BY CYMBIDIUM MOSAIC VIRUS
Na 出lO bu l N oUYE
I n v i r u s d i s e a s e s r e p o r t e d from many g e n e r a i n t h e O r c h i d a c e a e , t h e two most commonly known v i r u s e s a
目Cymbidiumm o s a i c v i r u s (CyMV) ( 3 , 12 , 1 3 , 15 , 1 7 ) andω . o n t o g l o s s u m r i n g s 戸 tv i r u s (ORSV) ( 1 0 , 16 , 1 8 ) . CyMV , r e p o r t e d f i r s t by J e n s e n ( 1 1 , 1 2 ) , h a s a l r e a d y b e e n f o u n d t o be i n f e c t i o u s t o many p l a n t
S
戸 c i e si n 11 g e n e r a o f o r c h i d s ( 2 , 15 , 18 , 20 , 2 1 ) . I n t h e p r e v i o u s p a p e r , t h e a u t h o r showed t h a t a d i s e a s e o f Cymbidium c a u s e d by ORSV was e n c o u n t e r e d v e r y commonly i n many n u r s e r i e s i n J a p a n ( 8 , 1 0 ) . I n t h e p r
白le n tp a p e r t h e a u ‑ t h o r i d e n t i f i e d t h e v i r u s c a u s i n g c h l o r o t i c a r e a s and n e c r o t i c s t r e a k s i n t h e l e a v
白o f
Cymbidium a s CyMV , on t h e b a s i s o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f symptoms , h o s t r a n g e , p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s , t r a n s m i s s i o n , s e r o l o g y and e l e c t r o n m i c r 佃 ∞ p y .CyMV was a l
回i s o l a t e dfrom C a t t / e y a e x h i b i t i n g l e a f n e c r o s i s .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The v i r u s u s e d i n t h e s t u d i
田wasi s o l a t e d from t h e p l a n t s o f Cymbidium and Ca t t / e y a ∞ l l e c t e d from many c o m m e r c i a l o r c h i d n u s e r i e s i n t h e westem p a r t o f J a p a n , d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f 1960 t o 1 9 6 3 . D i s e a s e d p l a n t s c o l l e c t e d were m a i n ‑ t a i n e d i n a g r e e n h o u s e f o r t h e i n o c u l u m s o u r c e .
Datura stramonium was u s e d a s an i n d i c a t o r p l a n t f o r many o f t h e e x p e r ‑ i m e n t s . To c o n f i r m t h e v i r u s i n f e c t i o n , back i n o c u l a t i o n was made on t h e i n d i c a ‑ t o r p l a n t s , and e l
配t r o nm i c r o s c o p i c o b s e l v a t i o n was a l s o made t o d e t
配tv i r u s p a r t i c l e s i n t h e i n o c u l a t e d p l a n t s . P r e p a r a t i o n f o r e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y was made by means o f d i p method a c c o r d i n g t o Brand
回( 1 ) .Unl
白so t h e r w i
記s t a 凶, m e c h ‑ a n i c a l i n o c u l a t i o n w
酪c o n d u c t e di n t h e u s u a l manner i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t s o f h
四t r a n g e , p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t l
白ando t h e r s .
RESULTS
1 . Sym ρ t o m s i n n a t u r a / / y i n f e c t e d p / a n t s
( a ) Cymbidium Sympt . o ms i n y . o ung l e a v
倍a r ec h a r a c t e r i z e d by c h l . o r o t i c
p a t c h e s and c . o n s p i c u . o u s , e l . o n g a t e d c h l o r . o t i c a r e a s , a b o u t 1 t . o 10 mm i n l e n g t h
( F i g . 1 . F , G ) . So me a d d i t i . o n a l n e c r o s i s a r e s e e n . o n t h e young m o t t l e d l e a v e s o f
some . o f t h e d i s e a s e d p l a n t s . Sympt . o ms i n . o l d e r l e a v e s a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by e l o n ‑
g a t e d y e l l . o wish g r e e n a r e a s , and sunken n e c r o t i c s p o t s and i r r e g u l a r l y s h a p e d
s t r e a k s ( F i g .
,1A‑E). The n e c r o s i s i s
田v e r e . o n t h e l o w e r s u r f a c e . o f l e a v e s ( F i g .
1 . C , E) c . o mpared w i t h t h a t . o n t h e u p p e r s u r f a c e ( F i g . 1 . B , D ) . l n some i n ‑
s t a n c
偽n
田r . o t i csymptoms ap 戸 a r e dt . o be n
配r . o t i cr i n g p a t t e m s , ab . o u t 2 mm i n
A
1 6 2 N . I n o u y e
F i g .
1.S y m p t o m s o f C y m b i d i u m m ω a i c
討r u si n
Cymbidiuml e a v e s .
(B
,
D, F , G ) u p p e r s u r f a c e ,
(A, C ,
E)l o w e r s u r f a c e ,
(H)C h l o r o t i c m o t t l e a n d n e c r o t i c s t r e a k s o n y o u n g e r l e a f o f a r t i f i c i a l l y i n f e c t e d p l a n t .
B
F i g .
2.S y m p t o r n s o f C y m b i d i u r n r n ω a i c v i r u s i n
Cattleyal e a v e s .
(A
, C ) u p p e r s u r f a c e ,
(B,
D)l o w e r s u r f a
ce.
width and 5 t o 50 mm i n l e n g t h ( F i g . 1 . C ) . The n e c r o s i s a p p e a r e d more f r e ‑ q u e n t l y on t h e b a s a l p o r t i o n s o f t h e l e a v e s t h a n t h e upper p a r t s . Do u b l e i n f e c t i o n o f CyMV and
ORSVwas a l s o n o t i c e d i n Cymbidium p l a n t showing c h l o r o t i c
町 田
s , n e c r o s i s and n e c r o t i c r i n g s ( F i g . 3 . B , C ) .
( b ) C a t t l e y a α1 younger l e a v e s , l i g h t brown n e c r o t i c s p o 飴 ands t r e a k s
a r e formed i n i n t e r n a l t i s s u e , and sunken , r e d d i s h brown n e c r o t i c s t r e a k s a r e a l s o
produced on t h e lower s u r f a c e o f t h e l e a v e s ( F i g . 2 . C , D ) . o n o l d e r l e a v e s , s u n k ‑
en d a r k ‑ r e d o r brownish p u r p l e p a t c h e s a r e formed on t h e t o p p a r t o f t h e upper
l e a f ( F i g . 2 . A) and d i s t i n c t c o n c e n t r i c n
配r o t i cr i n g pa 仕 e r n sa r e produced on t h e
l o w e r s u r f a c
怠o ft h e l e a v e s . Th
白ep a t t e m s a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by c o n c e n t r i c n e c r o t i c r i n g s e n c l o s i n g normal t i s s u e o r n e c r o t i c s p o 岱 , and becoming l a r g e r compound p a t t e m s o v e r l a p p i n g w i t h e a c h o t h e r ( F i g . 2 . B ) . Ma ny f l o w e r s o f d i s e a s e d C a t t ‑ l e y a p l a n t s a r e o b s e r v e d s y m p t o m l e s s . However , l i g h t c o l o r removing b r e a k o f f l o w e r s was o b s e r v e d i n a v a r i e t y , L c . Co r i
組nde( F i g . 4 . A) , and l i g h t c o l o r a d d i n g b r e a k i n B c . C l i f t o n v i l l e and L c . A p h r o d i t e ( F i g . 4 . B ) . The p r '
脱n c eo f v i r u s i n t h e s e f l o w e r s was d e m o n s t r a t e d by b i o a s
田yand e l e c t r o n m i c r c
渇c o p y . Do u b l e i n f e c t i o n o f GyMV and ORSV was a l s o n o t i c e d i n C a t t l e y a p l a n t s showing l i g h t
田d d i s h ‑ p u r p l ep a t c h e s and sunken n e c r o t i c s t r e a k s ( F i g . 3 . A ) .
Fi
g . 3 . S y m p t o m s i n
Cattleyaa n d
Cymbidiumc a u s e d b y b o t h o f C y m b i d i u m m
曲a i cv i r u s a n d
Odo n t o g l
団sumr i n g s p o t v i r u s .
(A) Cattleya
,
(B) Cymbidium j Uppers u r f a c e , ( C ) l o w e [ " s u r t a c e o f l e a f
B'.2 . T r a n s m i s s i o n
F i g .
4.L i g h t , ∞ I o r b r e a k i n g i n t h e f l o w e r s o f
Cat t l e y a .
( A )
Lc. Cor i
釦l d e ,
(B) Lc.A p h r o d i t e .
Ca u s a l v i r u s i s
伺s i l yt r a n s m i t t e d t o h e a l t h y p l a n t s o f Cymbidium , C a t t l e y a and Dendrobium w i t h d i s
白 田d j u i
四c o n t a i n i n gcarborandum a s an a b r a s i v e . Most o f t h e Cymbidium s e e d l i n g s become d i s e a s e d a f t e r a b o u t 1‑3 months from t h e i n
田u l a t i o n , b u t a f t e r 19 days i n one
回s e . I n C a t t l e y a mωt o f i n c u b a t i o n
戸
r i o d sa r e o b s e r v e d t o be a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1‑2 months , b u t 12 days i n s h o r t e r c a s e . Th
白eo r c h i d p l a n t s above m e n t i o n e d a r e f o u n d t o be h i g h l y s u s c e p t i b l e when i n ∞ u l a t i o n i s a p p l i e d on t h e i r younger l e a v e s and r ∞ t s . The v i r u s i s e a s i l y t r a n s m i t t e d by a l t e m a t e c u t t m g s o f t h e l e a v
白o fh e a l t h y and d i
田a s e dp l a n t s w i t h a r a z o r b l a d e . A l l t h e a t t e m p t s t o t r a n s m i t t h e v i r u s by means o f g r e e n p e a c h a p h i d t o Cymbidium f a i l e d .
3 . Hust r a l l g e and sym ρ t o m s
Symptoms i n s u s c e p t i b l e p l a n t s a r e a s f o l l o w s :
( a ) Cymbidium Symptoms a p p e a r f i r s t on t h e ba
阻1 po
凶ono f t h e younger
1 6 4
N. Inouyem ∞ u l a t e d 1
回f . C h l o r o t i c a r e a s a p p e a r s y s t e m i c a l l y f i r s t on t h e l e a f o f t h e new g r o w t h . A f t e r a few day , t h e a r e a s become more s h a r p l y marked and d e v e l o p i n t o e l o n g a t e d , broad c h l o r o t i c s t r e a k ( F i g . 1 . H ) . I n 2 weeks t o 2 months a f t e r t h e f i r s t a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e symptoms , n e c r o t i c s p o t s and s t r e a k s a p p e a r ∞ t h e d i s e a e s d l e a v e s . The n e c r o s i s a p p e a r s f i r s t on t h e lower s u r f a c e o f t h e l e a v e s , and l a t e r e x t e n d s t o t h e upper s u r f a c e . The growth o f t h e a H e c t e d p l a n t s i s e x t r e m e l y r e t a r d e d .
( b ) C a t t l e y a Brown p a t c h e s app
白rf i r s t i n i n t e r n a l t i s s u e o f t h e young m ∞ u l a t e d l e a v e s ( F i g . 5 . C ) . The d i s c o l o r a t i o n i s o b s e r v a b l e t h r o u g h t h e c u t i c l e o f t h e l e a v e s . These p a t c h e s become i n c o a l e s c e n c e with one a n o t h e r , d a r k e n i n g t h e e n t i r e l e a f , and e x t e n d i n g i n t o t h e p s e u d o b u l b . Le a v e s d e v e l o p i n g
配v e r e l y n e c r o t i c i n whole s u r f a c e drop p r e m a t u r e l y . Sunken n e c r o t i c s t r e a k s a r e a l s o formed ( F i g . 5 . A , B ) . o n matured i n ∞ u l a t e d l e a v e s , sunken brown n e c r o t i c s t r e a k s a r e formed s l o w l y expanding a l o n g t h e v e i n s . I n some o f t h e i n ∞ u l a t e d p l a n t s , o n l y brown p a t c h e s app
田ron t h e i n ∞ u l a t e d l e a f , and a l l t i s s u e s o f newly d e v e l o p e d s h ∞ t become n e c r o t i c and d i e s (F i g . 5 . D ) . P l a n t s were
田v e r e l ya H e c t e d when t h e s e e d l i n g s and l e a v e s were i n o c u l a t e d a t t h e i r younger s 旬 geo f g r o w t h s .
Fig. 5. Symptoms of Cymbidium m団aicvirus in artificially infected Catt/eya hybrids.
( c ) Dendrobium C h l o r o t i c p a t c h e s and f a i n t m o t t l i n g a p p e a r on t h e i n ‑
∞ 叫 a t e dl e a v e s . C h l o r o t i c a r e a s r a n g i n g from s m a l l s p o t s t o l a r g e m o t t l e d p a t c h e s app
回ra s t h e s y s t e m i c symptoms. So me n e c r o s i s a r e a l s o formed i n t h e m o t t l e d l e a v e s .
( d ) E ρ idendrum L i g h t b r o w n i s h ‑ r e d d i s c o l o r a t i o n d e v e l o p e d on t h e l e a v e s . On t h e l o w e r s u r f a c e o f t h e l e a v e s , sunken n e c r o t i c s p o t s were f o r m e d .
( e ) M i l t o n i a Brown p a t c h e s i n t h e forms o f s p i n d l e o r r i n g a p p e a r f i r s t on
t h e i n o c u l a t e d l e a v e s ( F i g . 6 . A ) . These n a t c h e s s o o n e x t e n d t o t h e e n t i r e l e a v e s
A
,
BFig. 6. (A) Symptoms in the inoculated leaves of MiJto"ia infected with Cymbidium m団aicvirus. (B) M団aicin De"drobium caused by Cymbidium mωaic virus.
Fig. 7. Symptoms of Cymbidium mωaic virus in several host plants. Lxコallesions on (A) Datura stramo"ium
,
(B) Che"otodium amara"ticolor,
(C) Tetrago"ia ezρa"sa.and p s e u d o b u l b . La t e r , a l l t i s s u e s o f t h e p l a n t became brown and d i e d . M i l ‑ t o n i a p l a n t s a r e f o u n d t o be h i g h l y s e n s i t i v e t o t h e i n f e c t i o n o f t h e v i r u s .
( f ) Datura stramonium N e c r o t i c 1 ∞ a l l e s i o n s a r e formed on t h e i n ∞ u l a t e d l e a v e s . b u t no s y s t e m i c i n f e c t i o n i s n o t e d ( F i g . 7 . A). The l e s i o n s ap
戸a ra f t e r t h e i n c u b a t i o n 戸 r i o do f a b o u t 10 d a y s i n o l d e r l e a v
偽anda b o u t 20 t o 25 d a y s o r more i n younger o n e s . The l e s i o n s i n t h i s p l a n t i n d u c e d by t h e v i r u s r e s e m b l e d somewhat w i t h t h o s e c a u s e d by TMV , a l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n c e s o f i n c u b a ‑ t i o n p e r i o d .
( g ) C a s s i a o c c i d e n t a l i s and C . t o r a S m a l l b l a c k n e c r o t i c s p o t s a r e formed
on t h e i n o c u l a t e d l e a v e s . 4‑6 days a f t e r i n
侃u l a t i o n .b u t no s y s t e m i c i n f e c t i o n i s
166 N .
Inou y e
n o t e d .
(h)
Cheno ρ odium a m a r a n t i c o l o r and T e t r a g o n i a e x ρ ansa I n C h e n o ρ0
・dium a m r a n t i c o l o r ,
1α~alg r e e n r i n g s p o t s a r e fonned when t h e i n o c u l a t e d l e a v e s b e g i n t o 旬 m y e l l o w ( F i g . 7 . B ) . 1 n T e t r a g o n i a e
ゆansa , f a i n t sma l 1 c h l o r o t i c s p o t s a r e fonned
1α~lyon t h e i n o c u l a t e d l e a v e s , 15‑30 days a f t e r i n
ぽu l a t i o n ( F i g . 7 .
C).The f o l l o w i n g p l a n t 明 記 i e s were f o u n d t o be i n s u s c e p t i b l e t o Cy 加 1 V . N i c o t i a n a tabacum L . , v a r i e t y B l i g h t Ye l 1 ow , Sam sun , N. r u s t i c a L . ,
N.g l u t i n o s a L . , P e t u n i a h y b r i d a V i l m . , Lyco ρ e r s i c o n e s c u l e n t u m M i l 1 . , Solanum Melongena L . , B e t a v u l g a r i s v a r . c i c l a L . , Gom ρ hrena g l o b o s a L
吋Z i n n i a e l e g a n s J a c q . , Cucumis s a t i v u s L . , C u c u r b i t a m o s c h a t a Du c h . , Pisum s a t i v u m L . , V i c i a f a b a L . , P h a s e o l u s v u l g a r i s L . , P . aureus Roxb. , Vigna c a t i a n g Walp. , v a r i e t y Daruma , T r i f o l i u m i n c a r n a t u m L . , Sesamum i n d i c u m L . ,
P h y t o l a c c a americana L . , Zea mays L . , L i l i u m formosanum S t a p f , B r a s s i c a r a ρ a L . v a r . Komatsuna Ha r a , Ra ρ h a n u s s a t i v u s L . , v a r . a c a n t h i f l o r m i s M a i k i n o .
4 . P h y s i c a l ρ r o p e r t i e s
The p h y s i c a l pro 戸 r t i e so f t h e v i r u s i
田,l a t e di n Japan were examined t o com‑
pa
問witht h o s e r e p o r t e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e f o r CyMV. The v i r u s i s i n f e c t i v e a t t h e d i l u t i ∞ o f 5x10
ーへb u t n o t 10-
6•However ,
田mei s o l a t e i s s t i l 1 i n f
配t i v ea t d i l u ‑ t i o n o f
10-6•The v i r u s i s i n f e c t i v e a t 65 oC f o r 10 m i n u t e s e x p o s u r e , b u t i s i n a c ‑ t i v a t e d a t 70 o C . The r e s u l t s agr
,田witht h o s e r e p o r t e d by J e n s e n ( 1 2 ) , M u r a k i s h i ( 2 1 ) , Co r b e t t ( 3 ) and w h i t e e t a l ( 2 4 ) . I n a g i n g t
田t s , t h e v i r u s r e m a i n s i n f e c t i v e i n e x p r e s s e d j u i
民a f t e rt h e s t o r a g e o f o v e r one month a t 18 o C . Dr i e d r
白i d u eo f d i
記a s e dl e a f j u i c e i s i n f e c t i v e a f t e r t h e s t o r a g e o f 8 days , b u t n o t a f t e r 10 days a t 20o C . T o l e r a n c e t o a g i n g o f t h e v i r u s i n t h i s p a p e r i s somewhat h i g h e r t h
組t h
情e r e p o r t e d by Jen 田 n( 1 2 ) , M u r a k i s h i ( 2 1 )
佃d Co r b e t t ( 3 ) .
5 . S e r o l o g y
P a r t i a l l y p u r i f i e d v i r u s f o r immunity was o b t a i n e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o l l o w i n g produ
田s : Le a v e s ( 7 0 g ) o f a r t i f i c i a l l y d i
記a s e d C a t t l e y a were ground i n a g r i n d ‑ bowl with 2.5 v/w o f 0.1 M ph
四p h a t eb u f f e r , pH 7.0 , and t h e j u i c e was e x ‑
TABLE 1
The r e a c t i o n s i n m i c r o a g g l u t i n a t i o n t e s t s o f Cymbidium m o s a i c v i r u s a n t i s e r u m w i t h CyMV
(×1A0nttuiEuen
d
o n ) An t i ‑ C y M V
serumd i l u t i o n 8 1 6 3 2 6 4 1 2 8 2 5 6
州 州 州
tIt¥州 判+
C y ‑ 1 6
tIt¥ tIt¥ tIt¥ tIt¥ tIt¥*
H e a l t h y o r c h i d
H + ! ‑ + … … s i g n s i
ndicate戸函
itiver飽ctions,
…
"indicates no r
悶.c t i o n
.5 1 2 1 0 2 4 2 0 4 8 4 0 9 6 8 1 9 2
鈍 且 国* + +
tト十
* +
p r e s s e d t h r o u g h c h e e s c l o t h . The e x p r e s s e d
田pwas c e n t r i f u g a t e d f o r 10 m i n . a t 1 , 500
g.The supema
旬n twas s h a k e n w i t h 1/5 volume o f c h l o r o f o r m f o r 3 min , and c l a r i f i e d by a l o w ‑ s 戸 edc e n t r i f u g a t i o n . The supematant f l u i d was f u r t h e r c e n t r i f u g a t e d f o r 15 m i n . a t 9 , 000
g.Mter t h r e e c y c l e s o f h i g h ‑and l o w ‑ s p e e d
白
n t r i f u g a t i o n s( 7 0 , 000 g f o r 1 h r .
組d1 , 500 g f o r 10 min ふ p a r t i a l l yp u r i f i e d v i r u s s u s p e n s i o n was o b t a i n e d .
An t i s e r u m t o CyMV was p r e p a r e d by g i v i n g a r a b i t 4 i n t r a m u s c u l a r i n j e c ‑ t i o n s by t h e u
田o fF r e u n d ' s a d j u v a n t and 5 i n t r a v e n o u s i n j e c t i o n s , w i t h p a r t i a l l y
140 120
ぉ
100<J
官民 80
、 . . .
J
0 60g
Z 40 20
100 300 400 500 600 700 800 Length of particles in mμ
Fig. 8. Distribution of particle length of Cymbidium mωaic vinぉi田,latedfrom di蜘 sedCymbidium.
Fig. 9. Electron micrograph of Cymbid.ium mωaic virus from a leaf‑dip preparation of Cattleya. (X 30
, α 氾)
168 N . I n o u y e
p u r i f i e d v i r u s s u s p e n s i o n . p r e c i p i t i n t
田twas p e r f o r m e d by m i c r o a g g l u t i n a t i o n t e と h n i q u e .P l a n t j u i c e f o r a n t i g e n i n t
田twas d i l u t e d t o 1/10 w i t h 0.85
労 組l i n e . The r
田u l t so f t h e p r e c i p i t i n t
,田t sa r e shown i n t a b l e
1.The s p
配i f i ct i t e r o f 也 e
釦t i s e r u mwas f o u n d t o b e 1: 2 0 4 8 . The a n t i s e r u m d i d n o t r
伺c tw i t h t h e j u i
田o fh e a l t h y p l a n t s .
6 . E l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o ρy
A d r o p o f v i r u s p r e p a r a t i o n was p l a c e d on t h e c o l o d i u m ‑ c
佃t e dg r i d and a i r ‑ d r i e d s 戸 cimenwas s h a d o w c a s t e d w i t h c r o m i u m . The g r i d s were examined u n d e r t h e e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o 戸・ F i g .8 shows t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p a r t i c l e l e n g t h s .
P r e p a r a t i o n s from d i
記a s e do r c h i d p l a n t s and a r t i f i c i a l l y i n f
,配t e dp l a n t s c o n ‑ t a i n e d s i n u o u s p a r t i c l e s s i m i l a r i n s h a p e
叩ds i
民t ot h o s e d e s c r i b e d f o r CyMV by Gold and J e n s e n ( 6 , 7 ) . The p a r t i c l e s l e n g t h s r a n g e d from a b o u t 125 t o 700 m μ ,
and t h e m
四tcommon l e n g t h ap 戸 a r e dt o be 475 mμ(Fig. 8 , 9 ) . The w i d t h o f t h e v i r u s p a r t i c l e s i n d i p ‑ p r e p a r a t i o n s t a i n e d w i t h p h o s p h o t u n g s t i c a c i d f o r e l e c t r o n m i ‑ c r 佃 ∞ pya p p e a r e d t o be 13 mμ. No r o d ‑ s h a p e d p a r t i c l e s were o b s e r v e d i n t h e s 1
舵i m e n sfrom h e a l t h y p l a n t s .
DISCUSSION
The r e s u l t s show t h a t 出 ec a u
回1v i r u s o f t h e f o l i a r n
配r o s i sd i
記a s eo f C y m b i ‑ dium and C a t t l e y a p l a n t s i s Cymbidium mo
回i cv i r u s . The d i s e a s e o f t h
四ep l a n t s i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by e l o n g a t e d c h l o r o t i c a r e a s and n e c r o t i c s t r e a k s on t h e l e a v e s o f Cymbidium , and r e d d i s h ‑ b r o w n n e c r o t i c s t r e a k s and n e c r o t i c r i n g p a t t e m s on 出 e l e a v e s o f C a t t l e y a . These symptoms ap 戸 a r e dv e r y s i m i l a r t o t h e f i g u r e s o f CyMV i n f e c t e d p l a n t s p r e s e n t e d by o t h e r w o r k e r s ( 1 1 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 1 5 , 17 , 18 , 1 9 ) . Many f l o w e r s o f Cymbidium and C a t t l e y a i n f e c t e d wi 出 CyMVa r e f o u n d ωbe s y m p t o m l e s s a s shown by J e n s e n ( 1 5 ) and Kado ( 1 8 ) . However , on
回me C a t t l e y a h y b r i d s , v e r y f a i n t 也氏。 l o r a t i o no f f l o w e r s i s n o t i a d . As t h e s 戸 nptoms a r e f a i n t ∞ l o r b r e a k i n g , which many g r o w e r s may have u s u a l l y f a i l e d t o n o t i
田・The v i r u s p r o d u c 田 l o c a ll e s i o n s on i n ∞ u l a t e d l e a v e s o f Datura s t r a m o n i u m , Ca s s i a o c c i d e n t a l i s and C h e n o ρ odium a m a r a n t i c o l o r a f t e r t h e i n c u b a t i o n
戸 r i o d so f 10‑25 , 4‑6 and 15‑25 d a y s , r e s p : ヨ c t i v e l y . The l e s i o n s i n t h e
記p l a n t s were s i m i l a r t o t h o s e r e p o r t e d f o r CyMV ( 1 7 , 18 , 19 , 2 4 ) . TMV a l s o p r o d u c
回1 ∞ a l l e s i o n s i n D a t u r a s t r a m o n i u m and C h . a m a r a n t i c o l o r . However , CyMV i s
e a s i l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d from TMV by i t s l o n g i n c u b a t i o n p e r i o d f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f
l o c a l l e s i o n s . Namely , t h o
民l e s i o n son Datura c a u s e d w i t h TMV can b e d e t e c t e d
w i t h i n 2‑3 d a y s a f t e r i n
ぽu l a t i o n , w h i l e thωe f o r CyMV r e q u i r e d 10‑25 d a y s
f o r d e v e l o m e n t and a p p e a r f i r s t i n t h e o l d e r l e a v e s . 1 t h a s a l r e a d y b e e n d e s c r i b e d
t h a t t h e l o c a l l e s i o n r e a c t i o n s o f D . stramonium , C h . a m a r a n t i c o l o r and C .
o c c i d e n t a l i s h a v e been a r e l i a b l e m
回n sf o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f CyMV ( 5 , 18 , 2 4 ) .
P a r t i c l e s o f CyMV r e p o r t e d i n l i t e r a t u r e s a s s i n u o u s r o d s a r e f o u n d t o be 475‑480
mμin l e n g t h and t h e d i a m e t e r was u s u a l l y 18 mμ(3 , 6 , 7 , 20 , 22 , 2 3 ) . However ,
F r a n k i ( 5 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e s i z e o f CyMV was 475 x 13 m μ , i n p h o s p h o t u n g s t i c
a c i d ‑ s t a i n e d p r e p a r a t i o n s . He d e s c r i b e d t h a t t h e d i s c r e p a n c y o f t h i s w i d t h was p r o b a b l y due t o t h e f a c t t h a t p r e v i o u s measurments had a l l b e e n made on m e t a l ‑ shadowed p r e p a r a t i o n s . P a r t i c l e s o f c a u s a l v i r u s i n t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r a r e s i n u o u s r o d s 475 mμin l e n g t h and a b o u t 13
m.'1.i n d i a m e t e r , and t h e w i d t h a g r e e s w i t h t h
団er e p o r t e d by F r a n k i .
An t i s e r u m r e a c t e d s t r o n g l y a g a i n s t a l l o f t h e j u i c e o f d i
総a s e dp l a n t s ∞ n t a i n i n g t h e p a r t i c l e s o f a b o u t 475 mμin l e n g t h . The r
,白u l tshows t h a t s e r o l 唱 i c a lm e t h ‑ o d s a r e u s e f u l i n d e t
配t i n gand d i s t i n 伊 i s h i n gv i r u s e s i n o r c h i d p l a n t s , a s d e s c r i b e d by Za i t l i n e t a l ( 2 5 ) .
The d i s e a
詑 伺s u e dby CyMV i s o b s e r v e d t o be w i d e s p r e a d i n C a t t l e y a ,
Cymbidium and o t h e r o r c h i d p l a n t s i n ] a p a n , 崎 町 i a l l yi n t h e o l d e r c o m m e r c i a l Cymbidium. The v i r u s d i
記a s ew i l l p r o b a b l y s p r e a d from p l a n t t o p l a n t by me‑
c h a n i c a l m e a n s . CyMV was a l s o i s o l a t e d from p l a n t s o f C a l a n t h e , Dendrobium , E ρ idendrum , M i l t o n i a , Oncidium , P e r i s t e r i a , P h a l e n o ρ s i s , Vanda , and Zygo ρ e t a l u m i n ] a p a n .
SUMMARY
Adi
蜘s ec h a r a c t e r i z e d by c h l o r o t i c a r
田sand su叫~en, n
配r o t i cs t r e a k s on t h e l e a v e s o f Cymbidium p r o v e d t o be c a u s e d by CyMV from t h e r e s u l t s o f e x p e r i m e n t s on h o s t r a n g e , p h y s i c a l p r o 戸 r t i e s , and m o r p h o l o g y o f v i r u s p a r t i c l e s . The v i r u s wωalso i
回,l a t e dfrom C a t t l e y a e x h i b i t i n g s u n k e n , r e d d i s h ‑ b r o w n n e c r o s i s and n e c r o t i c r i n g p a t 旬 mson t h e l e a v e s . Many f l o w e r s o f Cymbidium and C a t t l e y a i n f e c t e d by CyMV a
回commonlysympt
佃l l e s s , a l t h o u g h f a i n t d i s c o l o r a t i o n i s o b ‑
記
r v e don
田mev a r i t i e s o f C a t t l e y a . Ca u
阻1v i r u s i s e a s i l y t r a n s m i t t e d by d i
記a
記d p l a n t j u i c e . I t i s a l
回t r a n s r n i t t e dby a r t i f i c i a l a l t e m a t e c u t t i n g s o f l e a v e s o r r o o t s o f d i s
伺s e dand h e a l t h y p l a n t s . The v i r u s i s t r a n s m i t t e d s y s t e m i c a l l y t o Cymbidium ,
C a t t l e y a , E ρ idendrum , Dendrobium , M i l t o n i a , and Zygo ρ e t a l u m . L ∞ a l l e s i o n s a r e formed on Datura stramonium , C a s s i a o c c i d e n t a l i s , Cheno ρ odium a m a r a n t i c o l o r and T e t r a g o n i a e.r•ρansa, i n 10‑25 , 4‑6 , 15‑25 and 1 5 ‑ 3 0 d a y s a f t e r i n o c u l a t i o n , r e s 戸 当 c t i v e l y .Among o t h e r p l a n t s t e s t e d , 22 s 戸 d 田 i n1 1 f a m i l i 田 ,
a r e f o u n d t o b e i n s u s c e p t i b l e t o t h e v i r u s .
The v i r u s i n d i
民a s e dp l a n t s j u i c e i s i n a c t i v a t e d a t t e m p e r a t u r e s o f 65‑70 oc f o r 10 m i n u t e s e x p o s u r e . I t w i t h s t α 対 d i l 4 t i o no f 5
X1 0 ‑ ' o r 1 0 ‑
5b u t n o t 1 0 ‑
0, and a g i n g i n v i t r o f o r o n e month a t 18 o C . D r i e d r
田i d u eo f d i s e a s e d p l a n t j u i c e i s i n ‑ f e c t i v e a f t e r t h e s t o r a g e o f 8 d a y s , b u t n o t a f t e r 10 d a y s a t 20 o
C;P a r t i c l
田o ft h e v i r u s ap戸~r u n d e r t h e e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p e a s s i n u o u s r o d s , a 加 u t4 7 5 mμin l e n g t h and 13 mμin d i a m e t e r . An t i
田rumw i t h t i t e r o f 1 : 2048 i n m i c r
伺g g l u t i n a t i o nt
白twas o b t a i n e d from a r a b b i t b e i n g i n j e c t e d w i t h p a r t i a l l y p u r i f i e d v i r u s i n t r a m u s c u l a r l y and i n t r a v e n o u s l y .
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1 7 0
N. InouyeMr. Shin‑ichiro Kohno of Kurashiki and Mr. Koji Kara田waof Nara
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