NUMBERS AND

[nternat. J. Math. & Math. Sci.

Vol. 9 No. (1986) 205-206

2O5

THIRTY-NINE PERFECT NUMBERS AND THEIR DIVISORS

SYED ASADULLA

De,artment of Mathematics and Computing Sciences St. Francis Xavier University

Antigonish, Nova Scotia. B2G 1C0. Canada (Received July 18, 1984)

ABSTRACT. The following results concerning even perfect numbers and their divisors are proved"

(I) A

positive integer n of the form

2P-I(2P-I),

where

2P-I

^is

prime, is a perfect number;

(2)

every even perfect number is a triangular number;

(3) (n)

2p, where

(n)

is the number of positive divisors of n;

(4)

the

.product

of the positive divisors of n is

nP;

and

(5)

the sum of the reciprocals of the positive divisors of n is 2. Values of p for which 30 even perfect numbers have been found so far are also given.

KEY WORDS AND PHRASES. Perfect number; Marsenne prime; Triangular number.

1980 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION CODE. 10A40.

1.

INTRODUCTION.

A

positive integer n is called a perfect number if

o(n)

2n, where

o(n)

is the sum of the positive divisors of n. The last digit of the first five perfect numbers

(6,

28, 496, 8128, and 33 550

336)

alternates between 6 and 8. This pattern does not continue as the next three perfect numbers are 8 589 869 056, 137 438 691 328 and 2 305 843 008 139 952 128. However, it has been proved in {II that an even perfect number ends in 6 or 28.

It

is interesting to observe that these are the first two perfect numbers.

2. EVEN

PERFECT

NUMBERS.

It is well known that positive integers n of the form

2P-1(2P-I),

where

2P-I

^{is prime,} are perfect numbers. This can be proved using a theorem from elementary number theory [2] which states that if

n _i=I11

Pi

^{where the}

Pi’S

are distinct primes and the

ei’s

^are

positive integers, then k

Pi

(n)

i=l

Pi ^-I

-I

If n

2P-I(2P-I)=

2p-I the above theorem that

q, where q

2P-1

^{is prime, it} follows from

THIRTY-NINE PERFECT NUMBERS AND THEIR DIVISORS

2P-1

^q2-1

anj 2-I q-i

(2P-l)(q+l): (2P-I)

2p

2n,

.06

which proves that n is a perfect number.

It ^{has been} proved in [2] that an even perfect number is of the form

2P-I(2P-I),

^where

2P-I

^{is prime. It can be} easily shown that p is prime whenever

2P-I

is prime, but the converse is false

(2111

23.89 is not prime). Primes of the form

2P-I

are called Mersenne primes.

Thirty-nine even perfect numbers have been found so far [2 3] corresponding to

p 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 31, 61, 89, 107, 127, 521, 607, 1279, 2203, 2281, 3217, 4253, 4423, 9689, 9941, 11213, 19937, 21701, 23209, 44497, 86243, 132049, and216091. No odd perfect number has yet been discovered.

3.

EVEN

PERFECT NUMBERS

AND

TRIANGULAR NUMBERS.

The kth

triangular number is defined as k

T_k

.

^1/2

^{k(k+l). Every}

even perfect number is a triangular number.

i=1

This is proved by noting that n

2P-I(2P-I)

1/2

(2P-I)

2p

1/2

k(k+l) T

_k, where k

2P-I.

4. DIVISORS OF

AN EVEN

PERFECT NUMBER.

If n is an even perfect number, then

T(n)

2p, where

T(n)

is the number of positive divisors of n. This can be easily proved using a theorem from elementary number theory [2] which states that if

n R

Pi

^{where the}

Pi

^{s are} distinct primes and the

e.1

^{s are}

i=1 k

positive integers, then

T(n)

I

(i

⁺

^I)

i=l

The product of the positive divisors of an even perfect number n is n

p.

This is obtained by using still another result from elementary number theory [I], namely,

(n)

I d. n

1/2(n)

and the value of

(n)

2p, i=l

where the

di’s

^{are positive divisors of n.}

Finally, the sum of the reciprocals of the positive divisors of an even perfect number is 2. This follows from

T(n) .:(n)

i=l

where the

di’s

are positive divisors of n, a result from elementary number theory [1].

RE

FE Rc NCES

1. BURTON, D.M. Elementary Number Theory, Allyn and Bacon, Boston-London-Sydney, 1976.

2. Rosen, K. H. Elementary Number Theory and its Applications, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1984.

3. Editorial Panel, Math. Teacler, 79 (1986), p i0.

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Guest Editors

José Roberto Castilho Piqueira,Telecommunication and Control Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, The University of São Paulo, 05508-970 São Paulo, Brazil;

[email protected]

Elbert E. Neher Macau,Laboratório Associado de Matemática Aplicada e Computação (LAC), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São Josè dos Campos, 12227-010 São Paulo, Brazil ; [email protected] Celso Grebogi,Center for Applied Dynamics Research, King’s College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK; [email protected]

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