Anodic Oscillations and Noise Generated in Glass Bulb Mercury Arc Rectifiers 利用統計を見る

Anodic Oscillations and Noise Generated in

Glass Bulb Mercury Arc Rectifiers

KOSAKUAIKAWA

(Received September 10, 1965)

CONTENTS

TABLE OF PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS

ABSTRACTS

INTRODUCTION

RECTIFIE食S UNDER EXPERIMENTS

OUTLINES OF PHENOMENA

1． II． III．  1． 2． 3． 4． 5． 6． 7． 8． 9． 10． 11． 12． IV． 1． 2． 3． 4．

      PART I．  OSCILLATIONS

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

OUTLINE OF OSCILLATIONS

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Waveforms

The Generation and Variation of Fluctuations and Oscillations The Effect of Arc Current The Effect of Temperature or Vapor Pressure The Effect of Residual Gas Pressure The Effect of Magnetic Field The Effect of High Frequency Field The Effect of Shunt Capacitance The Effect of Series Resistance The Variation of Light Intensity of the Glow near the Anode

Measurements by Probes

The Relation between DC Arc Voltage and Fluctuation or OsciUation Voltage

DISCUSSION

The Position Where Fluctuations or Oscillations are Generated An Inference on the Mechanism of Fluctuations or Oscillations Properties of Fluctuations properties of Oscillations 1． II． 1． 2．

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Waveforms

Noise Voltage RART II．

_NOISE

Anodic Oscillations and Noise Generated in Glass・Bulb Mercury Arc Rectifiers 3． 4． III， 1． 2． 3． 4． Noise Field SupPression of Noise

DISCUSSION

AComparison betWeen DC and AC Operation

The Effect of Arc Current AComparison b6伽een the States of Fixed and Free Cathode SpOt AComparison b白Ween the States with and without Oscillations

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

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仇 初

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N

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R

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7− S       TABLE OF PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS differential ionization coefficient normalized to pressure of l mmHg

magnetic flux density Wb／m2

capacitance  μF ambipolar diffusion coefficient  m2／sec electronic charge （＝1．60×10・−1g coul） frequency  c／s， kc／s（c and kc are used at time in figurers．）

conductance  mho

arc or anode curfbnt  amp， ma（A and mA are uミed at times in figures．）

probe current  ma

        mean SqUare nOISe CUrrent Boltzmann constant（＝1．380×10−23 joule／°K） constant

inductance  μH

mass  g

factor density（concentration）of electron  number／cm3 nOiSe VOItage   VOIt mean total number of electrons terminal noiSe voltage   volt ’plasma potehtial respect to anode   volt available noise power  watt

dc power  watt

pressure， reduced pressure  mmHg radius of positive column  cm， m re・sistance   ohm radius of glow ball cm， m radius of brighter region of glow ball cm， m temperature  °C，°K wall tempetture near anode  oC       783

Dec．1965． Reports of the Faculty of Engineering， Yamanashi University

No．16

Te

Tz

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Tp

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Vi

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A

λ λ，o ）Le μe μP Vi τ，τ1 τ0 ω       cm or mmHg is occasionally used according to the conventionar usage in the field of gaseous discharge・       ．        Photographs are placed in several groups in the paper． The types of the figures mustrated with photographs are italicized in the main body of the paper（e． g． Fig．1−2）． electron temperature  °K ion temperature  °K wall temperature at cathode  °C wall temperature arround positive column  °C period of fluctuations or oscillations   sec diffusion time  sec ロ         ひ       エ 10nlZatlOn tlme  SeC        ・ voltage  volt（V is used at times in figures・） ionization potential （voltage）   volt probe potential   volt average thermal velocity  m／s

external impedance  ohm

internal impedance  ohm  ’ characteristic diffusion length m

meanfreepath m

mean free path at O°C and lmmHg  m mean free path of electron  m mobility of electron  m2 volt−1sec−1 mobaity of positive ions  m2 volt−1sec−1 ion pairs produced per electron per second mean life time of ion or electron density  sec mean free time of electron  sec angular frequency ＝2πf   rad／sec    The m． k． s． system of units is mainly used but

Abgtracts

       Voltage oscillations and noise occur generally in low pressure gaseous discharges． In glass bulb mercury arc rectifiers， oscillations and noise are generated the same as．in the other discharge tubes， for example fluorescent lamps． The properties of oscillations and noise were observed with oscilloscopes or synchroscope at several rectifiers・and the frequency spectrum of radio noise was measured by noise meters．         The oscillations are anodic oscillations generated in anode region． They have two types， one of which is low frequency pulsatory （tarely saw−tooth wave）fluctuation having frequency below 10 kc／s and peak to peak amplitude below several volts qnd the other is high frequency quasi−sinusoidal oscillation having frequency about 100 kc／s and the same amplitude as the former． Low frequency fluctuations are generated in some rectifiers in a range of arc current， ambient temperature or residual gas pressure， accompanied by a faint glow which surrounds a cylindrical anode． High frequency oscillations appear very stably in other rectifiers， accompanied by a bright glow ball contacting on’the front surface of the

Anodic Oscillations and Noise Generated in Glass Bulb Mercury Arc Rectifiers anode． Frequency of two types of oscillations is affected by arc current， ambient tempera− ture， residual gas pressure， magnetic field or parallel connected capacitor． On the hypothesis that these oscillations are periodic repititions of generation of excess ions and the decay， of ion density by ambipolar diffusion， the life time of ion can be calculated．、The frequencies calculated on some assumptions appreqiably agree well with experimental results．         The noise has a continuous spectrum， which is such that the noiSe intensity gradually decreases with hi gher frequencies in the broadcast band and becomes weaker in the short wave band． It varies with the arc current and the ambient temperature． The suppression of noise is achieved， in addition・to shunting the arc w．ith a capacitor， by anchoring the cathode spot or eliminating anodic oscillations．

INTRODUCTION

        Voltage oscillations and noise are generated in low pressure gaseous discharges． They have been surveyed by Crawford and Kino1）． Besides the survey， many papers have been presented、 on the oscillations and noise， especially on those in fluorescent lamps・2）一一19） Oscillations and noise have been also discussed in symposia held in this country．＊Recently， voltage oscillations and instabilities have been found．also ih’ ’ thermi’onic plasma diode for direct energy conversion and in a plasrna located in a magnetic field． OscillationS are found in various gaseous discharges：glow， arc or plasma；cold， hot or pool type cathode；inert gases or mercury vqpor；low， high or atmospheric pressure． But many still remain to be 1

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、． 85 一 Fig． O−3   REC．8    ｛UNrr‘mm｝ Rectifier B ac December ，1958 at Tokyo and December，1959 at Kyoto under the auspices of JRED・ 」85

Dec．1965． Reports of the Faculty of Engineering， Yamanashi Un輌versity

_No．16

clarified， except in fluorescent lamps．        It was found by’the author that voltage oscillations aPpeared in a glass bulb mercury arc rectifier．20）Many rectifiers have been tested and found to produce osci1− lations．21）・22） This paper is a synthesis including above three papers and the eight reports presented at the conventions on Inst．、Elec． Engrs． Japan and Phys Soc． Japan．23）−30） It describes the experimental results on oscillations and noise， and theoretical calculations based・upOn the hypothesis that these oscillations are periodic r’epititions of gener・ation of excess ions and the decay of ion density caused by ambipolar diffusion near the anode． To investigate the properties of the oscillations has an academic value to clarify an unveiled field in all the oscillations in gaseous discharge or plasma． Noise causes radio interference l）ut the property of noise is not always clear． It is necessary to examine physically or teChnically its property in order to supPress the radio interference． It is the object of this paper to clarify the properties and mechanism of oscillations and noise in mercury arc rectifiers．

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．Anodic Oscillations and Noise Generated in Glass Bulb Mercury Arc Recti−fiers        RECTIFIER8 UNDER EXPERIMENTS         Rectifiers under experiments are denoted as A， B， C， D， E， F， G and H． Their photographs are shown in Fig．0−1， except rectitiers D and E． rhey are shown diagrammatically in Fig．0−2 to Fig．0−9． They have a glass bulb and graphite anodes and some have additional excitation anodes． Anodes are cylindrical， about one cm in diameter and three to four cm in length， except in rectifier G and臼． Details of anodes in rectifier A are shown in Fig．0−10． They are rated at several ampeqrs per anode． Rectifier A，C， G and H are commercial ones made by manufactory， Matsuda， Nihon Denchi， Nihon Musen and Matsuda， respectively， Rectifier C is named as SEN 15−35． Rectifier G is an ignitron， A type Sendaitron named as WK−2010Z， Rectifier G is an三gnitron named as m− 2002．Rectifier B， D， E and F are made in Hoshiai Laboratory in the Institute of Industrial Science， University of Tokyo qnd are evacuated by vacuum pumps except B， and the cathode spot is fixed by ancho￡s in them． Rectifier E has three probes and F has three pairs of double probe in an anode arm． Rectifier F and vacuumβquipment are shown in Fig． O−一一11． The rating of all the rectifiers is given in Table O−1．        OUTLINES OF PHENOMENA        Oscillations belong in anodic oscillations which are generated in anode region． They have two types・one of which is low frequency pulsatory（rarely saw−tooth wave）fluctuation

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187

Dec．1965． Reports of the Factiltyσf Engineering， Yamanashi University No．16 （in this paper， it is called bfiefly‘‘．fluctuation”）having frequency below about 10 kc／s and peak．t・peak（P−P）・mplitud・b・1・w・ev・・ql y・lt・， acc・mpapi・d by・f・int gl・w whi・h ，urr。undS a cylind，i・al・n・d・；and・h…h・・i・high f・equ・ngY qu・・i−・inu・’・id・1・S・ill・・i・n （in thi・頑， i・i・call・輌・fly・i・・ciU・・i・n”in a narr・w・en・e）h・vi・9 f・eq亘・n・y・f ・b・u・…k・／ミ・nd th・・am・qmpli・・d・q・・h・f・rm…acc・mp・ni・岬・b・ight gl・w b・ll （・n・d・・p・t，）in f・・6・・f’・与e cylind・i・al・n・de c・ntac・ing・n a・・ncav・・f itr． Typi・al waveforms；f‘‘fluctuation”and‘‘oscillation”voltage and the outside view near the anode are illustrat6d in Fig．0−121”The light intensity varies with‘‘fluctuation”and‘‘gscillation．” Pig。。。’E二i3㍉sh。w，・ypi・aゴW・v・f・・m・・f・flu・・u・・i・n”・・1・・g・with acc・mp・nyi・g…i・ti頭 。f ligh， iぷ，i・y． Figorre・一・4・h・ws1 ih・・e f・・・…cill・・i・h”・In th…cill・9・am・in thir paper， the》oltage， current and light intensity increase in the upward direction．     、「         L・Wf・equ・n・y・輌U・・ig・・”・・eg・n・・a・・d i「i・i・…i・t・d・ang・・f・・c curren・・ a頑6nt t・mp・r・・u・e and・e・idu・l g・・p・essure in 9・m…6・ifi・・s・High f・equen・y“Cr・iL l≒ti・n…pP？・・v・・y…bly．in・・her・ec・ifi・f・・．Th・f・eq・・n・y・nd・mpli・udr・Te aff・・t・胆 ’UNIT：mm   φ

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Anodic Oscillations and Noise Generated in Glass Bulb Mercury Arc Rectifiers、 arc current， ambient temperature， residual gas pressure， magnetic field， or shunt cap− aCltor．         On the hypothesis that these oscil− lations are periodic repititions of gener− ation of excess ions and the decay of ion density by ambipolar diffusion， the life time of ions can be calculated． The frequen− cies calculated on some assumptions fairly agree with experimental results・        Anodic oscillations’are a cause of radio noise． Figure O−15 shows typical waveforms of valvevoltage in full wave r’?モ狽奄?奄モ≠狽奄盾氏@and noise voltage at high frequency amplifier stage of radio noise meter． Figure O−16 shows the relation between the ‘‘fluctuation” and ‘‘oscill− altion”voltage and noise voltage． Besides the angdic oscillations， the discharge from the anode to cathcde causes the radio aZlv一 蔚 〉．．．   ・−23 REC． A Fig． ₀₋₁₀     88−一一一一一叶     EXCITATION   ANODE Anodes of rectifier  A Table．0−I The rating of rectifiers Rec．

A

C

Manufact．

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Nihon

Denchi

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Type

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G

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Type

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Cathode

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B

D

Laboratory   −made im，t． of Ind． Sci．， Univ． of Tok、 o Inst． ot lnd． Sci．， Univ． of

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Inst． ot Ind， Sci．， Univ． of

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3single probes 3pairs of d・uble pr・be 10 10 10

189

Dec．1965． Reports of the Faculty of Erig’奄`berihg， Yam庄na砲i Uft｛Ve f’sltY’

_No．16

noise． The noise has a cont輌nuous spectrum which▲s sueh that the noise intensitY gradually decreases with higher frequencies in the broadcast barid and becomes weaker in the short wave band， and generally decreases ds the arc current increases or the ambient temperature rises． The suppression of noise is achieved， in addition to shunting the arc or the supply lines with a capacitor， by anchoring the cathode spot or by elirninating the anode oscillations．        「ノ、 i… ●‘．‘ toint 91。w

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Fig・O−・2 Th・wavef・rm・．・f f1・・・…i…nd・・cill・・i・n ・p．1・・ge a・d       the outside view of the glow near the anode l

PART I．

_{OSCILI」ATIONS}

       1．EXPERIMENTAL・METHOD        The exp・・im・n・・1・r・a・g・m・n・i・rhgwn i・Fi94−1・Th・val…w・・e f・d wi・h direct current ordinally supPlied from a dc generator with a few exception fed withトac power supPly・Some experiments were done being fed with a SCR power supPly or batteries． 1b pumPS。nd Mcし．。d gauge X        Pos lgnition    rod MereUry   Fig． ₁₋₁

メ9

Photornul＞iPlier Synchroscop●

○

Experimental arrangement （Rec． F） 十 There is no difference in the waveforms of oscillations by using any power supPly． The variations of voltage， current or light intensity were observed with oscilloscopes or synchroscope and the amplitude and the frequency of oscillations were measured by them． The oscilloscopes used were Matsuda television oscillos’cope SP−1224B， Toshiba MiniOscillo一

Anodic Oscillations and Noise Generated in Glass Bulb Mercury Arc Rectifiers o「  》ぴヅ鴫 諺 i饗 鎌 ソ 態毛骸塁影▽芸・“  く裳や。    c，） Rec． A Rec． B 萎 Rec． C

壕

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護灘叢一鞭．

i嚢 Rec． F 柵 嚢

鑛

難 1 Rec． G Rec． H Fig．0−1． Rectifiers

191

r）ec． 1965． _{Reports of the Faculty of Engineering， Yamanashi University}

_No．16

Fig．0−11． Rectifier F and vacuum    ．_eqUlpment Rec． B，1A＝6 amp voltage scale for 1． 5 volt／div． ti me scale 200μsec／div． Rec． C，1「A ＝5 amp voltage sca｜e for 1． 5volt／div． tillle scale  200μsec／div． Rec F， anode A3，IA＝4．9 amp voltage scale for 1． 5 volt／div． time scale 100μsec／div． 1． 2． upper trace lower trace        Rec． F， anode A 3，1A＝6．95 amp        voltage scale for 1． 5 、 olt／div．        time scale 500μsec／div． fluctuation voltage variation of light intenslty Fig．0−13． Typical waveforms of fluctuation voltage and variation of light intensity

Anodic Oscillations and Noise Generated in Glass Bulb Mercury Arc Rectifiers Rec． A，1A＝3 amp voltage scale for 1． 5 volt／div． time scale  5 μsec／div． 1． 2． Rec． C，1A＝3 amp voltage scale for 1，． 1 volt／div． time scale 5μsec／div． upper trace lower trace Fig． O−14． Rec． F， OSCillatiOn vOltage variation of light intensity Typical waveforlns of oscillation voltage and variation of】ight intensity          1A＝一＝4 amp voltage scale for 2． 2 volt／div．        free spot 1． 2． Fig．0−15． upper trace lower trace 1A＝5 amp 2volt／div． 1A＝6 amp O．2volt／div． fixed spot valve voltage， scale 20 volt／div． noise voltage at high frequency amplifier stage（600 kc／s） Typical waveforms of valve voltage in full wave rectification and noise voltage at high frequency amplifier stage（Reぐ， F）．

193

Dec．1965． Reports of the Faculty of Engineering， Yamanashi University

_No．16

  Rec． B， fluctuation，6amp voltage scale for 1．  5 volt／div．       for 2． 20 volt／div． 1． upper trace 2． lower trace Fig．0−16．    Rec． A， oscillation，4amp   Rec、 F， oscillation，4amp       5volt／div．      5volt／div．       5volt／div．       20 volt／div． flUCtUatiOn Or OSCillatiOn VOItage noise voltage at high frequency amplifier stage（600 kc／s） Typical waveforms of fluctuation and oscillation voltage and noise voltage at high frequency amplifier stage Rec． B Rec． F， anode A3 Rec． C    Rec． F， anode A3 with shunt capacitance Rec． F， anode A3 Rec． G Rec． F， anode A3 Rec． H Rec． H translent Rec．

_A

Rec． F， anode Al at higher ternparature Fig。1−2． （a）  fluctuation Rec． C Rec． F， anode A1 Rec． F， anode A3    Rec．       （b）  oscillation F，anode A3 Rec． F， anode Al at higher lemperature Typical waveforms of fluctuation and oscillation voltage

Anodic Oscillations and Noise Generated in Glass Bulb Mer’bury Arc Rectifiers scope STr1612， and Kikusui oscilloscope OP−31C which have 75・cm CRT． They were、 used at early experiments． Dual trace exchanger was adapted if necessary． Synchroscope， Iwasaki SS−5102 with two channel was used at later experiments． The wall temperature was measured with thermometer placed on the wall near the cathode and anode． The residual gas pressure was lneasured by a McLeod gauge for rectifiers E and F． The experi− ments were done ordinally at the residual gas pressure around 10−4；nmHg． The，light intensity of discharge was picked up by photomultiplier tube CRO−931VA． To compare simultaneously the variation of light intensity of the two positions in the dischage， two photomultiplier tubes were used． The inner states of discharge was measured by the probes for rectifiers E and F． The diameter of the anode spot was measured by cathetometer．        II． OUTLINE OF OSCILLATIONS   1．Rectfier A         There exist stable‘‘osc三llations”having frequency of about 100 kc／s and amplitude of several volts p−p at each anode， accompanied by a bright glow ball in front of the anode， The frequency somewhat increases as the current increases． It decreases as the temperature， the longitudinal magnetic field or the shunt capacitance inCreases． The oscillations are easily reproductive within a certain range of frequency and amplitude．   2． Rectifier B         There appear‘‘fluctuation’s”with frequency of 2−3 kc／s and amplitude of about 10 volts p−p at each anode in a restrict range of current and temperature． The frequency decreases as the temperature increases．       ‘   3． Rectifier C         This is an old rectifier with dirty mercury and wall．‘‘Fluctuations” are generated at a smaller current and ‘‘oscillations” rarely found in a narrow range of current and temperature．   4．Rectifier D         ‘‘Fluctuations” having frequency below 10 kc／s and a裏nplitude of several volts’p−p are generated in a range of current， temperature and resldual gas pressure． They perfectly disappear in a lower residual gas pressure． The frequency decreases as the current， the tem− perature・the magnetic field or the shgnt capacitance increase8・and decreqses as the residual gas pressufe decreases． The‘‘fluctuations”are reproductive with a wide deviati6p of frequency when the current， the temperature or the re．sidual gas pressure is varied， perhaps because of evacuation type．      1      ．   5． Rectifier E        ‘‘Oscillations”having frequency of about 110kc／s and amplitude of 4．5 volts p−p’ apPear stably・at an anode． ミ   6． Rectifier F        ‘‘Osc川ations”having frequency of about 130 kC／s and ampli．tude of 4．5 volts p−p appear stably at anode Al． They disappear in’arange of．lower current or lower residual gas pressure． The frequency increases as the current or the residual gas pressure increases． It decreases as the longitudinal magnetic field or the shunt capacitance inCrease『．“OsciL la， tions’， having frequency of about 135 kc／s and amplitude of 5 volts p−p rarely：apPear at       J95

Dec．1965． Reports of the Faculty of Engineering， Yamanash i University ．No．16 anode A2． ‘‘Oscillations” or “fluctuations” apPear unstably at the anode A3 which lies beneath the top of the cooling dome．

  7．Rectifier G      コ

       This is an ignitron called“A type Sendaitron”which has a field type．ignitor． There apear‘‘oscillations”having．frequency of 3e‘一一70 kc／s and amplitude of 7−9 volts p−P・ accompanied by a large glow ball．‘‘Oscillations’， turn into‘‘fluctuations，， by forced heating， with the glow baU lost． According to the motion of free spot and a short distance between the anode and cathode，‘‘oscillations”are too unstable to measure the frequency．   8．Rectifier H        This is an old ignitron which is ill vacuum and has dirty mercury and walL There exist relatively stable‘‘fluctuations”having frequency of O，5−2 kc／s and amplitude of 5−7 volts p−p with a glow rotating arround the anode．         As above mentioned，‘‘oscillations”are generated in rectifiers A， C， E， F and G and‘‘fluctuations，’are in B， C， D， F and H． Details will be mentioned on‘‘fluctuations，， for rectifier D or C and oscillations for A， F or C．

III． EXPERIMENTAL RESULT S

       1．Waveform8        “Fluctuations” have generally pulsatory waveforms． ‘‘Osc川ations” have quasi− sinusoidal waveforms with somewhat peak top and flat base． They are shown in兄g．1−2． When the arc is shunted by a capacitor or the valve is heated， the waveforms appfeciably vary as shown in Fig．1−2（Rec． F）． The waveforms of the current variation corresponding to the voltage variation are shown in Fig．1−3． upper trace ： fluctuation or       oscillation voltage lOwer traCe ：CUrrent variation Rec． C， anode A1  （a）  fluctuation Rec． A， anode A I Rec． Fig． 1−3 A，anode A2 Rec． C， anode Al Rec． F， anode Al Rec．        （b）  fluctuation   Fluctuation and oscillation voltage and current variation F，anode A3

2． The Generation．and Variation of

   Fluctilations and Oscillations 1． Fluctuations   （1）Rectifi’er D      There is no ‘‘ ?撃浮モ狽浮≠狽奄盾氏h in a certain range of current， temperature and residual

Anodic Oscillations and Noise Generated in Glass Bulb Mercury Arc Rectifiers gas pressure−generally at smaller current， lower temperature and lower residual gas pressure・ As the current increases， the temperature rises or the residual gas pressure increases there begins noisy pulse with a constant amplitude but different periods， the anode being suddenly covered with a faint glow． Noisy pulse is gradually put in order with the same period and turns to periodic‘‘fluctuations，’． If the current or the ambient temperature decreases， or the residual gas pressure increases， the‘‘fluctuations”gradually go out of order and disapPear after the lapse of noisy pulse and the glow arround the anode becomes extinct． The‘‘fluctu− ations”disappear in the range of smaller and larger current or lower and higher tempera− ture．     （2） Rectifier C        Figure 1−4 shows a domain where‘‘fluctuations”are generated when the valve is heated． Figure 1−5 shows the variation of waveforms with temperature at a constant current 5ampere． The‘‘fluctuations”appear at a smaller current or a higher temperature．     （3） Rectifier F       ，        At anode A3 which lies beneath the top of the cooling dome，‘‘oscillations，’appear unstably． The oscillatory phenomena are exceptional． There was a crack on the anode stem in the early experiments． The stem was bent at the crack half way in the experiments． The state of discharge near the anode differed after the bending． We denote the state before the bending by the case （a） and the state after th（▲bending｝）y the case （b）・       （a）An glow is accompanied by“oscillations”or‘‘fluctuations”． When the glow apPears on the front surface of the anode， the ‘‘oscillations’， are unstably generated        and not sustained． When the glow appears  120

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197

Dec．1965． Reports of the Faculty of Engineering， Yamanashi University

No．16

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Anodic Oscillations and Noise Gcndrated in Glass Bulb Mercury Arc Rectifiers

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Dec．1965． Reports of the Faculty of Engineering， Yamanashi Univer．sity No．16 variation of waveforms with temperatgre at a constant current 4 amperes．     （2）Rectifier G         Figure 1−12 shows domains where‘‘oscillations”or‘‘fluctuations”appear． Figure 1−13shows the variation of waveforms at a constant current 8 amperes．       3． The Effect of Current   1． Fluctuations     （1）Rectifiel D         Figure 1−14 shows the variation of frequency and arc voltage as a function of arc current which decreases and中en increases． The amplitude is arround five volts． Figure 1＿15 shows an example of the effect of arc current on the frequency at nearly constant temperature of the valve in a short time． Figure 1−16 shows the relation between the current and the frequency after the equilibrium of wall temperature has reached at each current． The frequency decreases as the current increases．     （2）Rectifier H         Figure 1−17 to Fig．1−19 show the effect of arc current on the arc voltage drop， amplitude and frequency with cathode temperature or vapor pressure as parameter・measured at each・current in a short time in which the cathode temperature is held nearly constant・ The frequency decreas『s as the current increases．  20 ε al81 昆：   コId 渓 ） c・14 ＞ o eq 12 ＜ w、  t ＼＼      REC，H  ら ）N  ㊦、・、 t−一”Slヤーへ

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Dec．1965． Reports of the Faculty of Engineering， Yamanashi University

_No．16

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Apodic Oscillations and Noise Generated in Glass Bulb Mercury Arc Rectifiers ゆ lncreases．     （3）Rectifier G        Figure 1−−35 shows the effect of temperature on the arc voltage drop and amplitude with arc current as parameter．       5． The Effect of Residual Gas Pres8ure        The dependence on residual gas pressure was measured only for rectifier D and F， because they are of evacuation type．   1． Fluctuations        An example for rectifier D is shown by the line（a）in Fig．1−36． The frequency decreases as the residual gas pressure decreases． The ‘‘fluctuations” stop at a lower gas pressure， out of the figure．   2． Oscillations        Figure 1−37 and Fig．1−38 shows the effect of residual gas pressure on the amplitude

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Dec．1965． Reports of the Faculty of Engineering， Yamanashi University

No．16

3 ら_ぐ 呈2 ） 治 話

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Anodic O8cillations and Noise Generated in Glass Bulb Mercury Arc Rectifiers  by a coil located arround the anode arm．    1． Fluctuations      （1） Rectifier C          Figure 1−39 shows the relation between the frequency and the magnetic flux  density with arc current as parameter． Figure 1−40（a）shows the wavefolms of“fluctu−  ations”in different magnetic fields． The values of current show the exciting current through  the coil． Figure 1−40（b）shows the disturbance of waveforms with a bar magnet kept  near the anode．

     （2）Rectifier D       ’

        When a horseshoe magllet is moved along the anode arm， the waveform varies  appreciably as illustrated in Fig．1−41．    2． Oscillations      （1）Rectifier A         Figure 1−42 shows the effect of longitudinal magnetic field with arc current as parameter． 」Figure 1−43 shows the waveforms of‘‘oscillations”at different longitudinal magnetlc fields．“Oscillations，， disappear in a very large magnetic field． Rarely，‘‘oscilla− tions”reappear in a very large magnetic field． The frequency decreases as the magnetic  flux density increases．      （2） Rectifier C         Figure 1−44 shows the effect of longitudinal magnetic field．‘‘Oscillations”stop and turn to‘‘fluduations” as the magnetic field increases． Figure 1−45（a） shows the waveforms at differeht exciting currents through the coil．‘‘Oscillations，， disappear at large・ exciting current． Figure 1−−45（b）shows the waveforms of‘‘oscillations”disturbed with a bar magnet kept near the anode．      （3） Rectifier F         Figure 1・−46 shows the effect of magnetic flux density on t｝le amplitude and ’frequency． The frequency gradually decreases as the flux density increases．        7．The Effect of High Frequency Field        When a high frequency field of 17 Mc／s is imposed in the anode region of rectifier A，the amplitude changes from 7．2 volts to 4．8 volts． When high frequency and high intensity field is imposcd by a tesla coil in the anode region of rectifier A，‘‘oscillations” are apt to transit to ‘‘fiuctuations” and the ‘‘fluctuations，’ are disturbed・ Figure 1−47 shows the disturbance of the waveform．       8． The E］ffect of Shunt Capacitor        The effect of capacitor parallelly connected with the arc was examined．   1． Fluctuations     （1） Rectifier C        Figure 1−−48 shows the variation of waveforms of“fluctuations”with the shunt capacltance・    ・       ，  ．     （2）Rectifier H        207

Dec．1965． Reports of the Faculty of Engineering， Yamanashi University

_No．16

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Anodic Oscillations and Noise Generated in Glass Bulb Mercury Arc Rectifiers        Fig蹴61−49 shows those for rectifier H． Figure 1−50 shows an examp｜e of the effect of shunt capacitance upon the arc voltage drop， amplitude and frequency． The frequency decreases as the capacitance increases．   2． Oscillations     （1）Rectifier A        Figure 1−51 shows the effect of shunt capacitance on the amplitude and frequency with arc current as parameter． The amplitude is nearly constant， but the frequency decreases as the capacitance increεses．1 he ef∫ect cf capacitance was examined in detail． The‘‘oscil− lation”voltage and the capacitor current i， were observed in a circuit shown in Fig．1−52． The results are shcwn in Fig．1−一一53． Figure 1−53（a）shows examples of the case of Rc＝3・3 0hm． The capacitcr current varies its“aveforms． Figule 1−53（b）shows the case where

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209

Dec．1965． Reports of the Faculty of Engineering， Yamanashi University

_No．16

g． The Effect of Series Resistance        An external series resistance was varied at a constant current under different supPlied voltages．   1． Fluctuations     （1） Rectifier C        Figure 1−58 shows the effect of resistahce on the amplitude and frequency． They are nearly COnStant．     （2）Rectifier D        The similar results are obtained for rectifier D． 4・  3 需 、 ⇔

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  く J    O    IO    20    30   40       RESISTANCE   （ohm） Fig． 1−60  Amplitude and frequncy of        OSclllatiOns vS． serieS        resistance（Rec． C）．

Anodic Oscillations and Noise Generated in Glass Bulb Mercury Arc Rectifiers

TA

20°C       220°C Oscillation starts． 225°C Fig．1−5． 45°C   223°C Oscillation 140°C       225°C FIuctuation starts． 160°C 225°C         225°C       ／A＝5amp Effect of temperature on oscillations and fluctuations（Rec． C）．

TK

30cC 60°C 40°C 65°C 50°C 55°C 90°C Fig．1−7．       1A＝4amp Effect of temperature on fluctuations（Rec． H）．

211

Dec．1965． Reports of the Facutly of Engineering，・Yamanashi University・ No．16

TA

20°C 206°C 80°C 208°C Fig．1−11． 152°C   190°C equilibrium        209°C      209°C       Oscillation stops．       1A＝4 amp Effect of temperature on oscillations（Rec． A）     204°C forced heating Tκ 20°C      Fig．1−13． 40°C      50°C       50°C       expanded time scele        ／A＝8amp Effect of temperature on fluctuations∂nd oscitlations（Rec． G） 60°C

Oamp

B・・m・g…§

0．2amp       O．4 amp       O．8 arnp         （a） longitudinal magnetic field kept near． 1．Oa二np cl       （b） transverse magnetic field Fig．1−−40． Effect of magnetic fieユd on． fluctuations（Rec． C）