need the criteria for deciding the Japanese translation of “ those ” between “ arera no ” and “ sorera no ” . In the example sentence in [2], the noun following “ that ” was different from eithr the subject or object of the pre- ceding sentence. Consequently “ ano ” was chosen.
*
Pepartment of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Japan
福岡大学理学部応用数学科Dependence on Context
in case of English-Japanese Machine Translation Ⅰ - 7
Katsuyuki S HIBATA
*(Received November 30 , 2007 )
英和機械翻訳における文脈依存性
Ⅰ -
7柴田 勝征
(平成
19
年11
月30
日受理)Abstract
Tis is the seventh of a series of articles on the context dependency analysis in case of Eng- lish-Japanese translation system which we call “ US system ” . In this issue we examine the ex- amples taken from Lesson 7 of the English textbooks for the first year grade Japanese junior high school students.
The main subjects to be discussed in this issue are the followings: ( 1 ) Should plural pronoun
“ those ” be translated as “ arera no ” or “ sorera no ” ? ( 2 ) An example case for translating plural pro- noun “ they ” into “ kanojo-tachi ” . ( 3 ) An example of translating the title “ Mrs. ” as “ Fujin ” . ( 4 ) De- termination of what “ too ” modifies in case of pronoun object. ( 5 ) The choice of a context-match- ing Japanese for “ good ” among “ yoi ” (adjective), “ yoroshii ” (interjection), and “ zen ” (noun). ( 6 ) Two different Japanese verbs corresponding to two different meanings for English verb “ remem- ber ” .
Key words: machine translation, context dependence,
context inherited from the preceding sentences, US system.
1
.Should
“those
”be translated as
“arera no
”or
“sorera no
”(Part 1)
In the 5th article [2] of this series, we
investigated criteria for deciding the Japa-
nese translation of “ that ” between “ ano ”
and “ sono ” . As its plural form version, we
In this article, we first present a similar example in section 1 here, and then anoth- er example for which “ arera no ” is rejected and “ sorera no ” is adopted by the converse reason in section 5.
Kenji: Who are those girls? ……… (1)
健二「
あれらの少女は誰ですか?」
Kenji “ Arera no shoujo wa dare desu ka? ”
Sam: They are my friends. We go to the
same school. ……… (2)
サム「
彼女達は私の友人です.私達は同じ 学校に行きます.」
Sam “ Kanojo-tachi wa watashi no yuu- jin desu.
Watashitachi wa onaji gakkou ni iki- masu. ”
The choice rule applied to decide the Japanese for “ those ” in (1) above is;
88;
そ れ ら の;2;E0=those;E1<>people;DJ1<>SJ
$;DJ1<>OJ$;DJ1<>SJ2$;DJ1<>OJ2$;E1<>*B S;E1<>*BS2;D1<>
回; d340;
This rule verifies that the noun directly following “ those ” is different from either the subject or object of the preceding sentence or of the sentence before the last, and that the noun is contained neither in the preced- ing English sentence (BS) nor in the sen- tence before the last (BS2). Consequently the noun doesn ' t refer to something already mentioned but presents something new. By these reasons the rule rejects “ sorera no ” and thus adopts “ arera no ” .
2
.Example of translating
“they
”into
“
kanojo-tachi
”(the second case)
In the previous article [3] of this series, we showed an example where “ they ” was
translated into “ kanojo-tachi ” . But in that example the translated word was annihi- lated in the process of grammatically con- necting the translated words. This time we present an example in which “ kanojo-tachi ” is preserved till the final result of the trans- lation.
For “ they ” in example (2) of the previous section, the choice rule applied to “ they ” is;
22;*
彼女;2;SZ=W;SZ=x;OZ<>x;EA<>,; D990;
This rule checks that the attribute set of the subject of the previous sentence SZ contains ʻ W ' (woman) and ʻ x ' (plural sym- bol ʻ s ' at the tail of the word) and that the attribute set of the object of the preceding sentence OZ doesn ' t contain ʻ x ' , and con- seguently it selects “ kanojo-tachi ” as the Japanese for “ they ” . In fact, the subject of the preceding sentence is “ those girls ” . 3
.Example of translating
“Mrs.
”as
“fujin
”For the title “ Mrs. ” , three Japanese words
“ san ” , “ fujin ” and “ sensei ” are registered in our system dictionary. When “ Mrs. AA ” appears with “ Mr. AA ” in pair, “ Mrs. AA ” will be translated into Japanese as “ AA Fujin ” .
Taro: How do you do, Mr Hill?
太郎「始めまして,ヒルさん.」
Taro “ Hajime mashite, Hiru san. ” Becky ' s Father: Nice to meet you, Taro.
ベッキーのお父さん「あなたに会えて嬉し いです,太郎.」
Bekii no Otou-san “ Anata ni aete ure-
shii-desu, Taro. ”
− 91 −
in case of English-Japanese Machine Translation
Ⅰ- 7
(K. Shibata
)Taro: How do you do, Mrs Hill? ……
(3)
太郎「始めまして,ヒル
夫人.」
Taro “ Hajime mashite, Hiru Fujin . ” The choice rule for “ Mrs. ” in (3) above is;
88;*
夫人;2;E0=Mrs; E-1=How do you do,;
T1=K;E1=*BS2;BS2=*How do you do, Mr;
d130;
This rule requires that the preceding English sentence (BS) is “ How do you do, (someone)? ” , that the attribute of the noun directly after Mrs. is ʻ K ' (proper noun), that the proper noun is contained in the sentence before the last (BS2) and that the English sentence before the last contains
“ How do you do, Mr. (someone)? ” When all these conditions are satisfied, the rule selects ʻ fujin ' as the adequate Japanese for
“ Mrs. ”
Remark: “ Hajime mashite, Hiru Fujin. ” is, in fact, a rather unnatural Japanese sentence as a greeting by a junior high- school student. The most natural transla- tion would simply be “ Hajime mashite ” , neglecting the English part “ Mrs. Hill ” . But here we do not require the translation to that extent.
4
.Determination of what
“too
”refers to (a case of pronoun object)
In the 4th article [1] of this series, we investigated whether “ , too ” refers to the object or to the subject of the sentence in case “ , too ” follows a noun object of a transitive verb. When the object of the verb is a pronoun, we are unable to apply similar criterion. Let ' s look at the following example. We remark that among the five English textbooks, only New Crown and New Crown (New Edition) write as “ too ”
at the end of a sentence not as “ , too ” as in the other textbooks. Both expressions seem to be used in USA and in the Great Britain.
Tom: Yes, I can. They are ki, hayashi and mori.
トム「はい,出来ます.それら(それらの 単語)は ki , hayashi と mori です.」
Tomu “ Hai, deki-masu. sorera (sorera no tango) wa ki, hayashi to mori desu. ” Kumi: Right. They mean ʻ tree ' , ʻ woods ' and ʻ forest ' . Do you know this too ?
……… (4)
久美「そのとおりです.それらは ʻ木ʼ,ʻ林ʼ と ʻ森ʼ を意味します.
あなたはこれ
も知っていますか?」
Kumi “ Sono-toori desu. Sorera wa ʻ ki ' ,
ʻ hayashi ' to ʻ mori ' wo imi-shi-masu.
Anata wa kore- mo shitte-i-masu ka? ” In the process of grammatically connect- ing the translated Japanese words from the bottom up, the composition grammar rule to connect “ wo shitte-iru (ru 7) ” , “ kore ” and “ mo mata ” into “ kore-mo shitte-iru (ru 7) ” is;
5;326;3;1;L;J3=?; E2=too; E2<>*;E-1=you;
BS=*Yes, I can. ;J0#-
格;J0#VR;J1#+
も;J2#Z;
9662;
This rule reqires as preconditions that this part is at the end of a sentence (LT = LasT) followed by the interrogation mark
ʻ ? ' (and thus a question sentence) and that the preceding English word (E-1) which seems to be the subject is “ you ” . So we here need to choose between “ Anata-mo ...wo ...shi-masu ka? ” and “ Anata wa ....-mo ...shi-masu ka? ” And the rule concludes to choose “ Anata wa ....-mo ...shi-masu ka? ” , if the preceding English sentence contains
“ Yes, I can. ” This implies that the subject
of the preceding sentence is “ I ” , and that the subject of the present sentece “ you ” refers to the same person. By the principle that the Japanese postpostion “ mo ” (corre- sponding to English “ too ” ) is not to be at- tached to the already mentioned (pro)noun,
“ mo ” is attached to the object, not to the subject.
5
.Should
“those
”be translated as
“arera no
”or
“sorera no
”(Part 2)
In section 1, we showed an example of selecting “ arera no ” for “ those ” when the noun following “ those ” is different either from the subject or from the object of the preceding sentences. In this section, we are going to show a contrary example of re- jecting “ arera no ” and thus adopting “ sorera no ” by virtue of the information on the pre- ceding sentences.
Tom: English has many riddles like this.
トム「英語にはこのような多くの謎があり ます.」
Tomu 「 Eigo ni-wa kono youna ooku- no nazo ga ari-masu.
Kumi: Good . I like those word games.
……… (5)
久美「それは好いですね.私はそれらの言 葉遊びが好きです.」
Kumi 「 Sore wa yoi desu ne . Watashi wa sorera no kotoba-asobi ga suki desu.
The choice rule for “ those ” applied to (5) above is;
88;*
それらの;2;E0=those;E-1=like;BS=*many
;BS=*like this. ; d337;
The “ word games ” referred to “ those ” does not explicitly appear in the preceding
sentence ( “ riddles ” is paraphrased), but the preceding English sentence (BS) contains
“ ... many ... ” and “ ... like this ” , and so the noun phrase succeeding “ those ” is consid- ered to point out what is mentioned in the preceding sentence, and in consequence of these, the rule chooses “ sorera no ” for
“ those ” .
6
.The choice for
“good
”among
“yoi
”,
“
yoroshii
”and
“zen
”In our system dictionary, as the Japanese translations for English word “ good ” , three Japanese words, “ yoi ” (adjective), “ yoroshii ” (interjection) and “ zen ” (abstract noun) are registered. If one replies “ Good, ” in a con- versation, we tend to select the interjection
“ yoroshii ” for “ good ” , but there are some cases where it is better to select “ yoi ” re- garding the phrase as the abbreviation of
“ It ' s good. ” Such is the case for example (5) in the previous section. For “ good ” at the head of example (5), the following two choice rules are successively applied and the translation is finally determined as
“ yoi ” ;
5X;*
好い;2;E0=good;FT;LT;DJ-1=
「;E2=I;
E3=like;BS=* has many ; BS=* like this. ; V860 ; X
よろしい; 5
好い15;*
好い;2;E0=good;FT;LT; DJ-1=
「;E2=I;
E3=like;BS=* has many ;BS=* like this. ; 9380; 5
好い; 1
善These rules check that “ good ” in ques- tion is a single word sentence (FT;LT) at the head of a speech (DJ-1= 「 ;) followed by a sentence “ I like ... ” . Namely the situa- tion is; “ Good. I like ... ” Further they verify that the preceding English sentence (BS) contain “ ... has many ... ” and “ ... like this. ”
“ Good. I like ... ” is a reply to this. Therefore
− 93 −
in case of English-Japanese Machine Translation
Ⅰ- 7
(K. Shibata
)the speech seems to mean “ That ' s nice. I like ..., too, ” and the rules select “ yoi ” for
“ good ” .
And during the process of grammarti- cally generating the Japanese translation,
“ sore wa ” and “ desu-ne ” are attached to, respectively, from left and from right, and the translation for “ Good. ” becomes “ Sore wa yoi desu-ne. ”
1;5;X;0;FT;LT;E0=good;DJ-1=
「;E1=. ;PJS=
があります.」
;J0#+
ですね;J0#
それは+ ; 1427;
By the way, this rule requires as one of the precondtion that the preceding Japa- nese translation (PJS) contains “ ga ari-ma- su. 」” at the end of the preceding speech. In replay to such an utterance, “ Good. ... ” at the head of the answer must be translated into Japanese not simply by replacing the word registered in the dictionary but by further adding “ sore wa ” and “ desu-ne ” be- fore and after the registered word to make the Japanese translation more natural and polite.
7
.Choice between
“oboete-iru
”and
“
omoi-dasu
”for
“remember
”For English verb “ remember ” , we have two Japanese “ oboete-iru ” (keep in memo- ry) and “ omoi-dasu ” (call back to memory).
They are used as follows;
Kumi: What day is it today?
久美「今日は何曜日ですか?」
Kumi “ Kyou wa nan-youbi desu ka? ” Tom: It ' s Friday. This afternoon our class collects cans. Do you remember ?
……… (6)
トム「金曜日です.今日の午後私達のクラ スは缶を集めます.
あなたは
おぼえていますか?」
Tomu “ Kin-youbi desu. Kyou no gogo watashitachi no kurasu wa kan wo atsume-masu.
Anata wa oboete-i-masu ka? ”
Kumi: Now I do . Thanks. ……… (7)
久美「
今思い出しました.ありがとう.」
Kumi “ Ima omoi-dashi-mashita . Ariga- tou. ”
The choice rule for “ remember ” in (6) above is;
33;*
をおぼえている;2;E0=remember;J1=?;
E-1=you;E-2=do;E-3=. ; M230;
This rule verifies that the sentence under translation includes “ Dou you remember? ” following dirctly after some statement (E-3=.;). If this condition is satisfied, the question mentioned above is translated as
“ Anata wa oboete-i-masu ka? ” . This rule doesn ' t investigate the context inheriting the preceding sentences.
But, what is interesting is the answer (7) to the question. The auxiliary verb “ do ” refers to the verb “ remember ” in the preced- ing sentence (6). In English that ' s all. But in Japanese, “ remember ” in the question (6) and “ do ” (= “ remember ” ) in the answer (7) have different meanings and they should be expressed by different verbs. So we can ' t replace “ do ” by the value “ oboete-iru ” of the variable VR memorising the verb of the preceding sentence. Therefore the gen- eration grammar rule applied in the process of translation of (7) checks that what is going to be translated is the answer to the question “ Do you remember? ” and that the clause “ I do ” in question is preceded by
“ Now ” , and then rewrites the Japanese for
“ do ” as “ omoi-dashi-mashita ” rejecting the verb of the preceding sentence “ oboete-iru ” ; 3;24;X;0;LT;E0=I;E1=do;E2=. ;E-1=now;
DJ-2=
「;BS=Do you remember?;J0#Z;
J1#Z;J1#+
思い出しました; 6217;
8
.Is the
“It
”in
“It is date/time.
”a formal subject or refers to something?
The subject “ It ” of “ It ' s Friday. ” at the head of example (6) in the previous section is usually viewed as a formal subject and its Japanese translation “ sore ” will be anni- hilated during the process of generating the translation. The grammar rule connecting
“ sore ” (it) + “ dearu ” (be) + “ Kin-youbi ” (Friday)
=> “ Kin-youbi desu ” is
3;231;X;1;FT; E0=it;T1=v;T2=t;E2<>*on;
E3<>that;PJS<>*
の日が来ました。;J0#Z;
J1#DES; 6910;
This rule requires as a precondition that the preceding Japanese translation (PJS) does not contain “ ... no hi ga ki-mashita. ” If the preceding translated sentence contains such expression, example sentences exist in which we should translate “ It is date/time. ” as “ Sore (= it) wa date/time desu. ”
9
.Should
“now
”be translated as
“ima
”or
“saa
”?
English word “ now ” is used to imply
“ present time ” (adverb, noun) as well as
“ Well, .. ” (interjection) for promption or starting a new subject. In case of “ now ” in example (7) in the two sections back, our translation system applies the following choice rule with very explicit conditions;
6X;*
今;2;E0=now;FT;E1=I;E2=do;E3=.;DJ-1=
「