バナナ栽培文化のアジア・アフリカ地域間比較

* ᯁࣩ߂࡝Ϻయ࡝ᨆ⏋Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Shizuoka University ** ࣢ؤ߂࡝ఠᔒ࡝ᨆ⏋Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University

*** ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡܩݖ቉ድ቉ድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University

**** ؾਚ኏߂࡝ू࡝ᨆ⏋Faculty of Technology, Doshisha University 2005 ॷ 7 ೐ 6 ౗؝Њ⏋2006 ॷ 2 ೐ 21 ౗؝ჿ

̫̠̠ൕݛయ׋ɹˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡܩݖᬚປᥒ

⏎ڃዛ޽෵ਸˁʠȽɤɩ⏎

ࢸǵഌǵȴȲʱ⏋

*ǵ׌ǵីǵ֒ǵΥ⏋

**ǵπǵ࣊ǵǵǵᓮ⏋

***

ݺǵǵǵႻǵ౰****

Comparative Study of Banana-Farming Cultures in Asia and Africa:

With Special Reference to the Diversity of Local Cultivars

Komatsu Kaori,* Kitanishi Koichi,** Maruo Satoshi*** and Hanawa Rosei****

This paper aims to describe and analyze the diversity of indigenous banana-farming cultures in Asia and Africa, focusing on the variation in local cultivars. First, we describe local cultivars, cropping systems, and uses in 13 research areas and then characterize each banana-farming culture by the cultural and economic importance of the crop. Second, we map the distribution of genome types and the relationships between uses and genome types.

We found clear differences in the distributional patterns of genome types between Asia and eastern coastal Africa, and inland Africa; the former has a wide range of genome types with a relatively small number of local cultivars within each genome type, while the latter has many local cultivars within a limited number of genome types. The areas also differ with regard to the economic and cultural importance of bananas. Bananas are regarded as a staple food or staple material in Africa, whereas in Asia they are regarded as an ingredient for snacks, cakes or medicines.

A comparison of the banana-farming cultures indicates that the diversity of local cultivars arises from a balance among such actors, as farmers, traders, and consumers in urban areas or the northern countries, who have little idea of the abundant local cultivars produced in the south.

1̝஄

̫̠̠ɻ⏋γᅠμɹྂ࿅ၖय़ԃݖɫൕݛɇʶ⏋1 Ӝ̜Ͳˁᣳȭʳᅊᅋᩄˁ᠔ʳс႒ɫȡʳ⏏1) ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳɫൕݛɇʶʳ̫̠̠ɻཧय़ܩݖɴᥥՏɇʶ⏋ᥥՏᅎс႒ɭɌɩᅊᅋܕɹᐁཕ ɴᢨ჉ɌɩȦʳ⏏౗ೣϺɴɭɤɩɹ̫̠̠ɻᅊᰩɐʳ̚˸ͻ̜ɫȡʳȵ⏋ᅊᅋܩɹ޽ȼɫɻ⏋ ̫̠̠ɻςᰩɭɌɩ⏋ʚɛᘘࡎʦᥐᰩɹೳషɭɌɩʢᩂឹɫȡʱ⏋႕ɴˏ̶͠ˡɹྂ࿅ܩय़ɫ ɻ⏋̫̠̠ˁςᰩɭɐʳϺʃɭʢ޽Ȧ⏏ˏ˻ˏˁᣱ྇ɭɐʳ̫̠̠ɻ⏋ჼܧ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹᩂឹ ɲᰩషɹʁɭɦɭɲɤɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ೎ᦏɻ౗ೣɹঊӴɫʢ⏋ഗᇤȵᣧȦ̫̠̠ʦᯃ।ɴࢸɇȦ̫̠̠ɲɰឿɛᇿɹᅵɲʳ̫̠̠ ʢᇎݭɌɩȦʳȵ⏋౗ೣɫʛʰʶʳ̫̠̠ɹʓɭ˃ɰɻ⏋˥͑̾Ͳ̚ˑ̒˹͖ (Cavendish) ɭ ٧ɽʶʳʁɭɦɹڃዛᒴɴࣚɐʳ⏏˥͑̾Ͳ̚ˑ̒˹͖ɻ౗ೣɽȴʱɫɲȼ⏋γᅠμɫᥥԂɇ ʶʳ̫̠̠ɹ޽ȼˁװʠɩȦʳȵ⏋ࡸɻ⏋˥͑̾Ͳ̚ˑ̒˹͖ȵγᅠˁफ़ॎɌɛɹɻɄɄ 50 ॷʓɰɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶГմɻ⏋˫ͦ˽͊̒̍˙͡ (Gros Michel) ɭ٧ɽʶʳڃዛȵʦɻʱ γᅠμɫެʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ᥥՏᅎ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚ͲɫൕݛɇʶɩȦɛ˫ͦ˽͊̒̍˙͡ȵ̮̠͇ ᆖɫ߂ଠ௖ˁ᝵ʱ⏋ȴʼʱɴγᅠμɹ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚ͲɫൕݛɇʶɞɌɛɹȵ˥͑̾Ͳ̚ˑ̒ ˹͖ɫȡʳ⏏ ɄɹʭȩɲᥥՏᅎڃዛɹ႕׋ɴࢪɌɩ⏋ᅊᅋܕԒɫࢸᦅɴʭɤɩൕݛɇʶʳ̫̠̠ɻ⏋ᲊȼ ʓɰ޽෵ɫȡʳ⏏̫̠̠ɹڃዛɻγᅠμɴлᇑɭȡʱ⏋Ɍȴʢ⏋Υܩݖɴధמɹڃዛȵȡʳё ʢࢹɲȼɲȦ⏏᭰ஞɌɛܩݖɫɻ⏋ؾɍڃዛɭៜȭʳʭȩɲڃዛȵȡʳΥ౅ɫ⏋ԃȼᅵɲʳڃ ዛʢʛʰʶ⏋ɗɹᏼʛغʼɓɻܩݖܔ೑ɹʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ڃዛɹ޽෵ਸˁᅊʛɞɐܧഀ ሾɹȡʱ౅ʢ⏋ܩݖɴʭɤɩᅵɲɤɩȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ ̫̠̠ɻ⏋െ᰸кᑢຂˁɐʳඨ႒ɲɹɫ⏋ࡎൎɻ˪ͦͻͲɫȡʱ⏋ݜೣᇕɴɻ៊ൎɭؾɍ᧨ Шࡎˁ؝ȿɦȦɫȦʳ⏏ڃዛȵ޽෵ɫȡʳɄɭɻ⏋ዓਸɹዛࡎˁʢɦᩃᅊዛʦൕݛዛɹϯᮊɴ ʭʳʢɹГ޺ɻ⏋ዺး޴ᅵɴʭɤɩᅊɍɛ০ᣒɹ޴ᅵˁϺᬚȵឿՕȿɩ޴ᅵൎˁѳࡔɐʳȴ⏋ ܩݖ׬еɫʛʶɽ⏋޺ᨆȴʰɹృڃዛɹࢷԂɴʭɤɩᣱɄʳʓȴɻɲȦ⏏ɴʢᬠʼʰɑ⏋ᅊᅋ ਸʦ٢ៅɹ޴׋ɞȿɫɻ᠝ʶɲȦɄʶɞȿ޽ȼɹڃዛȵᅊʚʶɩȦʳɄɭɻ⏋Ϻᬚɹ̫̠̠ɴ ࢪɐʳཉȦᖂ٢ˁኍɐʢɹɫȡʸȩ⏏ܩΫᨆɹ߂ȷɇɭ⏋έਲ਼ᡴɲ০ˁɌɛഗࡸɹ˓Ͳ̮˪̜ ɹ৔ɇʢ⏋̫̠̠ɴࢪɐʳᖂ٢ɴᢨ჉ɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ഗࡸȵɛʼʼɴɲʳӵಕʦ⏋៊ࡎˁᦹ ઎ɇɓʳൎՕȿɹਸᣒȴʰʢ⏋عܩɫɇʚɊʚɲᢒਐᇕɲៜᠦȵᅊʛɞɇʶɩȦʳ⏏2) ̫̠̠ɹʢȩʁɭɦɹ႕ਐɻ⏋޽ᇿᇕਸɫȡʳ⏏͇ͤͻ˹ˏʦ˓Ͳ̝׫ᨆˁోɌɛϺɲʰ⏋

1) FAOSTAT ́ͻ͌̿ͻ˻ (http://faostat.fao.org/) ɴʭʳ 2002 ॷɹ bananas ɭ plantain ɹᐵᅊᅋᩄ⏏ؾॷɹˠͤͲ ˻ᅊᅋᩄɻᏝ 6,400 Ψ̜Ͳ⏋͠Ͳ˳ɻᏝ 5,700 Ψ̜Ͳɫȡʳ⏏

࣒دʦࢃ঑ɹᰩϟɹ؜ʱᇫɭɌɩ̫̠̠ɹᘽˁឿɛϺʢ޽Ȧɫȡʸȩ⏏ʚɛ⏋໓ᑊɹᖻᚇ॒ɹ ؅షɻ͖͠˗˥͖˗˓̜̫˹͚˗ (Musa balbisiana) ȴʰ؜ʳᑥᐣɫȡʱ⏋Ʉɹඨ႒ȵ৿ᦚɐ ʳʭȩɴᰩᅎ̫̠̠ɹኘӴɹʁɭɦɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ᘽനˁฆɴɐʳ⏋ഗᇤˁ္Ȧɩဒˁᠭ٢ షɴɐʳ⏋ഗࡸȴʰᨙˁᨸᦶɐʳ⏋ዛࡎˁᚫᅎɴɐʳɲɰ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲգᅎ໬ȵعܩɫʛʰʶ ʳ⏏ ൕݛ໬ʢ޽෵ɫȡʳ⏏ൎɹ፬ჿ⏋᭑ᗳ⏋ేᔋʦإᘽɹ᭑ؑɲɰଝᬚ᭫ˁȴȿɩᯃ।ɴᲞȦܤ ܩᅊᅋਸˁ᧒ଁɌɩȦʳܩݖʢȡʶɽ⏋˻͑Ͳ˫͡ɭឿᬚ᧓ȭʳʭȩɲᅣɫ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰఔᒞɇ ʶɛʚʚؚዲɞȿɇʶʳʭȩɲܩݖʢȡʳ⏏ଝˁȴȿɛʰɗʶɞȿؚᩄȵᲞȼɲʳ⏋ȴȿɲȼ ɩʢɗʶɲʱɴמՕዲʶʳ⏋ɭȦȩȡʱȵɛȦс႒ȵ̫̠̠ɫȡʳ⏏ ʼʶʼʶȵᠭീܩɫઢਕɌɛɹɻ⏋ɰɄʍ᝔ɤɩʢ⏋̫̠̠ɴᬠɐʳၖȦ᠝ʱɴՏЦɤɛɄ ɭɫȡʳ⏏ȋ̫̠̠ɹᠭീɴഀɛȍɭៜȩɭ⏋̫̠̠ˁᔒɩʳϺʃɭȵ⏋ܩݖɹڃዛɭɗɹ႕ ਸ⏋ᔒɩ౅⏋գᅎ໬ʚɫྟǾɭ᠌Ɍᐚȿɩȼʶʳɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɹ᝔֪ɭ᠝ʱˁᅊʛɞɐ̫ ̠̠ɭȦȩᏬೳɴ⏋ᠭീᓔɭɌɩɹʼʶʼʶʢɰ˃ɰ˃ৄȷᦉʚʶɩȦɤɛ⏏ γᅠɴȲȿʳᦅᓚయ׋ɹᣱ྇ɭШ௢⏋ჼܧɹՕ॒ɴɦȦɩɻᐱǾɭ቉ድɹଁഗȵȡʳȵ⏋μ ࣊и֖ɻ⏋̫̠̠ˁആ׫ˏ˻ˏɫᇍᅊɌɛ൓ൕᦅᓚయ׋ɹμਕᇕɲс႒ɭɌɩ଩Ȧ⏋೎ʢڃዛ ఒᖪɹᦽ˃ɞс႒ɭɌɩࢰഀਸɹᲞɇɴៜؖɌɩȦʳ␩μ࣊ 1966␭⏏ౙ߂᭜ᣱ྇ɹ൓ൕᦅᓚ య׋ɻ⏋ആ׫ˏ˻ˏȴʰആɻ߄ॶ໽ܩݖʍ⏋ីɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ˁᐁᅓɌɩីˏ̶͠ˡʚɫঃȵɤɩ Ȧʳ⏏ആˏ˻ˏȴʰ׫ˏ˻ˏɴᕸʳܩݖɫɻ⏋๴رᇕɴɻ⏋Ʉɹμɴ᭜ዝȵ؜ʱȦʶʰʶשᣴ Ɍɛʱ⏋ອዝൕݛȵςɭɲʳɭȦȩʭȩɴ⏋Ϻؤఌ୫֐ɹᲞȦዝʍɹ႕׋ȵɇʚɊʚɲ̮̊ͻ Ͳɫᦽ˃ɫȷɛ␩иǾೠ 1989␭⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋ី͹μᨆˏ̶͠ˡ⏋߄ॶ໽ܩय़ɫɻ⏋Ȧʚ ɞɴ൓ൕᦅᓚȵܩݖɹςឹɲᦅᓚ̮̊ͻͲɭɌɩᅊȷᐚȿɩȦʳ⏃␩μ࣊ 1993; Miracle 1967; Yoshida and Matthews 2002␭ɲɰ⏆⏏႕ࡴɹс႒ˁࢪᢒɭɌɛ൓ൕᦅᓚɹປᥒ቉ድɭɌɩɻ⏋ ˏ̶͠ˡԃܤɴȲȿʳ˥͑̒˵̫ᦅᓚయ׋ɹປᥒ቉ድˁȲɄɲɤɛ˻͚ͻͲ̀ ［Jones 1959］⏋ ܕጓ຦౏࡝׭႒᱅ˁμਕɭɐʳ൓ൕᦅᓚయ׋˫͡ͻ̺ɹΥᦹɹ቉ድ⏃␩Yoshida and Matthews 2002］ ɲɰ⏆⏋׫ីᡉऄȴʰˠ́ˏ̢ˏɴᕸʳ̊ͦ˓͐య׋ˁປᥒɌɛยೣɹ቉ድ␩ยೣ 2002␭ɲɰȵȡʳ⏏

ɌȴɌ⏋ၖय़ྂ࿅य़ԃݖɫɇʚɊʚɲеᒞɧȿɫൕݛɇʶɩȦʳ̫̠̠ˁʠȽɤɩɻ⏋̫̠ ̠቉ድɹឿ؜ʱܒˁயȦɛ˹͐Ͳ̀ʰɹ቉ድГഀ⏋ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡɲɰɹ׬еˁᣳȭɛປᥒ ቉ድɻמՕɭɻៜȭɲȦ␩Simmonds and Shepherd 1955; Stover and Simmonds 1987］⏏႕ࡴ

2) ɛɭȭɽ⏋́͌͞ऄɫɻ⏋Ϻᬚɹ০ȵໆʚɤɩȦɲȴɤɛ౬⏋έ๷ɹቄɭࡎˁᅋʞ̫̠̠ȵɗʶəʶϺᬚɻᕶ Օɹʭȩɴɲʳʏȷɞɭς৓Ɍ⏋଍Ȧɴ֯ɤɛ̫̠̠ɹʭȩɴϺᬚʢࡎˁᅋʞࡔܧɴɲɤɛ⏋ɭȦȩШᠦȵȡ ʳɭȦȩ␩᯷ᅒ 1999␭⏏ʚɛ⏋˽͞˗˙˹ऄɹ͇Ͳ̋ͻ͡ɹϺʃɭɻ⏋ࢃɹృ፷ɹә኎ɴ⏋̫̠̠ɭ˱˱͓˹ ɭ˵̜˗˥̲ˁњȭʳ⏏Ʉɹ᭬⏋̫̠̠ɻ⏋౗ǾɹᏒˁᢒਐɌɩȦʳɭȦȩ⏏

ɹс႒ɻ⏋عܩɹᦅᓚయ׋ˁປᥒɐʳ᭬ɹݜྈɭɲʱ਄ʳ⏏̫̠̠ɻൕݛܩݖɹঃɇɭڃዛɹ ޽෵ਸȴʰ⏋ݜྈɭɌɩ೑֟ɫȡʱ⏋႕ɴ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɭˏ˻ˏɹྂ࿅ܩय़ɴȲȿʳᦅᓚయ׋ ɹປᥒɴ᧟ɌɛᏬೳɫȡʳɭៜȭʳɞʸȩ⏏̫̠̠ɹ቉ድɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋Ʉʶʚɫ⏋ඨ႒кɭ ౅ؿˁӯɴɌɩ⏋ആ׫ˏ˻ˏ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɲɰɹ߂ȷɲങɫڃዛᒴɹՕ॒ˁ଩ɤɛ቉ድ␩Rossel 1998; Valmayor et al. 2000］⏋˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ɭປᥒɌɛˏ̶͠ˡɹ̫̠̠ɹᩂᅒɹ቉ድ␩ᩂᅒ 2002␭ɲɰȵȡʳȵ⏋ೣዣɫɻ⏋ˏ˻ˏɭˏ̶͠ˡɹధܩဣɴɦȦɩ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺⏃᧨Ш ࡎ݀⏆ɹͤ̾͡ɫປᥒɐʳɄɭˁ᠅ʛʳ⏏ ೣዣɹᇿᇕɻ⏋ആ׫ˏ˻ˏȴʰˏ̶͠ˡɴȴȿɩ̫̠̠ɹڃዛ⏋գᅎ໬⏋ൕݛ໬ˁປᥒɐʳ Ʉɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ܧഀɹ̫̠̠ൕݛయ׋ɹ޽෵ਸˁෙ៎Ɍ⏋ڃዛɹ޽෵ਸɹ޴ᅵɴɦȦɩᓒ࢘ɐ ʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ʚɑ⏋ᠭീܩعܩɫ៎࢘ɇʶɛڃዛ⏋գᅎ໬⏋ൕݛ໬ˁݜኄᣂషɭɌ⏋Ʉʶɴ ᰩᅊ༎ɭܩݖᐁཕɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠ɹеᒞɧȿˁ֓ȭɩ⏋ɗʶəʶɹܩݖɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠ൕݛయ ׋ɹ႕ਐˁ៨ᦚɐʳ⏏๖ɴ⏋عܩɹڃዛɹ˰̨͌̊˓̺աւغɭɗɹգᅎ໬ˁᣂషɭɌɩ⏋ˏ ˻ˏɭˏ̶͠ˡɹڃዛɭգᅎɹՕ॒ˁෙ៎ɐʳ⏏ɗɹȩȭɫ⏋ɗʶʰȵᅊʛɞɇʶɩȷɛ೼И ˁ఩ჿɌ⏋ܩݖɴʭʳڃዛɹ޽෵ਸɹेᅵˁᓒ࢘ɐʳ⏏ ڃዛɹ޽෵ਸˁᅊʛɞɌ⏋ѳ୫Ɍɩȷɛɹɻ⏋عܩɹࢸᦅɫȡʱ⏋৳ʰɹݛɤɩȷɛܧഀሾ ɫȡʳ⏏ೣዣɫɻ⏋҅Ϻȵ޽෵ਸˁᅊʛɞɐ͊˪ͦɲែဣȴʰɫɻɲȼ⏋޽෵ਸɹՕ॒ɭȦȩ ͇˪ͦɲែဣȴʰڃዛɹ޽෵ਸˁՕഓɐʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ປᥒɹ׬еɻ⏋ధғ׋Ɍɩປᥒɫȷʳ˰̨ ͌̊˓̺ɫȡʱ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺ГάɹᅵؾɴɦȦɩɻᎎᅭɴ៨ᥔɐʳɴɭɰʠʳ⏏

2̝ӀҺҺњжи੠࿼

̫̠̠ɻ⏋െ᰸кᑢຂɐʳ޽ॷᅊᗳೣɫȡʱ⏋̫˹͚˗ዀ (Musaceae) ̫˹͚˗ࣚɴࣚɐʳ ភధɹዛɹᩃᅊඨ႒ȴʰൕݛ׋ɇʶɛс႒ɫȡʳ⏏3) ̫˹͚˗ࣚɹμɫʢ⏋ჼܧᰩᅎɴൕݛɇ ʶɩȦʳ̫̠̠ɹ޽ȼɻ̫˹͚˗፲ (Eumusa) ɴيʚʶ⏋ɗʶʰɻ͌˵͹ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ (Musa

acuminata) ɭ͌˵͹̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠ (Musa balbisiana) ɹ 2 ዛɹᩃᅊዛɹɰɠʰȴ⏋ʢɌȼɻ

θ౅ˁኘӴɭɌɩȦʳ⏏4) ൕݛ̫̠̠ɹ߂ȷɲ႕ਐɻ⏋׬ဤᐄഗਸˁʢɤɩȦʳɛʠዛࡎȴʰ ɫɻɲȼെ᰸кȴʰᑢຂɐʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ൕݛ̫̠̠ɹ˰̨͌̊˓̺ɻ⏋͌˵͹ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ (AA) ɭ͌˵͹̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠ (BB) ɹ˰̨͌ɹᏼʛغʼɓɴʭʱ⏋AA⏋AB⏃2 ҆к⏆⏋AAA⏋ AAB⏋ABB⏃3 ҆к⏆ɲɰɭᝠɇʶʳ⏏ 3) ᦏᑉɹඨ႒ɴؾɍ̫˹͚˗ዀ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ࣚɴࣚɐʳ˛Ͳ́ͻ̘ȵȡʳ⏏ 4) ̢͖ͻ˧̢ˏʦ߄ॶ໽ᡉऄɴՕ॒ɐʳʢȩʁɭɦɹൕݛ̫̠̠ᒴȵȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɹ̫̠̠ɻ Australimusa ፲ɴ ࣚɌ⏋Υᖔɴ̶˙˓̫̠̠ɭ٧ɽʶʳ⏏̫˹͚˗፲ɹ̫̠̠ɹഗଗȵෙɌɩάˁكȼȴອॶɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋ ̶˙˓̫̠̠ɻ⏋ഗଗȵሁጓɐʳɲɰɹ႕ਐˁʢɦ⏏ೣዣɫɻ⏋̢͖ͻ˧̢ˏ⏋߄ॶ໽⏋16 γᏛГᭇˏ̶͠ˡ ȴʰ୫ɠᦉʚʶɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳμ׫Ꭶɹ̫̠̠ɻࢪᢒɭɌɲȦ⏏

̫̠̠ɻ⏋׌ᑅ 30 ঎ȴʰ׫ᑅ 30 ঎ʚɫɹঃȦܩݖɫൕݛɇʶ⏋ঃ፴ܑɲຩᢒ೼Иɴ᧟ਝ ɌɩȦʳ⏏೎᧟ɲൕݛ೼Иɻ⏋౩ርɲϗ࡚ˁʢɛɑ⏋ᭇອᩄȵ 2,000 ͍͊͠ͻ̜͡ɴᦏȼ⏋ ೐ᬚᭇອᩄȵ 75 ͍͊͠ͻ̜͡ˁά܌ʳ೐ȵ 3 Ͷ೐ГΫɲȦܩݖɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᐄࡸೝɹॶܯ ຩཧɻ 29°C ȴʰ 30°C ȵ೚ʚɌȦ␩Stover and Simmonds 1987］⏏

ൕݛ̫̠̠ɹᣱ྇ܩɻ႕ࡴɇʶɩȦɲȦȵ⏋Υᖔᇕɴɻ͇ͤͻץऄٞᦇɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ Ʉʶɻ⏋ᩃᅊɹ͌˵͹ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ɹᕶᅊܩɹՕ॒μਕȵ͇ͤͻץऄɫȡʳɄɭɲɰȴʰ஠ ཀྵɇʶɛᐄഗɫȡʳ␩Stover and Simmonds 1987］⏏5) ͌˵͹ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ɹᕶᅊܩɻ⏋͇ͤͻ ץऄ⏋˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏ⏋̶ˑ̴͠Ͳɲɰɫ⏋͌˵͹̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠ɹᕶᅊܩɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝׌ആᨆ⏋ ̶ˑ̴͠Ͳɲɰɫȡʳ⏏ᩃᅊɹ͌˵͹ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ȵ⏋ዺး޴ᅵɴʭʱ⏋׬ဤᐄഗɹዛɲɌഗ ࡸɭɲɤɛɹȵ 2 ҆кɹൕݛዛ (AA) ɹᣱ྇ɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏̫̠̠ɹݭغ⏋ൕݛ׋ɭȦȩɹɻ⏋ ϺᬚȵұးʛɦȿɛዛɲɌ̫̠̠ˁൕݛɌ⏋ɗɹൎˁБǾ፬ჿɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩଁጓɌɛɭᓒ ȭʰʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋Ʉʶʰɹˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ؾᣒ 2 ҆кˁӯɴɌɩ⏋ɗɹؾᣒ 3 ҆к (AAA) ʦ̫ ̲͡˹ˏͻ̠ɭɹϯᮊᏙᐏ⏃AB⏋AAB⏋ABB ɲɰ⏆ȵᅊʛɞɇʶɛ⏏6) ̫̠̠ɹڃዛɹᣱ྇ɭՕ॒ɻೡɞ࡭ԃɴ଴வɇʶɩȦɲȦȵ⏋˹͐Ͳ̀ʰɻᣱ྇ɭڃዛ޽෵ ਸɹ́Ͳ̊ͻɴɦȦɩ๖ɹʭȩɲឿ؜ʱܒˁயȦɛ⏏͇ͤͻץऄٞᦇȵ⏋ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ؾᣒ 2 ҆кɹൕݛ̫̠̠ (AA) ɹᣱ྇ܩɫȡʱ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡ໤ࣳᨆɭ̢͖ͻ˧̢ˏȵڃዛ޽෵ਸɹፀ 2 ๖́Ͳ̊ͻɫȡʳ⏏ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ؾᣒ 3 ҆кɹ̫̠̠ (AAA) ɹڃዛ޽෵ਸɹμਕܩʢ͇ͤͻ ˹ˏɫȡʱ⏋ፀ 2 ๖́Ͳ̊ͻɻആˏ̶͠ˡᲞܩय़ɫȡʳ⏏ϯᮊ 2 ҆к (AB) ɻ˓Ͳ̝ᣱ྇ɹࢸ ˫͡ͻ̺ɫȡʳɭɇʶʳ⏏ϯᮊ 3 ҆кɹȩɠ⏋AAB ̊˓̺ɴɦȦɩɻؾ෵ɴ˓Ͳ̝ᣱ྇ɹᏙ ᐏȵ޽ȼ⏋ΥᨆɹᏙᐏɻആ͇ͤͻ˹ˏˁᣱ྇ɭɌɩ߄ॶ໽ɹऄǾʍɭঃʚʱ⏋޽෵ɲڃዛᒴȵ ᅊʛɞɇʶɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ABB ̊˓̺ɴɦȦɩʢ⏋޽ȼȵ˓Ͳ̝ᣱ྇ɫ⏋ആ͇ͤͻ ˹ˏᣱ྇ɹʢɹʢȡʳɭȦȩ␩Stover and Simmonds 1987］⏏˹͐Ͳ̀ʰɻɲɕȴ̶ˑ̴͠Ͳ ɴȲȿʳ̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠ؾᣒ 3 ҆к (BBB) ˁᥐែɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ϯᮊᏙᐏɹᣱ྇ɴɦ Ȧɩɻ⏋Ⴖᕶɹ ABB ̊˓̺⏋BBB ̊˓̺ɹڃዛȵ޽ȼ⏋͌˵͹̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠ɹᩃᅊዛʢࡔ ܧɐʳ̶ˑ̴͠Ͳˁᩂែɐʳឿ౅ʢȡʳ␩μ೴ 1991␭⏏Ӵ᝔቉ድˁᐵغɐʳɭ⏋ϯᮊᏙɹ̫ 5) ЈɹܩݖɫႶጓɴ̫̠̠ൕݛȵᇍᅊɌɛخᔨਸ⏋႕ɴ̫̠̠ɹڃዛɹ޴ᅵȵ߂ȷȦ̢͖ͻ˧̢ˏɫɹൕݛ׋ɹ خᔨਸɲɰɴɦȦɩ⏋ᡉᠦȡʳ⏃␩ആϴᦅ߂̮̺ˏ̢͖ͻ˧̢ˏ 100 ɹᏬᰑᑂᮃࠇڊЦ 2001␭ɲɰ⏆⏏ 6) 3 ҆кȵɰɹʭȩɴɌɩᅊʛɞɇʶɛȴɴɦȦɩɻᡉᠦȡʳ⏏ʁɭɦɹᠦ౩ɻ⏋ዓਸɹȡʳ 2 ҆кɴȲȿʳ യᖬкɹՕᮐɹᅵ।ɴʭʱ 4 ҆к (AAAA) ȵᅊʚʶ⏋4 ҆кɭ 2 ҆кɹϯᨗɹᐄഗᅊʚʶɛɹȵؾᣒ 3 ҆к (AAA) ɫȡʱ⏋ؾ෵ɴ 4 ҆кɹ͌˵͹ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ȵ 2 ҆кɹ͌˵͹̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠ɭϯᮊɌɩ 3 ҆к (AAB) ȵɫȷʳɲɰ⏋4 ҆кˁᦲɍɩɇʚɊʚɲϯᮊڃዛᒴȵɫȷɛɭȦȩᓒȭɫȡʳ␩μ೴ 1991␭⏏ʚɛ⏋2 ҆кɹ ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ɰȩɌɹയᖬкɹཝధՕ᝾ɹᅵ।ɫ 3 ҆кȵᅊʚʶɛɭȦȩᠦ౩ʢȡʱ⏋޽ȼɹෙᠦೆɫɻɄɹ ᠦ౩ȵᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳ⏃␩Simmonds and Shepherd 1955; ݞᅒʓȴ 1989; ߂ആ 2000␭ɲɰ⏆⏏৿ᓔɹ൓୞ɻ⏋ᩃ ᅊɹ 4 ҆кȵᯃ।ɴዎɲɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋BB ɻ⏋ዛȡʱɫዓਸȵ๿ɤɛʚʚൕݛ׋ɇʶ⏋ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊Ꮩᐏ 3 ҆кɹᅊʚʶɛЕᠦɹɰʶȴɭؾɍᐁᤉɫ BBB ȵᅊʛɞɇʶɛ⏏

̠̠ɹᣱ྇ɻ⏋AAB ɭ AB ȵ˓Ͳ̝⏋ABB ȵ˓Ͳ̝ɭ̶ˑ̴͠Ͳˁᣱ྇ɭɐʳЕᠦȵ೑֐ɫ ȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̶ˑ̴͠Ͳɻ⏋̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠ 3 ҆к BBB ɹᣱ྇ܩɫʢȡʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɦ ʚʱ⏋͇ͤͻץऄٞᦇɫൕݛ׋ɇʶɛˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ (AA) ɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɭ̶ˑ̴͠Ͳɫ̫̲͡˹ ˏͻ̠ (BB) ɭϯᮊɌ⏋ីɻˏ̶͠ˡʍ⏋ആɻ̢͖ͻ˧̢ˏ⏋߄ॶ໽ɹऄǾʍɭঃȵʱ⏋߂ᖒ ༠ಁБʚɫɴ⏋ˏ͍͠ˡ߂᭜ˁ᭑ȼྂ࿅ɲၖय़͹ϩၖय़ɹعܩɴୟతɌɛɭȦȩɄɭɴɲʳ⏏7) ჼܧɹՕ॒Ⴅ઴ȴʰ̫̠̠ɹڃዛᒴɹው֪ɹ᥄ᤄˁᦠȩɄɭɻ⏋ɅȼΥᨆɹܩݖɴᭉɤɩ ʢ⏋ᯃ।ɴᬏȦೝᬚɴʼɛɤɩڃዛᒴȵው֪ɌᐚȿɩȷɛɄɭ⏋ڃዛᒴɭ౅ؿɹው֪ȵΥᕹɌ ɲȦɄɭ⏋ው֪ɹ౅كɹ஠ࡴȵᮑɌȦɄɭɲɰȵ᭭ࢀɭɲɤɩᯃ।ɴܐᮑɫȡʳ⏏̫̠̠ɹˏ ̶͠ˡʍɹШ௢ɴᬠɌɩʢᡉᠦȵȡʳ⏏̫̠̠ɹШ௢ȵధ܌ɹ໳ႥɫȡɤɛɄɭɻ޽ȼɹ቉ድ ᓔȵؾઝɐʳɭɄʸɫȡʳȵ⏋ઝឿȵՕȴʶʳɹɻ⏋ɄʶʰɹԂʱؤȵ˛̍ˠ̴ˏɲɰˏ̶͠ ˡ׌ᨆɫȡɤɛɹȴ⏋ആᨆɹ༠ࣳ໤Ȧɫȡɤɛɹȴ⏋˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏȴʰ͇̋ˤ˽ˡ͡ᐁᅓɫ ȡɤɛɹȴɭȦȩᐁᅓܩɹکᰍɭ⏋ɗʶʰɹШ௢ɻȦɦɫȡɤɛɹȴ⏋ɭȦȩɗɹಁೝɴᬠɐ ʳکȦɫȡʳ⏏ɄʶʰɹЕᠦɴɦȦɩɻ⏋Rossel ［1998］ɴ᠎ɌȦ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠ ɹՕ॒ɴɦȦɩ೎ʢ႕ਐᇕɲɄɭɻ⏋ڃዛɹՕ॒ȵܩݖɴʭɤɩ 3 ̊˓̺ɴ߂աɫȷʳɄɭ ɫȡʳ⏏ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ 3 ҆к (AAA) ɹషჿᅎڃዛɴ႕׋Ɍɛആˏ̶͠ˡᲞܩय़ɭ⏋AAB ɹ̺ ͞Ͳ̘Ͳ͹˵̸˫͡ͻ̺8) ɴ႕׋Ɍɛμᨆˏ̶͠ˡȴʰីˏ̶͠ˡ⏋ɇʰɴ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲ˰̨ ͌̊˓̺ȵࢹɌɑɦࡔܧɐʳആˏ̶͠ˡ໤ࣳᨆȵ⏋ɗʶəʶԃȼᅵɲʳ̫̠̠ൕݛయ׋ˁѳ୫ ɌɩȦʳ⏏ ʚɛ⏋ؾɍ˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹ̫̠̠ɹμɫʢ⏋০ᣒɴɻɇʚɊʚɲ޴ᅵȵʛʰʶʳ⏏ᬏȦᬚ̫ ̠̠ˁൕݛɌɩȷɛϺʃɭɻ⏋০઴⏋٢ៅ⏋ᐄࡸೝɲɰɹ਎ᏳɲेᅵʢឿՕȿɩɗʶʰɴ౅ؿ ˁЊήɌɩȷɛ⏏ೣዣɫɻ⏋ȋڃዛȍɭȦȩᅎ᠝ˁ⏋᧨Шᇕɴ࡫ࡴɫᦅ࡝ᇕɴተጓɇʶɛՕᰖ ɭɌɩɫɻɲȼ⏋ൕݛʦ༥ᢹɴሁஞᬠʼʳϺʃɭȵेᅵ׋Ɍ⏋٨ؿɌɩȦʳܧഀɹՕᰖ׬е ɭɌɩьᅎɐʳ⏏9) Υ౅ɫ⏋০ᣒᇕɲᰖаਸȴʰ˹͐Ͳ̀ʰȵՕᰖɌɛڃዛɹ˫͡ͻ̺ˁ⏋ȋڃ ዛᒴȍɭᝠɐ⏏೑ؿɲڃዛᒴɭɌɩ⏋Ϋᦚɹ˥͑̾Ͳ̚ˑ̒˹͖ʦ˫ͦ˽͊̒̍˙͡ɹʓȴ⏋

7) ɌȴɌ⏋೎ᦏ⏋ᣱ྇ܩˁ̢͖ͻ˧̢ˏ⏋˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏ⏋̶ˑ̴͠Ͳɭᓒȭʳ቉ድʢჼʶɩȦʳ␩De Langhe and De Maret 1999］⏏

8) ȋ̺͞Ͳ̘ͲȍɭȦȩՕᰖɴɻ⏋2 ዛᰖɹьȦ౅ȵȡʳ⏏Υᖔᇕɲᅎ᠝ɭɌɩьᅎɇʶʳݭغ⏋షჿᅎ̫̠̠ɹ ᐵዌɫȡʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏃ȋ̫̠̠ɭ̺͞Ͳ̘ͲȍɭȦȩݭغɲɰ⏆⏏ʚɛ⏋AAB ɹ˰̨͌̊˓̺ˁʢɦ̫̠̠ɹ μɹʁɭɦɹ˵̸˫͡ͻ̺ɭɌɩьᅎɇʶʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ˵̸˫͡ͻ̺ɻ⏋Ᏻᬏȼূɲʱɲഗࡸɲɰ႕ਐ ᇕɲ০ᣒˁʢɠ⏋ɇʰɴ⏋́ͻͲ͹̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳ⏋̶˝ͻ͡˽͹́ͻͲ͹̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳ⏋̶ͤͲ̍͹̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳɹ 3 ᒴɴᏳՕᰖɇʶʳ␩Stover and Simmonds 1987］⏏ೣዣɹȋ̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳȍɻ৿ᓔɹઝ٢ɫьᅎɐʳ⏏

9) ȋዛȍȋڃዛȍɻᯃ।ɴέ౩ተɲ׬еɫȡʳ⏏ඨ႒ɹȋዛȍɻ⏋ᰖᑉɹཉȦ⏃ؾᏙɹ᧨Шࡎˁʢɦ⏆҅кˁΥୠ ɌɛՕᰖ࡝Ϋɹݜೣ׬еɫȡʳȵ⏋ɰɹ፴ܑʚɫˁᰖᑉȵཉȦɭՠుɐʳȴɻ⏋೎ᏺᇕɴɻ቉ድᓔɴࠇɷʰʶ ʳ␩μ೴ 1991␭⏏ʚɛ⏋ȋڃዛȍɭȦȩෙਥȵȋዛȍɹάеךՕɫȡʳɄɭɻ౩ተɫȡʳȵ⏋̯̜Ņඨ႒ᬠѥɹ μɫଁጓɌɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ΥෙɴࡴᒶɐʳɄɭȵܐᮑɲෙਥɫȡʳ␩ᩂᅒ 1995␭⏏

Mysore (AAB) ʦ Bluggoe (ABB) ɲɰȵȡʳ⏏ڃዛᒴɴɻ⏋ɗɹμɴ޽ȼɹ޴ᅵˁيʞɄɭȵ ᠗ʠʰʶɩȦʳʢɹȴʰ⏋޴ᅵȵᯃ।ɴࢹɲȦʢɹʚɫȡʳ⏏ ڃዛɻ⏋Ϋ៨ɹʭȩɴჼܩɫ̫̠̠ˁൕݛ͹գᅎɐʳϺʃɭɴʭɤɩឿՕȿʰʶʳᯃ।ɴ਎ Ᏻɲेᅵɴݜɧȼɛʠ⏋ɗʶəʶɹ̫̠̠ൕݛయ׋ɹయ׋ᇕ႕ਐˁؙ౱ɐʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋γᅠᇕɲ ̫̠̠ɹው֪ˁᓒȭʳɭȷɴɻ⏋ڃዛ׬еɫɻᏳȴɐȹʳɛʠ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺ɭڃዛᒴȵՕഓ ɹ׬еɭɌɩ೑֟ɫȡʳ⏏ Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ܩݖɅɭɴ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲ˰̨͌̊˓̺⏋ڃዛᒴˁᏼʛغʼɓɛ̫̠̠ɹ̜́̒ ˁ೑ɌɩȲʱ⏋ɄʶʰɹՕ॒ɻ⏋̫̠̠ɹШ௢ɹ๴رɭ⏋գᅎɌɩȷɛعܩɹϺʃɭɹᦅᓚయ ׋ʦᰩయ׋ˁؙ౱ɌɩȦʳ⏏ ɲȲ⏋̫̠̠ɹዛɭ˰̨͌̊˓̺⏋ڃዛᒴؿɹьᅎ໬ɻ቉ድᓔʦᠶయɴʭɤɩᯃ।ɴᅵɲɤ ɩȦʳ⏏ೣዣɫɻ⏋ዛɭ˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹ៨ᦚɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋˹͐Ͳ̀ʰ␩Stover and Simmonds 1987］ɴɲʰɤɩ˰̨͌̊˓̺ɫ៨ᦚɐʳ⏏10)

3̝ිਬඏњිਬ၏ၑ

ᠭീܩɻ⏋7 Ͷܕɹ 13 ܩݖɫȡʳ⏃ܒ 1⏆⏏ܕؿɹȡɭɹୠ্Ԓɻ⏋ᠭീܩݖɭࢪᢒᮃ܎ɹ ˛˽̢˹̘ˑɫȡʳ⏏11) ᠭീೝᬚɭᠭീܩݖ⏋ᠭീԒࢅɻГάɹɭȲʱɫȡʳ⏏ 1）͇ͤͻ˹ˏ⏃˪͞Ͳ̊Ͳि͹͌͘͞⏆ ᠭീೝᬚɻ⏋2000 ॷ 3 ೐ɹ 10 ౗ᬚ⏃ϜҺᠭീ⏆ɭ 2001 ॷ 3 ೐ɹ 3 ᦼᬚ⏏ᠭീܩݖɻ⏋ िᨊ˱̫̊͡ɭᦏ᧿⏋˻˙͠ላɹ̋̓Ͳᦏ᧿⏋˫ˏ͌˵Ͳላɹ˫ˏ͌˵Ͳᦏ᧿⏏˱̫̊͡ɭ˫ ˏ͌˵Ͳɹ॑ݭɴȲȿʳڃዛᠭീ⏏ࢪᢒᮃ܎ɻ͌͘͞⏏ជ᣸ɭɌɩ⏋ആ༠ࣳعܩɹ॑ݭɴȲȿ ʳڃዛᠭീ⏏ 2）˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏ⏃˻͑ͩऄ͹˽Ͳ̋⏆ ᠭീೝᬚɻ⏋1999 ॷ 8 ೐ɹᏝ 1 ᦼᬚ⏃ϜҺᠭീ⏆ɭ⏋2000 ॷ 3 ೐ɹᏝ 2 ᦼᬚ⏏ᠭീܩɻ⏋ ី˻͑ͩि⏋̓˳ͻ͡ɭ̫̍̋̒ˁᐄʉॻᐻ᧑ᤉ໤Ȧ⏋ςᠭീ೴ɻ̮͡Ͳ˪̋೴⏏ࢪᢒᮃ܎ɻ ˽Ͳ̋⏏ 3）˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏ⏃˽͞˗˙˹ऄ͹͇Ͳ̋ͻ͡⏆ ᠭീೝᬚɻ⏋1999 ॷ 8 ೐ɹ 10 ౗ᬚ⏋2000 ॷ 8 ೐ɹ 4 ᦼᬚ⏋2002 ॷ 8 ೐ɹᏝ 3 ᦼᬚ⏏ς ᠭീܩݖɻ׫˽͞˗˙˹ि̘ˑ̠Ͳ̸Ͳ೴ٞᦇˁμਕɴ⏋͇͌˻͖ȴʰͤͩ͠ͅɴᕸʳ༠ࣳᐻ ɹధͶଘɭ৿ᔘܩ⏏ࢪᢒᮃ܎ɻ⏋͇Ͳ̋ͻ͡⏏༠ࣳعܩɹ।៯॑ɭࡴೝ॑ɴȲȿʳڃዛᠭീ⏏

10) ϯᮊᏙᐏɻ Musa x paradisiaca ɭ៨ᦚɇʶʳɄɭʢȡʳ␩Valmayor et al. 2000］⏏

11) ˛˽̢̒˪˫͡ͻ̺ɹࡴᒶɭ᧟ᅎɴɦȦɩɻయ׋Ϻᰖ࡝ɹμɫ޽ȼɹᡴᠶȵȡʳȵ⏋ೣዣɫɻɗʶʰɹᡴᠶɴ ɻጓɠԂʰɑ⏋˛˽̢̒˪˫͡ͻ̺ˁៜ᠝ᮃ܎ɭʓʖؾᒶɴ଩ȩ⏏ʚɛ⏋য়᠍ܩݖɴភధɹ˫͡ͻ̺ȵཌྷܧɌ ɩȦʳɲɰɹჿᅓɫ⏋˛˽̢̒˪˫͡ͻ̺ɭɌɩ႕ࡴɐʳɄɭȵܐᮑɫȡʳܩݖɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ɗɹౚ៨ᥔɌɛ⏏

ជ᣸ɭɌɩ⏋िᨊ͇ˡ̒˵͡ɭ׫˽͞˗˙˹िعܩɹ॑ݭɴȲȿʳڃዛɭ༑ᦲɹᠭീ⏏ 4）̶ˑ̴͠Ͳ⏃͊Ͳ̝ͦऄ͹̊˻͑ͩͲ⏆ 2002 ॷ 3 ೐ɹ 3 ᦼᬚ⏏ςᠭീܩݖɻ⏋͊Ͳ̝ͦऄμ߈ആᨆɹ࣢ࣰܩݖɴȡʳ˫͞Ͳʹˑ̋ ೴⏏ࢪᢒᮃ܎ɻ⏋̊˻͑ͩͲ⏏೴ɹᅣɴȲȿʳڃዛᠭീ⏏ជ᣸ɭɌɩ⏋᱔ᨊ̢͇͞⏋͊Ͳ̝ͦ ऄˡ̮͞Ͳ⏋͊Ͳ̠̋ˠऄ̫̋ˠɹ॑ݭȲʭʃ˽ͻ̮ͻ͇ͻ˭̜̒ɴȲȿʳڃዛᠭീ⏏ 5）̜̠̾͌⏃̊˓̢Ͳህ͹˥Ͳ⏆ 2001 ॷ 3 ೐ɹᏝ 3 ᦼᬚ⏏ᠭീܩɻ⏋िᨊ̊˓̢Ͳˁμਕɭɐʳ̊˓̢Ͳህعܩ⏏ࢪᢒᮃ܎ ɻ˥Ͳ⏏೴ɹᅣȲʭʃ॑ݭɴȲȿʳڃዛᠭീ⏏ជ᣸ɭɌɩ⏋́ͻ̍͊ͲɴȲȿʳڃዛᠭീ⏏ 6）˓Ͳ̝⏃ˏ̒˵͌ि⏆ ᠭീೝᬚɻ⏋2003 ॷ 3 ೐ɹᏝ 3 ᦼᬚ⏏ςᠭീܩݖɻ⏋ˏ̒˵͌ि˫̩̘ͩˑٞᦇɹ̩̘ˑ ͓̠೴ɭᦏ᭰ɹ೴⏏ࢪᢒᮃ܎ɹ˛˽̢˹̘ˑɻ႕ࡴɫȷɲȦ⏏ជ᣸ᠭീɭɌɩ⏋͍ˤ͓͞िɴ Ȳȿʳᩃᅊ̫̠̠ɹᠭീ⏏ 7）˓Ͳ̝⏃˭͞͞ि⏆ ᠭീೝᬚɻ⏋2001 ॷ 9 ೐ɹᏝ 4 ᦼᬚ⏏ᠭീܩݖɻ⏋˭͞͞ि̜͖̍͠ͻ͡ܩךɭ˛̠͡˪ ͌͞ܩך⏏ࢪᢒᮃ܎ɹ˛˽̢˹̘ˑɻ႕ࡴɫȷɲȦ⏏ជ᣸ᇕɴ⏋̘ˑ̫̠͡Ͳ̺̊͌͞ܩךٞ ᦇɹ॑ݭɴȲȿʳڃዛᠭീ⏏ 8）̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ⏃˸Ͳ˻̫͡⏆ 2000 ॷ 9 ೐ɹᏝ 2 ᦼᬚ⏃ϜҺᠭീ⏆⏋2002 ॷ 8 ೐ɹᏝ 1 ᦼᬚ⏏ςᠭീܩݖɻ⏋˗Ͳ˫˻͑ ऄ׌˗Ͳ˫˻͑ि̨ͻ˽ B ላɹ̝Ͳ˰⑺Ͳ̲˻೴⏏ࢪᢒᮃ܎ɹ˛˽̢˹̘ˑɻ႕ࡴɫȷɲȦ⏏ ʚɛ⏋˗Ͳ˫˻͑ि˽̜ͻͲ̊˗Ͳɭࢪࣳɹ̋͡͹˛˽͹˵͞ͻ͌ɹ॑ݭɴȲȿʳڃዛᠭീ⏏ 9）̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ⏃͐ͦ˳ͦि͹͡˫͡⏆ 2000 ॷ 8 ೐ɹ 2 ᦼᬚ⏏ςᠭീܩݖɻ⏋͐ͦ˳ͦि͌˪̢͘೴⏏ࢪᢒᮃ܎ɻ͡˫͡⏏ 10）̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ⏃͓͌̾ि͹̢͑˥͖˗˵⏆ 2001 ॷ 8 ೐ɹ 10 ౗ᬚ⏏ςᠭീܩݖɻ⏋͓͌̾ि͡Ͳ˫˗˙ላ˓̘̘ᨃˡ̾Ͳ̾೴⏏ࢪᢒ ᮃ܎ɻ⏋̢͑˥͖˗˵⏏ 11）̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ⏃ˡ˰͞ि͹̩͓⏆ 1999 ॷ 8 ೐ȴʰ 9 ೐ɴȴȿɩᏝ 1 Ͷ೐⏏12) ςᠭീܩɻˡ˰͞ि̸˹Ͳ˳೴⏏ࢪᢒᮃ܎ɻ̩ ͓⏏ 12）ˡ͍͡ͻͲ⏃ആᨆि͹̫ͲˤͲ̝˕⏆ ᠭീೝᬚɻ 2001 ॷ 1 ೐ɹᏝ 2 ᦼᬚ⏏ᠭീܩɻ⏋ആᨆि̸Ͳ̫͹Ͳ˳˱ላ͐͡Ͳ̝˗ᨃ̫ ̘ˑˡ೴ɭ⏋̫̘ˑˡ೴ˁ׫׌ɴᣬʳ᧑ᤉ໤Ȧɭɗɹᔬ᧑⏋Ꮭ 50 ˥͍ͦͻ̜͡ɹ໤᧑໤Ȧ⏏ 12) ᠭീᓔɫȡʳπ࣊ɻ⏋ɗʶГմɴ̸˹Ͳ˳೴ɴȲȦɩᦅᓚ˹˽̘͌ɴᬠɐʳᏝ 6 Ͷ೐ɹᠭീˁȲɄɲɤɩȦʳ⏏

ࢪᢒᮃ܎ɻ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕⏏ 13）ˡ͍͡ͻͲ⏃ആᨆि͹̫ˡ⏆ 2000 ॷ 8 ೐ȴʰ 10 ೐ɴȴȿɩᏝ 3 Ͷ೐⏏ᠭീܩɻ⏋ആᨆि̸Ͳ̫͹Ͳ˳˱ላ͐͡Ͳ̝˗ ᨃ̝Ͳ˳೴ٞᦇ⏏ࢪᢒᮃ܎ɻ⏋̫ˡ⏏ عܩɫ⏋ڃዛ͹ൕݛ໬͹գᅎ໬ɴᬠɐʳԊᦲɹᣂషˁؚᮃɌɛ⏏ڃዛɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋౅ؿ⏋౅ ؿɹᅓഀ⏋˛˽̢˹̘ˑ⏋ᣱ྇ܩɭࢷԂಁೝ⏋ᰈ঎⏋ᅊਖ਼ᄩޅ⏋ඨ႒࡝ᇕ႕ਐ⏋գᅎ໬⏋ѝൔ ɲɰɴɦȦɩ⏋Ԋᦲɹ̶˝ͻ͇̜̒ˁᅎȦɩᠭീɌɛ⏏˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹ஠ࡴɻ⏋˹͐Ͳ̀ɴʭ ʳˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊Ꮩᐏɭ̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠Ꮩᐏɹϯᮊւغɹ៿ѝ͠˽̜ˁݜೣɭɌ⏋ჼܩɹˡ˗Ͳ ̊ͻ̮ͻ̜ɹ៿ѝ⏋য়᠍ܩݖɴɦȦɩɹౖࡔɹయ჉ɲɰˁؒᓒɴɌɛ⏏13) ೣዣɫɻ⏋ABB ɭ BBB ɹךաɻ౩ተɫɻɲȦ⏏ᠭീɹմץɻ⏋য়᠍ڃዛȵ BBB ɫȡʳخᔨ ਸˁᩂែɓɑɴ˰̨͌̊˓̺ˁ஠ࡴɌɛɛʠɫȡʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ܒᝠɫɻ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ˰̨͌ ̊˓̺ˁΥୠɌɩ ABB ɭɌɩ៨ᥔɐʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᠭീГᭇɴయ჉ɴʭɤɩᅵɲʳ˰̨͌̊˓̺ ɫȡʳخᔨਸȵᲞȼɲɤɛڃዛɴɦȦɩɻ⏋໶៨Ɍɛ⏏ عܩɹᣂషɻ⏋ᠭീೝᬚ⏋ᠭീϺధ⏋ៜ᠝ˁيʞჼܩɴᬠɐʳሾᡫɹᙢዩɲɰȵᅵɲʳɛ ʠ⏋ᣒɻਖɑɌʢΥࡴɫɻɲȦ⏏႕ɴ⏋ڃዛధɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋ᠭീೝᬚɭᠭീܩݖɹঃɇɴʭɤ ɩҥʱȵȡʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɰɹܩݖɫʢ⏋೎жɫʢధ౗ˁᦅ೴ɫɹڃዛᠭീɴȡɩ ɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹܩݖɴࡔܧɐʳڃዛɻ⏋ॕࢹዛˁيʠɩȴɲʱɹዐ঎ᮃʠʳɄɭȵɫȷɛɭᓒȭ ɩȦʳ⏏

4̝ަඏѝмуѽӀҺҺѠ྾ଝњᅤᄽ

4.1̙ӎӜ̴ҧҒ͂ҟәӣүӣଯ̞ӐәӖ̓ ͇ͤͻץऄɴɻ⏋ᩃᅊɹ͌˵͹ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ȵᕶᅊɌ⏋ൕݛ̫̠̠ɹᇍአɹܩɹ೑֐Ҍជɭ ᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳ␩Stover and Simmonds 1987］⏏ץऄആᨆɻ⏋μܕᏙз຦ɴʭʳˏ̸͓͞˹ɲ ɰɹ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳȵ޽ȼɹᯆዩˁװʠʳʢɹɹ⏋ីᨆɴປʏɩ⏋ࢸៀฐɲ̫̠̠ൕݛȵ ປᥒᇕ޽ȼ๿ɤɩȦʳ⏏̫̠̠ɹ႕ਐᇕɲൕݛ໬ɻ⏋ഗปɭɹཌྷсɫȡʳ⏏25 ڃዛȵ៎࢘ɇ ʶ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹԒ៱ɻ⏋AA (6)⏋AAA (5⏆⏋AAB (4)⏋ABB (3)，BB (1) ɫȡʳ14)

⏃Ԓ៱ɴ ɻ˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹ஠ࡴȵɫȷɲȴɤɛڃዛɻ᭑ȼ⏏Гάɹᠭീܩʢؾɍ⏆⏏Бᝠᇕɲڃዛɻ⏋

13) ˹͐Ͳ̀ɹՕᰖ໬ɻ⏋15 ɹ̍˙̒˪᯵ᇿɴɦȦɩɗʶəʶ 1 ȴʰ 5 ဣɹ៿ѝˁȲɄɲȦ⏋ɗɹغ៟ဣɴʭɤ ɩ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺ˁ஠ࡴɐʳ౅໬ɫȡʳ⏏˹͐Ͳ̀ʰɻ⏋15 ဣ⑯23 ဣˁˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊Ꮩᐏ (AA, AAA, AAAA)⏋ 26 ဣ⑯46 ဣˁ AAB⏋49 ဣˁ AB⏋59 ဣ⑯63 ဣˁ ABB⏋67 ဣˁ ABBB ɭ஠ࡴɐʳݜྈˁɦȼɤɛ⏏ፆᓔʰ ɹ៿ѝ͠˽̜ɴʭʳ˰̨͌̊˓̺஠ࡴɭ⏋య჉⏋ʚɛɻჼܩɹ̫̠̠቉ድᓔɹؾࡴɹΥᕹ঎ˁᠭʏɛɭɄʸ⏋ ̍˙̒˪᯵ᇿ 15 ͅ˓Ͳ̜μ 10 ͅ˓Ͳ̜ГΫˁ៿ѝɌɛݭغΥᕹɐʳተრȵᲞȴɤɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋15 ͅ˓Ͳ̜μ 10 ͅ˓Ͳ̜ȵ⏋ᮁᖽইɴᬠɐʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋஠ࡴɹᏄ঎ˁΫɁʳɛʠɴɻᮁᖽইɹ៎࢘ȵਖឹɫȡʳ⏏ 14) Silayoi ʰȵȲɄɲɤɛ̊˓ɹڃዛɴᬠɐʳ০઴࡝ᇕɲՕᰖɭປᥒɐʳɭ⏋Ё܌ᘿᓔʰȵ BB ɭ៨ᥔɌɛڃዛɻ

pisang mas (AA)⏋pisang jelai barangan (AAA)⏋pisang nangka (AAB)⏋pisang kebatu (ABB)⏏ ޽ȼɹ˰̨͌̊˓̺ȵʚ˃ʏ˃ɲȼࡔܧɐʳɄɭȵ႕ਐɫȡʱ⏋ᦥɴ⏋γᅠμɴ೎ʢ޽ȼʛʰ ʶʳڧ෌ڃዛᒴɫȡʳ˥͑̾Ͳ̚ˑ̒˹͖ (AAA) ȵʛʰʶɲȦ⏏ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊Ꮩᐏɹڃዛɻ ᅊᰩˁμਕɴ⏋ϯᮊᏙɹڃዛɻషჿᅎɴᅎȦʰʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧȵ⏋ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊Ꮩᐏɹڃዛɻ షჿᅎɭɹԏᅎʢ޽Ȧ⏏Ʉɹܩݖɹςᰩɻ˱͍ɫȡʱ⏋̫̠̠ɻ⏋ᥐᰩʦᘘࡎɭɌɩ޽ᅎɇ ʶ⏋15) ᮁᖽইʢᰩᅎɭɲʳ⏏िԒɹͦͻˡ͡͹͇ͻ˭̜̒ȵᇍ᧒ɌɩȲʱ⏋͇ͻ˭̜̒كȿൕ ݛʢɇȴ˃ɫȡʳ⏏ 4.2̙ҔӣҹҽҧҒ͂Ҩӓӟ๣̞ҩӣҰ̓ ᠭീܩɻ⏋Ϻؤࢌ঎ȵᲞȦ˻͑ͩऄɹμɫʢ᱔ᨊ˻͑ˡ̊͡ʚɫ 100 ˥͍ͦͻ̜͡ГԒɹ ᤂᮐɴȡʱ⏋ᦏ᧿ᦅ෌ɭɌɩɹ̫̠̠ൕݛɹᠭീܩɭɌɩᠭീˁȲɄɲɤɛ⏏࣒ఫܩԒɫɹ ൕݛȴʰ⏋ອᅒɹᅮɫɹൕݛ⏋׬сɴᦏȦڧ෌ᅎൕݛʚɫ⏋ൕݛ໬ɻ޽෵ɫȡʳ⏏33 ڃዛ ȵ៎࢘ɇʶ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺աԒ៱ɻ⏋AA (4)⏋AAA (12)⏋AAB (13)⏋ABB (3)，BB (1) ɫȡ

15) ςᰩɭɻ⏋1 ౗ɹȩɠɫ͍˓ͲɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳᰩϟɴᅎȦʰʶʳȴ⏋տᰩˁЫɤɩњɇʶʳషჿˁኍɐ⏏ᥐ ᰩɭɻ⏋ɗʶᕶкɴ٢ЊȿˁɐʳɲɰɌɩ⏋׬кɫᰩʏʰʶʳషჿˁኍɐ⏏

ʳ⏏16) AA⏋AAA ɹ޽ȼȵᅊᰩᅎɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋AAA ɹμɫᯃ।ɴϺຩɹᲞȦڃዛ (cau

bangkawulu) ˁɻɍʠ⏋AAB⏋ABB ɹʓɭ˃ɰȵᅊᰩ͹షჿᅎԏᅎɫȡʳ⏏Бᝠᇕڃዛɻ cau bangkawulu (AAA)⏋cau ambon (AAA)⏋cau nangka (AAB)⏋cau galek (AAB) ɫȡʳ⏏͇ͤͻ

˹ˏɹ˪͞Ͳ̊ͲिɭؾΥɭ஠ࡴɇʶʳڃዛȵࢹɲȼɲȦ⏏գᅎ໬ɻ⏋ᥐᰩ⏋ᘘࡎɭɌɩɹգ ᅎɭ׃ខೳɭɌɩɹᘽɹգᅎȵςɫȡʱ⏋ᥐᰩ⏋ᘘࡎɴɻ޽ȼɹᠭჿ໬ȵȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋BB ɹ ഗ୭ˁᅊɹʚʚᥢՖʱɴɌɩᩃᘛɹʭȩɴ˵̋͞ɴ֓ȭʳ⏏ә኎ಁɹខᰴᅎɴ˻͑ˡ̊͡ك ȿɴඨ႒кԃкˁՏᗼɐʳ⏏ᰩᅎഗࡸɹՏᗼɻᦏ᭰ɹͦͻˡ͡͹͇ͻ˭̜̒ȵςкɫȡʳȵ⏋ ˻͑ˡ̊͡ʦ̓˳ͻ͡ɲɰᨊ॑كȿɹՏᗼʢȡʳ␩׌ីʓȴ 2000␭⏏ 4.3̙ҔӣҹҽҧҒ͂ҩәҖҗҧ๣̞ӎӣҰ̴ӛ̓ ͇Ͳ̋ͻ͡ɹϺʃɭɻ⏋Ꭶᰩɴ႕׋Ɍɛܑٞɹᮃ܎ȴʰ⏋ȋ̫̠̠ᰩȦȍɭ៿ɇʶ⏋ڃዛధ⏋ գᅎ໬ɲɰȵᯃ।ɴᇍ᧒ɌɩȦʳ⏏ॶܩɹࢹɲȦ͇Ͳ̋ͻ͡ܩݖɫɻ⏋˱͍ɹᕶᐌȵᮑɌȼ⏋ ᦏॷʚɫᰩᅊ༎ɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠ɹᩂឹਸȵᲞȴɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ൕݛɻ⏋ࢃɹܑٞɫɹൕ ݛɭ⏋˱˱͓˹⏋ˡˡˠɲɰɭɹཌྷсᅣȵ޽Ȧ⏏38 ڃዛȵ៎࢘ɇʶ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺աԒ៱ɻ⏋ AA (2)⏋AAA (6)⏋AAB (14)⏋ABB (14) ɫȡɤɛ⏏3 ҆кϯᮊᏙᐏ⏋႕ɴ ABB ɹڃዛɹ޽ɇ ɭᰈ঎ɹᲞɇȵ႕ਐᇕɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋࣢ᬚᨆɫ AAB ɹڃዛȵ޽Ȧ⏏Бᝠᇕڃዛɻ⏋loka loka (AA)⏋loka tira (AAA)⏋loka balambang (AAB)⏋loka manurung (ABB) ɹ 4 ڃዛɫȡʱ⏋႕ɴ ৿ᓔ 2 ڃዛɹᰈ঎ȵᲞȦ⏏գᅎ໬ɻ⏋ᥐᰩ⏋ᘘࡎᰖɭɌɩɹգᅎȵ޽ȼ⏋႕ɴᘘࡎᰖɻᯃ। ɴ޽৩ɲᠭჿ໬ˁʢɦ⏏ʚɛ⏋տᰩˁЫȩςᰩɭɌɩɹգᅎ໬ʢ៎࢘ɇʶɛ⏏ᮁᖽইʢᰩᅎɴ գᅎɐʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋͇Ͳ̋ͻ͡ܔ೑ɹә኎⏋˓˽͌͞ɹә኎ɴᬠʼʰɑ⏋عዛɹә኎ɴ̫̠̠ȵ ๕ȴɓɲȦ⏏գᅎ໬ɻ⏋ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊Ꮩᐏȵᅊᰩᅎ⏋ϯᮊᏙᐏȵషჿᅎɭȦȩӃكȵ౩ተɫȡ ʳ⏏̫̠̠ɹ޽ȼɻࢸៀฐൕݛɫ⏋ࡴೝ॑ɲɰɹͦͻˡ͡͹͇ͻ˭̜̒ɫ᢫ެɇʶʳȵ⏋ࢭᅎ ̜̒͞˪ˁᅎȦɛिᨊ͇ˡ̒˵͡ʍɹՏᗼʢȡʳ␩׌ីʓȴ 2000␭⏏ 4.4̙ӅғӚӄӣ͂ӏӣҹӝ๣̞үҨӓӟӣ̓ ̶ˑ̴͠Ͳɻ⏋͌˵͹ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ɭ͌˵͹̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠ɹᩃᅊዛȵɭʢɴࡔܧɌ⏋ϯᮊ Ꮩᐏɹൕݛ׋ɴ߂ȷɲ৲ւˁഗɛɌɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏׫ᨆɹ͊Ͳ̠̋ˠऄɫɻ⏋౗ೣˁμਕ ɴᥥՏɇʶʳ˥͑̾Ͳ̚ˑ̒˹͖ (AAA) ɹ߂ៀฐɲ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚ͲɭܕԒՏᗼᅎɹ lakatan (AAA) ɹ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳȵᇍ᧒ɌɩȦʳ⏏̊˻͑ͩͲɻ⏋̺̜ͦ͹͇ͤͻᏙ࣢ࣰ຦ɫ⏋ж ܩɹ͇ͤͻᏙ຦౏ɭɻᅵɲʳయ׋ˁѳ୫ɌɩȦʳ⏏̫̠̠ɻਃഀɻ္ᅣው֪ᓚсɫൕݛɇʶɩ Ȧɛȵ⏋ᦏॷɫɻ⏋ܤܩέ᣸ɭ̫̠̠ɹڧڃс႒׋ɹɛʠ।ᅣ׋ɌɩȦʳ⏏14 のڃዛؿȵؚ ᮃɇʶ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺աԒ៱ɻ⏋AAA (4)⏋AAB (2)⏋BBB ɭ AA⏃ع 1⏆ɫȡʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ᠭ

16) Silayoi ʰȵȲɄɲɤɛ̊˓ɹڃዛɴᬠɐʳ০઴࡝ᇕɲՕᰖɭປᥒɐʳɭ⏋Ё܌ BB ɭ៨ᥔɌɛڃዛɻ ABBB ɹ خᔨਸȵᲞȦ␩Silayoi et al. 2005␭⏏

ീܩɻ̊˻͑ͩͲɹܩݖɹμɫɻປᥒᇕϯᦲɹˏ˪́˽ȵʭȦɛʠ⏋ɇʰɴߡɹ೴ɫɻڃዛధ ȵʢȩࢹɌ޽ȼ๿ɤɩȦʳخᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏Бᝠᇕڃዛɻ⏋bangaran (AAA)⏋saba (BBB) ɫȡ ʱ⏋ɦȦɫ⏋solo (AA)⏋banguran (AAA)⏋tolodani (AAB) ȵ޽Ȧ⏏Ʉʶʰɻɐʏɩڧ෌ᅎڃ ዛɫȡʱ⏋ԃܕعܩɹ॑ݭʦ˽ͻ̮ͻɫʛʰʶʳБᝠዛɭΥᕹɌɩȦʳ⏏̊˻͑ͩͲɹςᰩɻ ᣘᢷɐʳ˱͍ɫȡʱ⏋̫̠̠ɻᥐᰩɭɌɩɹգᅎȵ޽Ȧ⏏BBB ɹ saba ɻషჿᅎɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗ ɹЈɹʓɭ˃ɰɹ̫̠̠ɻᅊᰩᅎɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̫̠̠ȵᕶးɭయ׋ɹϠ᯵ࢪጓɴȲȦɩయ׋ ɹᢒਐɭɌɩ଩ʼʶʳә኎ȵȡʳɭȦȩ␩ࢸॱ 1999␭⏏ᦼɴΥ঎жܩȴʰ̫̠̠ɹᢷȦЊȿڧ Ϻȵഀ៮Ɍ⏋̢͇͞ɴكȿɩՏᗼɐʳ⏏Saba ɻ⏋ᕶࢃ༥ᢹɴȡɩʰʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ 4.5̙ӉҸҺӐ͂үҔһӣழ̞ҝӣ̓ ̜̠̾͌ɻ⏋๴رᇕɴμܕɹ৯ᯱˁ৔ȼ؝ȿɛɭʛʰʶ⏋Јɹആ׫ˏ˻ˏعܕɭɻᅵɲʳ̫ ̠̠ɹգᅎɭ⏋ആ׫ˏ˻ˏعܕɭаɛൕݛɹ০઴ˁшɓʢɠ⏋Ⴖᕶɹ̫̠̠ൕݛయ׋ˁᇍ᧒ɇ ɓɩȦʳ⏏̫̠̠ൕݛɻ⏋׬сᅣʦഗปܟɴȲȿʳڧ෌ᅎɹൕݛɭ⏋࣒ఫܩʦອᅒɹᅮɴȲȿ ʳ޽෵ɲڃዛɹൕݛɲɰɇʚɊʚɲ০িȵȡʳ⏏26 ڃዛȵ៎࢘ɇʶ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺աԒ៱ɻ AA (6)⏋AAA (10)⏋AAB (1)⏋AB (3)⏋ABB/BBB (5)⏋BB (1) ɫȡʳ⏏ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊Ꮩᐏɹڃ ዛȵ޽ȦΥ౅ɫ⏋AAB ̊˓̺ɻ 1 ڃዛɹʛɫȡʳ⏏Бᝠᇕڃዛɻ⏋chuối cao (AA)⏋chuối già (AAA)⏋chuối bôm (AAA)⏋chuối xứ (ABB)⏋chuối hột (BB)⏋chuối chà bột (AB) ɫȡʱ⏋ɲȴɫ ʢ⏋chuối xứ (ABB) ȵᩄᇕɴܦ҉ɌɩȦʳ⏏ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊Ꮩᐏɹ̫̠̠ɻᅊᰩɇʶʳȵ⏋೎ʢ ᩂឹɲڃዛɫȡʳ chuối xứ (ABB) ɻ⏋షჿɴᅎȦʰʶʳɞȿɫɲȼ⏋᧌ၓɇɓɛɹɠᅊᰩɇʶ ʳ⏏ഗࡸɻ⏋ೡၓɫ⏋ʚɛɻၓɌɩȴʰᥐᰩʚɛɻᘘࡎɭɌɩգᅎɇʶ⏋႕ɴ⏋˱͍ɭᏼʛغ ʼɓɛషჿȵᇍ᧒ɌɩȦʳ⏏ᮁᖽɻᎦᶀɹԍɭɌɩᰩʏʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̜̠̾͌ɴ႕೑ɹգᅎ໬ɭ Ɍɩ⏋chuối hột ⏃BB⏋ዛȡʱ̫̠̠⏆ɹഗࡸ⏋ዛ⏋ป༰ɲɰȵᚫᅎɴգᅎɇʶʳ⏏ܩݖԒɫɹ ̫̠̠ɹ༑ᦲɻᇵ˃ɫ⏋chuối xứ ɭ chuối già ȵБᝠᇕɲڧ෌ڃዛɫȡʳȵ⏋Јɴʢ޽෵ɲڃ ዛȵ॑ݭɫ᢫ެɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋́ͻ̍͊Ͳɹ॑ݭɫɻ 2⏋3 ڃዛɌȴ᢫ެɇʶɩȦɲȦ⏏ 4.6̙Ҕӣҹ͂ҒҳҥӐଯ̓ ˓Ͳ̝׌ᨆɴɻ⏋͌˵͹̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠ȵᕶᅊɌɩȲʱ⏋ϯᮊᏙᐏɹൕݛ̫̠̠ɹ᠚ᅊܩɹ ʁɭɦɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ፆᓔʰɹᠭീɫɻ⏋͌˵͹ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ɹᩃᅊዛɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ̫̠ ̠ˁᇍឿɌɩȲʱ⏋̫̠̠ɹڃዛɹᅋՏɴਃഀᓒȭʰʶɩȦɛʭʱ߂ȷɲ৲ւˁഗɛɌɛخ ᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏ᠭീܩɫɻ⏋̫̠̠ɻࢃɹܑٞɫᎲఔᇕɴൕݛɇʶɩȦʳ⏏13 ڃዛȵ៎࢘ɇʶ⏋ ˰̨͌̊˓̺աԒ៱ɻ⏋AAA (3)⏋AAB (3)⏋ABB (5) ɫȡʱ⏋Бᝠᇕڃዛɻ⏋jahaji (AAA)⏋

malbuhoog (AAB)⏋jurmunikol (ABB)⏋athiakol⏃BBʚɛɻBBB⏆ɫȡʳ⏏ABB ɹ 1 ڃዛɹʛ

ȵషჿɴᅎȦʰʶ⏋Јɹڃዛɻᅊᰩɹʛգᅎɇʶʳ⏏ᮁᖽইʢᰩɇʶʳ⏏գᅎɫ႕ਐᇕɲɹ ɻ⏋athiakol⏃BB ʚɛɻ BBB⏆ɫ⏋ഗࡸȵᅊᰩᅎɭᚫᅎɴգᅎɇʶʳʓȴ⏋ҳᗡɹဒຳȵᠭ٢ షɭɌɩ⏋ُᗂɹᲙȵᰩᅎɭɌɩɲɰ޽෵ɴգᅎɇʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ഗࡸ͹ᘽ͹ඨ႒кȵ̯Ͳ̀ͻ

ఠɹә኎ᅎɴ๕ȴɓɲȦ⏏ͦͻˡ͡͹͇ͻ˭̜̒ɻ޽ȼࡔܧɐʳȵ⏋ᠭീ೴ɫɻᕶᐌᅎɹൕݛ ȵμਕɫȡʳ⏏ 4.7̙Ҕӣҹ͂ҡәәଯ̓ ˭͞͞िɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝׫ីᨆɴеᒞɌ⏋ˏ̸͞ɹϯ౫ˁᦲɍɛ̫̠̠ɹˏ̶͠ˡʍɹШ௢ɹᦲ ᤉɭɲɤɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹμɫɻ⏋ࢸᦅɴʭʳ̫̠̠ɹᅊᅋȵᇵ˃ɫȡʱ⏋сЊȿᯆዩȵ ೎ʢ޽Ȧि (1984–1985) ɫȡʳΥ౅⏋׬еᯆዩȡɛʱɹᅊᅋᩄȵЈɹςឹᅊᅋܩɴປɌɩж Ȧ␩Shanmugavelu et al. 1992］⏏ᠭീܩɫɻ⏋̫̠̠ɻ˱˱͓˹ʦ̲Ͳͦ˗ɲɰɭɹཌྷсȵ޽ ȼ⏋ᅩɛɩˁɌɛ͇͍ᰖɭ˥͑̒˵̫ɭɹ՞Ⴅཌྷсɲɰʢʛʰʶ⏋ڧ෌ᅎɴൕݛɇʶʳɄɭȵ ޽Ȧ⏏቉ድลᬠɴʭʳڃዛɹఒᖪȵᦽ˃ɫȲʱ⏋ڧ෌ᅎڃዛɹඨȭЊȿᅎɹݳᗡȵॻᐻ᧑ᤉ໤ Ȧɫ᢫ެɇʶɩȦʳ⏏21 ڃዛȵ៎࢘ɇʶ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺աԒ៱ɻ⏋AA (1)⏋AAA (4)⏋AAB (10)⏋AB (1)⏋ABB (2) ɫȡʱ⏋БᝠᇕڃዛɻȦɑʶʢ AAB ̊˓̺ɹ paren kodan⏋poovan⏋

nendraka ɫȡʳ⏏AA ɻᅊᰩᅎ⏋ABB ɻషჿᅎɫȡʳȵ⏋AAB ɻᅊᰩࢭᅎɹʢɹɭᅊᰩɭష

ჿɹԏᅎዛɴՕȴʶ⏋Бᝠᇕɲዛᰖɹ paren kodan ɭ nendraka ɻԏᅎɹڃዛɫȡʳ⏏షჿᅎ ڃዛɻ⏋ᥐᰩ⏋տᰩ⏋ᘘࡎɲɰɴգᅎɇʶ⏋ᮁᖽইʦҳᗡɹᲙʢտᰩషჿɴᅎȦʰʶʳ⏏̯ Ͳ̀ͻఠɭ˥͠˽̜ఠɹә኎ɴɻ⏋ࡱఠᇕˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑɹᝠჼɭɌɩ⏋ɗʶəʶ pooja

kadali (AA) ɭ poovan ˁᅎȦʳ⏏ͦͻˡ͡͹͇ͻ˭̜̒ɻिԒɫᯃ।ɴᇍ᧒ɌɩȲʱ⏋ᅊᅋ

ᏼغɴʭʳጫʱʢʛʰʶɛ⏏ 4.8̙үӣҦһҒ͂ҦӣҨӀӛ̓

˸Ͳ˻̫͡ɻ⏋إȼȴʰˏ̸͞ɭˏ̶͠ˡɹϯ౫ɹჟᬠɫȡʳȵ⏋̫̠̠ʢʚɛ⏋˸Ͳ˻̫ ͡ˁيʞആˏ̶͠ˡ໤ࣳᨆȴʰˏ̶͠ˡɴʢɛʰɇʶɛڃዛȵ޽Ȧɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏͞Ͳ˫ʰ ɻ⏋Ʉɹܩݖɹڃዛˁȋ˓Ͳ̝໽ភغȍܩݖɭᓒȭ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹ޽෵ਸɹᲞɇɭ˰̨͌̊ ˓̺աɹڃዛధɹࢹɲɇˁȡɁɩȦʳ␩De Langhe et al. 1994］⏏ᠭീܩɫɻ⏋̫̠̠ɻ࣒ఫ ܩȴ।ᅣɫЈɹс႒ɭཌྷсɇʶʳȵ⏋˓̦ʦ˥͑̒˵̫⏋Јɹழᩆс႒ɴປʏʳɭᩂឹਸɻж Ȧ⏏27 ڃዛȵ៎࢘ɇʶ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺աԒ៱ɻ⏋AA (5)⏋AAA (5)⏋AAB (10)⏋AB (1), ABB (6) ɫȡɤɛ⏏ϯᮊᏙᐏɹւغɹᲞɇ⏋႕ɴˏ̶͠ˡɹμɫɻࢹɲȦ̺͞Ͳ̘ͲГ޺ɹ AAB ɭ ABB ̊˓̺ɹ޽ɇȵᇿጓɦ⏏Бᝠᇕڃዛɻ⏋kijakazi (AAB)⏋mzuzu (AAB)⏋koroboi tungu (ABB)⏋bukoba (ABB) ɫȡʳȵ⏋ऄɹμਕܩɫȡʳ˽̜ͻͲ̊˗Ͳɹ॑ݭɴȲȿʳᰈ঎ɹᲞ ɇɭɻΥᕹɌɲȦ⏏ϯᮊᏙᐏɻషჿɴᅎȦʰʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧȵ⏋ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊Ꮩᐏɹڃዛ (AA, AAA) ɹ޽ȼʢషჿᅎɫȡʳɄɭȵ႕ਐᇕɫȡʳ⏏ςᰩɹ޽ȼɻ˱͍ɫȡʳȵ⏋̫̠̠ʢտ๖ ᇕɴ⏋˱˱̠̓͊͡˪၊⏋ᗰɫ̫̠̠ʚɛɻ˹͖̍ͻɭɌɩςᰩɴᅎȦʰʶʳ⏏Јܩݖɴʛʰ ʶʳʭȩɲ႒ᣒయ׋ɭɌɩɹգᅎɻ⏋˱˱͓˹ɴɗɹএˁᡶɤɩȦʳ⏏ᅊᰩᅎڃዛɹΥᨆʦ̺ ͞Ͳ̘Ͳɲɰɹషჿᅎڃዛɻ˽̜ͻͲ̊˗ͲكȿɴՏᗼɇʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ԃкɭɌɩɻᕶᐌᅎɹ ൕݛȵμਕɫȡʳ⏏

4.9̙үӣҦһҒ͂ӒӝҤӝଯ̞ӛҠӛ̓

͐ͦ˳ͦिɻ⏋˸Ͳ˻̫͡ɭؾɍȼȋ˓Ͳ̝໽ភغȍܩݖɴךՕɇʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋᱔এᨊ॑̋ ͡͹˛˽͹˵͞ͻ͌ɲɰɴ̫̠̠ˁњᐌɐʳᅋܩɫȡʱ⏋ᕶᐌᅎʭʱʞɌʸ᢫ެᇿᇕɹൕݛ ȵᇵ˃ɫȡʳ⏏̫̠̠ɻ࣒ఫܩɫൕݛɇʶʳȴ⏋ཌྷсʢɌȼɻ׬сɹ।ᅣɫൕݛɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ ዎɫɻȡʳȵ׬ڃዛɹᅣʢʛʰʶʳ⏏ൕݛ໬ɻ⏋̩͓ɴປʏʳɭᎎѤɫȡʳ⏏19 ڃዛȵ៎࢘ ɇʶ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺աԒ៱ɻ⏋AA (1)⏋AAA (11)⏋AAB (3)⏋AB (1)⏋ABB (3) ɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ ȩɠ⏋إȼȴʰȡʳɹɻ⏋AAA ɹ˰̨͌̊˓̺ˁʢɦ 6 ڃዛˁμਕɭɌɛ 9 ڃዛɫȡʳɭȦ ȩ⏏Бᝠᇕڃዛɻ mwanza (AAA)⏋mtwike (AAA)⏋mzuzu (AAB)⏏ˏ˪̠͊ͻ̊ؾᣒ 3 ҆к ɻ⏋ᅊᰩᅎ⏋షჿᅎ⏋ԏᅎɲɰᅎ᦭ȵɇʚɊʚɫȡʳȵ⏋ԏᅎɹڃዛɹᰈ঎ȵᲞȦ⏏͡˫͡ɹ ςᰩɻ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ʦ˱͍ɫȡʱ⏋̫̠̠ɻտ๖ᇕɲςᰩ⏋ᥐᰩɲɰɴգᅎɇʶʳ⏏ې߫ڃɭ Ɍɩ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳ͹˵̸˫͡ͻ̺ɹ mzuzu ɹϗၥഗᇤɹᗰɫຳˁ̫̊˱ɴཌྷɕɛఒᖪ۪ʛ̊ ̫˱ȵࡔܧɐʳ⏏ᠭീܩȴʰɻᦼ 2 ܌ɹࡴೝ॑ˁɭȲɌɩ̫̠̠ȵᢷȦЊȿɇʶ⏋िᨊ͐ͦ ˳ͦʦ᱔এᨊ॑̋͡͹˛˽͹˵͞ͻ͌ɴ᧊ɽʶʳ⏏॑ݭɫɻ⏋7 ڃዛዐ঎ȵ଩ʼʶ⏋Ʉʶʰ 7 ڃዛɻ⏋Јɹ͇˓̠ͻɲڃዛɹ 10 ҆ʓɰɹғɫ؜ৄɇʶʳ⏏ 4.10̙үӣҦһҒ͂ӐӉӔଯ̞һӓҝӕҖҥ̓ ̫̠̠ȵ೎ʢᩂឹɲςᰩс႒ɫȡʱ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɫɻᯃ।ɴʠɑʰɌȼ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳ̊˓ ̺ɹڃዛˁμਕɭɌɛ̫̠̠ൕݛˁȲɄɲɤɩȦʳ⏏̫̠̠ɻ⏋࣒ఫܩɫ˱ͻ̯ͻɲɰழᩆ ᅎɹปೠс႒ɭཌྷсɇʶʳ⏏28 ڃዛȵ៎࢘ɇʶ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺աԒ៱ɻ⏋AA (1)⏋AAA (8)⏋ AAB (12)⏋AB (1)⏋ABB (6) ɫȡʱ⏋Ʉɹȩɠ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡᲞܩᏙᐏɹ AAA ɭ̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳ͹ ˵̸˫͡ͻ̺ɹ AAB ȵإȼȴʰȡʳɭȦȩ⏏Տჼᰈ঎ȵܦ҉ᇕɴ޽Ȧɹɻ⏋itooki sege (AAB) ɭ٧ɽʶʳ̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳɫȡʱ⏋๖Ȧɫ kambani (AB)⏋gulutu (ABB) ɹᰈ঎ȵᲞȦ⏏գᅎ໬ˁ ʛʳɭ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳɹ AAB ɭ ABB ɴɻషჿᅎڃዛȵ޽Ȧȵ⏋AAA ɴɻషჿᅎɭᅊᰩᅎɹɰ ɠʰɴʢգᅎɇʶʳڃዛȵ޽ȼ⏋ෙɌɩ⏋ᅊᰩᅎɭషჿᅎɹךաɻڃዛᬚɫȡʚʱ౩ተɴɇʶ ɩȦɲȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋AAB ɭ AB ɹɐʏɩɹڃዛɻ⏋ᨸᦶᅎɴʢգᅎɇʶʳ⏏գᅎ໬ɫ႕ਐᇕɲ ɹɻ⏋ᘽനɹᑥᐣˁգᅎɌɛعዛɹఫ႒ɫȡʱ⏋Ʉʶɴɻ⏋ABB ɭ AB ɹڃዛȵᅎȦʰʶʳ⏏ ʚɛ⏋๴رɹ᠝ʱɹμɫ⏋ᰩయ׋ɭɌɩɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋኏ЦɹᑢെɹᢒਐɭɌɩ̫̠̠ȵᇎݭ ɐʳ⏏̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳɹڃዛˁμਕɴ⏋ᠭീ೴ɹ̫̠̠ɻिᨊɹ͓͌̾كȿɴᇵ˃ɴՏᗼɇʶɩȦ ʳ⏏ 4.11̙үӣҦһҒ͂қҢәଯ̞ҿӔ̓ ˗ˤͲ̋ȴʰ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɴᕸʳ̲˪̜͠ˏྲྀྲྀᅤܩय़ɻȋആˏ̶͠ˡᲞܩ̫̠̠ȍɭ٧ɽʶ ʳႶ႕ɲ AAA ڃዛᒴɫሾʰʶ␩De Langhe et al. 1994; иᚹ 2004␭⏋ᲞϺؤࢌ঎ɭȦȩᄩޅά ɫᯃ।ɴᮃᏝਸɹᲞȦൕݛ໬ȵᇍ᧒ɌɩȦʳ⏏̫̠̠ɻ⏋࣒ఫܩɫൕݛɇʶ⏋ᐱࢌɴ፬ჿɇʶ ʳ⏏ڃዛɻᠭീܩɹμɫ೎ʢ޽Ȧ 73 ڃዛˁధȭ⏋ȩɠ⏋ܦ҉ᇕɴ޽ȦɹȵΫᦚɹ AAA (61)

ɫȡʱ⏋Гά⏋AAB (10)⏋AB (1)⏋ABB (1) ɫȡʳ⏏Бᝠᇕڃዛɻ⏋షჿᅎ AAA ɹ enyoya⏋

enchoncho⏋enshakala lwakigazi⏋entobe ɲɰɭ⏋ᨙᦶᅎ AAA ɹ embirabire⏋ᅊᰩᅎ AB ɹ akanana⏋ᨙᦶᅎ ABB ɹ ekisubili ɫȡʳ⏏AAA ɻ⏋షჿᅎɭᨸᦶᅎȵᏝ 2 ࢪ 1 ɹւغɫ⏋ڃ

ዛɴʭɤɩգᅎ໬ȵ႕׋ɌɩȦʳ⏏AAB ɻ̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳɫ⏋ݜೣᇕɴᥐᰩɴᅎȦʰʶʳ⏏̩͓ ɹፀΥɹςᰩɻ̫̠̠ɫȡʱ⏋˓Ͳ˰Ͳ͇͍ɭ၊ᦉ˃ɞʱ⏋̫̠̠ˁᗰɫɩɦʉɌɛషჿȵΥ ᖔᇕɫȡʳ⏏إȼȴʰᨸᦶᨙȵɦȼʰʶɩȷɛȵ⏋ᦏॷɫɻ⏋᧓໬ɲȵʰɄʶˁᙜᅥɌɛᨙɹ ᅊᅋ͹᢫ެʢȲɄɲʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋౗।ᅊ༎ɹɇʚɊʚɲݭᯆɫᘽɭҳᗡ⏋ᘽനɲɰ̫̠ ̠ɹඨ႒кˁ⏋࣒൓ೳʦᮒฆɲɰ޽෵ɲ০ɫգᅎɐʳɄɭʢ႕ਐɫȡʳ⏏̫̠̠ɻ̩͓య׋ɹ μਕᇕࡔܧɫȡʳ⏏ᦏॷ⏋ᦏ᧿ᨊ॑كȿɹషჿᅎ̫̠̠ɹՏᗼȵވȭɩȲʱ⏋̫̠̠ʦ̫̠̠ ᨙˁᩂឹɲჼᩆዠ਄྇ɭɐʳγय़ʢᠭീ೴ɫɻʛʰʶʳ␩π࣊ 2002␭⏏ 4.12̙қӑӛ̴ӣ͂๨࿨ଯ̞ӀӣҜӣҹҕ̓ ˡ͍͡ͻͲɻ⏋˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩɹី׌ጩɴеᒞɐʳၖय़ᮒകܩय़ɫȡʱ⏋˱Ͳ˳Ԋٮܕȴʰីˏ ̶͠ˡɴᐚȼ̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳ (AAB) ܩय़ɹΥᨆɫȡʳ⏏ܦ҉ᇕɴ޽ȼɹڃዛ (18) ɻ AAB ɹ̺͞ Ͳ̘Ͳ͹˵̸˫͡ͻ̺ɴࣚɌɩȲʱ⏋ࢹధɹ AAA (4) ȵȡʳ⏏Бᝠᇕڃዛʢ⏋boi⏋botoko⏋ ndjoku ɲɰ̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳȵ޽Ȧ⏏০ᣒ⏋ᅊᬏᦵ঎⏋٢ៅɲɰɫᏳȴȼՕᰖɇʶɛ޽ధɹ̺͞Ͳ ̘Ͳɹڃዛȵʛʰʶʳ⏏షჿᅎɹڃዛɻ္ᅣው֪ᓚсɴʭʳཌྷсᅣɫ⏋ᅊᰩᅎɹڃዛɻ࣒ఫܩ ɫൕݛɇʶʳɄɭȵ޽ȼ⏋ɰɠʰʢඨȭЊȿ৿ɹ፬ჿɻȡʚʱʛʰʶɲȦ⏏գᅎ໬ɻ⏋̺͞ Ͳ̘Ͳȵςᰩɴ⏋AAA ȵᅊᰩɴɗʶəʶ႕׋ɌɩȦʳ⏏̫̠̠ȵ೎ʢᩂឹɲςᰩс႒ɫȡʱ⏋ ˵̩͞Г׫ɹˏ̶͠ˡɹςᰩɴ޽ȼʛʰʶʳʭȩɴ⏋ᗰɫɩ܎ࡎႥɴூȦɩњɐʳɄɭȵ޽ Ȧ⏏Υᨆɴ᢫ެᅎɹ̫̠̠ᅣȵʛʰʶʳȵ⏋ᅣɻΥᖔᇕɴᕶࢃᅎɫ⏋оɤɛ̫̠̠ˁ᱔ᨊ౅ᯆ ʍ᝔ȼೠೳФ஛̜̒͞˪ɹ᧊᥊ଝɴެʳዐ঎ɫȡʳ␩܋౅ 2004␭⏏ 4.13̙қӑӛ̴ӣ͂๨࿨ଯ̞Ӏқ̓ ᠭീܩɻΫ៨ɹ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɹᠭീܩɭሁᐻᤂᮐɫ 50 ˥͍ͦͻ̜͡ዐɹᤂᮐɫ⏋ൕݛ໬⏋ ڃዛ⏋գᅎ໬ɲɰɻᰖаဣȵ޽Ȧ⏏̫ˡɻ⏋1950 ॷБʚɫ⏋ගɹμˁధᦼᬚȴʰధͶ೐׬е ɫው֪ɌɲȵʰႵჃ஛ᮃᅊ༎ˁۊ˃ɫȦɛȵ⏋ᦏॷɫɻ⏋᧑໤Ȧɹᦅᓚ຦ᮃᘺɭ᭰ஞɌɛࡴз ᮃᘺɫॷɹץՕГΫˁಬʰɌ⏋ᕶՕɹᅣˁʢɦʭȩɴɲʱ⏋ჼܧɫɻ̫̠̠ȵ೎ʢ߂ȷɲˡͦ ͠ͻ྇ɫȡʳ⏏ᠭീܩɹ̫ˡɻ⏋᭰Ϻɹ̫Ͳ̓ͻᏙᦅᓚ຦̫̿ͤȴʰ္ᅣው֪ᓚсˁɻɍʠ ɭɐʳᦅᓚଯ᝗ɹ޽ȼˁ࡝˃ɞɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ڃዛɻ AAB ɹ̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳȵ޽ȼ (16)⏋ࢹధɹ AAA (4) ȵȡʳ⏏17) ̫̠̠ɹؚዲഗࡸɹ 60⎾ГΫˁ⏋tetendo (AAB) ȵװʠɩȦʳ⏏գᅎ໬ɻ⏋ ̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳ̊˓̺ȵషჿᅎ⏋AAA ȵᅊᰩᅎɴ႕׋ɌɩȦʳ⏏షჿᅎɻʓɭ˃ɰȵςᰩɭɌɩ 17) ʚɛ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘ͲГ޺ɹϯᮊᏙᐏɹȡʳخᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏০ᣒᇕɴ̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠Ꮩᐏɹ႕ਐˁʢɠ⏋ᅊᰩᅎɴ գᅎɇʶʳ tota kunda ɭȦȩڃዛɫȡʳ⏏

գᅎɇʶ⏋ɗɹ޽ȼȵᙜɌ၊ɫȡʱ⏋գᅎ໬ɹ̫͞˛̘ˑɻࢸɇȦ⏏႒ᣒయ׋ɭɌɩɹգᅎ ɻ⏋ගകԒɹЈɹᩃᅊඨ႒ɹգᅎȵᇍ᧒ɌɩȦʳɛʠȴ⏋ɇȴ˃ɫɻɲȦ⏏ൕݛɻᕶᐌᅎɫȡ ʳ␩׌ី 2002␭⏏

5̝྾ଝњᅤᄽၑѠོ޳

عܩɹൕݛ̫̠̠ɴȲȿʳ˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹւغˁܒ 1 ɴኍɌɛ⏏ڃዛధɻ⏋೎ࢹɹ̊˻͑ ͩͲ⏃14 ڃዛ⏆ȴʰ೎޽ɹ̩͓⏃73 ڃዛ⏆ʚɫȡʳȵ⏋޽ȼɻ 23 ڃዛȴʰ 38 ڃዛɹᬚɴ ȡʳ⏏18) ڃዛధɹ޽Ȧ̩͓ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ɗʶʰɹڃዛɹʓɭ˃ɰȵആˏ̶͠ˡᲞܩᏙɭ٧ɽʶ ʳ AAA ɹμɹΥᒴɫȡʱ⏋ڃዛɹՕᰖɹᏳȴɇȵ᭬ጓɤɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ປᥒᇕڃዛధɹࢹɲ Ȧɹɻ⏋ˏ̒˵͌ि⏃13 ڃዛ⏆⏋̊˻͑ͩͲ⏃14 ڃዛ⏆⏋͡˫͡⏃19 ڃዛ⏆⏋̫ˡ⏃20 ڃዛ⏆⏋ ˭͞͞ि⏃21 ڃዛ⏆ɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɹȩɠ⏋ˏ̒˵͌िɭ̫ˡˁ᭑Ȧɛ 3 ܩݖɫ⏋ᕶᐌᅎɫ ɻɲȼ⏋᢫ެᅎൕݛȵμਕɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̫ˡɫɻ⏋ᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹᅣˁୖȼʭȩɴɲɤɛɹɻ౛ ȼɩʢ 1950 ॷБГᭇɫȡʳɄɭȵ⏋ؾܩݖɴȲȿʳ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɹൕݛڃዛధʭʱࢹɲȦɄ ɭɴ৯ᯱɌɩȦʳخᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏ ˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹւغɫ೎ʢᇿጓɦሂ᧓ɻ⏋ആ׫ˏ˻ˏȴʰആˏ̶͠ˡ໤ࣳᨆʚɫɭ⏋̩͓⏋ ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕⏋̫ˡɹԒ᭜ᨆˏ̶͠ˡɹᬚɴȡʳుᐓɫȡʳ⏏մᓔɴȲȦɩɻ˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹ ޽෵ਸȵᲞȦȵ⏋৿ᓔɴȲȦɩɻ⏋AAA ɭ AAB ȵڃዛɹʓɭ˃ɰˁװʠɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹμɫ⏋ ̩͓ɫɻ AAA⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɭ̫ˡɫɻ AAB ʍɹ႕׋ȵᘿɌȼ⏋ɄʶʰȵȦɑʶʢ 75⎾Г ΫˁװʠɩȦʳ⏏˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹ෯ଁɴȲȦɩ⏋˭͞͞िȴʰ˸Ͳ˻̫͡⏋̢͑˥͖˗˵ȵᰖ аɌɛӃكˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏͌͘͞ɭ˽Ͳ̋ɹᬚɫɻ⏋ڃዛؿɹΥᕹʢʛʰʶʳȵ⏋˰̨͌̊˓ ̺ʢʚɛ⏋ؾɍ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɹ˽Ͳ̋ɭ͇Ͳ̋ͻ͡ʭʱ⏋˽Ͳ̋ɭ͌͘͞ɹ౅ȵᦏȦӃكˁኍ ɐ⏏ʚɛ⏋ɗʶГ޺ɹ̊˻͑ͩͲ⏋͇Ͳ̋ͻ͡⏋˥Ͳ⏋ˏ̒˵͌िɻ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹՕ॒ȵ ᦏ᭰ɹܩݖɭᰖаɐʳӃكȵ᠗ʠʰʶɲȦ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹւغɻ⏋౗।ᇕɴɰɹ˰ ̨͌̊˓̺ȵ೎ʢᩂឹɫȡʳȴɭɻਖɑɌʢΥᕹɌɲȦ⏏೎ʢᲞȦւغɹ˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹμɹ ɇʰɴ 1 ዛᰖȵᰧʃାȿɩᩂឹਸȵᲞȦ̢͑˥͖˗˵ɹ itooki sege (AAB) ɹʭȩɲёʢȡʳ ȵ⏋Υ౅ɫ⏋ڃዛւغɻ AAA ȵᲞȦʢɹɹ chuồi xứ (ABB) ɭȦȩ 1 ڃዛȵܦ҉ᇕɴգᅎᰈ঎ ɹᲞȦ˥Ͳɹʭȩɴ⏋౗।ᇕɲ׵ᢒɭ˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹւغȵɑʶʳܩݖʢȡʳ⏏ عܩɹ̫̠̠ɹڃዛˁ⏋գᅎ໬աɹւغɫᝠɌɛɹȵܒ 2 ɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹՕ॒ܒɫʢ⏋ആ׫ ˏ˻ˏȴʰആˏ̶͠ˡ༠ࣳᨆʚɫɹܩݖɻᅊᰩᅎɭԏᅎɹڃዛȵ޽ȼ⏋̩͓⏋̫ͲˤͲ̝˕⏋ ̫ˡɹԒ᭜ᨆˏ̶͠ˡɫɻషჿᅎȵ޽ȦɭȦȩेȵȡʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋Ʉɹݭغ⏋˸Ͳ˻̫͡ɻష 18) ͇Ͳ̋ͻ͡⏃38 ڃዛ⏆⏋˥Ͳ⏃26 ڃዛ⏆⏋͌͘͞⏃25 ڃዛ⏆ɻ⏋Јɹܩݖɴປʏʳɭᠭീܩݖȵঃȼ⏋ڃዛధ ȵ޽ࢹ޽ȼឿɦȴɤɩȦʳخᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏

ჿᅎڃዛɹ޽ɇɫˏ̶͠ˡԒ᭜ᨆɴᦏȦւغɭɲɤɩȲʱ⏋̢͑˥͖˗˵ɻ⏋ᅊᰩᅎɹڃዛȵ ɲȦɭȦȩ႕๾ɲւغˁኍɌɩȦʳɛʠ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺ʓɰተࡸɲᐻɻৄȿɲȦ⏏ ɇʰɴ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺ɭգᅎ໬ɹᏼʛغʼɓˁኍɌɛɹȵ⏋ܒ 3 ɫȡʳ⏏ɐʏɩɹܩݖˁ Տɐɭ၈ᮊɲɛʠ⏋ˏ˻ˏɹ 3 ܩݖɭˏ̶͠ˡɹ 3 ܩݖɴᐈɤɩද២ɐʳ⏏Υᖔᇕɴ⏋ˏ˪ ̠͊ͻ̊Ꮩᐏ AA⏋AAA ɭϯᮊᏙᐏɹ AB ɻᅊᰩɇʶʳɄɭȵ޽ȼ⏋ϯᮊᏙᐏɹ AAB⏋ABB ɭ̫̲͡˹ˏͻ̠Ꮩᐏɹ BB ȵషჿᅎɴᅎȦʰʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋᠎Ᏻɴʛʳɭ⏋ʓɭ ˃ɰɹ˰̨͌̊˓̺ȵ⏋ܩݖɴʭɤɩᅵɲʳգᅎˁɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ё޺ɻ⏋ɰɄɫʢʓʖᅊᰩɇ ʶʳ AB ɭ⏋ɰɄɫʢషჿᅎɴɌȴᅎȦʰʶɲȦ BB ɫȡʳȵ⏋Ʉɹʈɛɦɻᯃ।ɴ͇˓̠ͻ ɲ˰̨͌̊˓̺ɫ⏋ʁɭɦɹܩݖɫ 2 ڃዛГΫࡔܧɐʳɄɭɻɲȦ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋͍˻͑ͻɲ˰ ̨͌̊˓̺ɫȡʳ AAA⏋AAB⏋ABB ɻ⏋ܩݖɴʭɤɩᅊᰩɭషჿᅎɹւغȵȴɲʱᅵɲʳɭ ȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ʢɤɭʢɗɹेȵ࿠ɌȦɹɻ⏋AAA ɫȡʳ⏏̩͓ɹʭȩɴ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰȵష ჿᅎɴᅎȦʰʶʳܩݖɭ⏋͇Ͳ̋ͻ͡ʦ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ɹʭȩɴ⏋ɐʏɩᅊᰩɴᅎȦʰʶʳܩ ݖ⏋ɗɹμᬚȵȡʱ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺ɭգᅎ໬ȵϣȦˁᭉࡴɌɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȦɄɭȵʼȴ ʳ⏏˰̨͌̊˓̺ɭգᅎ໬ɹᏼʛغʼɓɻ⏋ʞɌʸ⏋ᯃ।ɴᏳȴȦᰩઢɹ߫ʛɫໆʚʳɄɭȵ ȡʳ⏏̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹ 3 ܩݖɫɻ⏋̫̠̠ɹΥᖔᇕɲషჿ໬ɭɌɩ⏋ᢊʦᔀ⏋ᩃᘛɲɰˁ̫̠ ద 2̙ᅤᄽၑသѠ྾ଝ఼Ѡ߄৻

ద 3̙6 ඏڮѝмуѽҢҾӐүҔӇњᅤᄽၑѠೌѱ৻ҁэ

˰̨͌̊˓̺ȵέ౩ʚɛɻ 2 ɦɹҌជȵȡʳڃዛɭ⏋գᅎ໬ȵέ౩⏋ʚɛɻᰩᅎ޺ɌȴɲȦڃዛɻ᭑ȼ⏏ ǵషჿ⏋ ǵᅊᰩ⏉షჿ⏋ ǵᅊᰩ

ྱ 1 ̙ඏڮѝмуѽӀҺҺѠڒඖ ܕ ܩ ݖ ˛˽̢˹̘ˑ ςс႒ ̫̠̠ൕݛ෵ি ςᰩೳష ̫̠̠ᰩᅎգᅎ ൕݛᇿᇕ * ͇ͻ˭̜̒ ៀฐ ** 1 ͇ͤͻ˹ˏ ˪͞Ͳ̊Ͳि ͌͘͞ ˏ̸͓͞˹ ࣒ఫܩ͹ปೠс႒ɭཌྷс ˱͍ ᅊᰩ͹ᘘࡎ͹ᥐᰩ B-C a-b 2 ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏ ˻͑ͩऄ ˽Ͳ̋ ˱͍ ࣒ఫܩ͹ອᅒɹᅮ͹׬с ˱͍ ᅊᰩ͹ᘘࡎ͹ᥐᰩ B-C a-c 3 ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏ ˽͞˗˙˹ऄ ͇Ͳ̋ͻ͡ ̫̠̠͹˱˱͓˹ ࣒ఫܩ͹ปೠс႒ɭཌྷс ˱͍ ᅊᰩ͹ᘘࡎ͹ᥐᰩ B-C a-b 4 ̶ˑ̴͠Ͳ ͊Ͳ̝ͦऄ ̊˻͑ͩͲ ̫̠̠ ।ᅣ ˱͍͹̫̠̠ ᅊᰩ͹ᥐᰩ Cc 5 ̜̠̾͌ ̊˓̢Ͳህ ˥Ͳ ˱͍ ࣒ఫܩ ͹ ອᅒɹᅮ ͹ ׬ с ͹ ปೠс႒ɭཌྷс ˱͍ ᅊᰩ͹ᘘࡎ͹ᥐᰩ B-C a-b 6 ˓Ͳ̝ ˏ̒˵͌ि — ˱͍ ࣒ఫܩ ˱͍ ᅊᰩ͹ᥐᰩ B? 7 ˓Ͳ̝ ˭͞͞ि — ˱͍ ࣒ఫܩ ͹ ปೠс႒ɭཌྷс ͹ Υॷᅊс႒ɭཌྷс ˱͍ ᅊᰩ͹ᥐᰩ Cb 8 ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ ˸Ͳ˻̫͡ — ˱͍͹˥͑̒˵̫ ࣒ఫܩ ͹ ปೠс႒ɭཌྷс ͹ Υॷᅊс႒ɭཌྷс ˱͍ ͹˥͑̒˵ ̫͹̫̠̠ ᅊᰩ͹ᥐᰩ͹ςᰩ Bb 9 ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ ͐ͦ˳ͦि ͡˫͡ ̫̠̠ ࣒ఫܩ͹।ᅣ ˱͍͹̫̠̠ ςᰩ͹ᥐᰩ Cc 10 ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ ͓͌̾ि ̢͑˥͖˗˵ ̫̠̠͹˱ͻ̯ͻ ࣒ఫܩɹ।ᅣɫปೠс႒ ɭཌྷс ̫̠̠ ςᰩ͹ ⏃ᅊᰩ͹ᨸᦶ⏆ B-C b 11 ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ ˡ˰͞ि ̩͓ ̫̠̠ ࣒ఫܩɹ।ᅣɫปೠс႒ ɭཌྷс ̫̠̠ ςᰩ͹ᨸᦶ͹ ⏃ᅊᰩ⏆ B-C b 12 ˡ͍͡ͻͲ ആᨆि ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ ̫̠̠ ္ᅣɫཌྷс ̫̠̠ ςᰩ͹ ⏃ᅊᰩ⏆ Bc 13 ˡ͍͡ͻͲ ആᨆि ̫ˡ ̫̠̠ ္ᅣɫཌྷс ̫̠̠ ςᰩ͹ ⏃ᅊᰩ⏆ A— * ൕݛᇿᇕǵ A. ᕶᐌᅎൕݛ⏋ B. ᕶᐌᅎɹоրˁ᢫ެ⏋ C. ᢫ެᇿᇕɫൕݛ ** ͇ͻ˭̜̒ៀฐǵ a. ࡴೝ॑ʦ˥ˠ˽˪ɲɰࢸៀฐɲ͇ͻ˭̜̒⏋ b. μࢸᨊ॑ɹ।៯॑ɲɰμៀฐɲ͇ͻ˭̜̒⏋ c. ᱔ᨊܞɲɰ߂ᨊ॑ɹ߂ៀฐ͇ͻ˭̒ ̜

̠ɭᗰɫʳȵ⏋̩͓ɫɻᗰɫʳɭരʰȴȦڃዛȵ߫ʚʶʳɹɴࢪɌ⏋͡˫͡ɫɻᗰɫɩȴʰʢ ܔʠɹڃዛȵ߫ʚʶʳɛʠ⏋ؾɍ AAA ɫʢᅵɲɤɛڃዛȵɄɹషჿᅎɴ᧧ିɇʶʳɭȦȩ⏏ ɲȲ⏋˸Ͳ˻̫͡ɫɻ⏋ܔɇʦၓ঎⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺ɴɄɞʼʰɑɴɄɹషჿɴᅎȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ ˭͞͞िʦ˥Ͳɹʭȩɴ 1 ዛᰖɹԏᅎڃዛȵʓɭ˃ɰɹషჿɹೳషɴɲʳɭɄʸʢȡʱ⏋գ ᅎ໬ɭڃዛ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹᬠѥɻ⏋ܩݖɴʭɤɩᯃ।ɴ޴ᅵȵȡʳ⏏ عܩɹᦅ෌ʦգᅎɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠ɹеᒞɧȿˁኍɌɛɹȵᝠ 1 ɫȡʳ⏏ڧڃс႒ɴ႕׋Ɍ ɩȦɲȦݭغɹൕݛ໬ɻ⏋ആ׫ˏ˻ˏȴʰആˏ̶͠ˡ໤ࣳᨆɴȴȿɩ⏋˱˱͓˹ˁμਕɭɐʳ ഗปɭɹཌྷсɭ⏋࣒ఫܩɴȲȿʳ᣶٢ᇕɲൕݛɹᏼʛغʼɓȵΥᖔᇕɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ອᅒܩय़ ɫɻ⏋ອᅒɹᅮɴ̫̠̠ȵඨȭʰʶʳɄɭʢ޽Ȧ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡԒ᭜ᨆɫɻ⏋̫̠ ̠ˁςкɭɌɛཌྷсᅣɴȲȿʳൕݛȵςɫȡʳȵ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɹ̩͓ɴʛʰʶʳᯃ।ɴᮃᏝᇕ ɲൕݛɭ⏋μᨆˏ̶͠ˡɹ̫ͲˤͲ̝˕ʦ̫ˡɴʛʰʶʳᎲఔᇕɲൕݛɴϠෑ׋ɌɩȦʳ⏏գ ᅎ໬ɫɻ⏋ˏ˻ˏɫɻ⏋ςᰩɹ˱͍ɴࢪɌɩជ᣸ᇕɴ⏋ᥐᰩ͹ᘘࡎɭɌɩɹ̫̠̠ȵᏼʛغʼ ɇʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋షჿɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ɰɹܩݖɫʢ⏋˱˱̠̓ɭɹ؜ʱغʼɓȵᯃ।ɴ޽Ȧ⏏ɗʶ ɴࢪɌɩ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡԒ᭜ᨆɹᠭീܩɫɻ⏋ςᰩɭɌɩ̫̠̠ȵ೎ʢᩂឹɫȡʳ⏏ആˏ̶͠ˡ༠ ࣳᨆɻ⏋̢͑˥͖˗˵ɫɻ೎ʢᩂឹɲςᰩೳషɫȡʱ⏋˸Ͳ˻̫͡ɫɻᥐᰩᅎɫȡʱ⏋͡˫͡ ɫɻᅊᰩᅎɹڧ෌ڃዛɫȡʳɲɰ⏋޴ᅵȵ߂ȷȦ⏏ ̫̠̠ɹൕݛᇿᇕɻ⏋ɗɹܩݖɹॶܯᇕᦅࢃɹൕݛˁ⏋A. ᕶᐌᅎൕݛ⏋B. ᕶᐌᅎɹоրˁ ᢫ެ⏋C. ᢫ެᇿᇕɫൕݛ⏋ɹعຍ᭥ɫ៿ѝɌɛ⏏ൕݛៀฐɹ߂ȷɲɭɄʸɫʢ⏋̫̠̠ɹΥ ᨆɻᕶᐌᅎɴᅎȦʰʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋͇ͻ˭̜̒ɹៀฐɴʭɤɩ⏋a. ࡴೝ॑ʦ˥ˠ˽˪ɲɰࢸៀ ฐɲ͇ͻ˭̜̒⏋b. μࢸᨊ॑ɹ।៯॑ɲɰμៀฐɲ͇ͻ˭̜̒⏋c. ᱔ᨊܞɲɰ߂ᨊ॑ɹ߂ៀ ฐ͇ͻ˭̜̒⏋ɫ៿ѝɌɛ⏏̫ˡˁ᭑ȿɽ⏋ɐʏɩɹܩݖɫ⏋ᕶᐌᅎɹоրˁ᢫ެɐʳȴ᢫ެ ᇿᇕɫൕݛɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋᢫ެɐʳ͇ͻ˭̜̒ɹៀฐɻᦏଘɹࡴೝ॑ȴʰ᱔ᨊɹ।៯ঊʚ ɫɇʚɊʚɫȡʳ⏏ൕݛៀฐɴȲȦɩʢ͇ͻ˭̜̒ɹៀฐɴȲȦɩʢڧڃ׋ɹዐ঎ȵᯃ।ɴᲞ Ȧɹɻ⏋̶ˑ̴͠Ͳɹ͊Ͳ̝ͦिɭ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹ͐ͦ˳ͦिɫȡʱ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹ˭͞͞िȵɗʶ ɴᐚȦɩȦʳ⏏

6̝྾ଝഡᄹ౓Ѡု્њ॰ஙѠҰҔҺӏҪӐ

ڃዛధ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹւغ⏋գᅎ໬ɹւغ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺ɭգᅎ໬ɹࢪਝɹປᥒˁද២ɐ ʳɭ⏋ᠭീܩɅɭɹ޴ᅵɻ߂ȷȦȵ⏋ᠭീܩˁ߂ȷȼʈɛɦɹ˫͡ͻ̺ɴՕᰖɐʳɄɭȵخᔨ ɫȡʳ⏏ആ׫ˏ˻ˏȴʰആˏ̶͠ˡ໤ࣳᨆɴȴȿɩɹܩݖɭ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡԒ᭜ᨆɫȡʳ⏏̫̠̠ ɹՕ॒ݖɻ⏋ˏ˻ˏɭˏ̶͠ˡɭȦȩ߂᭜ɫךՕɐʳʭʱʢ⏋༠ɭɹᬠѥɫךՕɌɛʓȩȵ᧟ য়ɫȡʳɭȦȭʳ⏏ Ϻᬚȵ̫̠̠ɭɹᬠѥɹμɫ޽෵ਸˁᅊʛɞɐɭȷ⏋ʈɛɦɹ౅كਸȵᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ʁɭɦ

ɻ⏋޺ᨆȴʰଝ୫ɠɹʢɹɭɻᅵɲʳɭ᠗ᡫɐʳዛᰖɹ҅кˁ؝ȿȦʶʳɄɭɫȡʱ⏋ʢȩʁ ɭɦɻ⏋ଝ୫ɠɹ̫̠̠ɹμȴʰेᅵˁឿȦɞɌ⏋ృɛɲڃዛɭɌɩ᠗ሾɐʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ ആ׫ˏ˻ˏȴʰആˏ̶͠ˡ໤ࣳᨆɴȴȿɩɹܩݖɫɻ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹ޽෵ਸɻᲞȦȵ⏋ɗ ʶəʶɹ˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹμɫɹڃዛధɻປᥒᇕࢹɲȦ⏏ڃዛɹፀΥ๖́Ͳ̊ͻɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦ ʳ͇ͤͻץऄ⏋˓Ͳ̝⏋̶ˑ̴͠Ͳɲɰʢ⏋ɄɹӃكˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɹܩݖɫɻ⏋༠ɹ ϯ౫͡ͻ̜ˁᦲɍɛڃዛᒴɹው֪ȵ޽ȴɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏༠ɹው֪ɻ⏋᭜ɹው֪ɴປʏɩΥ ঎ɴ᧙ᤂᮐˁው֪ɐʳɄɭȵࢅ౫ɫȡʱ⏋᭰ஞɐʳܩݖˁᰧʃᣴȭɛᰧʃܩᇕɲው֪ʢخᔨ ɫȡʳ⏏19) ʚɛ⏋ˏ˻ˏɻ˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹϯᮊȵᣱɄɤɛܩݖɫȡʱ⏋ɗʢɗʢܩݖԒɹ˰̨ ͌̊˓̺ȵ޽෵ɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɹܩݖɫɻ⏋ݜೣᇕɴɻృڃዛɹ؝ȿȦʶɴʭɤɩڃዛȵ޽ ෵׋Ɍ⏋ɗɹμɴेᅵˁឿȦɞɐɄɭɴʭɤɩɇʰɴ޽෵ਸȵ֖ᬏɇʶɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏Υ ౅⏋ˏ̶͠ˡԒ᭜ᨆɫɻ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹ޽෵ਸɻ౩ʰȴɴжȦȵ⏋ɗʶəʶɹ˰̨͌̊˓̺ Ԓɹ޽෵ਸȵᯃ।ɴᲞȦ⏏ڃዛɹፀϠ๖́Ͳ̊ͻɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳആˏ̶͠ˡᲞܩय़ɭμᨆˏ ̶͠ˡȵɄɹ̊˓̺ɴيʚʶʳ⏏ɄɹܩݖɴȲȿʳው֪͡ͻ̜ɻाɭ᭜ɫȡʳ⏏ाɻ᭜ʭʱɻ ᧙ᤂᮐው֪ȵخᔨɫȡʳȵ⏋ᐻΫɹው֪ɫȡʱ౅كਸȵᭉʰʶʳȩȭ⏋ᰧʃܩᇕɲው֪ɻᣱɄ ʰɲȦ⏏᭜ɹው֪ɻᯆɫᣱɄʳȵ⏋༠ɹው֪ʭʱɻʳȴɴᦵ঎ȵᧆȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᣱ྇ܩȴʰ᧙Ȧ ɛʠ⏋ȡʳ˰̨͌̊˓̺ȵᣱ྇ܩȴʰզመɐʳʚɫɴᔵᘺɐʳخᔨਸȵᲞȦ⏏ው֪ȵሂࢪᇕɴ ܐᮑɲɗɹʭȩɲ೼Иɹμɫ⏋޴ᅵɴࢪɐʳ᠗ᡫɹᲞɇɴ৔ȼћࡔɌɩ޽෵ਸˁᅊʛՏɌɩȷ ɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ˏ˻ˏɭˏ̶͠ˡɹθܩݖɴȲȦɩԊᦲɐʳɹɻ⏋҅кˁ׬еɭɌɛܟᖿᇕ ɲൕݛ໬ɭᰈᑢɲܩݖԒɫɹൎɹϯழɫȡʱ⏋ɄʶȵܩݖԒɴȲȿʳ޽෵ਸˁވ֓ɇɓʳݜೣ ᇕɲឹ܍ɭɲɤɩȦʳ␩Hanawa et al. 2005］⏏عܩɴȲȿʳ˰̨͌̊˓̺ɹ޽෵ਸɻ๴رᇕ ɲШ௢ɹᐁᤉɲɰˁؙ౱ɌɩȦʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋˰̨͌̊˓̺Ԓɹڃዛɹ޽෵ਸɻ⏋ᦏȦ᧌ؑȴ ʰჼܧɴȴȿɩɹ⏋য়᠍ܩݖɴȲȿʳϺᬚɹ̫̠̠ɴࢪɐʳᬠʼʱ౅ˁኍɌɩȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶ ʳ⏏ ̫̠̠ɻആ׫ˏ˻ˏɫᅊʚʶɛ൓ൕᦅᓚయ׋ɹᩂឹɲςᰩс႒ɫȡʳȵ␩μ࣊ 1966␭⏋๴ رɹμɫɗɹܩеȵжάɌɩȷɛܩݖʢ޽Ȧ⏏иǾೠ␩1989］ɴʭʶɽ⏋ആ׫ˏ˻ˏɹ൓ൕ с႒ˁཌྷсɐʳ̊˓̺ɹ္ᅣɻ⏋൓ൕс႒ȵᮊዤɴᒞȷழȭʰʶ⏋ɗɹμɹ᭜ዝȵשᣴɌ⏋ອ ᅒᓚсɴ޴׋ɐʳɭȦȩ᧑ፉˁᦊʳɄɭȵ޽ȴɤɛɭȦȩ⏏ʚɛ⏋൓ൕс႒μਕɹᦅᓚȵᐚȦ ɩȷɛܩݖɫʢ⏋ڧ෌ൕݛᅎɹˏ̸͓͞˹ʦ˳͌⏋ഗปɴсЊȿᯆዩɹ޽ȼˁᡶɤɛܩݖʢ޽ Ȧ⏏ςᰩɹᕶᐌˁݜೣɭɌɩȦɛಁೝɴປʏ⏋ჼܧɫɻ༑ᦲȵᇍ᧒Ɍɩ⏋ݖ޺ȴʰᕶՕɛɠɻ 19) ᅒμɻ⏋ആ׫ˏ˻ˏऄऴᨆ⏋͇̋ˤ˽ˡ͡ʍɹዝсɹШ௢ˁᠶɍʳμɫ⏋༠ɹ᧑ɹШ௢ᦵ঎ɹᩂឹਸɭШ௢ɹ ᦵɇɴɦȦɩ୭௎ɌɩȦʳȵ␩ᅒμ 1993␭⏋̫̠̠ɴɦȦɩʢ⏋Ш௢ɴȲȿʳው֪০઴ɹ᧓Ȧɻ߂ȷɲઝ٢ˁ ʢɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏

ᅊᅋɌɲȦςᰩс႒ˁᣘᢷɐʳܩݖȵൔຍɴވȭɩȦʳ⏏ആ׫ˏ˻ˏɫɻჼܧ⏋˱͍ˁςᰩɭ ɌɩȦʳܩݖȵܦ҉ᇕɴ޽Ȧ⏏ɗʶɴ٧ਝɌɩ⏋ɄʶʚɫᕶᐌᅎɴൕݛɌɩȷɛ̫̠̠ˁςɴ ڧڃс႒ɭɌɩൕݛɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ̊˻͑ͩͲɹʭȩɲёʢȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹܩݖɫ̫̠ ̠ȵςс႒⏋ʢɌȼɻςឹɲςᰩೳషɫɲȦݭغʢ⏋̫̠̠ɻʓɭ˃ɰɹܩݖɫࢸៀฐɲȵʰ ʢൕݛɇʶ⏋ڃዛధˁȡʳዐ঎ѳɤɩȦʳ⏏̫̠̠ɻ⏋ഗปܟʦ࣒ఫܩɲɰɫЈɹс႒ɭཌྷс ɇʶɛʱ⏋ອᅒɹᅮʦܑٞɫտ๖ᇕɴൕݛɐʳɲɰ᭫ᬚᇕɴൕݛɇʶᐚȿɩȦʳ⏏˓̦ɭ˱˱ ͓˹ɭ̫̠̠ɻ⏋ആ׫ˏ˻ˏɹعᠭീܩɫ⏋ᅣɴȲȦɩʢᰩשɴȲȦɩʢ̜́̒ɫᇎݭɌɛ⏏ ɄɹʭȩɲсЊȿ˹˽̘͌⏋ʚɛɻᰩయ׋ɴȲȿʳᏼʛغʼɓɹ৔ᯍɇȵ⏋̫̠̠ɹеᒞɧȿ ˁѳ៷ɌɩȦʳɭʢᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋႕ɴˏ˻ˏعܩɫɻ⏋࣒ఫܩɫɹςᅊ෌ɫɻɲȦץՕ ᣶٢ᇕɲൕݛȵ⏋ڃዛˁѳɦɄɭɴ߂ȷȼᢨ჉ɌɩȦʳ⏏˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɹ˽͞˗˙˹ɫɻ⏋႕ ࡴɹॕࢹڃዛˁʢɦࢃˁϺʃɭȵʭȼჿៗɌɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹࢃɴ൜ԒɌɩȼʶʳɄɭȵ޽ȴɤɛ Ɍ⏋̜̠̾͌ɹ̊˓̢Ͳህɫɻعܩɴ⏋ȋ̫̠̠ᒾȍɭɫʢ٧ʏɗȩɲ⏋޽ȼɹॕࢹڃዛˁʢ ɦᓑᶲɹᅖਸȵȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴᐁཕ֟ഗɭɻᬠʼʱɲȦɭɄʸɫɹڃዛɹѳࡔȵ⏋ˏ˻ˏԃ кɫɹڃዛɹ޽෵ਸɴ৲ጓɤɩȦʳ⏏ μᨆˏ̶͠ˡɹྂ࿅ܩय़ɫɻ⏋ჼܧϺؤɹμਕˁװʠʳ̫Ͳ̓ͻᏙៜ᠝ˁ᠌ɐ˫͡ͻ̺ȵᦽ ՏɌɩȷɛɭȷȴʰ⏋ςс႒ɭɌɩ̫̠̠ˁொȭɩȦɛɭᓒȭʰʶ␩Vansina 1990］⏋ჼܧɴ ᕸʳʚɫ⏋൓ൕс႒ˁμਕɭɌɛᯃᮃᏝᇕɲᦅᓚయ׋ȵᅊȷᐚȿɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋16 γᏛГ ᭇ⏋ߩ᭺ᢼ౫ɭɭʢɴ׫Ꭶȴʰ˥͑̒˵̫ȵ୫ɠᦉʚʶ⏋ᅊᅋਸɹᲞɇɭѳࡔਸɹᲞɇɴʭɤ ɩˏ̶͠ˡΥय़ɴঃʚɤɛ⏏μᨆˏ̶͠ˡɫɻ⏋ჼܧ⏋̫̠̠ʭʱ˥͑̒˵̫ɹᩂឹਸȵᲞȦ ܩݖȵވȭɩȦʳ␩Johnston 1958］⏏20) Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋˥͑̒˵̫ɹᩂឹਸȵވɌɛܩݖɴȲȦ ɩ⏋̫̠̠ɹڃዛ޽෵ਸȵɰɹʭȩɴ޴׋ɐʳȴɴɦȦɩɻ⏋቉ድɻמՕɫɻɲȦ⏏˥͑̒˵ ̫⏋̫̠̠⏋˓̦ɹڃዛధȵɗʶəʶ 30 ڃዛ⏋29 ڃዛ⏋21 ڃዛˁధȭʳആᨆ˸˓ͻ͡⏃ჼ ˱Ͳ˳⏆ɹ̅Ͳ˳ͻ͞ɹё␩࡫ཙ 1981␭ɲɰ⏋˥͑̒˵̫ɭ̫̠̠ȵԊࡔɌɩڃዛధȵȡʳ ͤ̾͡ɴѳɛʶɩȦʳёʢȡʳȵ⏋ςс႒ȵʓɭ˃ɰ˥͑̒˵̫ɴᒞȷழȭʰʶɛܩݖʢ޽Ȧ ␩иᚹ 1984; ๯ᅒ 1987␭⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲܩݖɫʢ⏋ആ׫ˏ˻ˏɹʭȩɴс႒ɹᐁཕᇕᩂឹਸɭɻ աɴڃዛధȵѳɛʶʳɹȴ⏋ڃዛధȵ౩ʰȴɴཝࢹɐʳɹȴɻᖂ٢ཉȦဣɫȡʳ⏏ ആˏ̶͠ˡᲞܩय़ɫɻᲞϺؤࢌ঎ɹ೼ИάɫᮃᏝᇕɲ̫̠̠ൕݛȵᇍ᧒Ɍɩȷɛ⏏ࢃ࣒ˁܑ ʞ।ᅣɫ⏋ేᔋʦࡎൎɹ፬ჿɲɰ⏋̫̠̠ȵ਒ঈɌɩ፬ჿɇʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹܩݖɫ 20) FAOSTAT ́ͻ͌̿ͻ˻ (http://faostat.fao.org/) ɴʭʶɽ⏋2002 ॷɹ˱Ͳ˳຦ςԊٮܕɴȲȿʳ˥͑̒˵̫ɹᅊ ᅋᩄɻᏝ 1,492 Ψ̜Ͳ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳ⏃షჿ̫̠̠ɹઝ٢ɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏆ȵᏝ 120 Ψ̜Ͳ⏋ؾ෵ɴ⏋˱Ͳ˳Ԋٮ ܕȵ˥͑̒˵̫Ꮭ 86 Ψ̜Ͳ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘ͲȵᏝ 7 Ψ̜Ͳ⏋ˡ͍͡ͻͲԊٮܕȵ˥͑̒˵̫Ꮭ 190 Ψ̜Ͳ⏋̺͞ Ͳ̘ͲȵᏝ 120 Ψ̜ͲɫȡʳɭȦȩ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋Ʉɹܩݖɹᐏ៟ɻȴɲʱѵ૔ਸȵжȦɹɫ⏋ሂࢪᇕɲధࡓɭɌ ɩᓒȭʳʏȷɫȡʳ⏏

ɻ⏋̩͓ɫʛʳʭȩɴ⏋ᒴˁାȦɛڃዛధȵ᠗ᡫɇʶ⏋፬ჿɇʶɩȦʳ␩Karamura 1999; π ࣊ 2002; иᚹ 2004␭⏏Υ౅μᨆˏ̶͠ˡɫɻ⏋፬ჿˁ೎жᭉɌȴɌɲȦ౅໬ɫ⏋Ɍȴʢ̺͞ Ͳ̘Ͳ͹˵̸˫͡ͻ̺ȵڃዛɹ߂ץˁװʠʳႥ઴ɫ⏋ధמዛᰖʢɹՕᰖˁȲɄɲɤɩȦʳ␩܋ ౅ 2004␭⏏̫̠̠ɻ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹആᨆɭμᨆɴȲȦɩ⏋ᮃᏝɭᯃᮃᏝɹɗʶəʶɹෑɭʢȦȭ ʳᦅ໬ɴʭɤɩൕݛɇʶɩȦʳɴʢᬠʼʰɑ⏋ɰɠʰɹᦅ໬ɴȲȦɩʢڃዛɹ޽෵ਸȵѳ୫ɇ ʶɩȲʱ⏋ᮃᏝɭ޽෵ਸɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩᓒȭʳᏬೳɭɲʱ਄ʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ᮃᏝਸɭᯃᮃᏝਸɹ ɗʶəʶɹӯɫɹ޽෵ਸɹȡʱ౅ɴɦȦɩᓒȭʳɄɭɻЁ৿ɹᠩᰍɹʁɭɦɫȡʳ⏏ ɫɻ⏋ɄɹʭȩɴعܩɴȲȦɩڃዛɹ޽෵ਸˁᐣ୫ɐʳ͍ˡ̢̀͌ɻɰɄȴʰᅊʚʶʳɹɫ ȡʸȩȴ⏏Ʉʶʚɫ޽෵ਸɻ⏋ؚዲಁೝȵɑʶʳɄɭ⏋ᅵɲʳ٢ȵූɌʠʳɄɭ⏋ʁɭɦɹڃ ዛȵέсɫʢЈɹڃዛɫជȭʳɄɭɲɰɴʭɤɩᠦ౩ɇʶ⏋ɗʶȵᅊᅋਸɹᲞɇʦ׶᭝܌᧫ɲ ɰɹዀ࡝ᇕɲៜᠦɫ௩ᡸɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋҅աɹ኏ЦɴȲȿʳࡸᅎᇕɲȋᠦ౩ȍɻȡʱȩ ʳȵ⏋ࡸᅎᇕɲჿᅓɞȿɫᠦ౩ɫȷʳɭɻᓒȭʰʶɲȦ⏏Ʉʶʰɹ޽෵ਸɻ⏋ᅊᅋᓔȵ҅աɹ ̫̠̠ɭሁஞᬠʼʳμɫᅊʚʶɛेᅵɫȡʱ⏋ࡸᅎਸɫɻ៟ʶɲȦࡔܧɭɌɩɹѝғˁɗɹे ᅵɴឿȦɞɌɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ ڃዛɹ޽෵ਸˁѳ୫⏋ʚɛɻވ߂ɇɓʳᅊᅋᓔɹ֐ɴࢪɌɩ⏋޽෵ਸˁཝࢹɇɓʳ֐ʢӈȦ ɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹ֐ɻ⏋߂ៀฐɲ॑ݭᐁཕɫȡʱ⏋ܕࢃɹ፬ჿɫȡʳ⏏ ڧڃ׋ɭȲɗʰȼɗʶɴЫȩ׬с׋ȵᦽ˃ɫȦʳܩݖɫɻ⏋ˏ˻ˏ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴᬠѥɲȼ ڃዛధȵࢹɲȦӃكɴȡʳ⏏̊˻͑ͩͲ⏃14 ڃዛ⏆⏋͡˫͡⏃19 ڃዛ⏆⏋˭͞͞ि⏃21 ڃዛ⏆ ɲɰȵڧڃ׋ɹ֐ˁ৔ȼ؝ȿɩȦʳ⏏ ̶ˑ̴͠Ͳɫɻ᢫ެɹɛʠɹൕݛȵᇵ˃ɫȡʱ⏋ʚɛ⏋᱔ᨊ̢͇͞ˁμਕɭɌɩܕԃкȵʁ ɭɦɹ༑ᦲܞˁɲɌɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹ༑ᦲܞɫ៿ѝɇʶʳᭉʰʶɛڃዛɹ̫̠̠ɹᅊᅋȵԃܕᇕɴ ᇵ˃ɫȡʳ⏏̶ˑ̴͠ͲܕԒɫɻ॑ݭᐁཕɹ೎ʢٞᦇᨆɴеᒞɐʳ࣢ࣰࢹధ຦౏ɹ̊˻͑ͩͲ ɴȲȦɩɇȭɄʶȵȡɩɻʚʱ⏋ɗɹᐄഗ⏋ൕݛɇʶʳڃዛధɻࢹɲȦ⏏˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ ̶ˑ̴͠ͲʓɰɫɻɲȦʢɹɹिᨊɲɰɹ߂ᨊ॑ˁμਕɭɌɛ༑ᦲܞȵ০ଁɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ Ʉʶʰɹܩݖɫɻ⏋Ȳʢɴ߂ᨊ॑ˁμਕɭɌɛ༑ᦲܞɫ༑ᦲɐʳ̫̠̠ɴࢪਝɌɩ⏋͠Ͳ ˤ͹̶͞ͲˡɭɌɩᅎȦʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛԊᦲڃዛؿȵȡʳ⏏༑ᦲȴʰᅊʚʶɛɄɹȋ̸͞ Ͳ̝ȍɻ⏋༥ᢹᓔɹ᠗ሾˁ০ɧȼʳɄɭɴɲʱ⏋Ȧɤɛ˃̸͞Ͳ̝ȵተጓɌɛȡɭɫɻ⏋༥ᢹ ᓔɹឹິɭɌɩ⏋༑ᦲ෌ᓔˁɭȲɌɩᅊᅋɹჼݭɴȲȿʳൕݛڃዛˁᭉࡴɐʳ֐ˁʢɤɩȦ ʳ⏏ȋ̸͞Ͳ̝ȍȵਖɑɌʢ޽෵ਸˁཝࢹɇɓʳɭɻᭉʰɲȦȵ⏋ჼຍ᭥ɫɹ̶ˑ̴͠Ͳʦ˓ Ͳ̝ɹ̫̠̠ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ʭʱঃȦ॑ݭᐁཕʍɹᅊᅋᓔɹؒ֓ɻ⏋ɗʶəʶɹᅊᅋܩɹᢌȴɲ ̫̠̠ൕݛయ׋ˁܯᣒɲʢɹʍ޴ȭɩȦȼӃكˁʢɤɩȦʳɭȦȭʳɞʸȩ⏏ ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɹ׫˽͞˗˙˹िɫɻ⏋ᅊᅋᓔɹൕݛɐʳ޽෵ɲڃዛɭ༑ᦲ෌ᓔɹິʠʳȋ̸ ͞Ͳ̝ȍɭɹᬠѥȵភᮊɴᐉʛغɤɩȦʳᖂ٢ཉȦܩݖɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹܩݖɫɻ⏋೴ʦܩ౅ɹࢸ

ᨊ॑ɴكȿɛ༑ᦲɭ⏋िᨊɴكȿɛ༑ᦲɻᅵɲʳ͡ͻ̜ˁʢɤɩȲʱ⏋िᨊɴكȿɛ༑ᦲ͡ͻ ̜ɫɻ⏋ᮃᗼݭȴʰिᨊɹެʱݭɴᕸʳʚɫ⏋೴ɹ౅ؿɭɻᅵɲʳԊᦲؿɫ؜ʱ଩ʼʶʳ⏏ि ᨊɭɗɹٞᦇɫɻ᢫ެɇʶʳ̫̠̠ȵʓʖ 4 ዛᰖɹؿዌɫ٧ɽʶʳʢɹɴᭉࡴɇʶɩȦʳɹ ɫȡʳȵ⏋िᨊɴكȿɩՏᗼɇʶʳݭغ⏋೴ɫɻភధɹڃዛؿɫ٧ɽʶʳ̫̠̠ȵؾɍԊᦲؿ ˁήȭʰʶ⏋4 ɦɹԊᦲؿɴȡɩɻʚʳʢɹɹʛȵिᨊɹ॑ݭɴكȿɩՏᗼɇʶʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ɗɹᐄഗ⏋िᨊɴެ׹ɐʳ̫̠̠ˁμਕɴൕݛɐʳܩݖɫɻሂࢪᇕɴڃዛధȵࢹɲȼ⏋िᨊɫ ᢫ެɇʶʳ 4 ዛᰖɴࢪਝɐʳڃዛȵ޽ȼൕݛɇʶʳ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋͇Ͳ̋ͻ͡ɹʭȩɴᦏ ᭰ɹࡴೝ॑ɫɹࢸៀฐެᢷȵᇍ᧒ɌɩȦʳɭɄʸɫɻिᨊɫ᢫ެɇʶʳڃዛȴʰɹᕶᅓ঎ȵᲞ ȼ⏋ൕݛڃዛధȵ޽ȦӃكȵʛʰʶɛ⏏߂ᨊ॑ʍɹ༑ᦲɭᅊᅋܩᦏ᭰ɫɹ༑ᦲ͡ͻ̜ȵᅵɲʳ Ʉɭɴʭɤɩ⏋҅Ǿɹܩݖɹዎࢹڃዛˁيʠɛ޽෵ɲ̫̠̠ڃዛɹൕݛȵᐣ୫ɇʶɩȦʳɭȦ ȭʳ⏏ ʚɛ⏋ᅊᅋܕԒɹȋ̸͞Ͳ̝ȍɭܕ᭬ᇕɲ̸͞Ͳ̝ɹᬚɴɻుᐓȵȡʳ⏏ܕԒɫ০ଁɇʶ ʳȋ̸͞Ͳ̝ȍɻ⏋ਖɑᅎ᦭ʦ٢ៅɹᅵɲʳភధɹዛᰖȴʰଁʱጓɤɩȦʳ⏏ܕ᭬ᇕɲ̸͞Ͳ ̝ɫȡʳ˥͑̾Ͳ̚ˑ̒˹͖ɻਖɑɌʢܕԒ̸͞Ͳ̝ɭɻɲʰɑ⏋̶ˑ̴͠Ͳɫʛʰʶʳʭȩ ɴЈɹȋ̸͞Ͳ̝ȍɴປʏɩжȦ៿ѝˁήȭʰʶʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ܕ̸᭬͞Ͳ̝ɻ༑ᦲ෌ᓔȵς ࢷณˁʢɠ⏋̫̠̠ɹᅊᅋჼݭɭൕݛڃዛˁሾʰɲȦ༥ᢹᓔɴࢪɌɩΥ౅ᇕɴ႕ࡴɹڃዛˁή ȭʳʢɹɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋ܕԒȋ̸͞Ͳ̝ȍɻ⏋ܩݖᐁཕرɹμɫ⏋޽ȼɹܧഀڃዛɹμȴ ʰ༥ᢹᓔɹې߫ʢؙ౱ɌɩଁጓɌɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ᅊᅋܕԒɫԃܕᇕɲ̫̠̠ɹ ༑ᦲȵᇵ˃ɴɲɤɩʢ⏋ᥥԂܕɹʭȩɴ׬Υɹڃዛɴʚɫ޽෵ਸȵ࣌ᭉɇʶʳɄɭɻȡʱȭɲ Ȧ⏏ ɗʶɫɻ⏋ԇᇕɲลᬠȵڃዛɹѳᡸʦృڃዛɹᬖᇍˁߣ֜ɌɩȦʳܩݖɫɻ⏋ڃዛɹ޽෵ਸ ɻɰɹʭȩɴ޴׋ɌɩȦʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ᠭീܩɹμɫ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɭ̶ˑ̴͠Ͳɻ⏋̫̠̠ɹڃዛ ˁؚᮃɐʳ߂ៀฐɲ቉ድଘˁ௩ɌɩȦʳ⏏ ˓Ͳ̝ɹ̊͊͡͹̠̝˕िɴɻܕጓ̫̠̠቉ድଘȵȡʱ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹܧഀڃዛˁᮃμ፬ჿɌɦ ɦఒᖪڃዛɹಔؖˁᦽʠɩȦʳ⏏˓Ͳ̝ɫɻ⏋቉ድଘɫᬖᇍɇʶɛఒᖪڃዛɹൎȵ߂ៀฐɴ༑ ᦲɌ⏋ڃዛ޽෵ਸɹཝࢹɴ৯ᯱɌɩȦʳخᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏˭͞͞िɹᠭീܩɫɻ⏋ॻᐻ᧑ᤉ໤Ȧ ɫఒᖪڃዛɹݳᗡȵ࣢ዩʛɴɲɤɩެʰʶɩȦʳӵಕˁʛɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋຦ࢃɹ˥̒̍Ͳˤͻ̚Ͳ ɴ⏋቉ድଘɫᬖᇍɇʶɛɭȦȩ 4 ҆кڃዛȵඨȭʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ ԇᇕɲс႒቉ድଘɹᇿᇕɹʁɭɦɻ⏋с႒ɹڃዛɹѳᡸ͹቉ድ͹ᬖᇍɫȡʳȵ⏋ȋఒᖪȍڃ ዛɹಔؖ༎֪ɴʭɤɩ⏋ܧഀڃዛȵཝࢹɐʳᐄഗˁʢɛʰɌɩȦʳخᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ᅊ ᅋᓔɻਖɑɌʢɗɹʭȩɲ୭ࢷɴɌɛȵɤɩȦʳɭɻᭉʰɲȦ⏏1984 ॷȴʰ 1985 ॷɴȴȿ ɩɹᣂషɫ⏋˭͞͞िɫɻ˓Ͳ̝ԃкɹ̫̠̠ൕݛᯆዩɹ 14.4⎾ˁװʠɩȦʳȵ⏋̫̠̠ᅊ ᅋᩄɫɻ 6.6⎾ɴɐȹɲȦ⏏ɗɹჿᅓɹʁɭɦɭɌɩ⏋ᯆዩȡɛʱɹؚዲᩄȵжȦܧഀڃዛɹ

nendran ȵঃȼൕݛɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȵ୭௎ɇʶɩȦʳ␩Shanmugavelu et al. 1992］⏏ ̶ˑ̴͠Ͳɫɻ⏋͊Ͳ̠̋ˠऄɴȡʳ̫̋ˠܕጓс႒቉ድᬖᇍ́Ͳ̊ͻɫ⏋ܕԒ޺ɹ̫̠̠ ɹڃዛˁкᏙᇕɴؚᮃɌ⏋࡝᝗ᇕɲڃዛɹ቉ድȵᦽ˃ɫȦʳ␩Valmayor et al. 2002］⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ ̶ˑ̴͠ͲɴȲȿʳ቉ድɹςᇿᇕɻᆖᛚࢀɹᬿਉɫȡʱ⏋Υᨆ⏋ృڃዛɹᬖᇍȵᦽʠʰʶɩȦ ʳȵ⏋ɗɹڃዛȵعܩݖɹᦅ຦ɴಔؖɌɩȦʳႥ໥ɫɻɲȦ⏏̶ˑ̴͠ͲɴȲȿʳൕݛڃዛధ ɹࢹɲɇɻ༑ᦲɹᇍ᧒ɴʭʳɭɄʸȵ߂ȷȦ⏏ Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋عܩɴȲȿʳ̫̠̠ɹڃዛɹ޽෵ਸɻ⏋༥ᢹᓔɫʢȡʳᅊᅋᓔɹ֐ɭ⏋༑ᦲˁ ୊ȩ҅ϺʦН෌⏋ᐁཕᣂ྇ˁ᧊ᅎɐʳܕࢃ⏋ɭȷɴɻܧഀڃዛɹ޽෵ਸˁሾʰɲȦ༥ᢹᓔɭɹ ֐ɹ̫͞Ͳ˽ɹμɫଁʱጓɤɩȦʳɭៜȭʳ⏏ʢɠʸ˃⏋ɗʶəʶɹܩݖɹൕݛڃዛధȵ׬Ꮴ ɴɄʶʰɹᬠѥɞȿɫໆʚʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ܩݖɹ๴ر⏋ᅊ઴ᄩޅ⏋኏Ц෯ᦶ⏋య׋ᇕѝғ៎ ɲɰˁؙ౱ɌɩȦʳ⏏ࡸ៷ɴɻ҅Ǿɹܩݖɫɹڃዛధɹ޴׋ˁද៷ɐʳਖឹȵȡʳȵ⏋ڧڃ׋ ɹዐ঎ɭڃዛధɹᬠѥˁԊಁᇕɴປᥒɐʳɭ⏋Ϋ៨ɹʭȩɲ֐࡝ȵʛȭɩȼʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ɭɄʸɫ⏋с႒ڃዛɹ޽෵ਸɹѳᡸɭృڃዛɹᬖᇍɻ⏋ჼܧ⏋߂ȷɲܕ᭬క໠ɹϝဣɫʢȡ ʳ⏏޽ܕ᎛ˏ˫̲͠˻̦˽Н෌ȵᬖᇍɌɛᲞؚᩄڃዛɻ⏋ᦅᚫʦᔋషɹ୫ᐚᇕɲњᐌˁਖឹɭ Ɍ⏋ዛࡎȴʰᦅᚫ͹ᔋషɹԃкˁˏ˫̲͠˻̦˽ɴᰉʳɄɭˁິʠʳ˹˽̘͌ɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰ ɴ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ޽ܕ᎛Н෌ɻ⏋ჼܧ⏋৳ʰȵࡸᱻࡻɫȋᬖᇍȍɌɛ᧨Шࡎɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ɗɹ᧨ Шࡎȵʢɛʰɐ০ᣒɴɦȦɩʢ႕៰ˁິʠ⏋ɗɹȦȼɦȴɻɐɫɴ᠗ʠʰʶɩȦʳ␩˹ʹˎ 2003␭⏏1992 ॷɴᐿᐄɇʶɛȋᅊ႒޽෵ਸɴᬠɐʳ೼Ꮭȍɻ⏋с႒ˁيʞᕶܕ᯿ܤԒɹ֪ඨ ႒᧨Шᣂ྇ɹᐁཕᇕѝғˁተѳɌʭȩɭɐʳፀΪγᅠعܕɭ⏋ɗʶʰɹᣂ྇ˁԊᦲᣂ྇ɭе ᒞɧȿ⏋ࡸᱻࡻɫᬖᇍɇʶɛ᧨Ш০ᣒɲɰɴɹʛװ೑ᇕɲሾᇕଘ೑ณˁ᠗ʠʳጓݭɹӴᦽܕɭ ɹఓᬿɫȡɤɛɭៜʼʶʳ⏏ɗɹଁഗɴࢪɐʳ៿ѝɻɇʚɊʚɫȡʳȵ␩ቿऊ 2000; ˹ʹˎ 2003␭⏋ܕࢃᬚɹఓᬿɹɻɊʚɫ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴܧഀڃዛɹ޽෵ਸˁѳ୫Ɍɩȷɛᅊᅋᓔɹณգȵɰ ɹʭȩɴ᠗ʠʰʶʳɹȴȵᅊᅋܕԒɫɹکᰍɴɲʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ ɄɹʭȩɲႥ໥ɹμɫɻ⏋ڃዛɹ޽෵ਸˁᐣ୫Ɍɩȷɛܧഀሾɹȡʱ౅ȵჿៗɇʶ⏋޽෵ਸ ȵᐁཕᇕɲઝ٢ɞȿɫɻɲȼࡔܧɭɌɩ៿ѝɇʶ⏋ᅊ٨ɹ޽෵ਸˁԊ೑ᢧᅋɭɌɩѳᡸɌɩȷ ɛᅊᅋᓔȵ๭য়ɴеᒞɧȿʰʶʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏̫̠̠ɹڃዛ޽෵ਸɴȲȦɩʢ⏋๴رᇕɲᐁᑅ ɭჼܧɹయ׋͹኏Ц͹ᐁཕᇕᄩޅɴȲȿʳعܩɹеᒞɧȿˁ᠅ʛ⏋Ϻᬚɭඨ႒ɭɹᬠѥɹȋ޽ ෵ਸȍɹઝ٢ᕶкˁکȦሁɐɄɭȵິʠʰʶɩȦʳɹɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏ ଃ̙૛ ೣዣɹӯɴɲʳᠭീɴɻ⏋޽ȼɹลᬠɭᬠѥᓔɹஹ֖ˁ؝ȿɛ⏏ᠭീܩ 1）2）3）8）9）11）ɴȲȿʳ ᠭീɻ⏋౗ೣ࡝᝗୷ᖂЦ͹ၖय़ᅊ႒ᣂ྇቉ድ֖ଁϟ෌ɴʭʳ֖ଁ⏃ȋ̫̠̠ൕݛయ׋ɹ޽෵ਸɴᬠɐʳᦅ ෌ᅊ઴࡝ᇕ⏋຦౏࡝ᇕ቉ድȍБᝠᓔ⏧׌ី֒Υ⏆⏋ᠭീܩ 3）4）6）7）8）ɴȲȿʳᠭീɻ⏋౗ᅋዀ࡝୷

ᖂᢧ܎͹౗ᅋ࡝᝗቉ድ֖ଁɴʭʳ֖ଁ⏃ȋ̫̠̠ɹ̝͍˽̘ˑ˭ͻ˹͚Ͳɴᬠɐʳ຦౏ඨ႒࡝ᇕ቉ድȍБ ᝠᓔ͹׌ី֒Υ⏆ˁ؝ȿɛ⏏ᠭീܩ10）ɴȲȿʳᠭീɻయᨆዀ࡝ህዀ࡝቉ድᢹ֖ଁᩆ⏃ݜᇻ቉ድ (A)⏆ɴ ʭʳȋμ͹׫ᨆˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳܧഀᦅ໬ɹ୫ᐚਸ៿ѝɴᬠɐʳᄩޅᦅ࡝ᇕ቉ድ⏃Бᝠᓔ⏧ᗷೠᗛ⏋ᠩᰍ ᅱش⏧11691186⏆ȍ⏋ᠭീܩ 12）ɭ 13）ɻ⏋ؾȋᅊ༎ᄩޅɭɌɩɹˏ̶͠ˡၖय़ᮒകɴᬠɐʳϺᰖ࡝ᇕ቉ ድ⏃Бᝠᓔ⏧॑ाӵᮁ⏋ᠩᰍᅱش⏧12371004⏆ȍɹᣂᩆஹ֖ˁ؝ȿɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᠶయɹɭʱʚɭʠɹΥᨆɻ⏋ ؾ⏃ᗐଝ቉ድ (B)⏆ɴʭʳȋμ߈ˏ̶͠ˡၖय़ᮒകܩݖɴȲȿʳᦅᓚɭᰩయ׋ɴᬠɐʳܩݖ቉ድ⏃Бᝠᓔ⏧ ࢸഌȴȲʱ⏋ᠩᰍᅱش 16710172⏆ȍɴʭʳ⏏ ᠭീɹᧅ᝔ɴɻ޽ȼɹ౅ɹɅת֐ˁȦɛɞȦɛȵ⏋ϴᨊ߂࡝ؿ᠕ఠஐɹᲞ೴ߑปӴᅊ⏃ଘࣚɻᠭീয়ಁ⏋ Гάɹ౅ʢؾɍ⏆⏋ϴᨊ߂࡝ആ׫ˏ˻ˏ቉ድଘɹᅒμᓚصӴᅊɭ࣢ᅒ֦Ӵᅊɴ႕ɴȲγ᠌ɴɲɤɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ ቉ድˁʚɭʠʳɴȡɛʱ⏋ആϴ߂࡝ആ໽య׋቉ድଘɹഌϥҫӴᅊɭ⏋ᩂᅒልᒶӴᅊ⏋ᗷೠᗛӴᅊˁɻɍʠ ɭɐʳϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡܩݖ቉ድ቉ድዀɹᇖɇ˃ɴ⏋೑ᇰɲ֖ៜˁȦɛɞȦɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋̫ ̠̠቉ድɹӴᥡɫȡʳആϴᦅ෌߂࡝ɹ߃ᩃ࢝Ӵᅊ⏋˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏ͹̓˳ͻ͡ඨ႒ܟɹ̠˽̘ˑˠͲӴᅊ⏋ ͇ͤͻ˹ˏ͹MARDI ɹ˻͇͑̚͡ˑͲӴᅊ⏋̶ˑ̴͠Ͳ͹UPLB ᦅ෌߂࡝ɹ˛˽̴̨Ӵᅊɴɻ⏋ኽɛɠ ɹςҼɌɛ˹Ͳͅ˻˗͌ “Rethinking Banana Domestication: Cultural Perspectives” ɴʢɅؒ֓Ȧɛɞȷ⏋ ޽ȼɹɅఠኍˁȦɛɞȦɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ʼɛɌɛɠɹ̫̠̠቉ድЗᬚɫȡʳ⏋ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ᦅ࡝቉ድዀɹ ܋౅፻ɇ˃⏋߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡܩݖ቉ድ቉ድዀɹиᚹᯀ౩ɇ˃ɻ⏋ᠭീ৿ɹᡴᠶɴᢨ჉Ɍɩȼʶɛ⏏ ɐʏɩɹȲؿմˁȡɁʳɄɭȵɫȷɲȦȵ⏋عᠭീܩɫᠭീɴɅת֐ȦɛɞȦɛ౅Ǿɭ⏋́˽̶̜ˎ͊ ͠ͻɹᇖɇ˃ɴཉȼઢᡚɐʳ⏏ ೎৿ɴ⏋ʼɛɌɛɠɹˡ˗Ͳ̊ͻ̮ͻ̜ɫȡʱ⏋ᠭീɹ᦭μɫਸ਼ᦳɇʶɛ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ͹̅˱˓̦ᦅ෌߂ ࡝ɹ͡Ͳ˪̘͞ˑͤӴᅊɴ⏋ઢᡚɭڂ੹ɹઝˁᝠɌɛȦ⏏ ۀ̙ᄽ̙ည̙ज़ ࡫ཙᧉܩ⏏1981⏏ȋ̅Ͳ˳ͻ͞౏ɹᦅᓚᅊ༎ɭᐁཕ༎֪Ņμ߈ˏ̶͠ˡၖय़ᮒകάɹ္ᅣᦅᓚȍȏ࡚՘Ϻᰖ ࡝ȑ12 (1): 96-183. ߂ആǵ࡯⏏2000⏏ȏ̫̠̠ȑܕ᭬ᦅക෌ת֐תЦ⏏

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Appendix 1 ྾ଝ ͹ᰈ঎⏧1 ᯃ।ɴ޽Ȧǵ2 Υᖔᇕǵ3 ࢹɲȦǵ4 ዎࢹ ͹գᅎ̊˓̺⏃ࡸ⏆⏧A ᅊᰩᅎǵB షჿᅎǵC ᰰ႒ǵD ɗɹЈ ͹˽˱ˏɹ⏃ǵ⏆Ԓɻ̍˙̒˪ͅ˓Ͳ̜⏏೎߂ 15 ͅ˓Ͳ̜ Appendix 1-1. ྾ଝ̙ӎӜ̴ҧҒ͂ҟәӣүӣଯ̞ӐәӖ̓ ID ̠Ͳ̫ͻ ౅ǵǵؿ ଘܧܩ ˰̨͌̊˓̺ ᰈ঎ գᅎ̊˓̺ ˽˱ˏ

MAKL01001 pisang mas AA 1 A, B, C 24.2 (13)

MAKL01002 pisang jelai barangan AAA 1 A, B, C 21.8 (11)

MAKL01003 pisang nangka AAB 1 B 35.8 (13)

MAKL01004 pisang kebatu ABB 1 B 53.1 (13)

MAKL01005 pisang kapas AA 2 A 18.8 (8)

MAKL01006 pisan jelai bunga AAA 2 A, B 21.0 (12)

MAKL01007 pisang raja AAB 2 A, B 37.5 (12)

MAKL01008 pisang kelat klin AAB 2 A 41.3 (12)

MAKL01009 pisang kelat lega ABB 2 B, C 55.5 (10)

MAKL01010 pisang lemak manis AA 3 A, B, C 19.1 (11)

MAKL01011 pisang gaso AA 3 A 23.1 (13)

MAKL01012 pisang kapal AAA 3 A, B 25.0 (13)

MAKL01013 pisang kage AAA 3 A, B 20.7 (10)

MAKL01014 pisang tanduk AAB 3 B 48.8 (4)

MAKL01015 pisang galo1 BB? 3 B 75.0 (2)

MAKL01016 pisang galo2 —3

4 B 70.0 (3)

MAKL01017 pisang perak AA 4 A 17.3 (13)

MAKL01018 pisang jari bwaya AA 4 A 18.0 (10)

MAKL01019 pisang kelat jambi AAB or ABB 4 A 33.5 (13)

MAKL01020 pisang kelat air1

AAA or AAB 4 - 20.0 (12)

MAKL01021 pisang raga AAA 4 B 23.8 (12)

MAKL01022 pisang kebatu abu2

ABB 4 — 60.0 (2)

MAKL01023 pisang raja hijau AAA or AAB 4 — 20.0 (1)

MAKL01024 pisang grasil AAA or AAB 4 — 20.0 (1)

MAKL01025 pisang aleng - 4 A, B 15.0 (1)

1⏧ᘽɹʛᚫᅎɴգᅎ 2⏧ᮁᖽইɹʛᰩᅎ