水およびアンモニア / 水混合媒体の沸騰熱伝達の
経年変化に及ぼす界面活性剤の影響 1
Ỉ Ỉ࠾ࡼࡧࣥࣔࢽ/Ỉΰྜ፹యࡢἛ㦐⇕ఏ㐩ࡢ⤒ᖺኚཬࡰࡍ
⏺㠃άᛶࡢᙳ㡪
㸨ୖ ᫂
*1㸪㛛ฟ ᨻ๎
*2Effect of a Surface – active Agent on Secular Change of Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer in water
and Ammonia/Water Mixture Toshiaki INOUE
*1and Masanori MONDE
*2*1 Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Kurume Institute of Technology 2228 Kamitsu, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0052
Along - term change of nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients in water and ammonia/water mixture has been measured when a surface - active agent was added into water and the mixtures. The experiment has been carried out using a thermosyphon with a plain heated surface and a pool boiling vessel with a heated fine wire. The effect of the surface - active agent on a long - term change was investigated experimentally for the surfactant concentration, CS = 0 and 1000 ppm and ammonia fraction, C = 0 and 0.2 and time variation of the boiling heat transfer coefficient was measured for about a month. The result shows that the nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient has never changed for a month for pure water. On the other hand, the boiling heat transfer coefficient increases suddenly in the midst of operation and then lasted a constant value till the end of operation for both water and the mixture with the surfactant.
Key Words : Nucleate Boiling, Binary Mixture, Heat Transfer, Surface-Active agent, Secular Change
ࡲ࠼ࡀࡁ
Inoue ࡽ(1)ࡣࣥࣔࢽỈΰྜ፹య⏺㠃άᛶࢆῧຍࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࣥࣔࢽࡢప⃰ᗘᇦ࠾ࡼࡧప⇕ὶ᮰
ᇦ࠾࠸࡚㸪ಁ㐍ຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆሗ࿌ࡋࡓ㸬୍᪉㸪ࣥࣔࢽ࠾ࡼࡧ⏺㠃άᛶࢆΰྜࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚㸪ఏ
⇕㠃ࡢᛶ≧ࡀ㛫ࡢ⤒㐣ࡶኚࡋ࡚Ἓ㦐⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡀኚࡍࡿࡇࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡋࡋ㸪ᮏΰྜ፹యࡢ⏺
㠃άᛶῧຍࡼࡿἛ㦐⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡢ⤒ᖺኚࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ⏺
㠃άᛶࡀỈࣥࣔࢽỈΰྜ፹యࡢἛ㦐⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡢ⤒ᖺኚཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࢆᐇ㦂ⓗ᫂ࡽࡍࡿ㸬
ᐇ㦂⨨࠾ࡼࡧ᪉ἲ
ᐇ㦂⨨ ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ ྎࡢᐇ㦂⨨ࢆ⏝࠸࡚Ἓ㦐⇕ఏ㐩ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ᥇ྲྀࡋࡓ㸬ᅗ1⇕ࢧࣇ࢛ࣥࢆ⏝
ࡋࡓୖྥࡁᖹᯈຍ⇕㠃ࢆᣢࡘᐇ㦂⨨ࢆ♧ࡍ㸬ᮏᐇ㦂⨨ࡣจ⦰㒊㸪᩿⇕ࡉࢀࡓ㐃⤖⟶㸦᩿⇕㒊㸧࠾ࡼࡧⓎ㒊
࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡓୗ➃ຍ⇕ᆺ⇕ࢧࣇ࢛࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿ㸬ຍ⇕㠃ձ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓẼࡀ㐃⤖⟶յࡢ୰ࢆୖ᪼ࡋ࡚จ⦰㒊㐩ࡋ㸪 จ⦰ჾշࡼࡗ࡚จ⦰ࡉࡏࡽࢀࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ヨ㦂ᐜჾෆࡣ㣬≧ែಖࡓࢀࡿ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪㐃⤖⟶ࡢ୰ࡣ⟶
ࡢ୰ኸࢆẼࡀୖ᪼ࡋ㸪࿘ᅖࢆᾮࡀୗ㝆ࡍࡿẼᾮᑐྥὶ࡞ࡿ㸬ᅗ2Ⓨ㒊ຍ⇕㠃ࡢヲ⣽ࢆ♧ࡍ㸬Ⓨ㒊ࡣ
┤ᚄDh = 25 mmࡢ㖡〇ࡢᖹᯈຍ⇕㠃ձࡀ╔ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ຍ⇕㠃ࡣ㖡ࣈࣟࢵࢡղࡢ᭱ୗ㒊ྲྀࡾࡅࡽࢀࡓࣉ
࣮ࣞࢺࣄ࣮ࢱճࡽ⇕ࡀ౪⤥ࡉࢀࡿ㸬࿘ᅖࡢ⇕ᦆኻࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵ㖡ࣈࣟࢵࢡղࡢ࿘ᅖ࣮࣋ࢡࣛࢺࢆྲྀ
ࡾࡅ㸪ࡉࡽࡑࡢ࿘ࡾࢆ᩿⇕ᮦ࡛そࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ᅗ2♧ࡍࡼ࠺㖡ࣈࣟࢵࢡࡣ3ᮏࡢ⇕㟁ᑐ ᗘィT1,T2
࠾ࡼࡧT3ࡀຍ⇕㠃ࡽ1.3㸪5.7࠾ࡼࡧ11.4 mmࡢ⨨ᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡽ3⟠ᡤࡢ ᗘࡽຍ⇕㠃
* ཎ✏ཷ2013ᖺ7᭶25᪥
*1 ஂ␃⡿ᕤᴗᏛᕤᏛ㒊㸦ࠛ830-0052 ⚟ᒸ┴ஂ␃⡿ᕷୖὠ⏫2228㸧
*2 బ㈡Ꮫᾏὒ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸦ࠛ840-8502 బ㈡┴బ㈡ᕷᮏᗉ⏫1㸧 E-mail: [email protected]
ＯＴＥＣ
Vol. 18 (2013)，１〜4
2 井上利明，門出政則
ձHeated plate ղCopper block ճHeater մInsulator յConnecting pipe նAuxiliary heater շCondenser ո Pressure gauge չThermocouples
Fig.1 Experimental apparatus (Thermosyphon Type) 䐥
䐦
䐣
䐢 䐧
䐡 䐠 䐟 䐤
Fig.2 Cross- sectional view of the evaporator section
Electrod
㼀㻝㻌 㼀㻟㻌 㼀㻞㻌 㼀㻠㻌
Thermocouplesչ
Plate heaterճ Dh
Lh
Heated surfaceձ
Copper blockղ
ᗘ⇕ὶ᮰ࢆồࡵࡿ㸬㐃⤖⟶ࡣẼࡢୖ᪼୰จ⦰ࡋ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺᩿⇕ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢෆᚄࡣ4 mm㛗ࡉࡣ250 mm࡛࠶ࡿ㸬จ⦰㒊ࡢỈࡣ⿵ຓࣄ࣮ࢱն࡛⣔ࡢᅽຊ0.1 MPaᑐࡍࡿ㣬 ᗘ㸦98-100 Υ㸧ಖࡓࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡲ
ࡓ㸪จ⦰㒊ࡢẼᾮ⏺㠃ࡣ㐃⤖⟶ୖ➃ࡼࡾ⣙250 mmୖ᪉タᐃࡋࡓ㸬
ᅗ3ࡣỈᖹ⣽⥺ຍ⇕㠃ୖࡢࣉ࣮ࣝἛ㦐⇕ఏ㐩ࢆ ᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᐇ㦂⨨࡛࠶ࡿࠋຍ⇕㠃ࡣ┤ᚄ0.3 mmࡢⓑ
㔠⥺ղࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ㸪ࣈࣜࢵࢪᅇ㊰⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚ᢠ ᗘィࡋ࡚ࡶ⏝ࡉࢀࡿ㸬ヨ㦂ᐜჾձࡣᜏ ᵴճෆỿ
ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᜏ ᾮᚠ⎔⨨մࡽࡢᜏ ᾮࡼࡗ୍࡚ᐃࡢ ᗘಖࡓࢀ㸪࿘ᅖࡢ ᗘࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺
࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓẼࡣจ⦰ჾն࡛จ⦰ࡉࡏࡽࢀ࡚ࣂࣝࢡᾮࡢ୰ᡠࡾ㸪Ẽᾮ⏺㠃࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿ⁐ゎ⇕ᕼ 㔘⇕ࡣ෭༷ჾշ࡛෭༷ࡉࢀ࡚ヨ㦂ᐜჾෆࡣ㣬≧ែಖࡓࢀࡿ㸬
ᐇ㦂᪉ἲ ヨ㦂ὶయࢆ㣬 ᗘಖࡗࡓᚋ㸪ຍ⇕㠃ࡢ⇕ὶ᮰ࢆẁ㝵ⓗୖ᪼ࡉࡏ㸪ࢧࣇ࢛ࣥᆺ࡛ࡣ⇕
ὶ᮰ࡀ100 kW/m2㸪ࣉ࣮ࣝἛ㦐ᆺ࡛ࡣ1000 kW/m2㐩ࡋࡓࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚⣙㸯᭶㛫㐃⥆㐠㌿ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬㐠㌿୰
ࡣ 㛫㛫㝸࡛㐣⇕ᗘ⇕ὶ᮰ࢆ ᐃࡋࡓ㸬ᐇ㦂⨨ᐇ㦂᪉ἲࡢヲ⣽࠾ࡼࡧ ᐃࡢ⢭ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⣽⥺ຍ⇕㠃
ୖࡢࣉ࣮ࣝἛ㦐ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣInoue and Monde(4)࠾ࡼࡧ⇕ࢧࣇ࢛ࣥࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᖹᯈຍ⇕㠃ୖࡢἛ㦐ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣInoue
and Monde(5)ࡼࡗ࡚㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ┬␎ࡍࡿ㸬⏝ࡋࡓỈࡣ㉸⣧Ỉ࡛࠶ࡿ
⏺㠃άᛶ ࣥࣔࢽỈ⁐ᾮࡢሙྜ㸪ࣥࣔ
ࢽỈ⁐ᾮࡼࡾࡶゎ㞳ᐃᩘࡢࡁ࠸άᛶࡲࡓࡣ࢜
ࣥゎ㞳ࡋ࡞࠸άᛶࢆ⏝ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ⌮
⏤ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣInoue et al.(2)ࡼࡗ࡚ヲࡋࡃ㏙ࡽࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿ㸬ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㠀࢜ࣥ⣔ࡢࣇࢵ⣲⣔⏺㠃άᛶࢆ
⏝ࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡢᡂศࡣ30 %ࡢPerfluoroalkylྜ≀࡛㸪
⁐፹ࡋ࡚30 %ࡢࢯࣉࣟࣃࣀ࣮ࣝ࠾ࡼࡧ40 %ࡢỈ ࡢΰྜ⁐ᾮ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡢᏛ≀⌮ⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁ࡘ࠸
࡚ࡣṓ(3)ࡼࡗ࡚ヲࡋࡃ㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬
ᐇ㦂⤖ᯝ
ᅗ ࡣࢧࣇ࢛ࣥᆺࡢᐇ㦂⨨࡛ ᐃࡉࢀࡓᐇ㦂ࢹ
࣮ࢱ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᅽຊ0.1 MPa࠾ࡅࡿ100 kW/m2୍ᐃࡢ
⇕ὶ᮰࡛⣙୍ࣧ᭶㛫㐃⥆㐠㌿ࡋࡓࡁࡢỈࡢἛ㦐⇕ఏ
ո T1
Thermostat liquid
ղ
յ մ
ձPressure vessel ղHeated wire(Platinum) ճThermostat bath մThermostat bath with pump յPressure gauge նCondenser շCooling pipe ոValves չView Window պElectrode
T1,T2, T3. Thermocouples
Fig.3 experimental apparatus T3
T2
պ ձ շ ն
չ
ճ
水およびアンモニア / 水混合媒体の沸騰熱伝達の
経年変化に及ぼす界面活性剤の影響 3
㐩⋡ࡢ⣔ิኚࢆ♧ࡍ㸬⏺㠃άᛶ⃰ᗘCS =
0 ppmࡢሙྜࡣ୍ࣧ᭶ࡢ㛫Ἓ㦐⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡣ㐠
㌿㛤ጞ┤ᚋࡽ⣙10 - 13 kW/(m2࣭K)ࡢኚືෆ
࡛ࢇኚࡋ࡞ࡗࡓ㸬୍᪉㸪CS = 1000 ppm࡛ࡣ㐃⥆㐠㌿㛤ጞᚋ⣙150㛫ᚋࡲ࡛ࡣἛ 㦐⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡀ⣙20 - 25 kW/(m2࣭K)ࡢኚືᖜ࡛
᥎⛣ࡋ㸪⣙150㛫ᚋ⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡀᛴୖ᪼ࡋ㸪 ࡑࡢᚋࡣ㐃⥆㐠㌿⤊ࡢ550㛫ᚋࡲ࡛⣙27 -
32 kW/(m2࣭K)ࡢኚືᖜ࡛ࡰ୍ᐃࡢ⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡀ
ᣢ⥆ࡋࡓ㸬150㛫ᚋࡢ⇕ఏ㐩⋡ୖ᪼ࡢ⌮⏤ࡣ㸪 ຍ⇕㠃ࡀ⏺㠃άᛶࡼࡗ࡚㐺ᗘởᰁࡉࢀ࡚
⾲㠃ࡢ⢒ࡉࡀቑຍࡋࡓࡓࡵⓎἻࡋ᫆ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ
ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ᅗ4ࡼࡾ⏺㠃ά ᛶࡢῧຍࡼࡗ࡚Ἓ㦐⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡀୖ᪼ࡍࡿࡇ
ࡀศࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ⏺㠃άᛶῧຍࡼࡿἛ㦐⇕
ఏ㐩⋡ୖ᪼ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ Inoue et al.(6)ࡼࡗ࡚ヲ⣽㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪⏺
㠃άᛶࢆῧຍࡍࢀࡤ㸪Ἓ㦐⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡢࣂࣛࢶ
࢟ࡢ⠊ᅖࡀᗈࡃ࡞ࡿࡇࡶศࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ⏺
㠃άᛶࡢ⃰ᗘศᕸࢆᣢࡘỈࡢᑐὶࡼࡗ࡚ຍ
⇕㠃ࡢ ᗘศᕸࡀ⏕ࡌ᫆ࡃ࡞ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿᛮ
ࢃࢀࡿ㸬
ᅗ5ࡣỈᖹ⣽⥺ୖࡢࣉ࣮ࣝἛ㦐ࡢ ᐃࢹ࣮ࢱ
࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࣥࣔࢽΰྜᾮࡢἛ㦐⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡢ
㛫ኚࢆ♧ࡍ㸬ࣥࣔࢽ࡛ࡣᐇ㦂㛤ጞᚋ⣙
250 㛫ᚋ⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡀୖ᪼ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢᚋ⣙ 350
㛫ᚋࡲ࡛ࡣከᑡኚືࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡣࡰ
୍ᐃ࡛⤒㐣ࡋࡓࡀ㸪350 㛫ᚋࡽࡣ⇕ఏ㐩⋡
ࡀḟ➨పୗࡋጞࡵ㸪⣙750㛫ᚋࡣᐇ㦂㛤ጞ┤ᚋࡽ⣙12.5 %పୗࡋࡓᚋࡣ㐠㌿⤊ࡲ୍࡛ᐃࡢ⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡀ ᣢ⥆ࡍࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡣຍ⇕㠃ࡀ200㛫ᚋࣥࣔࢽ࡛㐺ᗘởࡉࢀ࡚ⓎἻࡋ᫆ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵ⇕ఏ㐩ࡀୖ᪼ࡋ㸪 350㛫ᚋࡣᚎࠎởࢀࡀ㐍⾜ࡋ࡚⇕ఏ㐩ࡀపୗࡋࡓࡶࡢᛮࢃࢀࡿ㸬୍᪉㸪ࣥࣔࢽ⃰ᗘC = 0.2ࡢΰྜᾮ
⏺㠃άᛶࢆ1000 ppmῧຍࡋࡓሙྜࡣ㸪ᐇ㦂㛤ጞ┤ᚋࡰ୍ᐃࡢ⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡀ⥆࠸ࡓࡀ㸪⣙150㛫ᚋ⇕ఏ 㐩⋡ࡀᛴୖ᪼ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢᚋࡣ㐠㌿⤊ࡢ⣙240㛫ᚋࡲ࡛⣙30 kW/(m2࣭K)࡛ࡰ୍ᐃࡢ⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡀᣢ⥆ࡋࡓ㸬
⏺㠃άᛶࡀ㐺ᗘఏ⇕㠃ࢆởᰁࡋ࡚⾲㠃ࡢ⢒ࡉࡀቑຍࡋࡓࡓࡵἛ㦐⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡀಁ㐍ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢᛮࢃࢀࡿ㸬 ௨ୖࡢ⌧㇟㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹࡣ㸯ᅇࡢࡳࡢᐇ㦂ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࢱᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪⌧ᛶࢆ☜ࡵࡿࡓࡵ㸪 ࡉࡽ࡞ࡿᐇ㦂ࢆᚲせࡍࡿ㸬ࡲࡓᮏ◊✲ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ࡉࡽ㛗㛫ࡢ㐃⥆㐠㌿ࡼࡿ⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡢపୗࡀᠱᛕࡉࢀࡿ
ࡇࡀศࡗࡓ㸬ᚋࡢ᳨ウㄢ㢟ࡋࡓ࠸㸬
ࡲࡵ
⣙୍ࣧ᭶㛫௨ෆࡢ㐃⥆᰾Ἓ㦐㐠㌿ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ḟࡢ⤖ᯝࢆᚓࡓ㸬 1. ỈࡢἛ㦐⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡣ㐃⥆㐠㌿୰ࢇኚࡋ࡞࠸㸬
2. ࣥࣔࢽࡢἛ㦐⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡣ㐠㌿୰250㛫ᚋࢃࡎୖ᪼ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢᚋࡣᚎࠎపୗࡋ750㛫ᚋࡽ㐠
㌿⤊ࡲ୍࡛ᐃࡢ⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡀᣢ⥆ࡍࡿ㸬
3. Ỉΰྜ፹యࡢ᪉ᑐࡋ࡚㸪⏺㠃άᛶ1000 ppmࡢῧຍࡼࡗ࡚㸪㐠㌿୰⣙150㛫ᚋἛ㦐⇕ఏ㐩⋡
ࡀᛴୖ᪼ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢᚋࡣ㐠㌿⤊ࡲ࡛ࡰ୍ᐃࡢἛ㦐⇕ఏ㐩⋡ࡀᣢ⥆ࡍࡿ㸬
Fig.4 Effect of the surfactant on nucleate boiling heat transfer in water for a long period (C = 0, q = 100 kW/m2, P = 0.1 MPa)
ࠐCS = 0 ppm, △CS = 1000 ppm Heat transfer coefficient h kW/(m2 K)
Time H
Fig. 5 Variation of nucleate boiling heat transfer in ammonia and the mixture with time (q = 1000 kW/m2) 10
20 30 40 50 60 70
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
h kW/(m2 K)
Time H
C = 0.2, CS = 1000 ppm, P = 0.1 MPa C = 1, CS= 0 ppm, P = 0.52 MPa
井上利明，門出政則 4
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
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