ 1 8 a n d c a s p a s e ‑ l g e n e s w e r e a m p l i f i e d u n d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s : 3 0 c y c l e s o f a m p l i f i c a t i o n c o n s i s t i n g o f 3 0 s d e n a t u r a t i o n ( 9 4
0C ) , 4 5 s p r i m e r ‑ a
IDle a l i n g ( 5 6
0C ) , 4 0 s p r i m e r ‑ e x t e n s i o n ( 7 2
0C ) , a n d 4 8 0 s f i n a l ‑ e x t e n s i o n ( 7 2
0C ) . The PCR p r o d u c t s w e r e t h e n r u n on 2% a g a r o s e g e l s i n t r i
巴t h a n o l a m i n eb u f f e r ( p H 7 . 4 ) c o n t a i n i n g e t h i d i u m b r o m i d e
,a n d t h e g e l s w e r e p h o t o g r a p h e d u n d e r UV l i g h t . The d e n s i t i e s o f t h e DNA b a n d s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g t h e L a n e
&S p o t A n a l y z e r s o f t w a r e (A
抗0 , Tokyo , J a p a n ) , a n d t h e i n t e g r a t e d d e n s i t y v a l u e o f t h e b a n d s was meas
町巴d
C o ‑ c u l t u r e 0 1 GrB 内
/ca s p a s e ‑ l 砂 humanCD8+T c e l l s and l F N ‑ r ‑ t r e a t e d HaCaT c e l l s
Gr B ( + ) / c a s p a s e ‑ l ( ー )human CD8+T c e l l s a n d 2 5 n g / m l o f IFN
ヴ‑ t r e a t e dHaCaT c e l l s
w e r e c o ‑ c u l t u r e d f o r 1 8 h o u r s i n RPMI m e d i u r n . l . 6 x 1 0 6 o f HaCaT c e l l s w e r e s e e d e d i n p l a t e a n d CD8+ T c e l l s w e r e s u p p l e m e n t e d a t t h e r a t i o o f 1 : 0 , 1 : 2 , 1 : 4 , 1 : 8 , 1 : 1 6 (HaCaT c e l l s a n d CD8+ T c e l l s )
,r e s p e c t i v e l y . A
食巴r1 8 h o u r s
,白ec u l t u r e p l a t e s w e r e e x a m i n e d u n d e r m i c r o s c o p e . Then , t h e c o l l e c t e d c u l t u r e s u p e m a t a n t was u s e d t o m e a s u r e c y t o k i n e s . To c o l l e c t t h e c u l t u r e d c e l l s c o m p l e t e l y , c e l l s w e r e i n c u b a t e d wi
吐1
2 . 5 g / 1 ‑ t r y p s i
nJlmmol/l‑EDTA f o r 5min a t 3 7 oC (N a c a l a i T e s q u e ) . P
釘to f t h e c o l l e c t e d c e l l s was washed a n d a n a l y z e d by f 1 0w c y t o m e t r y a s d e s c r i b
巴db
巴l o w .The r e m a i n i n g c o ‑ c u l t u r e d c e l l s w e r e u s e d t o i s o l a t e HaCaT c e l l s
丘omt h e m i x t u r e o f c e l l s u s i n g MACS CD8 m i c r o b e a d s p o s i t i v e s e l e c t i o n . The e x p r e s s i o n s o f t h e GrB mRNA i n HaCaT c e l l s w e r e e x a m i n e d a s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e ( n = 5 ) .
GrB
酎I dc α s p a s e ‑ l e x p r e s s i o n i n CD8
キTc e l l s and HaCaT c e l l s
The i n t r a c e l l u l a r c y t o k i n e s t a i n i n g o f CD8+ T c e l l s a n d HaCaT c e l l s w e r e p e r f o r m e d f o l l o w i n g
也eI n t r a c e l l u l a r C y t o k i n e S t a i n i n g P r o t o c o l ( B i o L e g e n d ) . B r i e f 1 y , f o r t h e d e t e c t i o n o f Gr B
,a f t e r t r e a t m e n t w i t h
出ef i x a t i o n b u f f e r a n d p e r m e a b i l i z a t i o n wash b u f f e r , t h
巴c e l l s were i n c u b a t e d w i t h F I T C ‑ c o n j u g a t e d a n t i ‑ h u i n a n Gr anzym
巴B a n t i b o d y ( B i o L e g e n d ) . F o r c a s p a s e ‑ l s t a i n i n g
,t h e c e l l s were f i r s t l y i n c u b a t e d w i t h t h e r a b b i t a n t i b o d y a g a i n s t c l e a v e d c a s p a s e ‑ l a n d t h e n wi
出FITCc o r i j u g a t e d a n t i ‑ r a b b i t m o n o c l o n a l a n t i b o d y ( B i o L e g e n d ) . The f 1 u o r e s c e n c e p r o f i l e s w e r e a n a l y z e d by f 1 0w c y
ぬm e t r yu s i n g F ACSCalibur ( n = 5 ) .
l L ‑ 1 8 l e v e l i n t h e c u l t u r e s u p e r n a t a n t
The s u p e m a t a n t f r o m c o ‑ c u l t u r e o f HaCaT c e l l s a n d CD8+ T c e l l s was c o l l e c t e d
,a n d t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f b i o
司a c t i v eI L ‑ 1 8 was m e a s u r e d by ELISA (MBL , Nagoya , J a p a n ) a c c o r d i n g t o
社l em a n u f a c t u r e r ' s p r o t o c o l ( n = 5 ) .
S t a t i s t i c a l ana 砂 s i s
S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s was p e r f o r m e d u s i n g t h e Kru s k a l ‑ W a l l i s nonparame
仕i cANOVA
a n d Dunn's m u l t i p l e c o m p a r i s o n t e s t s f o r p o s t h o c a n a l y s i s . Ap v a l u e o f l e s s t h a n 0 . 0 5
was c o n s i d e r e d a s s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c
飢t .
R e s u l t s
MHC c l a s s 1 e
λ,; p r e s s i o n on HaCaT c e l l
旨The e x p r e s s i o n o f MHC c l a s s 1 was u p r e g u l a t e d on HaCaT c e l l s w i t h 1 F N ‑ y s u p p l
巴m e n t a t i o n , r e a c h i n g a p l a t e a u a t 20% o f p o s i t i v e c e l l s a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 2 5 n g / m l 1 F N ‑ y ( F i g . 1 ) . 1 n t h i s s y s t e m
,吐l em o s t a d e q u a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f I FN‑y f o r MHC c l a s s 1 e x p r e s s i o n was 2 5 ng/m . 1
RT‑PCR a n a l y s
おo f C D 8 + T c e l l sand HaCaTcells
CD8+ T c e l l s c u l t u r e d f o r 2 w e e k s showed e x p r e s s i o n o f GrB mRNA
,b u t n o t o f c a s p a s
巴ー1o r p r o 1 L ‑ 1 8 mRNA. On
吐l eo t h e r h a n d , HaCaT c e l l s s t i m u l a t e d w i t h 1FN
ヴshow
巴dno e x p r e s s i o n o f GrB mRNA b u t i t was p o s i t i v e f o r c a s p a s e ‑ l a n d 1 L ‑ 1 8 e x p r e s s i o n s ( F i g . 2 ) .
Granzyme B and c a s p a s e ‑ l e x p r ω:
,s i o n i n CD8+ T c e l l s and HaCaT c e l l s
qβe r c o
・c u l t u r e
Gr B p o s i t i v e HaCaT c e l l s w e r e u n d e t e c t a b l e w i t h o u t s t i m u l a t i o n . However , t h e GrB e x p r e s s i o n l e v e l on HaCaT c e l l s was i n c r e a s e d a f t e r c o ‑ c u l t u r e w i t h Gr B( + ) 1 c a s p a s e ‑ l ( ・ )CD8+ T c
巴I I s( F i g . 3 A ) . Ar ound 65% o f CD8+ T c e l l s e x p r e s s e d GrB a f t e r c o ‑ c u l t u r e . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , G r B ( + ) / c a s p a s e ‑ l ( 開 ) human CD8+ T c e l l s a n d HaCaT c e l l s showed l i t t l e e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e ma
旬r ef o r m o f c a s p a s e ‑ l e v e n a f t e r c o ‑ c u l t u r e ( F i g . 3 B ) . 1 s o l a t
巴dHaCaT c e l l s showed weak e x p r e s s i o n o f GrB mRNA a f t e r c o ‑ c u l t u r e
,a n d t h e d e n s i t y o f t h e b a n d r e m a i n e d a t s
創nel e v e l s a f t e r c o ‑ c u l t u r e wi
吐1
i n c r e a s e d n u m b e r s o f CD8+ T c e l l s . The i n t e g r a t e d d e n s i t y v a l u e was n o t e l e v a t e d w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f CD8+ T c e l l s ( F i g . 3 C ) .
M i c r o s c o p i c f i n d i n g s of HaCaT and CD8+ T c e l l s
qβerco
・c u l t u r e
HaCaT c e l l s w e r e a d h e r e n t t o t h e d i s h ( F i g . 4 A ) ; b u t a f t
巴rc o ‑ c u l t u r e , HaCaT c e l l s
d e t a c h e d
企omt h e d i s h a n d c h a n g e d t o r o u n d s h a p e ( F i g . 4 B ) . At h i g h m a g n i f i c a t i o n , some CD8+ T c e l l s t i g h t l y a d h e r e d t o HaCaT c e l l s σig . 4 C ) .
L e v e l o f m a t u r e I L ‑ 1 8 i n t h e c o ‑ c u l t u r e s u p e r n a
印 刷The l e v e l o f m a t u r e 1 L ‑ 1 8 i n
由es u p e m a t a n t was e l e v a t e d a t s i g
凶五c a n tl e v e l a f t e r
c o ‑ c u l t u r e w i t h G r B ( + ) 1 c a s p a s e ‑ l ( うhumanCD8+T c e l l s ( F i g . 5 ) .
D i s c u s s i o n
K e r a t i n o c y t e s s t o r
巴s
巴v e r a lt y p e s o f i n f 1 a r n m a t o r y c y t o k i n e s i n c l u d i n g I L ‑ 1 8 ; u n d e r
s t e a d y ‑ s t a t e ‑ c o n d i t i o n s I L ‑ 1 8 i s s t o r e d a s a n i m m a t u r e f o r m
,a n d i s c o n v e r t e d a n d
r e l e a s e d i n m a t u r e f o r m s u n d e r some s t i m u l a t e d c o n d i t i o n s i n c l u d i n g i
ぱ 加n m a t i o n[ 1 8 ] .
I t i s w e l l
・knownt h a t I L ‑ 1 8 i s a c y t o k i n e p l a y i n g a k e y r o l e i n t h e e n h a n c e m e n t o f
i m m u n o l o g i c a l p o l a r i z a t i o n . I n t h e p r e s e n c e o f I L ‑ 1 2
,I L ‑ 1 8 p r o m o t e s i m m u n o l o g i c a l
b a l a n c e t o Thl d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n . H o w e v e r i n t h e a b s e n c e o f I L ‑ 1 2
,I L ‑ 1 8 t
町 別 仕l eb a l a n c e
t o T h2 d o m i n a n t c o n d i t i o n s . T h e r e f o r e
,t h e m a t u r e f o
ロno f I L ‑ 1 8 a c t s a s a n a c c e l e r a t o r
o f t h e immune r e s p o n s e s . I m m u n o h i s t o p a t h o l o g i c a n d RT‑PCR a n a l y s i s d e m o n s t r a t e d
h i g h l e v e l s o f I L ‑ 1 8 a n d I L ‑ 1 8 r e c e p t o r s e x p r e s s i o n i n s k i n l e s i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
c u t a n e o u s l u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s , p s o r i a s i s , g r a f t v e r s u s h o s t d i s e a s e , c u t a n e o u s T c e l l
lymphoma a n d a t o p i c d e r m a t i t i s , b u t n o t i n t h e n o r m a l s k i n [ 6 , 7 , 1 2 , 1 5 , 1 7 ] . Enzyme
c l e a v a g e by s p e c i f i c e
回: y m e si n c l u d i n g c a s a p s e ‑ l i s r e q u i r e d f o r p r o c e s s i n g o f I L ‑ 1 8
p r o f o r m t o i t s m a t u r e f o r m [ 3 , 1 0 , 1 6 ] . However , i n t r a c e l l u l a r c a s p a s e ‑ l i s r
眠l y
d e t e c t e d i n k e r a t i n o c y t e s . I n
社l ec u r r e n t s t u d y
,HaCaT c e l l s
w<巴r ef
お( oundt o
,巴x p r
巴s s
c ω a s
叩p a
おs
巴‑ 1mRN A. However , c a s p a s e ‑ l i t s e l f a l s o r e q u i r e s p o s t t r a n s l a t i o n a l a c t i v a t i o n .
I n f a c t
,f u n c t i o n a l c a s p a s e ‑ l p r o t e i n was u n d e t e c t e d by f 1 0w c y t o m e t r y i n t h e p r e s e n t
s t u d y . U s i n g r e c o m b i n a n t p r o t e i n
,we h a v e p r e v i o u s l y d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t GrB c l e a v e s
a n d a c t i v a t e s p r o I L ‑ 1 8 a s w e l l a s c a s p a s e ‑ l
,a n d human m a s t c e l l c h y m a s e [ 1 3
,1 4 ] .
G r ・ Bi s a s e r i n e p r o t e a s e a b u n d a n t l y s t o r e d i n s e c r e t o r y g r a n u l e s o f CTLs a n d NK c e l l s .
A f t e r r
巴cogmzmg
也et a r g
巴tc e l l s , CTLs a n d NK c e l l s s e c r e t e GrB a n d o t h e r g r a n u l e
p r o t e i n s i n c l u d i n g p e r f o r i n
白r o u g ht h e i m m u n o l o g i c a l s y n a p s e : t h e s u b m i c r o s c o p i c
i n t e r c e l l u l a r c l e f t s . GrB t r
百n s l o c a t e di n t o t h e c y t o p l a s m o f t h e t a r g e t c e l l i n d u c e s c e l l
d e a t h . I n t h e c u r r e n t s t u d y , t o c l a r 均 t h ei n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n CD8+ T c e l l s a n d HaCaT
c e l l s wi
吐1 t h e e x p r e s s i o n ofMHC c l a s s 1 by I F N " γ s t i m u l a t i o n [ 1
,9 ] . To d e t e r m i n e t h e
o p t i m a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f I F N ‑ y , HaCaT c e l l s wer
巴s t i m u l a t e d w i t h s e v e r a l
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h i s c y t o k i n e . The e x p r e s s i o n r a t e r e a c h e d a p l a t
巴a uo f 20 % a t a
c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 2 5 n g / m l ; t h e r e f o r e
,HaCaT c e l l s w e r e t h e n s t i m u l a t e d w i t h 2 5 n g l m l 1 F N ‑ y . As a r e s u l t
,t i g h t e n t a n g l e m e n t o f HaCaT c e l l s a n d CD8+ T c e l l s was o b s e r v e d d u r i n g c o ‑ c u l t u r e , i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h a n i n c r e a s e d number o f G r B ‑ p o s i t i v e HaCaT c e l l s .
As t h e s o u r c e o f GrB i n k e r a t i n o c y t e s f o r p r o ‑1 L ‑ 1 8 c l e a v a g e , we h y p o t h e s i z e d e x o g e n o u s s u p p l y
企omCTL
/NK s . However
,t h e e n d o g e n o u s GrB i n k
巴r a t i n o c y t
巴si s a n o t h e r p o s s i b l
巴c a n d i d a t ef o r GrB i n 1 L ‑ 1 8 p r o c
巴s s i n g .Hemandez‑Pigeon r e p o r t e d
出a t UVB i n d u c e s GrB i n human k e r a t i n o c y t e s c o n f e r r i n g them p o t e n t c e l l u l a r c y t o t o x i c i t y a g a i n s t v a r i o u s c e l l u l a r m o d e l s i n c l u d i n g immune c e l l s [ 4 , 5 ] . W i t h o u t s t i m u l a t i o n , GrB i s und
巴 胤t a b l ei n HaCat c e l l s
,however
,c o ‑ c u l t u r e w i t h CD8+ c e l l s i s a p o t e n t s t i m u l i f o r e n d o g e n o u s GrB i n d u c t i o n a s w e l l a s UVB. 1 n t e r
宮s t i n g l y , GrB mRNA was i n d u c e d i n HaCaT c e l l s a f t e r c o ‑ c u l t u r e . Howev
巴r
,GrB mRN A e x p r e s s i o n l e v e l s w e r e weak a n d remam
巴dsame l e v e l s a f t e r i n c r e a s e o f c o ‑ c u l t u r e d CD8+ T c e l l numbe r . 1 n c o n t r a s t , t h e G r B ‑ p o s i t i v e HaCaT c e l l number s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d from 0% t o m
。向性1 a n60%
a c c o r d i n g t o i n c r e a s e o f CD8+ T c e l l number i n c o ‑ c u l t u r e . 1 n d u c i b l e b u t s t e a d y low l e v e l s GrB mRN A e x p r e s s i o n i n HaCaT c e l l s a n d s i g n i f i c a n t a u g m e n t a t i o n i n GrB i n HaCaTa
武e rc o ‑ c u l t u r e i m p l i c a t e s t h e main s o u r c e o f GrB i n HaCaT i s e x o g e n o u s Gr B
企omCD8+. Thus , GrB 丘 omC D 8 + T c e l l s may m a i n l y c o n t r i b u t e s t o c . o n v e r t i n g a n d r e l e a s e o f 1 L ‑ 1 8 from k e r a t i n o c y t e s . 1 n a d d i t i o n
,i n c r e a s e o f l a c t a t e d e h y d r o g e n a s e (LDH) i n t h e c u l t u r e s u p e r n a t a n t was n o t d e t e c t e d ( d a
句n o ts h o w n )
,which i m p l i c a t e s t h a t r e l e a s e o f 1 L ‑ 1 8
企omHaCaT c e l l s i s n o t s i m p l y r
巴s u l t e d
企oml e a k a g e o f 1 L ‑ 1 8
企omHaCaT c e l l s i n j u r e d by CD8+ T c e l l s .
F i n a l l y , c o n v e r t e d m a t u r e 1 L ‑ 1 8 was a b u n d i m t l y r e l e a s e d from HaCaT c e l l s
T h e s e f i n d i n g s c l e a r l y d e m o n s t r a t e
吐1 a ts k i n i n f i l t r a t i n g T c e l l s i n t e r a c t d i r e c t l y t o
k e r a t i n o c y t e s , i n d u c i n g k e r a t i n o c y t e s a p o p t o s i s a n d m a t u r e 1 L ‑ 1 8 r e l e a s e u s i n g GrB
p a t h w a y . 1 n b r i e f
,t h e s e r e s u l t s p r o v i d e more i n s i g h t s i n t h
巴m
巳c h a n i s mo f k e r a t i n o c y t e
i n j u r y a n d o v e r p r o d u c t i o n o f 1 L ‑ 1 8
出a tmay d e v e l o p i n s k i n d i s o r c l e r s a s s o c i a t e d w i f u
.
、e p i d e r m a l c e l l i n j u r y i n c l u d i n g t o x i c e p i d e r m a l n e c r o s i s a n d S t e v e n s ‑ J o h n s o n s y n d r o m e .
The r o l e s o f CD8+ T c e l l s i s n o t l i m i t e d i n c l a s s i c a l p e r f o r i n l G r B c y t o t o x i c p a t h w a y ,
b u t CD8+ T c e l l s h a v e a d d i t i o n a l p r o f i l e a s a n i m m u n o m o d u l a t o r r e l e a s i n g
i n f l a m m a t o r y c y t o k i n e I L
同1 8
R e f e r e n c e s
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1'TS ( 1 9 9 1 ) Human ke
1'a t i n o c y t e s p
1'o d u c e but d o n o t p
1'o c e s s p
1'o ' i n t e
1'1 e u k i n ' 1 ( I L ' l ) b e t a . D i f f e
1'e n t s t
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1'o d u c t i o n and p
1'o c e s s i n g i n monocytes and ke
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・1071
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,Yoshimoto T
,T s u t s u i H
,Okamu
1'a H ( 2 0 0 1 ) I n t e
1'1 e u k i n ' 1 8 i s a unique c y t o k i n e t h a t s t i m u 1 a t e s both Th1 and Th2
1'
e s p o n s e s depending on i t s c y t o k i n e m i l i e u . C y t o k i n e G
1'owth F a c t o
1'Rev 1 2 : 5 3
・72
1 2 . Nakanishi K
,Yoshimoto T
,T s u t s u i H
,Okamu
1'a H ( 2 0 0 1 ) I n t e
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,Yamanaka K
,Habe K
,Mo
1'i o k a T
,Ku
・'1okawa1
,T s u t s u i H
,Yamanishi K
,Nakanishi K
,Mizutani H ( 2 0 0 6 ) Human mast c e l l chymase c l e a v e s p
1'o ' I L ' 1 8 and g e n e
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・8319
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,Yamanaka K
,τbkime K
, Kit a n o S
,Kakeda M
,Ak eda T
,Ku
1'okawa 1
,Gabazza EC
,T s u t s u i H
,Katayama N
,Yamanishi K
,Nakanishi K
,Mizutani H ( 2 0 1 0 ) G
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・1 8 c o n v e
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, Kim JE
,Lee JY
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,Lee WJ
, Kim T
,Yoon D
,Cho D ( 2 0 0 4 ) I n c
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,Kayagaki N
,Kuida K
,Nakano H
,Hayashi N
,Takeda K
,Matsui
,KKashiwamu
1'a S
,Hada T
,Aki
1'a S
,Y a g i t a H
,Okamu
1'a H
,Nakanishi K ( 1 9 9 9 ) C a s p a s e " 1 ‑ i ndependent , F a s / F a s 1 i g a n d " m e d i a t e d I L " 1 8 s e c
1'e t i o n from mac
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1'i n j u
1'Y i n mice Immunity 1 1 : 3 5 9 " 3 6 7
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,D
1'enke
1'M
,E i z " V e s p e
1'B
,We
1'f e 1 T
,Wittmann M ( 2 0 0 8 ) E v i d e n c e f o
1'a p a t h o g e n e t i c
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1'y t h e m a t o s u s . Ar t h
1'i t i s Rheum 5 8 : 3 2 0 5
・3215
1 8 . Wittmann M
,Macdona1d A
,Renne J ( 2 0 0 9 ) I L " 1 8 and s k i n i n f l a m m a t i o n . Autoimmun Rev 9 : 4 5
・48
1 9 . Yamanaka K
,C1a
1'k R
,Dowgie
1't R
,Hu
1'w i t z D
,S h i b a t a M
,Rich BE
,Hi
1'aha
1'a K
,Jones DA
,Eapen S
,Mizutani H
,Kuppe
1'TS ( 2 0 0 6 )
E x p r e s s i o n o f i n t e r 1 e u k i n " 1 8 and c a s p a s e " l i n c u t a n e o u s T " c e l l
1ymphoma. C l i n Cancer Res 1 2 : 3 7 6 " 3 8 2
F i g u r e l e g e n d
F i g . l E x p r e s s i o n o f MHC c I a s s 1 on HaCaT c e I l s . HaCaT c e I l s w e r e p r e ‑ t r e a t e d w i t h I F N ‑ y ( 0
,2 5
,5 0
,7 5
,1 5 0 n g ! m l ) f o r 4 8 h o u r s . The MHC c l a s s 1 e x p r e s s i o n was u p ‑ r e g u l a t e d by t r e a t m e n t w i t h 2 5 n g / m l o f I F N ‑ y , r e a c h i n g a p l a t e a u a t 20 % o f p o s i t i v e c e l l s . I n t h i s s y s t e m
,a d e q u a t e c o n c e n
むa t i o nofIFN
ヴf o rMHC c l a s s 1 e x p r e s s i o n was d e t
巴町n i n e da s 2 5 ng/m l .
F i g . 2 RT‑PCR a n a l y s i s i n CD8+T c e I l s and HaCaT c e I l s . CD8+ c e l l s e x p r e s s
十granzym
巴BmRNA
,b u t n o t c a s p a s e ‑ I o r I L ‑ 1 8 mRN A . HaCaT c e l l s s t i m u l a t e d w i t h I F N ‑ y
巴x p r e s sc a s p a s e ‑ l
釦dI L ‑ 1 8 mRNA , b u t n o t g r
紅lZymeB mRN A .
F i g . 3 Granzyme B and c a s p a s e ‑ l e x p r e s s i o n i n HaCaT c e I l s and CD8+T c e I l s . ( A ) A f t e r c o ‑ c u l t u r e w i t h GrB( + ) / c a s p a s e ‑ l ( ー )CD8+ T c e l l s
,Gr B e x p r e s s i o n i n c r e a s e d i n HaCaT c e l l s . Gr B' e x p r e s s i o n in CD8+ T c e l l s was s t r o n g l y d e t e c t e d ( 6 5 % )
,a n d r e m a i n e d same l e v e l s a f t e r c o ‑ c u l t u r e . ( B ) I m m u n o r e a c t i v e c a s p a s e ‑ l i n HaCaT c e l l s a n d CD8+ T c e l l was s c
紅 白l yd e t e c t e d a f t e r c o ‑ c u l t u r e . ( C ) GrB mRN A i n t h e i s o l a t e d HaCaT c e l l s a f t e r c o ‑ c u l
加r ewas w e a k l y d e t e c t e d
,a n d i t s e x p r e s s i o n 1
巴v e l swas u n c h a n g e d a f t e r c o ‑ c u l t u r e w i t h i n c r e a s e d number o f CD8+ T c e l l s . The i n t e g r a t e d d e n s i t y v a l u e was n o t e l e v a t e d w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f CD8+ T c e l l s .
F i g . 4 M i c r o s c o p i c
貧困d i n g so f HaCaT c e I l s and CD8+ T c e I l s . ( A ) HaCaT c e l l s c u l t u r e d i n t h e r e g u l
訂mediumw e l l a d h e r e d t o t h e d i s h ( x 4 0 ) . ( B ) A f t e r c o ‑ c u l t u r e wi
吐1
Gr B( + ) / c a s p a s e ‑ l ( ー ) CD8+ T c e l l s
,HaCaT c e l l s d e t a c h e d f r o m t h e d i s h
,a n d s
巴p a r a t e di n
r o u n d s h a p e ( x 4 0 ) . ( C ) Some CD8+ T c e l l s t i g h t l y b i n d t o HaCaT c e l l s a t h i g h
m a g n i f i c a t i o n ( x 4 0 0 )
F i g . 5 Mature IL
・1 8i n t h e c o ‑ c u l t u r e s u p e r n a t a n t ofHaCaT c e I l s and CD8+ T c e I l s .
The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f ma
旬r eI L ‑ 1 8 e l e v a t e d i n t h e c o ‑ c u l t u r e s u p e m a t a n t
合'Om HaCaT
a n d Gr B ( + ) / c a s p a s e ‑ l ( ‑ ) human CD8+T c e l l . The maωre I L ‑ 1 8 c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n c r e a s e d
c o ‑ c u l t u r e d CD8+ T c e l l number d e p e n d e n t l y .
‑
・
F i g . l
*
( % ) *
*
。 25 50 75 1 5 0
I F N ‑ y ( n g l m l )
ヨ 目 ︑ 国 岡 山
間
ω E
h N
E w
‑ M
M
}[・・
ω
閣m H 島
田園 口
国白血
d
刊 ︒
F i g . 2
CD8 + T c e l l s
HaCaT c e l l s
、
F i g . 3 A
︒
u﹀o
翠 帥o a m
﹄o d p
H a c a t : CD8 1 : 0 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 8 1 : 1 6
• HaCat
• CD8Tcell
F i g . 3 B
‑0 00
之謡曲
wo aF EO
師同色帥帽
UJ F
H a c a t : CD8 1 : 0 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 8 1 : 1 6
• HaCat
• CD8Tcell
、 階
。
F i g . 3 C
500‑
幽 雌 鞠 幽 僻 句 制 園 肺 輸 幽e
悩 幽e
300‑
M W 1
0
2
80
~ 60
‑ ω
h Z~ 40
宅
3
喝0 d
E
~ 20
‑
22 3 4 5 1
GAPDH
1 : 0 1 : 2 1:4 HaCaT:CD8
2
3 4 5
G r a n z y m e B
1 : 8
、 ・
F i g . 4 A
( A )
, .
.
F i g . 4 B
F i g . 4 C
( C )
、
、
F i g . 5
30
言
20
旬 、 同
CI
c .
、
由‑
。マー ー」