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(1)

Society for the Study of Pali and Buddhist Culture

Society for theStudy of Pali and Buddhist Culture

<tR

g>

Modes

ofExistence

ofVillage

Monastery

in

Bangladesh

-A

Case

Dilip

Kumar

Barua

1.

Introduction

The

Buddhist

community(i)of

Bangladesh

comprises various ethnic

minority

groups,

such as

Barua,

RakhainllV[arma,

Chakma

etc.

They

reside

in

different

regions, speak

different

language

and

have

different

food,

dress

and

popular

culture.

But

they

fo11ow

the

Theravada

Buddhism

and nowadays

Bangladesh

is

considered as one of

the

strong

grounds

fbr

Theravada

Buddhism.

The

Barua

community mainly resides

in

Chittagong

region,

the

south-eastern side of

Bangladesh

geographical

identity

In

this

paper

I

will examine,

through

a case studM

the

modes of existence ofvillage

monastery ofBarua community

in

Bangladesh.

The

study

is

mainly

based

on

field

wotk rather

textual

and

I

here

tried

to

draw

a

pen

picture

ofmodes ofexistence ofvillage monasteries ofBarua

community) as

they

are,

through

presenting

two

models of

two

Nikayas.

The

reason of selection of

these

two

monasteries

is

that

they

contains

characteristic of standard monastery.

2.

Administration

of

the

Sangha

and

Problems

of

the

Study

The

monastic

life

of

this

country

is

regulated

by

the

guide

line

of

fbur

Nikayas

(group

of

Bhiklthu

Sangha)

along with

Patimolddia

rules.

They

(2)

98

2<-V\thutSlILee

Nikaya.

The

Bhiklchus

of

Barua

community conducted

their

monastic

life

and activities under

the

supervision and regulations of

Sangharaja

and

Mahasthavira

Nikaya.

It

is

noted

that

except a

few

exception,

the

activities

undertaken

in

all monasteries of

Bangladesh

have

the

same

pattern.

Every

Nikaya

has

a similar

Goveming

or

Administrative

Bodys

which

directs

the

Bhiklchus

of respective

Nikaya.

It

is

headed

by

a

High

Priest,

called

Sangharaja

or

Mahasanghanayaka

and some

Deputy

High

Priest

called

Anunayaka.

These

dignitaries

are elected

by

a

general

assembly of

the

Bhikkhus

of

the

respective

Nikaya.

Besides,

Nayakaya

Thera

of each

Nikaya

has

a

Secretary.

A

Karakasanghasabha,

consisting of

11・

to

13

rnembers,

i.e.,

an acting ecclesiastical council under

the

presidency

of

Nayaka,

Theras,

exercises all ecclesiastical

jurisdictions

and

decides

over

important

matters of

the

sangha.

The

members of

the

Karaka-sanghasabha

are elected

for

a

period

of

three

years

by

clergies of respective

Nikaya,

whereas

the

Nayaka

Theras

are elected

fbr

life

time

by

virtue of

their

seniority which

is

counted

by

rain-retreat

that

has

in

their

credit.

Moreover,

every

Nikaya

has

some regional committees

that

control

the

Bhilclchus

at

the

regional

level.

Though

the

Monastic

life

of

Bangladesh

is

regulated under

the

supervision of

Nikaya,

it

is,

however,

a matter of

pity

that

there

are no

authentic official records

to

know

the

exact number ofbhiltkhu-samaneras,

monasteries and activities of

the

sangha.(2)

Even,

there

is

no other

public

or

Govemment

institution

to

keep

of

the

same.

In

Bangladesh,

there

is

a convention

that

each

male member of

Buddhist

family

ought

to

live

monastic

life

as

Bhildthu

or

Samanera

for

a

period

of at

least

seven

days

in

any monastery)

but

there

is

no record of such

temporary

religious

personalities.(3)

Moreover,

there

are no records as

to

how

many

peoples

are

entering

into

the

sangha and

how

many clergies are

disrobing.

Indeed,

it

is

very

important

task

to

maintain a record

fbr

religious statistics.

As

a result,

(3)

Society for the Study of Pali and Buddhist Culture

Society for theStudyof Pali and BuddhistCulture

Modes of Existenceof VillageMonasteryinBangladesh

99

3.

Statistical

Information

ofVillageMonastery

Here

a statistical

data

is

furnished

as

to

the

Monastery

and

Bhiklthu-samanera of

Chittagong

region

from

some

incomplete

research work and

institutional

source.(4)

Place

MonasteryBhikldius

Samaneras

Raozan

Police

Station

Rangunia

Police

Station

FaticehariPoliceStation

Hatazari

Police

Station

Patiya

Police

Station

BoalkhaliPolice

Station

Anoara

Policew

Station

Chandanaish

PoliceStation

Satkania

Police

Station

Lohagara Police

Station

Bariskhali

Police

Station

Sitakundu

PeliceStation

Mirersarai

Police

Station

Chittagong

[[bwn

(including

Chandgaon

Police

Station)

874717114224830111654915

1326822156228123412171041225

164592011502616301017114450

Tbtal

326

453

472

4.

Modes

ofExistence ofVillage

Monastery

GenerallM

a village monastery consists of:

boundary

wall, an entrance

gate,

prayer

hall

along with shrine altar,

donation

box,

monastic abodes,

kitchen,

courtyard,

bhikkhu

sima, stupa,

toilet,

pond

or

tube-well,

Bo-tree,

garden

etc.

But

in

many monasteries

there

are no

bhiklthu

simas

due

to

want

ofland.

In

every monastery a

bhiklthu

and a.samanera are

lived.

Modes

of

(4)

100 i<-V\asXJSZ

k\

4.1.

Sudhammananda

Dhatu

Caitya

MonasteryfVihar(5)

This

rnonastery

is

situated

in

Shilok

village, under

Rangunia

Police

Statien

of

Chittagong

Division.

It

is

established on

2.5

]knni

grounds

in

1830.

Besides

the

monastic

grounds,

it

has

6

Kani

cultivation

land

as

monastic

property.

The

income

from

this

property

is

expensed

for

monastic

activities and

development

of

the

monastery.

Sanghamitra

Bhiklchu

is

acting as

High

priest,

who

is

27

years

old.

Besides

him,

one

Bhiklchu,

two

samaneras and

two

temple

boys

are

lived

in

this

monastery.

The

samaneras

and

temple

boys

are educated

by

the

economical support ofthe monastery.

Gyanaratna

Kavidhvaja

Gunalankara

Mahasthavir,

Gyanavansa

Bhilckhu

and

Professor

Munindra

Lal

Barua

played

vital role

in

establishment and

development

of

the

monastery.

There

are

160

families

as

devotees

of

this

monastery.

Here

a structural

diagram

of

the

monastery

is

given:

Structure

of a

Village

Monastery

[Ikl=]

@

@

1

@@

[iiiLk]

@

@

EsE

eg

@

@

i

' ¢ @

@ A A

es

N

1

ss

Sudhammananda

Dhatu

Caitya

Monastery

4.2.

BriefDescription

of

Sudhammananda

Dhatu

Caitya

Monastery

1.

Boundary

Wall

2.

Entrance

Gate

3.

Road

to

Enter

Prayer

Hall

Prayer

Hall

5.

Shrine

6.

Buddha

Statue

7.

Donation

Box

8.

Garden

4.

(5)

Society for the Study of Pali and Buddhist Culture

Society for theStudy of Pali and Buddhist Culture

Modes ofExistenceofVillage MonasteryinBangladesh

Open

Space

10.

Road

to

Enter

Bhiklchus

Room

and

Kitchen

Bhiklchu

12.

0ffice

ofWelfare rlliust

13.

High

Priest

Room

14.

15.

Kitchen

16.

Pond

17.

[Ibilet

18.

Bo-tree

19.

Bhiklthu

Sima

20.

Buddha's

Mahaparinibbana

Statue

21.

Room

fbr

Samanera

22.

Tube

Well

23.

Second

Gate

24.

Meditation

House

25.

Cetiya

of

Gyanavamsa

Sthavir

26.

Cetiya

of

Kali

Kumar

Mahastavir

27.

Cetiya

of

Professor

Munindra

Lal

Barua

28.

Cetiya

ofGunalankara

Mahasthavira.

101

11.

Room

for

Guest

Room

4.3.

Statues

in

the

Monastery

rn

the

main shrine, one

big

Buddha

statue about

5

feet

height

sited on

3

feet

Dias

is

housed.

Besides

it,

there

are

13

small

Buddha

statues about

1

feet

height

and a casket contained

Buddha's

reiic.

Beside

the

main shrine

there

is

another

Buddha

statue

about

7

feet

height

sited on

2

feet

Dias.

On

the

right

side of

this

statue, a monkey statue

is

found

in

the

pose

of

honey

donation.

Behind

this

statue and

in

the

wall of

the

monastery

there

are

many

painting

showing various

incidents

of

Buddha's

life.

Out

side

the

shrine

there

is

a

big

laying

Buddha

statue about

20

feet

height

showing

Buddha's

Mahaparinibba.

In

the

wall of

this

building

a wall

painting

is

seen.

The

painting

symbolizes

that

Queen

Indra,

King

Indra

and

Brahma

are

paying

homage

to

the

Buddha,

In

the

Cetiya

of

Gyanavamsa,

a statue of

Gyanavamsa

Mahasthavir

about

5

feet

height

is

housed.

In

another cetiya

or stupa,

the

ash relics of

Kali

Kumar

Mahastavir,

Professor

Munindra

Lal

Barua

and

Gunalankara

Mahasthavira

are

kept.

4.4.

Management

Committee

of

this

Monastery

In

Bangladesh

every monastery

has

a management committee, which

looks

after every

knock

and corners of

the

monastery.

The

management

cornmittee of above mentioned monastery consists of

15

male members

who are elected

by

the

devotees

of

the

monastery

fbr

two

years.

But

it

is

noted

that

in

this

committee no

Bhiklthu

or

Samanera

is

included.

The

(6)

102

7<-V\thtwJS(Ttee

Secretary,

1

Treasurer

and

10

Members.

This

committee

helps

the

high

priest

to

execute allmonastic athirs.

4.5.

Economical

Basis

ofthe

Monastery

The

members ofthe management committee collect

donations

from

the

devotees

and

thus

raised

the

fund.

Besides,

in

various religious occasions,

the

devotees

donate

cash and

kind

in

the

donation

box

of

the

monastery.

Moreoveg

this

monastery

has

some

income

source

from

land

property.

Through

this

fund

they

meet

the

all essential expenditure of

the

monastery

along

fbod,

dress,

medicine and other essential requisites of

the

Bhikkhu-samanera.

Moreoveg

the

high

priest

has

a regular

income

source

from

the

devotees,

such as

from

funeral

service, ancestor worship,

Sanghadana

and

the

functions

like

on.

4.6.

Food

S"pply

The

management committee of

this

monastery made a

list

of

devotees

who are capahle

to

supply

food

and

drinks

to

the

bhildthu-samaneras.

According

to

the

list,

the

devotees

by

turns

offer

them

food

and

drinks

twice

in

a

day-one

in

the

moming and

the

other

before

mid-day.

It

is

noteworthy

that

when

the

Bhildthu-samaners

are

invited

by

someone

for

religious

purpose

on

that

day

the

enlisted

householder

is

omitted and on other

days

the

routine

is

fbllowed.

4.7.

Daily

Schedule

ofthe

Bhiklthu-Samaneras

ofthis

Monastery

In

fo11owing

chart,

the

daily

schedule of

the

Bhildchu-sarrianeras

of

this

(7)

Society for the Study of Pali and Buddhist Culture

Society for theStudy of Pali andBuddhistCulture

Modes ofExistence ofVillage MonasteryinBangladesh

103

4.8.

Activities

ofthe

Monastery

All

Pumima

ceremonies,

Kasthina

Civaradana,

Sanghadana,

and

Brngali

New

Year

Day

are observed

in

this

monastery.

EspeciallM

the

Buddha

Purnima

ceremony

is

observed with

great

religious

fervor.

Besides,

rneditation and religious

discussions

are arranged

fbr

the

devotees

twice

or

thrice

in

every

year.

The

noteworthy activity ofthis monastery

is

that

in

the

morning

the

high

priest

along

with

the

educated and

young

male

devotees

belong

this

monastery

helps

the

student of

primary

school

to

learn

their

home

task

in

the

prayer

hall.

5.

Banaratna

Vihar(6)

This

Monastery

is

situated

in

East

Shilok

Village

of

Rangun'ia

Police

Station.

It

is

established on

2

Kani

1and

in

1985

and

belongs

to

Mahasthavira

Nikaya.

The

land

of

the

monastery

is

donated

by

Birendra

Lal

Baiua.

The

main

building

is

made

by

the

cost of

Pulin

Barua.

Other

establishments of

this

monastery are made

by

the

donation

of villagers.

One

Bhikkhu

and

three

samaneras are

lived

in

this

monastery.

Ratna

Biriya

Bhilckhu

of26

years

old

is

acting as

the

high

priest.

The

three

samaneras are

(8)

104

?£-V\thth)ttli\

There

are

100

families

as

devotees

of

this

monastery.

Here

a structural

diagram

of

the

monastery

is

given:

p

t

Structure

ofa

Village

Monastery

Main Road

w

1

i1・tt.

Banaratna

Sarvajanin

Monastery

5.1.

Description

of

the

Monastery

1.

Boundary

2.

Entrance

Gate

3.

Shrine

4.

Room

fbr

Samanera

5.

Prayer

Hall

6.Room

for

High

Priest

7.

Room

for

Samanera

8.

Tube

Well

9.

Dias

for

function

1O.

Memorial

Stupa

ofland

donation

ofthe monastery

15.

Place

for

cremation ofdead

body.

52.

Statues

in

the

Shrine

In

the

main

Shrine

there

is

one

big

Buddha

Statue

about

4

and

half

feet

height

made of concrete.

A

head

of

Nagaraja,

the

great

snake,

is

placed

on

the

top

of

this

statue.

Besides,

three

small statue made of concrete about

1

feet

height

are also

found.

Moreoveg

one statue of

Sivali

Thera,

the

great

disciple

of

Buddha,

about

3

feet

height

and made of white stone

is

placed

on

left

side of

the

big

statue.

In

the

main shrine a wall

painting

is

found

(9)

Society for the Study of Pali and Buddhist Culture

Society for theStudy of Pali and Buddhist Culture

Modes ofExistence of VillageMonastery inBangladesh

vaggiya

bhiklchus

and

life

of

Patacara

Theri.

Furthemiore,

in

another shr

under

Bo-tree

another

big

Buddha

statue about

4

feet

height

is

front

of

the

main shrine a casket containing

Buddha's

relics

is

placed

5.3.

Management

Committee

The

'management committee of

this

monastery consists of

11

male

members, which

looks

after all activities of

this

monastery

like

that

of

the

Sudhammananda

Dhatu

Caitya

Vihar.

The

committee consists oft

1

President,

1

Vice-President,

1

Secretary,

1

Assistant

Secretary,

1

Treasurer

and

6

Members.

This

committee

helps

the

high

priest

to

execute all

monastic affairs.

105

ine

found.

In

5.4.

Economical

Basis

of

the

Monastery

The

members of

the

management cornmittee collect

donations

from

the

devotees

and

thus

raise

the

fund.

Besides,

the

monastery alsO

has

an

income

during

various religious occasions.

The

high

priest

also

has

an

income

source

through

attending

various socio-religious

function

such as

funeral

ceremonM

Paritta

recitation,

Sanghadana

and

the

like.

Through

this

fund

they

meet

the

expenditure of

the

essential requisites of

the

Bhiklthu-samanera.

5.5.

Food

Supply

The

management committee of

this

monastery made a

list

of

the

villagers who are capable and

interested

to

supply

food

and

drinks

to

the

bhiklthu-samaneras.

According

to

the

list,

theM

by

tums,

offer

them

fbod

and

drinks

twice

in

a

day.

5.6.

Daily

Schedule

of

the

Bhikkhu-Samaneras

of

this

Monastery

The

daily

schedule of

the

Bhiklchu-samaneras

of

this

monastery

is

(10)

106 7<-V\asth]scftee

5.7.

Activities

of

the

Monastery

All

Purnima

ceremonies,

Kathina

Civaradana,

Sanghadana,

and

Bengali

New

Year

Day

are observed

in

this

monastery.

EspeciallM

the

Buddha

Pumima

ceremony and

Kathina

Civaradana

Ceremony

are observed with

great

religious zeal.

Besides,

meditation and religious

discussions

are

also arranged

for

the

devotees

sometimes.

6.

Some

Common

MonasticAspects

6.1.

Monastery

as

Property

In

Bangladesh,

anybody can

build

a monastery)

but

it

is

considered

public

property

rather

private

property

and

Sangha

is

the

soul authority of

the

monastery.

6.2.

Admission

into

the

Monastic

Order

In

Bangladesh

any male member ofthe

Buddhist

society can enter

into

the

monastic order of any monastery

But

the

candidate should

fbllow

the

fbllowing

conditions:

a)

He

should

be

free

from

social crime,

debt

and communicable

disease.

b)

He

needs

parents

and wife

(ifhe

has)

consent.

c)

In

the

case of

Samanera-hood,

the

age

limit

is

seven and above.

d)

In

the

case ofBhikkhu-hood,

the

age

limit

is

twenty

and above.

e)

He

needs

the

permission

of

the

high

priest

of

that

monastery

that

he

wished.

D

He

needs eight essential requisites:

three

robes

(civara),

one alms

bowl,

a razor, a

Needle,

a

girdle

(Kayal)andani)

and a water strainer.

6.3.

Monastic

and

Social

Rules

(11)

Bhiklchu-Society for the Study of Pali and Buddhist Culture

Society for theStudy of Pali and Buddhist Culture

Modes ofExistence ofViilage MonasteryinBangiadesh 107

samaneras

have

to

fbllow

some monastic and social rules.

For

example,

the

Bhikkhu-samaneras

usually can not

go

to

the

houses

oflay

devotees

without

invitation

or religious

perfbrmances

and

the

society also

do

not consider

it

in

good

side

fbr

the

movements of

Bhiklchu-samaneras

without

invitation

or religious activities.

They

can not stay after sunset or

do

not

pass

night

out side

the

monastery without any significant and

important

purpose.

In

such case

they

have

to

inform

the

reason ofjourney

to

anybody

(bhild<hus,

samaneras or any member ofthe management committee) ofthe monastery.

6.4.

Social

Duties

ofthe

Bhikkhu-Samaneras

Tb

attend

in

the

funeral

ceremonM

paritta

recitation, sanghadana and

any sorts of religious

function

of

devotees

is

mandatory

for

Bhiklchu-samaneras.

For

example,

if

anybody

dies

in

the

village,

the

high

priest

of

village monastery cancelled all

programs

and attends

the

ceremony.

7.

Conclusion

In

Bangladesh

the

monastery

is

considered as

public

property

and

Bhiklchu

Sangha

is

the

soul authority ofthe monastery.

Though

the

Bhikl<hu-Sangha

is

conducted

by

four

Nikayas,

in

fact,

the

activities undertaken

in

all monasteries

have

the

same

pattern.

Except

some exception,

the

daily

schedule of

the

Bhiklchus

is

also same.

There

are no

hard

and

fast

rules

for

structural

design

of

the

monastery.

As

a result,

the

structural

design

is

differ

from

monastery

to

monastery.

It

is

noted

that

in

many monasteries

Bhikkhu

Sima,

pond,

garden,

medhation room are not

fbund

due

to

want of

land.

Notes

(1)

Percentage

distribution

ofpopulation

by

religion:

CensusYear(Total)MuslimHinduBuddhistChristianothers

(12)

108 7<v-V\ts#NM\

Former

districtwise

Buddhist

population:

Source1997

Statistical

Year

Book,

p.

103.

District

TbtalNumber

of

BuddhistsPercentage

Bandarban

Chittagong

Hill

ftacts

Chittagong

Comilla

Noaknali

SylhetDhakaFaridpur

Jamalpur

Mymensing Ilangail

BarisalPatuakhali

JessorKhulnaKustiaBograDinajpur

PabnaRajshahi

Rangpur

230569

743876

671S387

8206860

4626216

6765039

13232427

5423547 3013069 7994204

3002428

5413078

2049565

4848023

5039153

2801207

3434298

3983103 4183469

6594298

8014876

87613337698137448

7507

1579

2683

8686

2478 1929 6078

1259

1224

3433

1256

807

429

2779

3120

1508 5262

8634

38%45.4%

2%

O.1%

o.o%

O.O%

O.1%

O.1%

O.19t6

O,19,6

o.o%

o.o%

02%

o,o%

o.o%

o,o%

O.1%

O,19t6

o,o%

O.196

O,1%

Present

Population:

134.6

million,

Population

Census

1991

lp.

103).

(2)

NumberofBhikkhu-samaneras:

Name

ofNikaya Number of

Bhikkhus

Number of

Samaneras lbtal

MahasthaviraNikaya Sangharajanikaya

Sudharma

&

Deara Nikaya

147375763 187251593 3346261356

This

data

is

furnished

by

Dr.

Sunitananda

Bhikkhu

in

his

book

'Bangladlesher

Bauddha

vahar

O

Bhikkhu

.Jivan,

Bangla

AcademM

2000.

(3)

This

infbrmation

is

collected

from

Buddhist

Welfare

Trust,

Dhaka

on

9.3.1999.

Ihe

Trust

has

given

some

grant

to

the monasteries and

kept

a record of the monasteries

(13)

Society for the Study of Pali and Buddhist Culture

Society for theStudy of Pali andBuddhistCulture

Modes ofExistence ofVillage MonasteryinBangladesh

109

The

number of themonasteries mentioned

below,

is

according

to

the

infbrmation

of

Secretary

of the

Trust.

But

thereare many monasteries which

have

not received

help

from

the

Trust

So,

theexact

figure

is

uncertain.

Districtwisenumber ofMonastery

Name Df District

Nurnber

ofMonasteries

Chittagong Cox's Bazar DhakaComilla Noakhali FeniPatuakhali

Barguna

Rangpur

Rangamati

Khagrachari

Bandarban

294 77 06 16

02

Ol

19

14

Ol281179248

(4)

The

inforrnation

is

collected

frorn

Traimasik

Sammayak

Journal,

Buddhapurnima

Sankhya,

20

May

2005.

Dr.

Dipankar

Barua,

Professog

Department

of

Orientai

Language,

Chittagong

UniversitM

conducted a

field

work and

furnished

the

data,

but

this

is

an

incomplete

work.

(5)

Pictorial

inforrnation

ofSudharmananda

Dhatu

Caitya

Vihar

(14)

110 パーリ学 仏 教文化 学

Shrine

 

Hal

Shrine

 Altar

Buddha  Statue in 

Shrine

Buddha

s Relics

(15)

Society for the Study of Pali and Buddhist Culture

Society for the Study ofPali andBuddhistCulture

Modes ef ExistenceofVillage MonasteryinBangladesh

111

High Priest

Cetiyas

Meditation

room

Parinibbana

Statue

(16)

112

isc-V\tZLtwJSitk\

(6)Pictorial

I

kbe

well

nformation ofVanaratna

Sar

Vhnaratna

Sarbajanin

Vihar

Memorial Stllpa

bajanin

Vihar

Stupa

on roof

Altar

(17)

Society for the Study of Pali and Buddhist Culture

Society for the Studyof Pali andBuddhistCulture

Modes ofExistence ofVillageMonasteryinBangladesh

113

diagram of the monastery is given:

参照

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