Rethinking the Political Economy of "Developmentalism"

(1)

Rethinking the Political Economy of

"Developmentalism"

著者 ESHO Hideki

出版者法政大学経済学部学会

journal or

publication title

The Hosei University Economic Review

volume 67

number 3・4

page range 1‑16

year 2000‑03‑30

URL http://doi.org/10.15002/00002691

(2)

１

ＲｅｔｈｉｎｋｉｎｇｔｈｅＰｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌＥｃｏｎｏｍｙｏｆ

“DevelopnlentalisIn，，

ＨｉｄｅｋｉＥｓｈｏ

Introduction

“Developmentalism，，ｉｓｔｈｅｔｅｒｍｔｈａｔｔｈｅｌａｔｅＰｒｏｆＭｕｒａｋａｍｉｃｒｅ－

ａｔｅｄｔｏｅｘｐｌａｉｎｔｈｅｍｉｒａｃｕlousdevelopmentalexperiencesoftheEast Asiancountries,includingJapan（Murakamil996)．Hedefinesthe developmentalismas“ａｎｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓｙｓｔｅｍｔｈａｔｔａｋｅｓａｓｙｓｔｅｍｏｆｐｒｉ‐

ｖａｔｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙｒｉｇｈｔｓａｎｄａｍａｒｋｅｔｅｃｏｎｏｍｙａｓｉｔｓｂａｓｉｃｆｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋ，

butthatmakesitsmainobjectivetheachievementofindustrializa‐

tion,andinsofarasitisusefulinachievingthisobjective,approves governmentinterventioninthemarketfromlong-termperspective,'、

Ａｌｓｏｈｅｓｔａｔｅｓｔｈａｔ“developmentalismisapolitical-economicsystem establishedwiththｅｓｔａｔｅａｓｉｔｓｕｎｉｔ,，，ａｎｄｉｔｉｓ“thetheory，ｏｒpolicy，

ofindustrializationfromthestanｄｐｏｉｎｔｏｆｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｉｓｍａｎｄｉｓｔｈｕｓａｎ advancedformofmercantiliｓｍｏｒｔｈｅｖｉｅｗｈｅｌｄｂｙｔｈｅＧｅｒｍａｎｈｉｓ‐

toricalschool"・Acceptinghisbasicideas,Iwillnowredefinetheterm

"developmentalism”toinvolve：“thosegovernment-ledindustrializa‐

tionstrategieswhichaimtoconstructanindependentnationalecon‐

oｍｙ,ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｃａｔｃｈ－ｕｐｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｃｏｕｎｔries'，、

Ｉｎｃｈａｐｔｅｒｌｗｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｎｏｖｅｒｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅｍａｉｎｐｉｌｌａｒｓｏｆｔｈｅｅａｒｌｙｄｅｖｅｌopmentalismthathadprevailedinｌ９５０ｓａｎｄ６０ｓＴｈｅｉｎ－

ｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｓｔｒａtegythatwasadvocatedduringthisｅｒａｗａｓｔｏａｉｍｆｏｒ

"theinternalizationofthepecuniaｒｙｅｘｔｅｒｎａｌｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｅｓ"・

Ｉｎｃｈａｐｔｅｒ２ｗｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｎｏｖｅｒｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈenewdevelopmentalism thatwasconstructedbythemiraculousindustriａｌｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｓｏｆｔｈｅ

(3)

２

EastAsiancountrieswhichbeginniｎｇｉｎｔｈｅｌ９７０ｓＴｈｅｎｅｗｄｅｖｅｌｏｐ‐

mentalismischaracterizedbythecombinationofthepositivein‐

terventionofthegovernmenttothemarketandanauthoritarian politicalregime、

Ｉｎｃｈａｐｔｅｒ３ｗｅｃｏｍｐａｒｅｔｈｅｅａｒｌｙｖｅｒsionofdevelopmentalism withthatｏｆｔｈｅｎｅｗｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｔｏｆｉｎｄｏｕｔｂｏｔｈｔｈｅｃｏｍｍｏｎｔｈｒｅａdsand differences、Ｄｏｉｎｇｓｑｗｅｗｉｌｌｆｉｎｄｏｕｔｉｔｉｓｎｏｔｔｈｅauthoritarianpoliti‐

ｃａｌｒｅｇｉｍｅｂｕｔｔｈｅｃｒｅａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｓｏｃｉo-economicsystemtoensure highlyｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅａｎｄｃｈｅａｐｌａｂｏｒｔｈａｔｉｓｔhecrucialfactorforthe successfuldevelopmentalism．

ＬＴｈｅＭａｉｎＰｉｌｌａｒｓｏｆｔｈｅＥａｒｌｙＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｌｉｓｍ

ｌ－１ＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓｏｆｔｈｅＥａrlyDevelopmentalism

Earlydevelopmentalismisrepreseｎｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅ“structuralist'，ａｐ‐

proachtodevelopmenteconomics・Ｔｈａｔｉｓｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｅｃｏｎｏｍ‐

icsconsistsofmainlyfourhypotheses,namely,（a）supplyconstraint，

(b）exportpessimism，（c）marketfailure，ａｎｄ（d）late-industrial‐

ization

Thesupplyconstrainthypoｔｈｅｓｉｓｉｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｉｄｅａｔｈａｔｄｅｆｉ‐

ｃｉｅｎｃｉｅｓｏｆｓｕｐｐｌｙｓｉｄｅｆａｃｔｏｒｓｈａｍpertheeconomicdevelopmentof developingcountries、Amongothersthestructuralistsstressedthe scarcityofcapital，ｎａｍｅｌｙｓａｖｉｎｇｓａｎｄｉｎｖｅｓｔｍｅｎｔ，Theystressed thatthedevelopingcountriescannotdevelopbecauseofcapitalscar‐

city・Ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｃｏｎｓｔｒａｉｎｔｓａｎｄｆｏｏｄｓｈｏｒｔａｇｅａｒｅｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｓｕｐｐlyconstrainthypothesis・

Theexportpessimism，commonlyknownasthePrebish-Singer hypothesis,ｉｓｔｈｅｉｄｅａｔｈａｔｔｈｅｐｒｉｍａｒｙｅｘｐｏｒｔｓｄｏｎｏｔｌｅａｄｔｏｅｃｏ‐

nomicdevelopmentofdevelopingcountries・Ａｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｔｈｉｓｉｄｅａ，

thestructuralistsproposedimport-substitutingindustrializatioｎａｓｔｈｅｄｅｓｉｒａｂｌｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔstrategy・

Themarketfailurehypothesisisbasedonthestructuralisminher‐

itedfromtheKeynesianeconomics（Arndtl985)．Thatisthedisbelief

(4)

RethinkingthePoliticalEconomyｏｆ“Developmentalism,, ^３ inmarketmechanism,ｓｏｔｈａｔｔｈｅｉｄｅａｔｈａｔｔｈｅｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｇｕ‐

ｌａｔｉｏｎｓｂｙｔｈｅｃｅｎｔｒａｌｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔａrenecessaryforeconomicdevel‐

opmentofdevelopingcountries・

Gershenkronpresentedarepresentativeargumentofthelate‐

industrializationmodel（Gershenkronl966)．Hedescribedthediffer‐

ｅｎｃｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｓｐｅｅｄａｎｄｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｏｆｉndustrialdevelopmentof nineteenthEuropeancountriesaccordingtothedegreeofrelative backwardnesｓＡｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｈｉｍ,ｔｈｅｍｏｒｅｂａｃｋｗａｒｄｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ,the morediscontinuousindustrialization，ｉ､e､，“thebigspurt'，occurred・

Thatisthehypothesisthatseeksthepossibilityofcatching-upwith themoreadvancedcountriesHestressedthefactthatspecificinstitu‐

tionssuchaslong-termindustrialｂａｎｋｉｎｃａｓｅｏｆＧｅｒｍａｎｙａｎｄｔｈｅｓｔａｔｅｉｎｃａｓｅｏｆＲｕｓｓｉａｐｌａｙｅｄｔｈｅｄｅｃｉｓｉｖｅｒｏｌｅｓｆｏｒｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｎｇｉｎｄｕｓ‐

trializationattheearlystaｇｅｏｆｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔＴｈｅｓｅｉｎstitu‐

tionsareinnovationsforcatchinｇ－ｕｐｗｉｔｈｔｈｅａｄｖａｎｃｅｄｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｂｙ reducingriskortransactioncostsａｔｔｈｅｅａｒｌｙｓｔａｇｅｏｆｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅＬ opmentGershenkronalsostressedthedecisiveroleofideologybased onnationalismforpromotingindustrialization．

ｌ－２ＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔＳｔｒａｔｅｇｙｏｆｔｈｅＥａｒlyDevelopmentalism

Theindustrializationstrategyofearlydevelopmentalismisbased onthesefourhypothesismentionedabove、Ｔｈｅ“balancedgrowth，，

strategyadvocatedbyNurkseand“ＢｉｇＰｕｓｈ，，strategyadvocatedby Rosenstein-Ｒｏｄａｎａｒｅｔｙｐｉｃａｌｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ、

Nurkseassertedthatforthedevelopingcountriestobreakaway from“viciouscircleofpoverty，'thebalancedgrowthstrategywasa ｍｕｓｔ（Nurksel953)．Thebalancedgrowthstrategyisadevelopment strategyaimedat“ｔｈｅｔｏｔａｌｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｍａｒｋｅｔ，，ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｉｎｖｅｓｔ－

ｍｅｎｔｏｆｃａｐｉｔａｌｉｎｗｉｄｅｌｙｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓａｔｔｈｅｓａｍｅｔｉｍｅ・Ac- cordingtoNurkse，thenewlycreatedindustriesattheｓａｍｅｔｉｍｅｃｒｅａｔｅｄｅｍａｎｄｓａｍｏｎｇｅａｃｈｏｔｈｅｒｓｏｔｈａｔｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉngcountries canovercomethevicioｕｓｃｉｒｃｌｅｏｆｐｏｖｅｒｔｙ・Ｈｉｓａｒｇｕｍｅｎｔｉｓａｎａｐｐｌｉ‐

cationoftheAdamSmith，sinsightthattheeconomicdevelopｍｅｎｔ

(5)

４

ｃａｎｂｅｂｒｏｕｇｈｔｂｙｔｈｅｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎｏｆｔｈemarketanddevelopmentof thedivisionoflabor、However,Nurkse'ｓａｒｇｕｍｅｎｔｈａｓｎｏｔｔｈｅｓｌｉｇｈｔ‐

ｅｓｔｂｅｌｉｅｆｉｎｔｈｅ“invisiblehand”thatSmithhadBalancedgrowth strategywasagrowthmodelthatpresupposedthecentranyplanned economicｓｙｓｔｅｍｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｓｔｒｏｎｇｇｏｖernment・Ｈｅｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｐｒｅｓｕｐ‐

posedthatinthedevelopingcountries,themarketmechanismdidnot work,butalsothemarketsystemcouldnotinduceeconomicdevelop

ment・

ＴｈｉｓｕｎｉｑｕｅｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＳｍｉｔhianworldofmarketexpan‐

sionandthebeliefinacentrallyplannedeconomicsystemisshared byRosenstein-Rodan,anotherrepresentativefigureofthestructural‐

ism（Rosenstein-Rodanl943)．Ｈｉｓｉｄｅａｗａｓｓｕｃｈｔｈａｔ“thewholeof theindustrytobecreatｅｄｉｓｔｏｂｅｔｒｅａｔｅｄａｎｄｐｌａｎｎｅｄｌｉｋｅｏnehuge firmortrust''、Thereasonwhythelargeplannedinvestment（i､e､,the BigPush）isfavorableliesinthefactthatitcreatesthecomplemen‐

tarityofdifferentindustries、Ｔｈｅｐｌａｎｎｅｄｃｒｅａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｕｃｈａｃｏｍｐｌe mentaritysystemreducestheriskｏｆｎｏｔｂｅｉｎｇａｂｌｅｔｏｓｅｌｌ,and,since riskcanbeconsideredascost,ｉｔｒｅｄｕｃｅｓｃｏｓｔｓ

Ｈｅｃａｌｌｅｄｔｈｉｓａｓ“ａｓｐｅｃｉａｌｃａｓｅｏｆexternaleconomies"・Andhe assertedthat“ifwecreateasufficientlylargeinｖｅｓｔｍｅｎｔｕｎｉｔｂｙｉｎ‐

ｃｌｕｄｉｎｇａｌｌｔｈｅｎｅｗｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓｏｆｔｈeregion，externaleconomieswill becomeinternalprofitsoutofwhichdividendｓｍａｙｂｅｐａｉｄｅａｓｉｌｙ，，．

ＣorrespondingtoRosenstein-Rodan，sargumentScitovskyfurther clarifiedthemeaningsofexternaleconomies（Schitovskyl954)．Ｈｅｓｔｒｅｓｓｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｏｆｅｘｔｅｒｎａｌｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｅｓｈａｓｂｅｅｎｕｓｅｄｉｎｔｗｏｅntirelydifferentcontexts・Ｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｓｅｉｓ“technologicalexternal economies''ｕｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｅｘｔｏｆｅｑｕｉｌｉｂｒｉｕｌｎｔｈｅｏｒｙ,ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄａｓｅｘｔｅｒ‐

naleconomiesproducedbythedirectinterdependenceamongeco‐

nｏｍｉｃａｇｅｎｔｓｉｎｔｈｅｓensethatitdoesnotoperatethroughthemarket mechanism・Technologicalexternaleconomiesｅｘｉｓｔｗｈｅｎｅｖｅｒｔｈｅｏｕｔｐｕｔｏｆａｆｉｒｍｄｅｐｅｎｄｓｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｏｎｔｈｅｆａｃｔｏｒｓｏｆｐｒｏductionutilized bythisfirmbutalｓｏｏｎｔｈｅｏｕｔｐｕｔａｎｄｆａｃｔｏｒｕｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｎｏｔｈｅｒｆｉｒｍｏｒｇｒｏｕｐｏｆｆｉｒｍｓ．

(6)

RethinkingthePoliticalEconomyｏｆ“Developmentalism，， ^５ Anotherconceptofexternaleconomｉｅｓｉｓｔｈａｔｔｏｂｅｕｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｅｘｔｏfthetheoryofindustrializationofunderdevelopedcountries，

ｗｈｅｒｅｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｉｓｕｓｅｄｉｎｃｏｎｎｅｃｔionwiththespecialproblemsof allocatingsavingsamongalternativeinvestmentopportunities・He calledthistypeofexternaｌｅｃｏｎｏｍｙｔｈｅ“pecuniaryexternalecono‐

mies，'，ｔｈａｔｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｄｉｒｅｃｔｏｒｎｏｎ－marketinterdependence amongprodｕｃｅｒｓｂｕｔａｌｓｏｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｉｎｔｅｒｄｅｐｅｎｄenceamongproducers throughthemarketmechanism、Iftherearepecuniaryexternal ecoｎｏｍｉｅｓｔｈｅｎｔｈｅｉｎｖｅｓｔｍｅｎｔｉｎａｎｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｌｅａｄｓｔｏａｎｅｘｐａnsion ofitscapacityandmaythusloｗｅｒｔｈｅｐｒｉｃｅｓｏｆｉｔｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓａｎｄｒａise thepricesofthefactorsusedbyｉｔ，Theloweringofproductprices benefitstheusersoftheseproducts;theraisingoffactorpricesbene‐

fitsthesuppliersofthefactors、Schitovskyassertedthatifexpansion ofdifferentindustrieswereintegratedandplannedtogether,theprof itabilityofinvestmentinｅａｃｈｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｗｏｕｌｄｂｅａｒｅｌｉａｂｌｅｉndex ofitssocialdesirability．

ｌ－３ＴｈｅＴｙｐｉｃａｌＣａｓｅｏｆｔｈｅＥａｒｌｙＤｅvelopmentalism

Ｔｈｅｌｎｄｉａｎｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｏｆｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｃｅｗａｓａｐｉｏｎｅｅｒｉｎｇｃａｓｅｆｏｒｍａｎｙｎｅｗｌｙｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓａｎｄｈｅｒｉndustrialstrategywasa glitterinｇｍｏｄｅｌｔｈａｔｃｏｕｌｄｂｅｌｅａｒｎｔｂｙｔｈｅｔｈendevelopingcountries・

Themaincharacteristicsofthelndianindustrialstrategyaresumma‐

rizedinthreepoints（Chakravartyl987)．

First,Indiaadoptedadevelopmentplanningbasedonthefamous Mahalanobｉｓｇｒｏｗｔｈｍｏｄｅｌｔｈａｔａｉｍｓｔｏａｃｈｉｅｖｅｈｉｇｈｅｒｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｇｒｏｗｔｈｉｎｔｈｅｌｏｎｇｔｅｒｍｐｏｉｎｔｏｆｖｉｅｗｂｙｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｎｇｈｅａｖｙindustry・

ＴｈｉｓｗａｓｒｅａｌｉｚｅｄａｓｔｈｅＳｅｃｏｎｄａｎｄｔｈｅＴｈｉｒｄＦｉｖｅＹｅａｒＰｌａｎｓ・This

developmentstrategydemandedthecurtailｍｅｎｔｏｆｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｎｇｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃｓａｖｉｎｇｓａｎｄｉｎｖｅｓｔｍｅｎｔｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｓｔｒｏｎｇｇｕｉｄａｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｇｏｖｅｒｎment、TheMahalanobismodeladoptedbasiｃａｌｌｙａｓｕｐｐｌｙ－ｓｉｄｅｖｉｅｗａｎｄｉｔｄｉｄｎotconsiderdemand-sidebottlenecks・

Secondly,Indiaestablishedamixedeconomysysteminwhichthe publicsectoroccupiedaclearlydominantpositiｏｎ・Ｔｈｅｌｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌ

(7)

６

PolicyStatementinl956demarcatedindustriesintothreecategories，

andallthebasicindustrieswereconductedbythepublicsectorenter‐

prisesOntopofthisstrictregulationsthroughalicensingsystem werｅｉｍｐｏｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｐｒｉｖａｔｅｓｅｃｔｏｒｗｈｅｎprivatesectorcompanies wantedtoｓｅｔｕｐｎｅｗｆａｃｔｏry,toexpandtheirproductivecapacity,to manufacturenewproducts,ortochangetheirlocation

Thirdly，Indiaadoptedanimportsubstitutingindustrialization strategy,aimingtoestablishaproductionbaseforthedomesticmar‐

ketbythelndianenterprises

Nehrucalledtheobjectiveforlndia'ｓｓｏｃｉｅｔｙａｓ“thesocialistic patternofsociety，'．Ｉｎｄｉａ，sdevelopmentstrategywascoloredｂｙａｎｔｉ‐

colonialismandherindustrialstrategywasatypicalcaseoftheearly developmentalism．

2．ＴｈｅＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＥａｓｔＡｓｉａｎＣｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓａｎｄ

ｔｈｅＮｅｗＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍentalism

Theneo-classicalapproachhasthoｒｏｕｇｈｌｙｄｏｍｉｎａｔｅｄｔｈｅｄｏｍａｉｎｏｆｄｅｖelopmenteconomicssincethel980s,endorsedbyinternational instituｔｉｏｎｓｓｕｃｈａｓｔｈｅｌＭＦａｎｄｔｈｅＷｏｒｌｄＢａｎｋ．Theadvocatesof theneo-classicalapproachassertedthat“marketliberalization，，ａｎｄ

"export-orientation，，ａｒｅｔｈｅｔｗｏｉｎｄｉｓｐｅｎｓａｂｌｅｆａｃｔｏｒｓｆｏｒｓuccessful developmentofthedevelopingcountries、However,inthelatterhalf ofthel980s,thereappearedavarietyofcriticismsagainstthevalidity oftheneo-ｃｌａｓｓｉｃａｌａｐｐｒｏａｃｈＯｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｎoteworthytrendswas theemergenceｏｆｔｈｅｎｅｗｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｏｆｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍentalism,ｄｅｐｅｎｄｉｎｇｏｎｔｈｅｍｉｒａｃｕｌｏｕｓｇｒｏｗｔｈｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＥａｓｔＡｓｉａｎcountries．

2-1ＴｈｅＰｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌＥｃｏｎｏｍｙｏｆｔｈｅＮｅｗＤｅｖelopmentalism

AseriesofJeffrySachs，papersonthecomparativestudiesof structuraladjustmentinLatinAmericancountriesandEastAsian countriesinl980sshowswellthecharacteristicsofthenewdevelop mentalism

(8)

RethinkingthePoliticalEconomyｏｆ“Developmentalism'， ^７ Heexplainedthedifferencesofeconomicperformanceofboth regionsiｎｔｅｒｍｓｏｆｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｏｆｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｒａｔｅａｎｄｔｒａｄｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ (Sachsl985)．InLatinAmericancountriesgovernmentsallocated borrowedfundstoimport-substitutingsectorandservicesector(non‐

tradables);ontheotherhandEastAsiangovernmentsallocatedbor‐

rowedfundstotradables・Theallocationofresourcesbetweentrad ablesandnon-tradablesdepeｎｄｓｏｎｔｒａｄｅpolicies，exchangerate management,andaggregatedemandmanagementSachsfurtherar‐

ｇｕｅｄｔｈａｔｉｎＥａｓｔＡｓｉａｉｔｗａｓｒｕｒａｌｐｏliticalpowerthatsupportedthe export-orientedtradepoliciesanddevaluationOntheotherhand，it wasunionizedurbanworkerswhosupportedovervaluedexchange rates・Ｈｅｃｏｎｃｌｕｄｅｓｔｈａｔｔｈｅ“differenceinlabormarketorganization certainlyplaysanimportantroleinthepoliticalcalculus，，．

ＬｏｏｋｉｎｇｂａｃｋｏｎｔｈｅＥａｓｔＡｓｉａｎｅｘｐｅｒiencesSachsdiscussedthat

"outward-orientedstrategy，，ａｎｄ“marketliberalization，，ｉｓｎｏｔｔｈｅｓａｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ（Sachsl987)．Hefurtherdiscussedthatasapolicytoolof crisismanagementfordebtburdenedcountries,themarketliberaliza- tionwasnotapropercoursetofollowThiswasbecause:（１）This strategyisnotsupportedhistorically、ＴｈｅｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｓｔｏｒｉｅｓｏｆＥａｓｔＡｓｉａｎｃｏuntriesdonotdemonstratetheutilityoftradeliberalization inthemidstofamacroeconomiccrisis．“Stabilization'，ａｎｄｔｈｅ“liber‐

alization'，haveconflictingrequirements．（２）TheEastAsianexperi‐

eｎｃｅｓuggeststhatexportpromotionpoliciescanbepursuedbya dirigistegovernment,ａｎｄｅｖｅｎｉｎｔｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｉｇｈｔｉｍｐortcoL trolsandtightregulationsinthecapitalmarket．（３）TheEastAsian experiencesuggeststhatsuccessfuldevelopmentmightｂｅｈｅｌｐｅｄａｓｍｕｃｈｂｙｒａｉｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｑｕａｌiｔｙｏｆｐｕｂｌｉｃｓｅｃｔｏｒｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔａｓｂｙｐｒｉｖａｔ‐

izingpublicenterprisesorliberalizingmarkets．（４）InEastAsian countriesgovernmentspromotedrelativelyequalincomedistribu‐

tions，mostfundamentallythroughpoliciｅｓｔｈａｔｅｑｕａｌｉｚｅｄｔｈｅｒｕｒａｌｉｎｃｏｍｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈａｔｋｅｐｔｔｈｅｕｒｂａｎruraldifferentialｓｍｕｃｈｎａｒｒｏｗｅｒｔｈａｎｉｎｏｔｈｅｒｄｅｖｅｌｏpingcountriesThisrelativeequalｉｎ‐

comedistributioninEastAsiafreeｄｔｈｅｈａｎｄｏｆｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓｔｏｆｏｃｕｓ

(9)

８

onissuesofefficiency・

ＡｓｉｓｃｌｅａｒｆｒｏｍｔｈｅａｒｇｕｍｅｎｔｓｏｆSachs,thecharacteristicsofthe politicaleconomyofthenewdevelopmentalismliesintheassertion thatontheonehandtheexportorientedstrateｇｙｉｓａｓｖａｌｉｄｔｈｅｎｅｏ‐

classicalapproachassertedbutontheotherhandthatthestrategies thathaveworkedareessentiallydifferentfromthemarketliberaliza‐

tionstrategy．

2-2IndustrialPolicyoftheNewDevelopmentalism

TheexperiencesofindustrializatｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅＥａｓｔＡｓｉａｎｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｌｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｒｅａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｒｏｌｅｏｆｔｈｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔａｓａｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｒｏｆｅｃｏｎｏｍｉcdevelopmentlnparticular,ａｌｏｔｏｆａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎｐａｉｄｔｏｔｈedecisiveroleofindustrialpolicies

InhisbeautifullywrittenpaperProfKomiya,thepioneerofJapa‐

neseindustrialpolicystudies，arguedthatthecontentofindustrial policyinthenarrowsenseshouldｂｅｄｅｆｉｎｅｄｔｏｔｈｏｓｅ“interventionsto copewithfailureｓｉｎｔｈｅｍａｒｋｅｔ,ｏｒｐｒｉｃｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ,thataffectresource allocation''．Theindustrialpolicyinthenarrowsensemeanspolicies thataffecttheallocationofresourcestoindustry,including（a）items thataffecttheinfrastructureofindustryingeneral,ｓｕｃｈａｓｔｈｅｐｒｏｖｉ‐

sionofindustrialsites,roadsandports,industrialwatersupplies,and electricpower;ａｎｄ（b)itemsthataffectinter-industryresourcealloca‐

tion（Komiyal988)．Hisdefinitionofindustrialpolicystandsonthe ratherorthodoxneo-classicaltheory，Heclearlystatesthat“fromthe perspectiveofeconomictheory，ｄｉｆｆｅｒｉｎｇｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｅｎｄｏｗｍｅｎｔｓｏｒｂeingalatecomerorundergoingreconstructionfromwardoesnotin itselfconstituteamarketfailure'，，ｓｏｔｈａｔｈｅｄｏｅｓｎｏｔｔｈｉｎｋ“ｓｕｃｈｉｔｅｍｓｉｎｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓｐｒｏｖｉｄｅａｃaseforpolicyintervention"・Ｉｎｏｔｈｅｒｗｏｒｄｓｈｅｒｅｊｅｃｔｓｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆｉndustrialpolicies“tocatchupwiththe industrializednationsortoimprovetheinternationalcompetitiveness ofdomesticｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ''・

Ｏｎｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｈａｎｄ,ProfMurakami，ｗｈｏｔｒiedtoconstructanti‐

neoclassicalpoliticaleconomy,definedtheindustrialpolicyinterｍｓ

(10)

RethinkingthePoliticalEconomyｏｆ“Developmentalism，， ^９

oflong-termdynamicpointofview・Ｈｅｐｌａｃｅｄｉｔａｓａｃｅｎｔｒａｌｐｏｌｉｃｙｔｏｏｌofdevelopmentalism、Ｈｅｄｅｆｉｎｅｄｉｔａｓ“attemptstorealizethe advantagesofdecreasingcost'，,ａｎｄｓｔａｔｅｄｔｈａｔ“ｔｈｅａｉｍｏｆｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｐｏｌｉｃｙｉｓｔｏｒｅstrainexcessivecompetition，ortosustainsufficient competitiｏｎ''・Ｉｎｃｏｎｃreteterms,Ｍｕｒａｋａｍｉ，ｓｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｐｏｌｉｃｙｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｓｏｆｆｏｕｒｔypesofpolicytools：designationofpriorityindustries；ｉｎ‐

dustry-specificindicativeplanning,policiestopromotetechnological progress，ａｎｄｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｅｘｃｅｓｓｉｖｅｐｒｉｃｅｃompetitionAgainhe statesthattheｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｐｏｌｉｃｙｉｓｎeitherapolicythatincreasesan industry，sgrowthratethroughforcible,governmentinterventionnor ameansofimplementingeconomicplanninｇＲａｔｈｅｒｉｔｉｓａｋｉｎｄｏｆｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｉｎterventiontomaintainmarketcompetitionwhencost isdecreasing“Ｔｈｉｓｎｅｅｄｉｓｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙａｃｕｔｅｉｎｄevelopingcouｎｔｒｉｅｓｔｈａｔａｒｅａｔｔｅｍｐｔｉｎｇｔｏｃａｔｃｈｕｐｗｉｔｈｔｈｅａｄｖａｎｃｅｄｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ，'、

Thedifferencesinthedefinitionsofindustrialpolicyamong scholarsnaturallyleadtothedifferencesｉｎｔｈｅｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆｉｎｄｕｓ‐

trialpolicyTheprototypeofindustrialpolicyisthatofJapanI,sothat thestudyofindustrialpolicyconcentratesontheJapanesecase・Ｈｏｗ‐

ever,astheideaofindustrialpolicytransmitstotheotherEastAsian countries,thecontentsofindustrialpolicyhavebeenchangedWe canunderstandtheexperienceofJapaneseindustrializationasacase ofalate-comer・However,ｔｈｅｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＥａｓｔＡｓｉａｎｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓａｒｅｔｈａｔｏｆthelate-late-comersManyargumenｔｓｐｒｅｓｕｐｐｏｓｅｔｈｅｈｏ‐

mogeneityofJapaneseindustrializationandtheindustrializationof

theEastAsiancountries,ａｎｄｔｈｅｙｔｅｎｄｔｏａｒｇｕｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅＪａｐａｎese

industrialpolicyisrepresentativeofEastAsiancountries（Johnson l982;Amsdenl989;Wadel990)．Butthisisafalsegeneralization，Ｗｅ１However,ｍａｙｂｅｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｔｈａｔｕｓｅｄｔｈｅｔｅｒｍ“Industrialpolicy,，

ｗａｓＩｎｄｉａ･Ｉｎｌ９４７１ｎｄｉａｐｒｏｍｕｌｇａｔｅｄｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔlndustrialPolicyResolution lnJapanthetermindustrialpolicywasnotwidelyuseduntilaroundl970s

（Komiyal988).AokisuggeststhatindustrialpolicyisnotaJapaneseinno‐

ｖａｔｉｏｎｂｕｔｔｈａｔｗａｒｔｉｍｅｐｒｏｔｏｔｙｐｅｗａｓｉｎｓｐｉｒｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇｍｅｃｈａ‐

ｎｉｓｍｏｆｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｅｒＵＳＳＲ（Aokil996)Ｂｏｔｈｃａｓｅｓｓｈｏｗｗｅｌｌｔｈａｔｔｈｅｉｎｄｕｓｔrialpolicywasanessentialelemenｔｏｆｔｈｅｅａｒｌｙｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｌｉｓｍ．

(11)

10

shouldnotmissthebigdifferencesbetweenJapanandtheEastAsian countriesinthecontentsofindustrialpolicyand/ordevelopmen‐

talism、Johnson,forexample,stressesthecontinuityoftheJapanese politicalsystemandthoseofKoreaandTaiwan，ｎａｍｉｎｇｐｏｓｔｗａｒＪａｐａｎａｓａｃａｓｅｏｆ"softauthoritarianism”andnamingthoseofKorea andTaiwanａｓａｃａｓｅｏｆ“hardauthoritarianism”ｏｒ“newcasesofabso‐

lutiststates"・AccordingtoJohnson,Japanhasbeenformallyademo‐

craticnation,butinessenceJapanhasbeenunderasoftauthoritarian rulebecauseJapanhasretained“anextremelystrongandcompara‐

tivelyunsupervisedstateadministration，single-partyruleformore thanthreedecades,ａｎｄａｓｅｔｏｆｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｐｒｉｏｒｉｔｉｅｓｔｈａｔｓｅｅｍｓｕｎａｔ‐

tainableundertruepoliticalpluralism''（Johnsonl987)．Whatapreju‐

dicedview1Unnecessaryworry1Ifhewerecorrect,Independentlndia alsoshouldbeasoftauthoritariancountry、Hereweseeagainan old-fashioneddichotomyofEuropeversusNonEurope（ｏｒＡｓｉａｌ

Ｔｈｅ“EastAsianMiracle，，reportbytheWorldBankassertedthat industrialpolicynarrowlydefined,ｎａｍｅｌｙ,ｔｏｗｈｉｃｈｔｈａｔｗａｓｐｒｏｍｏｔ‐

ingspecificindustries,“wasgenerallyunsuccessful，，ｉｎJapan,Korea，

Singapore,ａｎｄＴａｉｗａｎ（WorldBankl993)．ＯｎｔｈｉｓｊｕｄｇｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅＷｏｒｌｄＢａｎｋｔｈereisalotofcriticismandwestilldonothaveanyfirm conclusions、However,tobeginwith,weshouldseekthesignificance oftheindustrialpolicynotinavarietｙｏｆｉｎｆａｎｔｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙａｒｇｕｍｅｎｔｓｂｕｔｒatherintheestablishmentofasharedinformationnetworkbe‐

tｗｅengovernmentandtheprivatesectoｒ（Hayamil998)．Whether theinformationnetworkbeｔｗｅｅｎｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄｔｈｅｐｒｉｖａｔｅｓｅctor isestablishedornotdeterminｅｓｔｈｅｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｏｒｆａｉｌｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｇｏｖｅrn- mentinterventionforpromotingspecificindustries．

3．TheEarlyDevelopmentalismandtheＮｅｗＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｌｉｓｍ

３－１ＣｏｍｍｏｎＣｈaracteristicsandDifferences

Whatarethecommoncharacteristicsofanddifferencesbetween

(12)

RethinkingthePoliticalEconomyｏｆ“Developmentalism'’ ^１１ｔｈｅｅａｒｌｙａｎｄｔｈｅｎｅｗｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｓｏｆｄｅｖelopmentalism？Ｍｕｒａｋａｍｉ's definitionofdevelopmentalisｍａｓ“aneconomicsystemthattakesa systemofprivatepropertyrightsandamarketeconomyasitsbasic framework,butthatmakesitsmainobjectivetheachievementofin‐

dustrialization,and,insofarasitisusefulinachievingthisobjective，

approvesgovernmentinterventioninthemarketfromalong-term

perspective，，,ｉｔｃａｎａｐｐｌｙｔｏｂｏｔｈｃａｓｅｓ、Bothformsofdevelopmen‐

talismshareastrongeconomicnatiｏｎａｌｉｓｍｗｈｉｃｈａｉｍｓａｔａｔｔａｉｎｉｎｇａｎｉndependentnationaleconomy、Andbothformsofdevelopmen‐

talismpursuedgovernmentguidedeconomicmanagementwhichaim tocatch-upwiththeadvancedcountries・Theoreticallywecansay thatdevelopmentalismstroveforindustrializationthroughforced capitalaccumulationassuminganincreasingreturntheory・Their attitudestowardsdirectforeigninvestmentandforeigntechnology arealsosimilar:aselectiveintroductionbasedondomestictechnology development、Furthermoretheybothsharerigidregulationofbank‐

ｉｎｇandfinanceandexchangemarkets、

Thenwhatarethedifferencesbetweｅｎｔｈｅｔｗｏ？Ｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｃｏｎ‐

spicuousdifferenceisthatwhiletheearlydevelopmentalismassumes

importsubstitutingindustrializationstrategyasatoolforattaining

independentnationaleconomy，thenewdevelopmentalismassumes anexport-orientedindustrializationstrategyCloselyrelatedtothis aspectisthatalthoughbothofthe、presupposethemarketfailure

hypothesis,ｔｈｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｇｏｆｏｒｔｈｅｗａｙｏｆｉｎｔｅrventionofthegov‐

ernmenttothemarketisdifferent・ＮｏｔｏｎｌｙｉｎｌｎｄｉａｂｕｔａｌｓｏｉｎＫｏｒｅａｏｒTaiwantherewasstrongregulationoffinancialmarketsandthere werestrongindustrialpolicies・However,ｉｎｃａｓｅｏｆｌｎｄｉａ,ｔｈｅｇｏｖｅｒｎ‐

mentintervenedwiththemarketthroughreplacingtheprivatesector

withthepublicsector,ｗｈｉｌｅｉｎｔｈｅｃａｓｅｏｆＫｏｒｅａｏｒＴａｉｗａｎ,ｔｈｅｇｏｖ‐

ernmentguidedandsupplantedtheprivatesector、Suchafundamen‐

ｔａｌｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙｏｆｇｏｖernmentinterventionsisdeter‐

ｍｉｎｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｆａｃｔｗｈetherthoseinterventionsareestablishedbefore orafter“theneo-classicalresurgence，，．

(13)

1２

3-2RelationbetweenlndustrializationandDemocratization Ｍｕｒａｋａｍｉｔｒｉｅｄｔｏｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌopmentalismasauniversal concept，ｉ,e,，ａｎ“idealｔｙｐｅ，，、Afterdefiningdevelopmentalisｍａｓ

"apolitical-economicsystemestablishedwiththestateasitsunit，'，

Murakamiaddedthat“thusinmanycasessomerestrictionsare

placedonparliamentarydemocracｙ（suchasamonarchicalsystem,a

one-partydictatorship,oramilitarydictatorship，，、Andhecontrasted thedevelopmentpａｔｔｅｒｎｓｓｕｃｈａｓｔｈｏｓｅｏｆＪａｐａｎｏｒｔｈｅEastAsian countrieswiththatofAnglo-Americansociety、Ｈｅｃａｌｌｅｄｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｅｒ

"developmentalism，，ａｎｄｔｈｅｌａｔｔｅｒ“classicaleconomicliberalism，,、

Ｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｐａｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｅｒ,accordingtoMurakami，isthat ofindustrializationfirstanddemocratizationlater，Incontrast，the developmentpathofthelatteristhatofdemocratizationfirstand industrializationlater・ＤｅｅｐａｋＬａｌａｒｇｕｅｄｍｕｃｈｍｏｒｅｓｉｍｐｌｙａnd straightforwardly、Ｈｅｓｔａｔｅｓｔｈａｔ“acourageous,ruthlessandperhaps undemocraticｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｉｓｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄｔｏｒｉｄｅｒｏｕｇhshodoverthese newly-createdspecialinterestgroups'，（Lall983)．Alltheseargu‐

ｍｅｎｔｓａｒｅｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＥａｓｔＡｓｉａｎｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｓｕｃｈａｓＫｏrea

Theearlydevelopmentalismassumestheconcentrationofthe powerinthecentralgovernment、Ｉｎｓｏｄｏｉｎｇｉｔｐｒｅｓｕｐｐｏｓｅｓａｎｏｍ－

ｎipotent,unselfishorbenevolentgovemment・Ontheotherhandthe newdevelopmentalismpresupposesanefficient，competeｎt,ｏｒfar‐

ｓｉｇｈｔｅｄｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ・Ｉｎｃｏｎｃｒｅｔｅｔｅｒｍｓｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｅｒｐｒｅｓｕｐｐｏｓｅｓａｓｏ‐

cialisticpolitico-economicsystｅｍａｎｄｔｈｅｌａｔｔｅｒｐｒｅｓｕｐｐｏｓｅｓａｎａｕ‐

thoritarianpolitico-economicsystemlnotherwords，bothformsof developmentalismpresｕｐｐｏｓｅａｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｔｈａｔｉｓｉｎｓｕｌａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｖｅｓｔｅｄｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｓＡｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｔｈｉｓｐｒｅｓｕｐposition,bothformsof developmenatalismasｓｕｍｅａｓｔｒｏｎｇｏｒｕｎｅｒｒｉｎｇｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｔｈａｔｃａｎｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎａｕｔｏｎｏｍｏｕｓｐｏｌicymanagement、

Thenewdevelopmentalismisatrialofuniversalizingthecollec‐

tionoflessonsthatarededucedfromthehistoricalexperiencesｏｆ

(14)

RethinkingthePoliticalEconomyｏｆ“Developmentalism，， ^１３ somehighgrowthEastAsiancountriｅｓｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｌ９７０ｓａｎｄｌ９８０ｓ，

wheretheauthoritarianpoliticalregimeswereadoptedHowever,ａｓｉｓｗｅｌｌｋｎｏｗｎｔｏｄａｙ,thereisnouniquerelationbetweentheselection ofpolityandeconomicperformance（Przeworski＆Limongil993)．

Stillmuchless,ｔｈｅｒｅｉｓｎｏｓｏｌｉｄｇｒｏｕｎｄｔｏａｓｓｅｒｔｔｈatanauthoritarian regimeisnecessaryorindispensablefordevelopingcountriestomake successfulindustrialization2、Ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓｏｆｅｃo- nomicfailureundertheauthoritarianregimes（North1981,Ｃｈ３;Bates l988)．Inanutshell,theseargumentsofdevelopmentalismpresuppose theassumptionthat"thestronggovernmentdoesnotfail''、Thisisnot ananti-neoclassicalargument，butsimplyapre-neoclassicalargu‐

ment、Ｗｈａｔｉｓｔｏｂｅｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｅｄｉｓｎｏｔｔｈｅｃｈoiceofselectedpolitybut theabilityofgovernmentstogovernandabilityofthegovernmentto formulateandperformcoherentpolicies．

3-3DevelopmentalismandLowWageLaboｒ

Ｗｈａｔａｒｅｔｈｅｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓｆｏｒsuccessfuldevelopmentalism？

LastlyIconsiderthisissuefocusingjustonthelaborproblem・

Oneofthemostinnovativeconceptsofearlydevelopmentalismis

"disguisedunemployment"・Ｎｕｒｋｓｅｄｅｆｉｎｅｄｉｔａｓｔｈｅｃａｓｅｏｆａｌａｂorer whosemarginalproductoflaboｒｉｓｚero（Nurksel953)．Then,ｈｅａｒ‐

gued,ｔｈｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｃｏｕｌｄｄｅｄｕｃｅｍｏｓｔｏｆthepeoplewhoengagein agriculturewithoutdecreasingagriculturalproductslnotherwords thesedisguisedunemployedconstitutepotentialsavingsforthesoci‐

etyasawhole，becausesuchunproductiveredundantlaborersare supportedbytheproductivelaborers

Lewis，ｍｏｄｅｌｏｆｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｗｉｔｈunlimitedsupplyof laboralsopresupposesdisguisedunemployment（Lewisl954)．Lewis，

ｍｏｄｅｌｉｓａｇｒｏｗｔｈｍｏｄｅｌｔｈａｔａｓｓｕｍｅｓabundantlaborindeveloping ２Bhagwaticalledthethesisthatdemocracynecessarilyhandicapsdevelop mentwhereasauthoritarianismａｉｄｓｉｔａｓｔｈｅ“crueldilemmathesis''．Ａｎｄｈｅａｓｓｅｓｓｅｄｔｈｉｓｔｈｅｓｉｓａｓｏｎｅｂｅlongedto“ｔｈｅｏｌｄｖｉｅｗ，，ｗｈｉｃｈｗａｓｆａｓｈ‐

ionableduringthel950sandl960s（Bhagwatil994)．

(15)

1４

countries，Ｉｎｓｕｃｈａｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ,accordingtoLewis,themarginalproduc‐

ｔｉｖｉｔｙｏｆｌａｂｏｒｉｓｖｅｒｙｓｍａｌｌｓｏｔｈａｔtherealwagelevelofthecapitalisｔｓｅｃｔｏｒｗｏｕｌｄｂｅｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｂｙｔｈｅａverageproductivityofagricuL ture,ｉｅ.,thesubsistencelevelofwages、Ａｎｄａｓｌｏｎｇａｓｔｈｅｓｕｂｓｉｓ‐

tencesectorremains，ｔheunlimitedsupplyoflaborfromthｅｓｕｂ‐

sistencesectortothecapitalistsectoratthesubsistencewagelevel wouldcontinue,sothattheeconomicdevelopmentcouldbebrought about，Ｔｈｉｓｉｓｔｈｅａｒｇｕｍｅｎｔｔｈａｔｓｈｏｗｓｔｈｅｐossibilityofmodern

industrializationbasedonthelowwages

lnshort,ｅａｒｌｙｄevelopmentalismassumedanunlimitedavailabil‐

ityoflowwagelaborerswhosupportedtheearlyindustrialization、

However,theydidnotmakeanyfurtheranalysisoflabormarkets・

Theyhardlydiscussedtheroleofeducationorskilledlaborforsuc‐

cessfulindustrialization、

Ｔｈｅｎｗｈａｔｉｓｔｈｅｌａboreconomicsofthenewdevelopmentalism？

Thedevelopingcountriesthatadoptedthenewdevelopmentalismare countriesthatsucceededineconomicdevelopmentbecauseofexport-

ledstrategyTheneoclassicaldevelopmenteconoｍｉｓｔｓｆｏｕｎｄｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｒｅａｓｏｎｓｗｈｙｔｈeexport-ledstrategysucceededｉｎｔｈｅ“freeand

flexiblelabormarket'，oftheEastAsiancountries（WorldBankl993)．

However,ｗｈａｔｏｎｅａｒｔｈｗａｓ“thefreeandflexiblelabormarket，？

Haggardarguedthatpoliticalweaknessoflaborclasswasthe characteristicsofAsianNICS．“Labor，spoliticalexclusioninallofthe EａｓｔＡｓｉａｎＮＩＣＳｇａｖｅｓｔａｔｅｅｌｉｔｅａｎｄｔheprivatesectorasubstantial degreeoffreedom，，ａｎｄｍａｄｅｅｘｐort-ledgrowthpossiblelnAsian NIＣＳｔｈｅｒｅａｐｐｅａｒｅｄａｎｉｒｏｎｉｃｃｏｍｂｉnation，Ｌｅ.，“equitywithoutde‐

mocracy，，（Haggardl990)．GenerallyspeakinginEastAsiancountries

thecompetitiveedgeattheinternationalmarketwasbasedontheir

abundantcheapandeducatedlaborsToensuresuchcheapandedu‐

catedlabors,ｉｔｗａｓｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙｔｏｈａｖｅｂｏｔｈｉｎｖｅｓｔｍｅｎｔｉｎｈｕｍａｎｒｅ‐

sourcesandanoppressivepoliticaｌｒｅｇｉｍｅ

Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,ｔｈｅｃａｓｅｏｆｔｈｅＥａｓｔＡｓｉａｎｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｉｎｗｈｉchpolitically

oppressiveregimeswerebuilt-inisahistoricallyspecificcase、Ｆｏｒ

(16)

RethinkingthePoliticalEconomyｏｆ“Developmentalism'’ ^1５ successfulexport-ledstrategyintheinternationalmarkets,thecheap andproductivelaborforcesareindispensablefactor,ｂｕｔｔｈｅｏｐｐｒｅｓ‐

sivepoliticalregimeisnotnecessarilyindispensabletoensuresuch cheapandproductivelabors・ThebestexampleisJapan・

ＩｎＪａｐａｎｔｈｅｒｅｗａｓｎｏｔａｓｅｖｅｒｅpoliticaloppressiontothelabor union・TherethefundamentallaborlawswereenactedundertheUS occupationregimeThemainfactorsthatensuredthehighlyproduc‐

tiveandcheaplaborwerethespreadofschooleducationandthe formationofaninternallabormarket,whichwassupportedbythe long-termlabor-managementrelationsunderlifetimeemployment，

seniority-basedwagesandthepromotionsystem、

Forthelate-comerstocatching-upwiththeadvancedeconomies，

oneofthelessonsthatweshoulddrawfromdevelopmentalismisnot afalsemessagethatapoliticallyoppresｓｉｖｅｒｅｇｉｍｅｉｓｎecessarybut ratherthatitisessentialtoconstructasocio-economicsystemthat ensuresproductiveandcheaplabor．

References

Ａｍｓｄｅｎ,Alice1989.Ａｓｊａ１ｓｊＷ〃tGjα"虜so"t/ｚＫｍｅαα"αＬα蛇伽伽st河aJizQtjo"，

ＮｅｗＹｏｒｋ＆Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress

Aoki,Masahikol996．“UnintendedFit:OrganizationalEvolutionandGov‐

ernmentDesignoflnstitutionsinJapan,”ｉｎＭ．Aoki，Ｈ・Ｋｉｍ＆Ｍ、

Okuno-Fujiwaraeds.,Ｔ/ｚｅＲｏ"ｑ／ＣＯ"ｅｍｍｅ"ｔｉ〃EnsrAsjα〃ＥＣＯ"o〃ＣＤＣ"c/OPme〃Oxford:ClarendonPress、

Arndt,Ｈ､Ｗ,1985.“TheOriginofStructuralism,”Ｗ０〃ｄＤｅｚﾉe/OP机e"ムＶｏＬ１６Ｎｏ２

Ｂａｔｅｓ,Robert1988.“GovernmentandAgriculturalMarketsinAfrica,”ｉｎＲＢａｔｅｓｅｄｓ.，Ｔｏ〃ａｍｓαＰｂ伽azJEco"ｏｍｙｑ/,ＬｚﾉeJOPme"ＺＴＡＲａｔｊｏ"αＪｅＣ/zojcePb7aSPecZjue，Ｂｅrkley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress・

Bhagwati,Jagdishl994.“DemocracyandDevelopment:NewThinkingonan OldQuestion,"inJBhagwati,ＡＳｔ”αｍｑ/､Ｗ】"dozus,NewDelhi:Oxford UniversityPress,1999．

Chakravarty,Ｓｕｋｈａｍｏｙｌ９８７､ルリe/ｏＰｍｅ"ｔＰＪα""/"g:Ｔ/ｚｅＩ〉zdjα〃EXPc〃e"Ce，

Ｏｘｉ/ＭＺ:ClarendonPresS

Gershenkron,A1exanderl966Eco"o伽ｃＢａｃためα、"ｅｓｓｉ〃ＨＭＯ河αzノルγSPCC‐

伽e，Massachusetts:Belknap

Haggard,Stephan1990.ＨｚZ〃CZys/、γz〃Ze〃伽he7qy:Ｔ/zePMtjcsq/・Ｑｍｕｔ/z/〃

(17)

1６

ﾉﾉｚｅｊＷ〃jylM"s師α胸'ｚｇＣｏ""mes,Ithaka＆London:CornellUniversity

Press

Hayami,Yujirol988."ＴｏｗａｒｄａｎＥａｓｔＡｓｉａｎＭｏｄｅｌｏｆＥｃｏｎｏｍicDevelop‐

ment,"ｉｎＹ・Hayami＆Ｍ・Aokieds.,Ｔ/Zemst伽tjo"αJFC""acztjo"so/ＥｔｚｓｊＡｓｉα〃ECO"o〃cDcUeJ0P腕e"/,MacmillanPress＆Ｓｔ・Martin，sPress Johnson,Chalmersl982・Ｍ１刀α"。//zeﾉﾋﾘPα"eseMmIcJe:コルＧｍｚ(ﾉﾉﾉz〃肋｡"s‐

／〃α/ＰＭＣｙ,1925-1975,Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress

l987．“PoliticalInstitutionsandEconomicPerformance：Ｔｈｅ Government-BusinessRelationshipinJapan,SouthKorea,andTaiwan,”

ｉｎＦ・ＣＤｅｙｏｅｄ.,Ｔ/ＺｃＰＭｊｊｃα/ＥＣＯ"0川⑰ノルハノｂｚｕＡｓｊα〃ＩＭｚＪｓｍα/Ｍ２，

Ithaka＆London:CornellUniversityPress

Komiya，Ryutarol988．“Introduction,'，ｉｎＲ・Ｋｏｍｉｙａ，Ｍ・Ｏｋｕｎｏ＆Ｋ、

Suzumuraeds.,I7zd"st河α/ＰＭＣｙｑ/・ﾉﾋZPqw,AcademicPress・

Lal,Deepakl98aT/ＺｅＰｂＤｅｍ/ｑ／DeMOPme"tEco"o伽cslLancing:Institute

ofEconomicAffairs

Lewis，Arthur1954．“EconomicDevelopmentwithUnlimitedSupplyof Labour,"Ｍｚ"c/zesねγＳｃ/zooZq/ＥＣＯ"omzcsα"ｄSociα/Ｓｔ"dies,Vol､22,No2 Murakami,Yasusuke1996.Ａ〃Ａ"tjcJass伽ﾉＰＭｊｊａｚﾉｰ比o"o伽ｃＡ"αlysjs（trans‐

latedbyKozoYamamura),Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress North,DouglassCl981・Ｓｔ７ｗｃｔ"花α"。Ｃ"α?zgej〃ＥＣＯ"o伽ｃ脇sjo?y,ＮｅｗＹｏｒｋ

＆Ｌｏｎｄｏｎ:WWNorton、

Nurkse,Ragnarl953・Ｐｍ肋加ｓｏ/UZPjtα/Ｆｏ?wzatjo〃ｊ〃Ｕ>zdemezﾉeJ0PedCo"〃

mes,Oxfrod:BasilBlackwelL

Przeworski,Ａｄａｍ＆ＦｅｒｎａｎｄＬｉｍｏｎｇｉｌ９９３.“PoliticalRegimeandEconomic Growth,"ﾉD"、αZ〃ＥＣＯ"o〃c〃〃ecjjUes,ＶＯＬ７，No.a

Rosenstein-RodanlP.Ｎ1943.“ProblemsoflndustrializationofEasternand South-EasternEurope,"ＥＣＯ"o〃cﾉ､"?”α/,June-September・

Sachs,JeffreyD1985.“ExternalDebtandMacroeconomicPerformancein LatinAmericaandEastAsia,”Ｂｍｏ跡"gsHZPe応ｏ〃ECO"o伽ｃＡｃｔ〃bﾉ，

Vol,２．

1987.“ＴｒａｄｅａｎｄＥｘｃｈａｎｇｅＲａｔｅＰｏｌｉｃｉｅｓｉｎGrowth-OrientedAd justmentPrograms,，'ｉｎＶ・Corbo,Ｍ､Goldstein＆ＭＫｈａｎｅｄｓ.,Ｇ、〃肋－

０河e"ｊｅｄＡＺｍｓＺｍｅ"ＺＰｍｇｍ?"S,ＩＭＦ/WorldBank・

Schitovsky,Tiborl954.“TwoConceptsofExternalEconomies,"ノb"７７２α【け PMtjcaJEco"0ｍｙ,ApriL

Wade,Robertl990CoDe伽"ｇﾉﾉｚｅＭｚ?ＲＭ:ＥＣＯ"o〃ｃＴ/zeo”α"α功ＧＲＯルｑ／

GoUemme"〃〃EnsZAsiα〃肋｡"sj河α/izatio",Princeton:PrincetonUniver‐

sityPress

WorldBankl993.Ｔ/ｚｅＥａｓｔＡｓｉα〃Ｍ７ｍｃル:ＥＣＯ"o”ｃＧｍ２ｍ/zα"ａＰｚｲＭｃＰＭＣｙ，

OxfordUniversityPress．

Rethinking the Political Economy of "Developmentalism"