第3章「グローバル化時代における日・独労働市場」
➨㸱❶ࠕࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ௦࠾ࡅࡿ᪥࣭⊂ປാᕷሙࠖ
ಖ ఫ ᩄ ᙪ
͆The Japanese and German labor market
in the contemporary globalization”
Summery;
One important character of the labor market of both countries was the coexistence of the regular workers in the core industry and the irregular workers in the periphery industries. The regular workers of the key industries and governments offices were under life time employment and seniority system. They were protected by the employment law. On the other hand, the irregular workers of the marginal or periphery sectors had not enjoyed those systems and were not protected by such protecting employment law. We have relatively big sectors of small and middle enterprises such as groceries, clothing and parts maker for the car and the electric industries in Japan and these sectors employed many irregular workers.
As the globalization after 1990 compelled the competition among the enterprises of each country, they had to reduce the cost of their companies. Therefor they intended to reduce the regular workers and increase the irregular workers. Each government promoted this tendency and did ease restriction of the labor market. In Germany the Prime Minister G.Schroeder announced “Agenda 2010” and began the Hartz Reform in 2002. This reform involves ease restriction of employment law and some reduction of Social security. In Japan the Workers Dispatch Law were changed from 1990 several times and the enterprises could easily dispatch the regular workers and employ more irregular workers such as dispatched workers, contract workers and part-timer, From 2004 the enterprises of manufacturing could employ the dispatched workers and so the one third of workers of manufacturing became the irregular workers specially the dispatched workers in 2008.
But these dispatched workers were not protected by employment law and the basic
social security. So when the international financial crisis attacked the industries in
September of 2008, they were laid off and became often home less under worse social
security. There is a difference between Germany and Japan on the evaluation of the
dispatched worker. In Germany they think this worker as a bridge from the unemployed to regular worker. But in Japan they think this worker as irregular worker and it is difficult for him to become a regular worker.
In this paper we would like to discuss at first the parallel development of Germany and Japanese labor market, second to explain the Hartz Reform in Germany and Japanese deregulation of the dispatched worker law and compare both reforms, at last to think about the problems of the irregular worker through comparing the Germany and Japanese labor market.
┠ ḟ㸹 㸯㸬ၥ㢟Ⅼ
㸰㸬 ᖺ௦௨ᚋࡢ᪥࣭⊂ປാᕷሙ̿ࣃࣛࣞࣝ࡞ᒎ㛤̿
㸱㸬ࣁࣝࢶᨵ㠉ࢃࡀᅜࡢປാᕷሙᨵ㠉 㸲㸬ປാᕷሙ࠾ࡅࡿ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢၥ㢟ᨻ⟇
㸯㸬ၥ㢟Ⅼ
2009
ᖺࠊࣈ࣮࣓ࣞࣥ⤒῭ᕤ⛉Ꮫ᪥⊂ࡢປാᕷሙࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࢆ㛤ദ ࡋ࡚௨᮶ࠊࢃࡓࡋࡣࠊ᪥࣭⊂ࡢປാᕷሙࡢẚ㍑ࡘ࠸࡚㛵ᚰࢆᢪ࠸࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࠊ⦅ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒㄽᩥ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢻࢶປാᕷሙࡾࢃࡅ
2002
ᖺጞࡲࡿࣁࣝࢶᨵ㠉ࡢෆᐜࠊ⫼ᬒࠊᙳ㡪࡞ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࠊࡲࡓ๓グࡢ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࡢሗ࿌࠾࠸࡚᪥ᮏປാᕷሙࡾ
ࢃࡅ㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࡢၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡓ
1
ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡧࡣࠊࢻࢶ᪥ᮏࡢປാᕷሙࢆẚ㍑ࡋࠊ ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ≉ᚩࠊ⌧ᅾ┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡓ࠸ࠋࡾࢃࡅࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ௦㢧ⴭぢࡽࢀࡿ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢቑࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ୧ᅜࢆẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸ࠋ ࢻࢶ᪥ᮏࡢປാᕷሙࡣࠊᙜ↛ࡶࠊ␗ྠࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊࢃࡀᅜぢࡽࢀࡿ᪂༞
୍ᣓ㞠⏝࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞័⾜ࡣࠊࢻࢶࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᴗࡣࡑࡢ⤒Ⴀάື࠾࠸࡚ᚲせ࡞ேᮦ
ࢆࠊࡑࡢ㒔ᗘࠊປാᕷሙ࠾࠸࡚ເ㞟ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ㝿ࠊເ㞟ࡍࡿ⿕⏝⪅ࡢᢏ⬟࣭㈨ ᱁ࡘ࠸࡚᫂♧ࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᴗ㸦㞠⏝⪅㸧ࡢ⫋ဨ࣭ປാ⪅㸦⿕⏝⪅㸧ࡢເ㞟ࡣࠊ ࡑࡢ௦ࡢᬒẼືྥࡸᴗࡢᢞ㈨ᡓ␎┤᥋ⓗᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡓ♫ဨࡣࠊ
᪤ᴗࡢᚲせࡍࡿປാ⬟ຊࢆࡶࡗࡓ⪅ࡋ࡚ᢅࢃࢀࠊ≉ูࠊ♫ෆᩍ⫱ࡼࡗ࡚ᩍ
⫱ࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㞠⏝㛵ಀࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠊᩍ⫱ไᗘࡀࢻ
ࢶࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྂࡃࡽࡢ⫋ே㣴ᡂไᗘ㸦࣐ࢫࢱ࣮ไ㸧ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊࢹ࣭ࣗࣝ
ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡼࡤࢀࡿᐇົᩍ⫱ࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡓᩍ⫱ไᗘࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡼࡗ࡚ᴗ࠾࠸࡚
༶ᡓຊ࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ேᮦࡢ㣴ᡂࡀ┠ᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࢃࡀᅜࡢᴗࡣࠊ័⾜ࡋ࡚ࠊ୰࣭㧗࣭Ꮵࡢࡑࡢᖺᗘࡢ᪂つ༞ᴗ⪅
ࡽ୍ᐃᩘࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊ᥇⏝ᚋᴗෆ࡛ࡢᐇົ༶ࡋࡓᩍ⫱㸦training on job㸧ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡼ
ࢻࢶປാᕷሙࣁࣝࢶᨵ㠉ࡢホ౯ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸦ಖఫ㺂2010㸧࠾ࡼࡧ㸦ಖఫࠊ2011㸧ࢆぢࡼࠋࡲࡓࠊ᪥
ᮏປാᕷሙࡾࢃࡅ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡇࡢ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ࠾ࡅࡿሗ࿌㸦Hozumi,2010ࢆぢࡼࠋ
第3章「グローバル化時代における日・独労働市場」
ࡗ࡚ࠊ⮬♫࠸ࡸࡍ࠸♫ဨࡢ㣴ᡂࢆࡍࡍࡵࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ᪂♫ဨࡢ᥇⏝ࡣࠊࡑࡢⅬ
࡛ࡢᬒẼືྥࡼࡾࡣࠊᴗࡢ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ᡂ㛗ᡓ␎࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᢞ㈨ᨻ⟇ࠊࡼࡾ࠾࠾ࡃᙳ㡪ࡉࢀ
ࡿࠋ≉ᐃࡢᢏ⬟࣭㈨᱁࣭⤒㦂ࢆࡶࡗࡓ♫ဨࢆ⌧ᅾࡢᚲせᩘᛂࡌ࡚᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
࠸ࢃࡤࠊᑗ᮶ࠊ♫ෆࡢ࠸ࢁࢇ࡞ศ㔝࡛άື࡛ࡁࡿேᮦࢆணࡵ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ጼໃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ⌧ᅾࠊᛂເ⪅ࡀᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᢏ⬟࣭㈨᱁࣭⤒㦂ࡣၥ㢟࡞ࡽࡎࠊᛂເ⪅ࡢ୍⯡
ⓗ࡞⬟ຊࡀၥ㢟ࡉࢀࡿࠋᴗࡀࠊ᪂つᏛ༞⪅ࡢ᥇⏝ࢆ⾜࠺ሙྜࠊᛂເ⪅ࡢ୍⯡ⓗ⬟ຊ
ࢆ♧ࡍ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿᏛᰯࡢࣛࣥࢡࢆၥ㢟ࡍࡿࡢࡣࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠸ࢃࡤࠊ⿕⏝⪅ࡣࠊ
ⓑ⣬ࡢ≧ែ࡛ࠊ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࠊᴗࡢ♫ෆᩍ⫱ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᙜヱᴗᚲせ࡞ປാຊ㣴ᡂࡉࢀ
ࡿࡁࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᴗࡀࡲࡔ༞ᴗࡢ☜ᐃࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸Ꮫ⏕ࢆᅾᏛ୰᥇⏝ෆᐃ ࡍࡿ࠸࠺័⾜ࡣࠊᴗࡀᏛ⏕ࡢᑓ㛛ⓗ▱㆑ࡼࡾࡣࠊᴗࡢᚲせࡍࡿࡢࡼ࠺࡞
ࡶᑐᛂ࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺୍⯡ⓗ⬟ຊࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡀࡲࡓࠊᴗࡀࠊ
⤊㌟㞠⏝ไࢆࡾࠊ࠸ࡗࡓࢇ᥇⏝ࡋࠊ♫ෆᩍ⫱ࢆࡋࡓ♫ဨࢆᐜ᫆ゎ㞠ࡋ࡞࠸⌮⏤࡛࠶
ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᴗࡀᖺຌᗎิᆺࡢ㈤㔠ไᗘࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊᴗෆ⚟♴ไᗘࢆᐇࡉࡏ࡚ࡁࡓ ࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
᪥⊂ࡢປാ័⾜ࡢ␗ྠࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࡞࠾ࠊ࠸ࡃࡘᣲࡆࡿࡇࡀฟ᮶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ᪥ᮏ
ࢻࢶࡢປാᕷሙࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ┦㐪ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ㢮ఝⅬࡶὀ┠ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ
୰᰾࡞ࡿປാᕷሙࡢປാ⪅ࡀࠊ㞠⏝ἲไࡼࡗ࡚ᙉࡃಖㆤࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢻ
ࢶࡢᴗࡘࡵࡿ⿕⏝⪅ࡣࠊປ⅏ಖ㝤ࠊಖ㝤ࠊᖺ㔠ಖ㝤ࠊࡉࡽࡣኻᴗಖ㝤࡞
ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᡭཌࡃಖㆤࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠࡌࡇࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᴗࡢ⿕⏝⪅ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶゝ࠼ࡿࠋ
᪥ᮏࡢሙྜࡣࠊᐁබᗇࡢ⫋ဨࠊᴗࡢ⫋ဨປാ⪅ࡣࠊ⤊㌟㞠⏝ᖺຌᗎิᆺ㈤㔠
ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊಖㆤࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋປാຊၟရࡢ㞠⏝ዎ⣙ࡣࠊ୍ᗘ㝈ࡾ࡛ࠊ㞠⏝ࡣᐃᖺࡲ࡛⥆ࡃࠋ
ၟရᕷሙぢࡽࢀࡿ㈙ࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ᮲௳ࡢኚ᭦ࡣࠊࢃࡀᅜࡢᇶᖿⓗ࡞⏘ᴗࡢᴗࡸබົ
ဨປാ⪅ࡢປാຊᕷሙ࡛ࡣࢇぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ᪉ࠊࢻࢶ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ᪥ᮏ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ ປാᕷሙࡣࠊ࿘㎶ⓗ࡞࠸ࡋࡣ㝈⏺ⓗ࡞ᕷሙࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࢻࢶࡢሙྜࠊእᅜேປാ⪅㸦࠸
ࢃࡺࡿ࢞ࢫࢺࣝࣂࢱ࣮㸧ࡼࡗ࡚ᢸࢃࢀࡿ⌧ᴗⓗ࡞⏘ᴗศ㔝ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࢃࡀᅜࡢሙྜࠊ
᫂௦௨᮶ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓᆅሙ⏘ᴗࡸࠊ➨ḟᡓᚋࡢ㧗ᗘᡂ㛗ᮇᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓᴗࡢୗ
ㄳᴗࡳࡽࢀࡿ୰ᑠᴗ࣭㞽⣽⤒ႠࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᴗࡀປാຊࡢ㟂せ⪅ࡋ࡚
⌧ࢀࡿປാຊᕷሙ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊປാຊࡢ⛣ືࡣ࡞ࡾὶືⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ▷ᮇⓗ࡞㞠⏝ᮇ㛫
ࡋࡤࡋࡤ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀࡿປാຊࡢ㈙ࢆ≉ᚩࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏࢻࢶࡢປാຊᕷሙࡢ㔜せ࡞≉ᚩࡣࠊ୰᰾ⓗ࡞ປാᕷሙ࠾ࡅࡿṇ つ㞠⏝࿘㎶ⓗ࡞ປാᕷሙ࠾ࡅࡿ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢඹᏑ࠸࠺Ⅼࡀࠊぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ
1990
ᖺ௦௨᮶ࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࡢ௦௨᮶ࠊ୧ᅜࡣࡶࠊኚㇺࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ୰᰾ⓗ࡞ປാᕷሙ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊゎ㞠つไࡢ⦆ṇつປാ⪅ࡢ㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࡼࡿ௦᭰࠸࠺⌧㇟ࡀ ぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
┠ ḟ㸹
㸯㸬ၥ㢟Ⅼ
㸰㸬 ᖺ௦௨ᚋࡢ᪥࣭⊂ປാᕷሙ̿ࣃࣛࣞࣝ࡞ᒎ㛤̿
ࡍ࡛ࠊࡑࡢ୍➃ࢆ㏙ࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࢻࢶ᪥ᮏࡢປാᕷሙࡢఏ⤫ⓗ࡞័⩦ࡸไᗘࡣࠊ199
0
ᖺ௦௨ᚋࠊぢ┤ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢせ࡞ෆᐜࡣࠊປാᕷሙࢆࡵࡄࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲࡢつ ไࢆ⦆ࡍࡿᗫṆࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓഴྥࢆᨭ࠼ࡓᛮࡀࠊ᪂⮬⏤⩏࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡣゝ࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸
2
ࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓഴྥࡀໃຊࢆቑࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊഅ↛ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊṔྐⓗ࡞⫼ᬒࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࢻࢶ࡛ࡣࠊ1991ᖺࡢᮾすࢻ
ࢶ⤫୍ࡼࡿᅜᐙ㈈ᨻࡢ≧ែࡢኚࡸࠊᪧ♫⩏ㅖᅜࡢᕷሙ⤒῭ࡢᖐࡸࢪࡸ
༡⡿ࡢㅖᅜࡢୡ⏺⤒῭ࡢ⤫ྜࡢ㐍ᒎ࡞ࡢ⤒῭ࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓഴྥ
ࡣ⌧ᐇࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪉ࠊࢃࡀᅜࡘ࠸࡚࠸࠼ࡤࠊ1985ᖺࡽ
1990
ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢࣂࣈࣝࡢᔂቯࡑࢀ⥆ࡃᖹᡂἣ࠸࠺⤒῭ໃࠊ୰ᅜࡸࣥࢻࡢ⤒῭Ⓨᒎࢃࡀᅜࡢ
ᴗࡢᾏእ㐍ฟࡢቑ࠸࠺ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࡀࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲࡢ㡿ᇦ࡛ࡢつไ⦆୪⾜ࡋ࡚ࠊປ
ാᕷሙࡢつไ⦆ࡢഴྥࢆᙉࡵࡓᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ㛫ࡢࢆࠊࡲࡎࠊࢻࢶࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ ࡘ࠸࡛᪥ᮏࡘ࠸࡚ぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡢⅬࡘ࠸࡚ヲ⣽࡞㆟ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓ㸦Eichhorst/Marx,
2009㸧ࡢླྀ㏙ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊࢻࢶປാᕷሙࡢኚ㑄ࢆࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
ࡑࢀࡼࡿࠊ
1980
ᖺ௦࠾ࡼࡧ1990
ᖺ௦ึࡵࠊࢻࢶࡢ㞠⏝ไᗘࡢ㌿ᙧࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࠋ ࡋࡋࠊࠕ♫ಖ㞀ࠊゎ㞠つไࠊ࠾ࡼࡧᅋయ΅ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ປാᕷሙࡢ୰᰾㒊ศࢆᨭ㓄ࡍࡿ᮲ 㡯ࡣࠊኚࡋ࡞࠸ࡲࡲ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠖ㸦Eichhorst/Marx,2009,7㸧
ࠋࡣゝ࠼ࠊ1990
ᖺ௦୰㡭ࠊ ᪂ࡋ࠸㞠⏝ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡏ࡞࠸ປാᕷሙࡢḞ㝗ࡀㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࠊࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࠕ♫ಖ㞀 ࡢᩚ⌮⤫ྜປാᕷሙࡢ㒊ศⓗつไ⦆ࡀㄽதࡢⓗ࡞ࡗࡓࠖ㸦op.cit
㸧ࠋCDU/Liberal
㐃❧ᨻᶒࡢ᭱ᚋࡢẁ㝵࡛࠶ࡿ
1996
ᖺࡣࠊゎ㞠つไࡢ㐺⏝ࢆཷࡅࡿᴗつᶍࡣࠊ5 ྡࡽ10
ྡࡢᚑᴗဨᘬࡁୖࡆࡽࢀࠊつไ⦆ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ㐌࠶ࡓࡾഹࡢ㛫ࡋാ࡞
࠸ࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ປാࡀࠊ⚾ⓗ࡞ປാ㞟⣙ⓗࢧ࣮ࣦࢫ࠾࠸࡚ࡲࡍࡲࡍ㢖⦾⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ
ࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋᇶᮏⓗࠊࡇࡢᮇࡣࠊࠕ♫ಖ㞀ࠊ✚ᴟⓗປാᨻ⟇ࠊ㞠⏝ಖㆤࡣࠊṇつ ࡢ⿕⏝⪅ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣኚ᭦ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡲࡲ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠖ㸦Eichhorst/Marx,
2009,8㸧
ࠋ⥆ࡃࠊࢩ࣮ࣗࣞࢲ࣮ᨻᶒࡢ➨୍ᮇ࡛࠶ࡿ
1998
ᖺࡽ2001
ᖺࡢᮇࡣࠊࠕປാᕷሙࡢࣇࣞࢡࢩࣅࣜࢸࡢไ㝈ࠖࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓᮇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
1998
ᖺࡢSPD/Gruene
ࡢ㐃❧ᨻᶒࡢ௦ࡶࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢつไࡀࠊㄽதⅬ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ๓ᨻᶒࡢ⾜ࡗࡓ♫ಖ㞀ࡸ㞠⏝ಖㆤ ࡢ๐ῶᑐࡍࡿᑐࡀࠊᨻᶒ௦ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࠋ
1999
ᖺࡣࠊゎ㞠つไࡀࠊ5ேࡽ10
ே ࡢᚑᴗဨࢆ᧦ࡍࡿᑠᴗࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᅇࡉࢀࡓࠋࡘ࠸ࠊ2001
ᖺࡣࠊࠕ᭷ᮇዎ⣙ࡀࠊ᭷ຠ࡞⌮⏤ࡶ࡞ࡋࠊ᭱ึࡢ㞠⏝ࡢሙྜ㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠖ㸦Eichhorst/Marx,2009㺂9㸧ࠋ
ࢧࢵࢳ࣮ࣕⱥᅜ㤳┦࠾ࡼࡧ࣮ࣞ࢞ࣥ⡿ᅜ⤫㡿ࡀᥦၐࡋࠊࢃࡀᅜࡢ୰᭮᰿㤳┦ࡀ㏣㝶ࡋࡓᑠࡉ࡞ᨻᗓࢆ
┠ᣦࡍᛮࡣࠊ᪂⮬⏤⩏ࡤࢀࡓࠋ᪂⮬⏤⩏ࢆ⌮ㄽⓗᨭ࠼ࡿ⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࢩ࢝ࢦᏛὴ ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡓࡕ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
1970
ᖺ௨᮶ࡢⱥ⡿ࡢ⤒῭ἣ㔞ኻᴗᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࢣࣥࢬ⩏ࡓࡘ⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࡀຠᯝࢆ♧ࡏ࡞࠸≧ἣࡢ୰࡛ࠊ౪⤥ഃ⤒῭ᏛࡶࠊࡇࡢᏛὴࡢ᪂⮬⏤⩏ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡀ⬮ගࢆᾎ ࡧࡿ࠸ࡓࡗࡓࠋᚋࡢᑠἨ㤳┦ࡢᨵ㠉ࡶࡇࡢ᪂⮬⏤⩏ࡢ❧ሙ❧ࡘࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᪂⮬⏤⩏ࡢホ ౯ࡣ᪥࡞࠾ᐃࡲࡗ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ㈶ྰ୧ㄽࡀ୪❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ᪂⮬⏤⩏ࡢࡶࡘᕷሙཎ⌮⩏
㈶ᡂࡍࡿ⪅ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ⤒῭ࡢຠ⋡ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿᙇࡋࠊᑐࡍࡿ⪅ࡣࡑࢀࡀ᱁ᕪၥ㢟ࢆⓎ⏕ࡉࡏࡿ
࠸࠺ࠋ
第3章「グローバル化時代における日・独労働市場」
ࡇࡢᮇࠊ㈤㔠ࡢࣇࣞࢡࢩࣅࣜࢸࡸጇᙜᛶࡣࠊ㔜せ࡞ㄽதⅬ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࢩ࣮ࣗࣞࢲ࣮ᨻᶒࡢ➨ᮇ࡛࠶ࡿ
2002
ᖺࡽ2005
ᖺࡢᮇࡣࠊࠕࣁࣝࢶᨵ㠉͂ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ
2010
ᖺ̓ࠖࡢᮇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ2001ᖺ௨᮶ࡢ⤒῭ἣࡀࠕປാᕷሙࡸ♫ᨻ⟇ࡢࣃࣛࢲ࣒ࡢኚࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ࠶ࡽࡓ࡞つไ⦆ⓗᨵ㠉ࠖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࠋ
ࠕ㆟ㄽࡢከ࠸’ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ
2010͂⤖ࡧࡘ࠸ࡓࣁࣝࢶᨵ㠉ࡢࣃࢵࢣ࣮ࢪࡣࠊேⓗ㈨ᮏࢆᚿྥ
ࡍࡿປാᕷሙᨻ⟇ࡽࠊప㈤㔠ࡢ࡛ࡶᑵࡁࡓ࠸࠸࠺ࠝປാᕷሙࡢࠞ㟂せഃせᅉࢆᙉ
ࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᑵᴗᕼᮃ⪅ࡢពᚿࡢኚࢆពࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡣࠊࡼࡾཝ᱁࡞⫋᥈ࡋࡢ
ෆࠊኻᴗಖ㝤㔠ࡢ࡞ࡾཝࡋ࠸ᨭ⤥᮲௳ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠊ㛗ᮇࡢカ⦎┤᥋ࡢࡢฟࡽ
ປാᕷሙࡢ⤫ྜࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋࡓ▷ᮇࡢィ⏬ࡢ᥎⛣ࢆࠊពࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ
㸦
op.cit
㸧ࠋ⪁㱋ປാ⪅ࡢኻᴗಖ㝤㔠ཷ⤥ᮇ㛫ࡣࠊ32
᭶ࡽ18
࢝᭶๐ῶࡉࢀࠊࡇࢀࡀࠊᐇୖࡢ᪩ᮇ㏥⫋࠸࠺ᡭẁࢆ↓ࡃࡋࡓ࠸࠺ࠋࡲࡓࠊኻᴗᢇຓ♫ᢇຓࡢኻᴗಖ㝤㔠 ϩࡢ⤫ྜࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡉࡽࠊ࣑ࢽ࣭ࢪࣙࣈࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡓࠋ࣑ࢽ࣭ࢪࣙࣈࡣࠊప࠸㛫
㈤㖟ࡢྠពࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽࠊSPD/Gruene ᨻᗓࡣࠊࣁࣝࢶᨵ㠉ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿ୰࡛ࠊࡑࡢࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࢆࡶ⮬⏤
ࡋࡓࠋ᭦᪂ࡉࢀࡿ᭷ᮇ㞠⏝ዎ⣙ࡢ㛤ጞࡢᖺ㱋ࡣࠊ
58
ṓࡽ52
ṓᘬࡁୗࡆࡽࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ ᪂タࡢᴗࡣࠊᅄᖺ㛫ࡲ࡛ࠊ᭷ᮇዎ⣙ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋὴ㐵ປാࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ1985
ᖺࡽ2002
ᖺࡢ㛫ࠊࡾᙜ࡚ᮇ㛫ࡣ3
࢝᭶ࡽ24
࢝᭶ᣑࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊࡑ ࡢᚋࠊࣁࣝࢶ➨Ϩἲࡼࡗ࡚ᗫṆࡉࢀࡓࠋ2003
ᖺࡣࠊᘓタᴗ࠾ࡅࡿὴ㐵ປാࡢ⚗Ṇࡀࠊ ᗫṆࡉࢀࡓࠋࠕὴ㐵ປാࡣࠊኻᴗ⪅ࢆປാᕷሙ⤫ྜࡍࡿࡇࢆ⣙᮰ࡍࡿᡭẁぢࡉࢀࡓࠋࠖࠋࣁࣝࢶᨵ㠉ࡢࡑࡢࡢせ⣲ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᴗࡢ㝿ࡢ⿵ຓࡢᣑࡸከࡃࡢᡭᕤᴗ࠾ࡅ
ࡿ࣐ࢫࢱ࣮㈨᱁ド᫂᭩ࡢᗫṆ࡞ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㸦Eichhorst/Marx,2009ࠊ11㸧ࠋ
ࠕせࡍࡿࠊࡇࡢᮇࠊ➨ᮇࡢ㉥࣭⥳ࡢ❧ἲάືᮇࡢᨵ㠉ࡣࠊປാᕷሙࡢ࿘㎶㒊࡛
ࡣ㔞ࡢつไ⦆ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ୰᰾㒊ศࡣᙳ㡪ࢆ࠺ࡅࡓࡢࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ❧ἲ
ୖࡢኚࡣࢃࡎ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࠖ㸦
op.cit
㸧ࠋ୰᰾ⓗປാᕷሙࡢࣇࣞࢡࢩࣈࣝࡗ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊᅋయ΅ࡢᚋ㏥ࡀ㐍ࢇࡔࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋከࡃࡢ⿕⏝⪅ࡣࠊᅋయ΅࡛Ỵࡵࡽ
ࢀࡓࡶࡢࡣ␗࡞ࡿ᮲௳࡛ࠊാࡃࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ୰᰾ⓗປാᕷሙ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᅋయ
΅ࡼࡿປാ᮲௳ࡢỴᐃ࠸࠺ࡇࡀᙅࡵࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪉ࠊ᪤㏙ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊὴ㐵ປ
ാࠊ⮬ᕫ㞠⏝࠾ࡼࡧప㈤㔠ປാࡢࡼ࠺࡞࿘㎶㒊ศࡢປാᕷሙࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㧗࠸ࣇࣞࢡࢩࣅ
ࣜࢸࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࠋ
ࣁࣝࢶᨵ㠉ࡣ♫Ẹඪࡢໃຊࢆᙅࡵࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ
2005
ᖺࡢᅜ㑅ᣲࡢ⤖ᯝࠊCDU/CSU
ࡀࢆࡵࠊྠඪࡢ࣓ࣝࢣࣝඪ㤳ࢆ㤳┦ࡍࡿࠊSPD
ࡢ㐃❧ᨻᶒࡀᡂ❧ࡋࡓࠋ2005-2009
ࡢᮇࡣࠊࠕᕷሙࡢໃຊࡢᢚไࠖࡢᮇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕࡇࡢ㐃❧ᨻᶒࡣࠊປാᕷሙᨵ㠉ࡓ࠸ࡋ࡚ࡶࡗៅ㔜࡞❧ሙࢆࡗࡓࠖ㸦Eichhorst/ Marx, 2009ࠊ12㸧ࠋἲᐃ㏥⫋ᖺ㱋ࡢ
65
ṓࡽ
67
ṓࡢᘬࡁୖࡆࡣࠊࣁࣝࢶᨵ㠉ᚋࡢ᭱ᚋࡢ⤒㈝๐ῶၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍẸඪ ෆࡢつไ⦆ࡢᛮࡣᚋ㏥ࡋࠊࠕ᭱㏆ࡢᨻ⟇ㄽதࡣࠊᅽಽⓗᰴᘧドๆ♫ⓗṇ⩏㛵 ᚰࢆᣢࡘ࠸࠺≉ᚩࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ㸦op.cit
㸧ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊ♫ಖ㞀ࡢᏳᐃ࿘㎶㒊ປാ㸰㸬 ᖺ௦௨ᚋࡢ᪥࣭⊂ປാᕷሙ̿ࣃࣛࣞࣝ࡞ᒎ㛤̿
ᕷሙ࠾ࡅࡿ᭱ప㈤㔠ไࡢᑟධࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡼ࠺࡞⤖ᯝ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࠕ➨୍ࠊ⪁㱋ປാ⪅ᑐࡍ
ࡿኻᴗಖ㝤㔠ࡣࠊ
18
࢝᭶ࡽࡩࡓࡓࡧ24
࢝᭶ᘏ㛗ࡉࢀࡓࠋ➨ࠊᅔ㞴࡞ሙᡤ࡛ࡢ㛗ᮇ ኻᴗ⪅ࡓ࠸ࡋ࡚ࠊ⿵ຓ㔠࡛ࡢ㞠⏝ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸᪉ἲࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡓࠋ᭱ᚋࠊ᭱ࡶ㔜 せ࡞ࡇࡣࠊ᭱ప㈤㔠ࡀࢻࢶࡢᨻ⟇ㄽத࠾࠸࡚ึࡵ࡚ࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀࡓㄽதⅬ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࠖ㸦
op.cit
㸧ࠋປാ⤌ྜ♫Ẹඪࡣࠊ⯡ⓗ࡞᭱ప㈤㔠ไࢆ᥎㐍ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍ♫Ẹඪࡣࡇࢀᑐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊጇ༠ࡋ࡚ࠊࢡ࣮ࣜࢽࣥࢢࡸ㒑౽ࢧ࣮ࣦࢫࡸ୍ⓗ࡞ὴ 㐵ປാࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢧ࣮ࣦࢫ㒊㛛࡛ࡢศ㔝ู᭱ప㈤㔠༠ᐃࡢᣑࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸦
op.cit
㸧ࠋ ᭱㏆ࡢἣࡢ࡞࡛ࠊࠕࢻࢶࡢᨻ⟇❧ᐙࡣࠊࡋ࡚ࠊ▷㛫ປാ࠸࠸࠼ࢀࡤ㒊ศⓗኻᴗࡢ⏝ࡢᣑࠊ㢗ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋኻᴗಖ㝤ࡼࡗ࡚㈨㔠౪ࡉࢀࡓ▷㛫ᡭᙜ ࡢ᭱ᨭ⤥ᮇ㛫ࡣࠊ2009ᖺ
2010
ᖺࡢ㛫ࠊ6ࣨ᭶ࡽ18
࢝᭶ᘏ㛗ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ ࠊ ๐ ῶ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ປ ാ 㛫 ࡣ ࠊ ♫ ಖ 㞀 ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ⿵ ࢃ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࠖ
㸦Eichhorst/Marx,2009ࠊ12-13㸧ࠋ▷㛫ປാࡣࠊ࠾ࡶࠊ㍺ฟᚿྥ⏘ᴗࡢᴗࡼࡗ࡚
⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᴗࡣ୍ⓗ࡞ὴ㐵ປാࡢ⏝ࢆ⦰ᑠࡋࠊ▷㛫ປാࡢ⏝ࢆቑ
ࡸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⤖ᒁࠊ༴ᶵᑐࡍࡿປാᕷሙࡢᑐᛂࡣࠊࡘࡢ᪉࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕ୰᰾ࡢࢫࢱࢵࣇ
ࡣ Ᏻ ᐃ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ ࣇ ࣞ ࢡ ࢩ ࣈ ࣝ ࡞ 㒊 㛛 ࡣ ࠊ ࡶ ࡗ ⣲ ᪩ ࡃ ࠊ ᛂ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠖ 㸦Eichhorst/Marx,2009ࠊ13㸧ࠋ
࡛ࡣࠊ⌧௦ࡢࢻࢶປാᕷሙࡢ≧ែࡣ࠺ࠋࠕ1990ᖺ௦ࡣࠊṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ≛≅ࡢୗࠊ 㠀ṇつ࡞ࡢࢩ࢙ࡀቑࡋࡓࡀࠊ᭱㏆࡛ࡣࠊṇつࡢࡢᩘࢩ࢙ࡣ┦ᑐⓗᏳᐃ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊὴ㐵ປാࠊ᭷ᮇዎ⣙ࠊ࿘㎶ⓗປാࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ⮬ᕫ㞠
⏝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊࣇࣞࢡࢩࣈࣝ࡞㞠⏝ዎ⣙ࡣᣑࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࣭࣭࣭ࢧ࣮ࣦࢫ㒊㛛᪂ࡋ࠸
ᶵࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠖ㸦
op.cit
㸧ࠋࡋࡋࠊṇつࡢࡶࠊࣇࣞࢡࢩࣈࣝ࡞ປാ㛫ཧຍ⪅ㄪᩚ(remuration arrangement)ࡢࡺ࠼ࠊࡶࡗࣇࣞࢡࢩࣈࣝ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ
୰᰾ⓗ࡞ປാᕷሙ࡛࠶ࡿṇつ㞠⏝ࡢศ㔝࡛ࡶࠊ࿘㎶ⓗ࡞ປാᕷሙ࡛࠶ࡿὴ㐵ປാ࣭⮬ᕫ㞠
⏝ࡢศ㔝࡛ࡶࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࣇࣞࢡࢩࣈࣝࡣ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡀࠊᚋ⪅ࡢ᪉ࡀࡼࡾ᫂☜ࣇࣞࢡࢩ
ࣈࣝࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࠸࠺≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࡛ࡣࠊࢃࡀᅜࡢປാᕷሙࡣࠊ࠺࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ⮬Ẹඪᨻᶒୗ࡛ࡢᬒẼᾋᥭᨻ⟇
ࡢ㐙⾜ࡑࡢᚋࡢᑠἨᨻᶒୗࡢつไ⦆ࡢ᥎㐍ࠊࡉࡽࠊ᭱㏆ࡢẸඪᨻᶒࡢࡶ࡛ࡢປ
ാᕷሙᨻ⟇࡞ࡣࠊࡢࡼ࠺᥎⛣ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࢃࡀᅜࡢሙྜࡣࠊࢻࢶࡢሙྜࡢࡼ࠺ࠊᮾすࢻࢶࡢ⤫ྜࡼࡿࢥࢫࢺࡢቑຍ㸦ᪧ ᮾ⊂ᆅᇦ࠾ࡅࡿࣥࣇࣛࡢᩚഛࠊᪧᅜ᭷ᴗࡢẸႠࡶ࡞࠺⤒㈝㸧࡞⤒㈝ࡢ㈇ᢸ
࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࢃࡾࠊ1985ᖺࡽ
1990
ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢࣂࣈࣝࡀࠊ1991ᖺ௨᮶ࠊᔂቯ ࡋࡓࡇࡼࡿ῝้࡞ἣࡢⓎ⏕ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᖹᡂἣゝࢃࢀࡿἣ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕኻࢃࢀࡓ
10
ᖺࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕኻࢃࢀࡓ15
ᖺࠖ࠸࠺៏ᛶἣ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᆺࡢ㖟⾜ࡸドๆ♫ࡢᔂቯࡀぢࡽࢀࠊⰋമᶒࢆᢪ࠼ࡓ㖟⾜ࡀࠊ⼥㈨ࡢ⦰ᑠ㸦㈚ࡋࡾ㸧ࢆ⾜࠺୰࡛ࠊከࡃࡢ
୰ᑠࡢᴗࡀᅇ㌿㈨㔠㊊ࡽ⾜ࡁワࡲࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊᴗࡣಽ⏘ࡍࡿࠊࡑ࠺࡛࡞ࡅ
ࢀࡤࠊᚑᴗဨࢆゎ㞠ࡍࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᪂つࡢᏛ༞⪅ࡢ᥇⏝ࢆᑡ࡞ࡃࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᑐᛂࢆྲྀࡗ
第3章「グローバル化時代における日・独労働市場」
ࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࠊࣂࣈࣝࡢᔂቯ୪⾜ࡋ࡚ࠊ♫⩏㈨ᮏ⩏ࡢ⤫ྜࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࠊࢪ
༡⡿ࡢㅖᅜࡢ⤒῭Ⓨᒎࡼࡗ࡚ࠊୡ⏺ᕷሙࡀᣑ㐍ࡍࡿࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࡢ㐍 ᒎࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏᴗࡣእᅜᴗࡇࢀࡲ࡛௨ୖ➇தࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ
⤒῭ࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࡣࠊປാᕷሙࡢつไ⦆ࢆ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡓࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࣂࣈࣝࡢᔂቯࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࡼࡿປാᕷሙࡢኚࡣࠊᴗࡢປാຊᑐࡍࡿ㟂せࡢኚ
ࡋ࡚⌧ࢀࡿࠋᴗࡣࠊ㞠⏝⪅ࡋ࡚ࠊ୰㧗ᖺ㱋ࡢປാ⪅ࡢᕼᮃ㏥⫋ࢆເࡿࠊ᪂つᏛ
༞⪅ࡢ᥇⏝ࡢ⦰ᑠࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ⤊㌟㞠⏝ࡢ័⾜ࡋࡓࢃࡀᅜࡢᴗ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ୰㧗ᖺ㱋ᒙࡢ ᚑᴗဨࡢゎ㞠ࡣᅔ㞴࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊࡴࡋࢁࠊṇつປാ⪅ࡼࡾࡣ㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞
ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣐࣮ࠊᮇ㛫ᕤࠊㄳ㈇ᕤࠊ࠾ࡼࡧὴ㐵ປാ⪅࡞ࡢ㠀ṇつປാ⪅
ࡢ᥇⏝ࡢ㛵ᚰࡀࡘࡼࡲࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡛ࠊ㞠⏝つไἲࡢつไ⦆ࡣ㐍ᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋὴ㐵ປാ
⪅ἲࡢᨵṇࡣࠊ1986ᖺ௨᮶ࠊᩘᗘࢃࡓࡗ࡚࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋ᭱ึࡣࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢྍ⬟࡞ᴗ✀
ࢆᣑࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ࠊつไ⦆ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋᙜึࡣࠊᘓ⠏ᴗ࡞ࡢ
4
ᴗ✀ࡋὴ㐵ࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊḟᣑࡋࠊ1990 ᖺ௦
28
ᴗ✀ࡲ࡛ᣑࡋࡓࠋ᪂⮬⏤⩏ࡓࡘ ᑠἨ㤳┦ࡢⓏሙࡶࠊὴ㐵ࡣࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࠾࠸࡚ࡶㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ2002ᖺࡽ
2008
ᖺࡢᮇࠊ㟁ᶵ⏘ᴗࠊ⮬ື㌴〇㐀ᴗ࡞ࡢᴗ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᚑᴗဨࡢ30㸣ࡀࠊ
㠀ṇつປാ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺≧ἣࡀᡂ❧ࡋࡓࠋ2008ᖺࡢ9
᭶ࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝㔠⼥༴ᶵࡢຨⓎࡑ ࡢୡ⏺⤒῭ࡢ῝้࡞ᙳ㡪ࡣࠊࢃࡀᅜࡶචࢀࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ2009ᖺࡣࠊࢃࡀᅜࡣ῝้࡞ἣ㝗ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⏘ᴗࡢᴗࡣࠊࡲࡎࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢゎ㞠㉮ࡗࡓࡇ
ࡣࠊグ᠈᪂ࡋ࠸ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊከࡃࡢὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡀࠊ༑ศ࡞♫ಖ㞀ࡢୗಖㆤࡉࢀ࡚࠸
࡞࠸ࡇࡶࠊࡑࡢ㐣⛬࡛࠶ࡁࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࣂࣈࣝᔂቯᚋࡢᖹᡂἣࡢୗ࡛ࡢᨻᗓࡢᑐᛂࡣࠊᙜึࡣࠊࢣࣥࢬᨻ⟇ࡢᐇࡼࡗ
࡚ࠊᬒẼᅇࢆᅗࡿ࠸࠺ᡓ␎ࡀࡽࢀࡓࠋ᪂ᖿ⥺ࡢᣑࠊᅄᅜᯫᶫࡢ᥎㐍ࠊ㧗㏿㐨㊰⥙
ࡢᣑ࡞ࠊ♫ⓗࣥࣇࣛࡢᘓタࡢࡓࡵࠊᅜമⓎ⾜ࡼࡗ࡚ᚓࡓ㈨㔠ࢆᢞධࡍࡿ࠸
࠺ࡇࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓබඹᢞ㈨ࡀἣࢆゎỴࡋࠊኻᴗၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿಙࡌࡽࢀ࡚
࠸ࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑࢀࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊኻᴗ⋡ࡢῶᑡࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㖟⾜ࡢⰋമᶒࡣࠊ ゎỴࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇฟ࡚᮶ࡓࡢࡀࠊᑠἨ㤳┦ࡼࡿ᪂⮬⏤⩏ⓗぢゎ❧ࡘࠊつไ⦆
ࡢ㊰⥺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㒑ᨻẸႠࡢ᥎㐍ࡶࠊᕷሙཎ⌮⩏ⓗ࡞つไ⦆ࡀ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ
ࡓࠋ2003ᖺࡢὴ㐵ປാ⪅ἲࡢᨵᐃࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢᴗࡶࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࢆ㏦ࡿࡇࡀ ฟ᮶ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ2008ᖺ㡭ࡲ࡛ࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢᴗࡗ࡚ࡶὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࢆ
㞠࠸ධࢀࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᩘࡣࠊྛᴗࡢᚑᴗဨࡢ
30㸣ࢆ༨ࡵࡿ࠸ࡓࡗࡓ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࢻࢶ᪥ᮏࡢປാᕷሙࢆࠊ1990ᖺ௨᮶᪥ࡲ࡛ほᐹࡍࡿࠊᗄࡘࡢⅬ
࡛ࠊ㢮ఝⅬࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡎ➨୍ࠊ᥇⏝ࡢ᪉ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᴗࡸබົဨࡘ
࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡶ㛗ᮇ㞠⏝ࡢṇつປാ⪅ࢆᇶᮏࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ୧ᅜࡶࠊ 㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡀࠊ1990ᖺ௨ᚋࠊᖺࢆ⤒ࡿࡘࢀ࡚ࠊቑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓኚࡢ
⫼ᬒࡣࠊ1990ᖺ௨ᚋᛴ㏿㐍ࢇࡔࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᪧ♫⩏ᅜࡢᕷሙ⤒
῭ࡢ⤫ྜࠊࢪࠊࣇࣜ࢝ࠊ୰༡⡿ࡢ⤒῭ⓗⓎᒎ࡞ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢻࢶࡸ᪥ᮏ࡞
ࡢඛ㐍ᕤᴗᅜࡶࠊཝࡋ࠸➇தࡉࡽࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᅜࡢ ປാᕷሙᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡓࠋᅜ㝿㈠᫆࠾ࡅࡿ౯᱁➇தࡣࠊࢥࢫࢺᘬࡁୗࡆࡢࡓࡵࡢே௳
㈝ࡢ๐ῶࢆせồࡋࠊࡇࢀࡣᴗࡢ㞠⏝⪅ࡋ࡚ࡢ❧ሙᙳ㡪ࡋࡓࠋ➨୕ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊປ
ാ⪅ಖㆤࡢ❧ሙࡽࡢປാᕷሙᑐࡍࡿ᪤ᏑࡢつไࢆࠊᗫṆࡍࡿ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㏴ῶࡍࡿ࠸
࠺ࠊつไ⦆ㄽࡀฟ࡚᮶ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࢆ⌮ㄽⓗ࣭ᛮⓗ᰿ᣐ࡙ࡅࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚ࠊ᪂
⮬⏤⩏ࡢᛮࡀᣢࡕฟࡉࢀࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ♫Ẹ⩏ࡢ➨୕ࡢ㐨ㄽ
3
ࡀᣢࡕฟࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊḟࠊ1990ᖺࡽ⌧ᅾࡲ࡛ࡢ㔜࡞ປാᕷሙᨵ㠉ࡋ࡚ࡢࠊࣁࣝࢶᨵ㠉ࢃࡀᅜࡢປാᕷሙᨵ㠉ࢆࠊẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺
4
ࠋ㸱㸬ࣁࣝࢶᨵ㠉ࢃࡀᅜࡢປാᕷሙᨵ㠉
ࣁࣝࢶᨵ㠉ࡣࠊࢻࢶປാᕷሙࢆࠊ✚ᴟⓗປാᨻ⟇ࡢほⅬࡽࠊᨵ㠉ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡶࡢ
࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇࡣࠊࢻࢶࡢ㛗ᮇࢃࡓࡿ㧗⋡ኻᴗ⋡ࢆゎỴࡋࡻ࠺ࡼ࠺࠸࠺ࠊࢩ࣮ࣗࣞ
ࢲ࣮㤳┦ࡢពẼ㎸ࡳࡀឤࡌࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᑠἨᨵ㠉ࡢ୍⎔ࡋ࡚ࡢࠊࢃࡀᅜࡢ㞠
⏝ἲไࡢつไ⦆ࡣࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࡢ࡞࡛ࡸࡴࢆᚓࡎࠊṇつᚑᴗဨࡢ㞠⏝ࢆࠊ㠀ṇつ ᚑᴗဨࡢ㞠⏝㌿ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࢃࡀᅜࡢᴗ⪅ࡢཷືⓗ࡞ጼໃࡀᇉ㛫ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ㞠⏝ၥ 㢟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ♫ಖ㞀ࡢၥ㢟ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡞࠸Ᏻ᫆ࡉࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ2008ᖺࡢ࣮࣐࣭ࣜࣥࣈࣛࢨ
࣮ࢬ♫ࡢ◚⏘࣓ࣜ࢝㔠⼥༴ᶵࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊ㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࡢゎ 㞠ࡣࢀࡽࢆ㊰㢌㏞ࢃࡏࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ࠾࠾ࡃࡢὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࢆྵࡴ㠀ṇつປ
ാ⪅ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢゎ㞠ࡢ♫ಖ㞀ࡢไᗘࡀ༑ศᩚഛࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊከࡃࡢὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡀゎ㞠ࡉࢀࡿࡶࠊࢀࡽࡣ⤥ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊఫᏯࢆࡶ
ኻ࠸ࠊኻᴗಖ㝤㔠ࡢᨭᡶ࠸ࡶཷࡅ࡞࠸࠸࠺ែ㝗ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࡾࢃ
ࡅὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ㞠⏝ࡢቑ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠊࢻࢶ᪥ᮏࡶࠊࡑࡢᐇែไᗘⓗ
ពࡣࠊ࡞ࡾ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗࠊࡇࡢⅬࢆࡶ࠺ᑡࡋࠊ⪃ᐹࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
ⱥᅜࡢࣈ࣮ࣞ㤳┦㸦ປാඪ㸧ࡀᥦၐࡋࡓࠕ➨୕ࡢ㐨ࠖㄽࡣࠊᅜ᭷ᴗࢆ㔜どࡍࡿᚑ᮶ࡢປാඪࡢᨻ⟇
ࢆಟṇࡋࠊ᪂⮬⏤⩏ࡢᙇࢆ㒊ศⓗᐜㄆࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ෆᐜࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡗࡶࠊປാᨻ⟇࠾࠸
࡚ࡣࠊ✚ᴟⓗປാᨻ⟇ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊᨻᗓࡢ✚ᴟⓗ࡞⫋ᴗ⤂ࡸ⫋ᴗカ⦎ࡢάືࢆ㔜どࡍࡿࠋࢻࢶࡢࢩࣗ
࣮ࣞࢲ࣮㤳┦ࡀࠊࡑࡢ➨ḟᨻᶒ㸦2002-2005㸧࠾࠸࡚ヨࡳࡓࣁࣝࢶᨵ㠉ࡶࠊࡇࡢ➨୕ࡢ㐨ㄽᇶ࡙
࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࣂࢫᩍᤵࡣㄽᩥ㸦Bass,2009㸧࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ௨๓ࡢࢻࢶ㸦ࣛࣥ㈨ᮏ⩏㸧᪥ᮏ㈨ᮏ⩏
㸦᪥ᮏᰴᘧ♫㸧ࡣࠊ᪂ࢥ࣮࣏ࣛࢸࢬ࣒ⓗ♫⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ඹ㏻ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊປാ㛵ಀ࡛
ࡶ㝵⣭㜚தࡼࡾࡣ♫ࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࢩࣕࣇࢺⓗᛮ⪃ࡀᙉࡗࡓࠋࢻࢶ࡛ࡶ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶປാᕷሙࡢ⤖᮰ࡀᙉ
ࡗࡓホ౯ࡍࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ ᖺࡣࠊ୧ᅜࡶከᵝ࡞ཎᅉ⏤᮶ࡍࡿປാᕷሙ༴ᶵࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࠋࡇ
࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊ ୡ⣖ࡢጞࡲࡾࡶࠊປാᕷሙၥ㢟ࡢ᫂☜࡞ᑐᛂࡀྍ㑊࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊ➨ḟ ࢩ࣮ࣗࣞࢲ࣮ᨻᶒ㸦2001-2005㸧ᑠἨᨻᶒ㸦2001-2006㸧ࡣࠊࡶປാᕷሙᨻ⟇ࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ヨࡳࡀᚲせ
ぢࡿ࠸ࡓࡗࡓࠋ୧ᅜࡢປാᕷሙᨵ㠉ࡣࠊኻᴗ⪅ᴗᐙࡢ࣑ࢫ࣐ࢵࢳ⏤᮶ࡍࡿ㈨᱁ၥ㢟࡞ࡢ ၥ㢟ࠊኻᴗ⪅ᑐࡍࡿ㈤㔠⿵⤥ࡢ๐ῶၥ㢟ࠊ㞠⏝ಖㆤࡢ๐ῶ➼ࠎ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟
ᑐࡍࡿᨵ㠉ࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡣࠊࢻࢶࡀ✚ᴟⓗປാᕷሙᨻ⟇ࡢⅬ࡛ࡁࡃኚࢃࡗࡓࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏࡣᨵ 㠉ࡢࢸ࣏ࣥࡀ㐜ࡗࡓホ౯ࡍࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ୧ᅜࡢປാᕷሙࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ࢲࢼ࣑ࢬ࣒ࡣࠊṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ㡿ᇦ
࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㺀つไࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸㺁⫋ሙ㸦㠀ṇつ㞠⏝㸧ࡢ㡿ᇦぢࡽࢀࡓ࠸࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ ᖺࡢୡ⏺⤒
῭༴ᶵ௨ᚋࡢᒎ㛤ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ୕ࡘࡢࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࢆᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
第3章「グローバル化時代における日・独労働市場」
ࢩ࣮ࣗࣞࢲ࣮㤳┦ࡣࠊࡑࡢ➨୍ḟᨻᶒ㸦1998-2002㸧ࡣࠊࡑࢀ௨๓ࡢᨻᶒࡀ㞠⏝ἲไࡢ つไ⦆ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᗘࠊつไࢆᙉࡵࡿ࠸࠺❧ሙࢆ᥇ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢁࡀࠊࡑࡢ
௵ᮇࡢ⤊ࢃࡾ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊኻᴗ⋡ࢆࡣࡤࡋࡃῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ
ࢀࡣࠊࡑࡢ➨ḟᨻᶒ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢠࣜࢫࡢࣈࣞ㤳┦ࡢࠕ➨୕ࡢ㐨ࠖㄽᙳ㡪ࡉࢀ
ࡘࡘࠊ✚ᴟⓗປാᨻ⟇ࢆ᥇ࡿ࠸ࡓࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡀࠊࣁࣝࢶጤဨࡢᥦᇶ࡙ࡃࣁࣝࢶᨵ 㠉࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ
2010࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢෆᐜࡣࠊ᪤ࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓᣋ✏
࠾࠸࡚ࠊヲࡋࡃศᯒࡋࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊࡑࡢෆᐜࢆせ⣙ࡍࡿࠊ➨୍ࠊࢻࢶࡢᚑ᮶ࡢ㞠⏝
ᒁࢆࠕࢪࣙࣈ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠖ⦅ᡂࡋࠊ⫋ᴗ⤂ࡢ㎿㏿ࠊὴ㐵ປാࡢᶵࡢᣑ࡞ࢆ
⾜࠺ࡇࠊ➨ࠊ⚾ᰴᘧ♫࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᐙ᪘♫ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⮬Ⴀᴗࡢタ❧ࡢ⿵ຓࠊ࣑ࢽ࣭
ࢪࣙࣈ࠸࠺ప㈤㔠㞠⏝ࢆᑟධࡋࡓࡇࠊ➨୕ࠊゎ㞠つไࡢ⦆ࠊኻᴗ⤥ᮇ㛫ࡢ▷⦰ࠊ ኻᴗᢇຓ♫ᢇຓࡢ⤫ྜࡼࡾኻᴗಖ㝤㔠ϩ࠸࠺᪂ไᗘࢆసࡾୖࡆࡓࡇ࡞࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢᨵ㠉ࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡣᕷሙ⤒῭௵ࡏ࡚࠸ࡓ㞠⏝ၥ㢟ࢆࠊᨻᗓࡢ✚ᴟⓗ࡞ධࡼࡗ
࡚ᨵၿࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ❧ሙ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ㐃㑥㞠⏝ᗇࢆࢪࣙࣈ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸦㐃㑥㞠⏝
ᶵᵓ㸧⤌⧊ࡋࠊ⫋ᴗ⤂ࠊ⫋ᴗカ⦎ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧὴ㐵ປാࡢ⤂➼ࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡋࡓⅬࠊ ࡑࢀࡣ⌧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨ࠊ⚾ᰴᘧ♫ࡸᐙ᪘♫ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⮬Ⴀᴗࡢタ❧ࢆᐜ᫆ࡋࠊࡑ ࡢᴗࡓ࠸ࡋ࡚⿵ຓࢆ࠶ࡓ࠼ࡿࡇࡣࠊ㞠⏝࠸࠺ᙧ௨እࡢᑵᴗࡢᙧែࢆቑࡸࡍࡇ
ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊኻᴗ⋡ࢆపୗࡉࡏࡼ࠺࠸࠺ᡓ␎ࡀࠊぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ➨୕ࠊ♫ಖ㞀ࡢ๐ῶࡾࢃ
ࡅኻᴗಖ㝤㔠ཷ⤥ᮇ㛫ࡢ▷⦰ࠊࢪࣙࣈ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ⤂ࡍࡿ⫋ᴗࡢᑵᴗࡢᣄྰࡀኻᴗ ಖ㝤㔠ࡢῶ㢠ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࠸࠺つᐃࡣࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗኻᴗࡢ๐ῶࢆ≺ࡗࡓᡓ␎ࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ
ࡼ࠺ࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᡭẁࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊኻᴗ⪅࠾ࡼࡧ♫ᢇຓཷ⤥⪅ࡢᑵᴗࢆಁࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ❧ሙ
❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࡛ࡣࠊࢃࡀᅜࡢ㞠⏝ἲไᑐࡍࡿつไࡢ⦆ࡣࠊࡢࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡲࡎࠊປാ㛵ಀࢆつᐃࡍࡿᇶᮏἲ࡛࠶ࡿປാᇶ‽ἲࡢᨵṇࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
62
ᖺ9
᭶ࡢປാᇶ‽ἲࡢᨵṇࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࠊປാ㛫ࡢつไ⦆ࡀ㛤ጞࡉࢀࡓࠋᰗἑࡼࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢෆᐜࡣࠊἲ ᐃປാ㛫ࡢ
40
㛫ࡢኚ᭦ࠊኚᙧປാ㛫࣭ࣇࣞࢵࢡࢫࢱ࣒ไࡢᑟධࠊᖺḟ᭷⤥ఇᬤ ࡢ᪥ᩘቑィ⏬ఇᬤไᗘࡢタࠊᴗሙእປാ㔞ປാࡢࡳ࡞ࡋ㛫ไࡢタ࡞࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦ᰗἑࠊ
2008ࠊ 88-89㸧
ࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ㔞ປാไࢆࡾ࠺ࡿᴗົࡢ㏣ຍࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࠊࡲࡓࠊ⏬ᴗົᆺ㔞ປാไࡢタࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᖹᡂ
15
ᖺ௨ᚋࡣࠊ࣍࣡ࢺ࣮࢝ࣛࡢປാ㛵ࡍࡿປാἲไࡢぢ┤ࡋࡀ㐍ᒎࡋࡓࠋ
ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊࢻࢶປാᕷሙࢃࡀᅜࡢࡑࢀࡢẚ㍑࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠊ㠀ṇつປാ⪅
ṇつປാ⪅ࡢ㛵ಀ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀࠊྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓㏙ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ1990ᖺ௨᮶ࡢ୧ᅜࡢ ປാᕷሙࡢኚㇺࡢ㔜せ㇟ࡣࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢቑ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡾࢃࡅὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ㞠⏝ࡣࡑ ࡢ୰᰾࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣁࣝࢶᨵ㠉࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㧗ኻᴗ⋡ࢆᘬࡁୗࡆࡿࡓࡵࠊ㐃㑥㞠⏝ᶵᵓ
ྛᕞࡢ㞠⏝ᶵᵓࡣࠊࢪࣙࣈ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡋ࡚ὴ㐵ඖ♫ࢆ㐃ᦠࡋ࡚ࠊኻᴗ⪅ࢆᴗὴ㐵 ࡋࠊࡉࡽࠊࡑࢀࢆษࡗࡅ┤᥋㞠⏝ࡢṇつປാ⪅ࡋࡼ࠺ດຊࡋࡓࠋ࡛ࡣࠊࢃࡀᅜ
࡛ࡣ࠺ࡔࡗࡓࡢࠋ 㸱㸬ࣁࣝࢶᨵ㠉ࢃࡀᅜࡢປാᕷሙᨵ㠉
㸲㸬ປാᕷሙ࠾ࡅࡿ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢၥ㢟ᨻ⟇
ࢃࡀᅜࡢ㠀ṇつປാ⪅࡛ࡣࠊࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣐࣮࣭ࣝࣂࢺࡢẚ⋡ࡀ࠾࠾ࡁࡃࠊᑓᴗ፬
ࡸᏛ⏕ࢆྵࡴⱝ⪅ࡀࡑࡢᢸ࠸ᡭ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘ࠸࡛ࠊᴗࡀㄳ㈇♫ዎ⣙ࡋ࡚ཷࡅධࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿㄳ㈇ປാ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿࠋㄳ㈇ປാ⪅ࡣࠊᙜヱᴗ࡛ാࡃࡀࠊ㞠⏝㛵ಀࡣඖㄳ㈇♫ࡢ㛫
࠶ࡾࠊཷࡅධࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᴗࡢ㛫ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋㄳ㈇ປാ⪅ࡣࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶࠊඖㄳ㈇♫ࡢᣦ
┘╩ࡢࡶࠊാࡃࠋࡉࡽࠊᴗࡣࠊὴ㐵♫ࡽཷࡅධࢀࡓὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿࠋ ὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡶᙜヱᴗࡢ㛫㞠⏝㛵ಀࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᙜヱᴗࡢᣦ┘╩ࡢࡶປാࡍࡿ
࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࠊㄳ㈇ປാ⪅ࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᴗࡣࠊࡇࢀ௨እࠊᙜヱᴗࡀ┤᥋㞠⏝
ࡍࡿࡀࠊ᭷ᮇࡢ㞠⏝ዎ⣙ࡢࡶാࡃᮇ㛫ປാ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ከᵝ࡞㠀ṇつປാ⪅
ࡀ࠸ࡿࡀࠊṇつປാ⪅ࡢ┦㐪ࡣࠊࢀࡽࡢ㞠⏝ዎ⣙ࡀࠊ᭷ᮇዎ⣙࡛࠶ࡿⅬ࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓࠊ ṇつປാ⪅ࡀாཷࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ♫ಖ㞀ไᗘࡢᜠᜨࡸ♫ෆ⚟♴ไᗘࡢ⏝࡞ࡢⅬ࡛ࠊᕪูࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡀከ࠸࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࢻࢶ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ✚ᴟⓗປാᕷሙᨻ⟇ࡢ୍⎔ࡋ࡚⫯ᐃⓗ⨨ࡅࡽࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢃࡀᅜࡢࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋὴ㐵ປാ⪅ၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊከ ࡃࡢㄽᩥࡀⓎ⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
5
ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡶࠊ๓ᥖࡢᰗἑㄽᩥࡢሗࡼࡾࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ἲࡢኚ 㑄ࢆぢࡼ࠺ࠋࡲࡎࠊ60
ᖺࠊປാ⪅ὴ㐵ἲࡀไᐃࡉࢀࠊປാὴ㐵ࡢㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ16
ࡢ ᴗົࡀつᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊᖹᡂ8
ᖺࡣࠊὴ㐵ᑐ㇟ᴗົࡀ26
ᴗົᣑࡉࢀࡓ6
ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣࠊᑓ㛛ⓗᴗົࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆᣦᐃࡋ࡚ὴ㐵ࢆࡳࡵࡿ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ
ࣜࢫࢺ࠸࠺ᙧࢆࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊᖹᡂ
8
ᖺࡣࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࡞ࢆ㝖ࡁࠊὴ㐵ᑐ㇟ᴗົࡢไ 㝈ࢆ᧔ᗫࡋࡓࠋ〇㐀ᴗࡸ་⒪㛵ಀ࡞ࢆ㝖ࡁὴ㐵ࢆㄆࡵࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࠊࢿ࢞ࢸࣈࣜࢫࢺ࠸࠺ᙧ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ26ᴗົ௨እࡣࠊὴ㐵ᮇ㛫ࢆ
1
ᖺ௨ෆࡍࡿࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ௦᭰࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࠸࠺㓄៖ࡽࡔࡗࡓࠋ
ᖹᡂ
12
ᖺࡣࠊὴ㐵ࢆ࡚ὴ㐵ඛᴗ࡛ࡢṇつ㞠⏝᥇⏝ࢆぢ㎸ࡴࠕ⤂ணᐃὴ㐵ࠖࡀᐇࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽࠊᖹᡂ
15
ᖺࡣࠊ་⒪ࡢ୍㒊≀ࡢ〇㐀ࢃࡿᴗົࡢὴ㐵ࡀ⮬⏤ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᴗົࡢࢿ࢞ࢸࣈࣜࢫࢺࡽࡢ㝖እࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓ㸦ᰗἑࠊ
2008ࠊ91-92㸧
ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊὴ㐵ᴗົࡢᣑࢆᅗࡿࡶࠊ᪉࡛ࡣࠊ⤂ணᐃὴ㐵ࡢᢎㄆࡢࡼ࠺┤᥋ࡢṇつ㞠⏝ࡢᣑ⧚ࡀࡿ㓄៖ࡶࡋࡓࠋ
ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊᖹᡂ
15
ᖺ㸦2002 ᖺ㸧ࡢ〇㐀ᴗ࠾ࡅࡿὴ㐵ປാ⪅ཷࡅධࢀࡢἲไࡣࠊࡑ ࡢᚋࡢࢃࡀᅜࡢປാᕷሙỴᐃⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ᩘࡣ2002
ᖺࡣ213
ேࡔࡗࡓࡀࠊ2006ᖺࡣ321
ே࡞ࡾࠊࡉࡽࠊ2008ᖺ9
᭶ࡢᅜ㝿㔠⼥༴ᶵࡢ┤๓ࡣࠊ
381
ேࡢࡰࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ〇㐀ᴗࠊࡾࢃࡅࠊ⮬ື㌴⏘ᴗࡸ㟁ჾ⏘ᴗ࡞࠾㸦ᮏᗉࠊ2010㸧ࡣࠊࢃࡀᅜ࠾ࡅࡿປാ⪅ὴ㐵ࡢ㠀ࢆᕠࡿㄽதᐤࡍࡿࡓࡵ㞠⏝ಖ㞀ᆒ➼ᚅ㐝
㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢜ࣛࣥࢲἲ࠾ࡼࡧࢻࢶἲࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࢻࢶࠊ࢜ࣛࣥࢲㅖᅜ࠾࠸࡚ࠊປാ
⪅ὴ㐵ࡀ┤᥋㞠⏝ࡢᯫᶫ࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚✚ᴟⓗ⨨ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀࠊᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᨻ௧ ᴗົࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋሗฎ⌮ࢩࢫࢸ࣒㛤ⓎࠊᶵᲔタィࠊᨺ㏦ᶵჾ➼᧯సࠊᨺ㏦␒⤌➼₇ ฟࠊ୍⯡࣭Ⴀᴗົ࣭ࢹ࣮ࢱධຊ➼ࠊ㏻ヂ࣭⩻ヂ࣭㏿グࠊ⛎᭩ࠊࣇࣜࣥࢢࠊㄪᰝࠊ㈈ົࠊ㈠࣭᫆ᅜ 㝿ົ࣭ྲྀᘬᩥ᭩సᡂࠊࢹࣔࣥࢫࢺ࣮ࣞࢱ࣮ࠊῧࠊᘓ⠏≀Ύᤲࠊᘓ⠏タഛ㐠㌿࣭Ⅼ᳨࣭ᩚഛࠊ㥔㌴ሙ
⟶⌮ࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨࠊᴗᐇయไࡢ⏬࣭❧㛵ಀࠊ⦅㞟࣭༳ๅ࣭'73 ࣮࢜࣌ࣞࢱ࣮ࠊᗈ࿌ࢹࢨࣥࠊ
ࣥࢸࣜࢥ࣮ࢹࢿ࣮ࢱ࣮ࠊࢼ࢘ࣥࢧ࣮ࠊ㹍㸿ࣥࢫࢺࣛࢡࢱ࣮ࠊࢸ࣐࣮ࣞࢣࢸࣥࢢࡢႠᴗࠊࢭ࣮
ࣝࢫ࢚ࣥࢪࢽ࣮࣭㔠⼥ၟရࡢႠᴗࠊᨺ㏦␒⤌࠾ࡅࡿ㐨ල࣭ᑠ㐨ලࠋ
第3章「グローバル化時代における日・独労働市場」
࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
2008
ᖺࡣᚑᴗဨࡢ30㸣㏆࠸ࡶࡢࡀࠊ㠀ṇつປാ⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ୰ᚰࡣὴ㐵ປ
ാ⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢᅜ㝿㔠⼥༴ᶵࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢃࡀᅜࡢ⮬ື㌴ࡸ㟁ჾ〇ရࡢ㍺ฟࡀ
40-50㸣
ࡲ࡛⦰ᑠࡍࡿ࠸࠺≧ἣࡢ࡞࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⏘ᴗࡢᴗࡀὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ㞠Ṇࡵࢆ⾜࠸ࠊࡑ ࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᴗᅜࡢ♫ಖ㞀ࡢ⥙ࡽὤࢀ࡚࠸ࡓᙼࡽࡀࠊᝒ࡞≧ἣ㝗ࡗࡓࡇࡣࠊグ
᠈᪂ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸲㸬ປാᕷሙ࠾ࡅࡿ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢၥ㢟ᨻ⟇
᭱ึࠊࢻࢶ࠾ࡼࡧࢃࡀᅜࡢປാᕷሙ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ1990ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡀቑࡋ ࡓཎᅉࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⪃ᐹࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࢻࢶ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࢃࡀᅜ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࡢ㞠
⏝ࢆቑࡉࡏࡓせᅉࡢ୍ࡘࡣࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
1990
ᖺ௨᮶ࡢୡ⏺⤒῭ࡢᵓ㐀 ኚ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➃ⓗ࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࡣඛ㐍ᅜ┦ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧඛ㐍ᅜ᪂⯆⤒῭ᅜࡢ ᅜ㝿➇தࢆ⃭ࡉࡏࠊࡇࢀࡣࡑࢀࡽࡢㅖᅜࡢᴗ⏕⏘ࢥࢫࢺࡢ๐ῶࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ே௳㈝ࡢ๐ῶࢆ㏕ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢㅖᅜ࠾ࡅࡿᴗࡀ㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࡢ㞠⏝ࢆቑࡸࡋ ࡓཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࡀປാຊᕷሙ࠾ࡅࡿ㟂せഃࡢኚࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡍࢀࡤࠊඛ㐍ᅜ
࠾ࡅࡿປാᕷሙࡢ౪⤥ഃࡢኚࡶ㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࡢ㞠⏝ࢆቑࡉࡏࡿせᅉࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑ
ࢀࡣࠊඛ㐍ᅜࡢ࠶ࡲࡡࡃぢࡽࢀࡿ⌧㇟ࡋ࡚ࡢࠊฟ⏕⋡ࡢపୗᖹᆒᑑࡢᘏ㛗⏤᮶ࡍ
ࡿࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᑡᏊ㧗㱋࠸࠺⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᚲ↛ⓗࠊ⛣Ẹࡼࡿእᅜேປാ⪅ࡢ ቑዪᛶࡢປാຊࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋእᅜேປാ⪅ࡶዪᛶປാ⪅ࡶࠊࡑࡢᏛṔࡸ㈨᱁ࡸᐇຊ
ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊṇつປാ⪅ࡋ࡚㞠⏝ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡇࡣ࠸࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊ㞠⏝ໃࡢᝏ
࠸ሙྜࠊࢀࡽࡀ㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࡋ࡚ࡢ㞠⏝⏑ࢇࡌࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࡇࡣࠊ༑ศணࡉ
ࢀࡿែ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽࠊࡶࡗᇶ♏ⓗ࡞⤒῭ࡢኚࡋ࡚ࠊ࣮࢜ࢺ࣓࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠊࣟ࣎ࢵࢺࡢ㛤Ⓨࠊ
IT
ᢏ⾡ࡢⓎᒎࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⏘ᴗࡢ⏕⏘ຊࡢቑ㐍ࡀ㐍ࢇࡔࡓࡵࠊ㎰ᴗ࡞ࡢ➨୍ḟ⏘ᴗࠊ〇㐀 ᴗ࡞ࡢ➨ḟ⏘ᴗࡃࡽ࡚ࠊࢧ࣮ࣦࢫ⏘ᴗࠊሗ㏻ಙ⏘ᴗࠊ㔠⼥ᴗ࡞ࡢ➨୕ḟ⏘ᴗࡀ⫧ࡋࠊከᵝ࡞ປാࡀᡂ❧ࡋࡓࡇࡶࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢቑࡢ୍ᅉ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊᴗປാ⤌ྜࡢ΅ࡼࡗ࡚ປാ᮲௳ࡀỴࡵࡽࢀࠊᅜᐙࡢປാἲࡼࡗ࡚ไ ᗘࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢࡼ࠺࡞➨ḟ⏘ᴗࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᅜᐙබົဨࡢࡼ࠺࡞ศ㔝ࡢປ
ാ⪅࣭⫋ဨ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞⏘ᴗศ㔝ࡢከᵝ࡞ᮍศ࡞ປാࡘ࠸ࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓไᗘࡢ⥙
ࡽእࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡶከ࠸ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡕ࡞ࡳࠊ⌧௦᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶࡗࡶὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ࠾࠾
࠸⏘ᴗศ㔝ࡣࠊሗ㏻ಙ⏘ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊࢻࢶ࠾ࡼࡧ᪥ᮏࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢᐇࢆ⪃ᐹࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
ࡲࡎࠊࢻࢶࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢၥ㢟ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡼ࠺ࠋ㐃㑥⤫ィᒁࡢᐃ⩏ࡼࢀࡤࠊࢻࢶ ࡢṇつ㞠⏝ࡣࠊ(1)⏕ィࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ࠺ࡿᡤᚓࢆᨭᡶࢃࢀࡿࣇࣝࢱ࣒ປാࠊ(2)↓ᮇ㝈ࡢ㞠⏝㛵 ಀࠊ(3)ኻᴗ࣭࣭ᖺ㔠ಖ㝤࡞ࡢ♫ಖ㞀ໟᦤࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࠊ(4)ປാ㛵ಀ⏝㛵 ಀࡢ୍⮴ࠊ(5)⏝⪅ࡢᣦ♧ᑐࡍࡿປാ⪅ࡢ㡰Ᏺ⩏ົ࡞ࡢ≉ᚩࢆࡶࡘ㞠⏝࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ
ࡽࡢ≉ᚩࢆḞࡃ㞠⏝ࡀࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝࡛࠶ࡾࠊ(1)࣑ࢽ࣭ࢪࣙࣈࠊ(2)ࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ປാࠊ(3)
᭷ᮇ㞠⏝ࠊ(4)ὴ㐵ປാ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡿࠋ࣑ࢽ࣭ࢪࣙࣈࡣࠊ᭶
400
࣮ࣘࣟ௨ୗࡢ㞠⏝ࡲࡓ ࡣ2
࢝᭶௨ୗࡲࡓࡣ50
᪥௨ୗࡢ▷ᮇ㞠⏝ࡢሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ປാࡣࠊࣇࣝࢱ࣒࡛ാࡃປാ⪅ࡢ㐌ປാ㛫ࡼࡾࡶࠊ㈤㔠ዎ⣙ୖࡼࡾ▷࠸㐌ປാ㛫࡛ാࡃປാ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࠊࠕࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ປാ࣭᭷ᮇ㞠⏝ዎ⣙ἲࠖࡼࢀࡤࠊࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ປാ⪅ࡣࠊࣇࣝࢱ
࣒ປാ⪅㈤㔠࡞࠾࠸࡚ᆒ➼ࡢᚅ㐝ࢆಖドࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭷ᮇ㞠⏝ࡶ๓グࡢἲ௧ࡼ
ࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ㞠⏝ዎ⣙࠾࠸࡚㞠⏝ᮇ㛫ࢆ㝈ᐃࡍࡿࡣᐈほⓗ࡞⌮⏤ࡼࡗ࡚
ṇᙜࡉࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭱ᚋࠊὴ㐵ປാࡣࠊࠕປാ⪅ὴ㐵ἲࠖ㸦1972ᖺ㸧
ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓὴ㐵ᮇ㛫ࡣࠊ㸱ࣨ᭶ࠊ㸴ࣨ᭶ࠊ㸯㸰ࣧ᭶ࠊ㸰㸲ࣨ᭶
ᘏ㛗ࡉࢀࠊࡘ࠸ࡣ᧔ᗫࡉࢀࡓࠋὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢປാ᮲௳ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᆒ➼ᚅ㐝ࡀồ
ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ
7
ࠋࢻࢶࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢ⌧≧ࢆぢࡿࠊࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ປാࡣᬒẼ㛵ಀ࡞ࡃ⥅⥆ⓗቑຍࡋࠊ
2008
ᖺࡣ㞠⏝యࡢ26㸣௨ୖࢆ༨ࡵࡓࠋ࣑ࢽ࣭ࢪࣙࣈࡣࠊࣁࣝࢶᨵ㠉ࡼࡗ࡚ᑟධࡉࢀࠊ
ᑵᴗ⪅ࡢ
14㸣ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭷ᮇປാ⪅ࡢྜࡣࠊ1990
ᖺ௦௨㝆୍ᐃỈ‽ࢆಖࡕࠊ⣙10㸣࡛࠶ࡿࠋὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡣࠊᑵᴗ⪅యࡢ 2.3㸣ẚ㍑ⓗప࠸Ỉ‽࠶ࡿࡀࠊࣁࣝࢶᨵ㠉
ࡼࡗ࡚タ❧ࡉࢀࡓࢪࣙࣈ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡀὴ㐵ඖᴗᥦᦠࡋ࡚ኻᴗ⪅ࡢᑵ⫋ດࡵࡿ
࠸࠺ࠊไᗘኚ᭦ࡢࡏ࠸ࠊᏳᐃⓗᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ2008ᖺ
6
᭶ࡣ80
ேࢆᩘ࠼ࡓࠋ⤒῭༴ᶵࡢᙳ㡪ࡼࡾࠊ2009ᖺ
5
᭶ࡲ࡛ࡣࠊ30㸣ῶᑡࡋࠊ52ே⃭ῶࡋࡓ8
ࠋࢃࡀᅜࡢὴ㐵 ປാ⪅ࡶࠊ2008ᖺ9
᭶ࡢᅜ㝿㔠⼥༴ᶵࢆቃ⃭ῶࡋࠊ㢮ఝࡢ᥎⛣ࢆࡓࡗࡓࠋ࡛ࡣࠊࢃࡀᅜࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࠊࡾࢃࡅࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡣࠊ1990ᖺ௦௨᮶ࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞᥎⛣
ࢆࡓࡾࠊ⌧≧ࡣ࠺࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ປാᨻ⟇◊✲࣭◊ಟᶵᵓ2006aࡼࢀࡤࠊ㠀ṇ♫ဨࡣ
1980
ᖺ௨᮶ቑຍࡋࠊ2003ᖺࡣ
1637
ேࠊ⥲㞠⏝⪅ᑐࡍࡿẚ⋡ࡣ34.6%࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ࠺ࡕࠊዎ⣙♫ဨẚ⋡ࡣ 1994
ᖺࡽ2003
ᖺࡅ࡚ࡍ࡚ࡢ⏘ᴗ࡛ୖ᪼ࡋࡓࠋ≉ࠊື⏘ᴗࠊࢧ࣮ࣦࢫᴗࠊ㐠㍺ᴗࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࡛㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋὴ㐵ປാ⪅ẚ⋡ࡣࠊከࡃࡢ⏘ᴗ࡛ୖ᪼ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡾࢃࡅࠊሗ㏻ಙ ᴗ㔠⼥࣭ಖ㝤ᴗ࡛ࡢୖ᪼ᖜࡀࡁࡗࡓࠋࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ປാ⪅ẚ⋡ࡣࠊ㐠㍺ᴗࠊ༺࣭
ᑠᴗࠊ㔠⼥࣭ಖ㝤ᴗࠊື⏘ᴗࠊࢧ࣮ࣦࢫᴗ࡛ୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2003ᖺⅬ࡛ࡣࠊ㣧㣗 ᗑࠊᐟἩᴗࠊ༺࣭ᑠᴗ࠾࠸࡚ẚ⋡ࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ
ࡉࡽࠊປാᨻ⟇◊✲࣭◊ಟᶵᵓ2010aࡼࢀࡤࠊ
2003
ᖺࡽ2007
ᖺࡅ࡚ࠊṇ♫ဨẚ⋡ࡣ
65.4%ࡽ 62.2%ࡲ࡛ 3.2%పୗࡋࠊ㠀ṇ♫ဨẚ⋡ࡀࡑࢀᛂࡌ࡚ୖ᪼ࡋࡓࠋࡑ
ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡣ
2.1%ࡽ 4.7%ୖ᪼ࡋࠊ
ዎ⣙♫ဨࡣ2.4%ࡽ 2.8%ୖ᪼ࡋࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢᮇࠊከࡃ⏘ᴗ࡛ὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡀቑࡋࡓࡀࠊࡃࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ2.0%ࡽ9.8%
8%㏆ࡃቑࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ 2004
ᖺࡢὴ㐵ປാ⪅ἲࡢᨵṇࡼࡾࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ㞠⏝ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓࡓࡵ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
⊂❧ἲேປാᨻ⟇◊✲࣭◊ಟᶵᵓ㸦2010㸧ࠊࠕ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࢆࡵࡄࡿⱥ࣭࣭⊂ࡢືྥ≉㞟ᾏእປാ
ሗࠊࢻࢶࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࠖࠊ2010/07/28㸦http://jil.go.jp/foreign/labor_system/2010_㸧ཧ↷ࠋ
ྠୖࠋ
第3章「グローバル化時代における日・独労働市場」
ࡋࡋࠊ2008ᖺ
9
᭶ࡢ࣮࣐࣭ࣜࣥࣈࣛࢨ࣮ࢬ♫ࡢ◚⥢ጞࡲࡿᅜ㝿㔠⼥༴ᶵࡣࠊ㠀ṇつ 㞠⏝ࡢࢆኚࡉࡏࡓࠋ㸦ປാᨻ⟇◊✲࣭◊ಟᶵᵓࠊ2011aࡼࢀࡤࠊ㔠⼥༴ᶵ௨ᚋࡢ3
ᖺ㛫ࠊ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡣῶᑡഴྥ࠶ࡾࠊ㺀་⒪ࠊ⚟♴㺁௨እࡢ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣᴫࡋ࡚ῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡃࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢῶᑡࡀ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢཎᅉࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ༴ᶵᚋࡢὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ❓≧
ࡼࡾὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ㞠⏝ᑐࡍࡿୡ㛫ࡢᢈุࡀ㧗ࡲࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊᴗࡀ┤᥋㞠⏝ࡢᮇ㛫ᕤ ࡢ㞠⏝ࡸㄳ㈇♫ࡢዎ⣙ࡼࡿㄳ㈇ປാ⪅ࡢ⏝㢗ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡇࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠊ㏥
⫋ᮇධࡗࡓ㧗㱋⪅ࢆკク⫋ဨࡋ࡚㞠⏝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡇࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࢃࡀᅜ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࢻࢶ࠾ࡅࡿྠᵝࠊ㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࡢ㞠⏝ࡀቑ
ࡋࡓࠋࢻࢶ࡛ࡶࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶࠊࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ປാ⪅ࡢẚ⋡ࡀࡶࡗࡶࡁ࠸ࠋࢻࢶ࡛ࡣࠊ
࣑ࢽ࣭ࢪࣙࣈࡀ➨ࡁ࠸ẚ⋡ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࡀࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊ┤᥋㞠⏝ࡢᮇ㛫ᕤࡀ➨ࡁ
࠸ẚ⋡ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࠋ᪥ᮏࡢᮇ㛫ᕤࡣࠊࢻࢶࡢไᗘ࡛ࡣ᭷ᮇ㞠⏝ປാ⪅࠶ࡓࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ᴗࡣᬒẼㄪᩚࡸ⦾㛩ᮇ㞠⏝ㄪ⠇ࡢࡓࡵࠊᮇ㛫ᕤࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋࡶࡗࡶࠊࢃࡀᅜࡣࠊዎ
⣙ୖࡣ᭷ᮇ㞠⏝࡛࠶ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᐇ㉁ⓗࡣዎ⣙᭦᪂ࢆ㛗ᮇࢃࡓࡾ⥆ࡅࠊ᭱㝈࡛ࡣṇつ 㞠⏝⪅ࡢ㏥⫋ᮇ㝈ࡲ࡛᭦᪂ࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡓ࠸ࡋ࡚ࠊㄳ㈇ປാࡣࠊᴗࡀ ㄳ㈇♫ᴗົࡢ୍㒊ࢆጤクࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊㄳ㈇♫ࡢປാ⪅ࡀࠊᙜヱᴗ࠾࠸࡚ࡇࡢᴗ ࡢṇつປാ⪅ࡶാࡃሙྜࡢປാ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢃࡀᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ㐀⯪ᴗࠊᘓタᴗࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⮬
ື㌴ࡸ㟁ჾࡢ⤌ࡳ❧࡚⏘ᴗ࡞࠾࠸࡚ࠊぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ㔠⼥༴ᶵ௨ᚋࠊᴗࡀὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ ௦ࢃࡾㄳ㈇ປാ⪅ࡢ㞠⏝ࢆቑࡸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡣࠊ᪤ࠊ㏙ࡓ࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᴗࡣࠊ ὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢປാᑐࡋ࡚┤᥋ࡢᣦ࣭┘╩ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺࣓ࣜࢵࢺࢆࡶࡘࡀࠊ 㞠Ṇࡵࡀࢀࡽࢆࡋࡤࡋࡤᝒ࡞≧ែ㝗ࢀࠊ♫ࡢ③Ⅿ࡞㠀㞴ࢆᾎࡧࡿࡇࡀᐇドࡉࢀ
ࡓ௨ୖࠊᴗࡋ࡚ࡣࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࢆᮇ㛫ᕤࡸㄳ㈇ປാ⪅ࡼࡗ࡚௦᭰ࡍࡿ࠸࠺㑅ᢥ⫥
ࢆྲྀࡽࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋᐇࠊ㏆ᖺࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ㞠⏝ࡀῶᑡࡍࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊᮇ㛫ᕤࡢ㞠
⏝ㄳ㈇ປാ⪅ࡢ⏝ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࢻࢶ᪥ᮏࡢ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡣࠊඹ㏻Ⅼࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡁ࡞
┦㐪ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊࢻࢶ࠾ࡼࡧ
EU
ㅖᅜ࡛ࡣࠊἲไୖࡣ᭷ᮇ㞠⏝⪅ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡢ㛫 ࡢᆒ➼ᚅ㐝ࡀつᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ㈤㔠ࡸປാ㛫࡞ࡢປാ᮲௳♫ಖ㞀ୖࡢ᮲௳ࡀ୧⪅࡛ᕪูࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ᐃࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㞠⏝ዎ⣙ࡀ᭷ᮇ↓ไ㝈࠸࠺㐪࠸ࡔࡅ࡛ࠊᚅ㐝ୖࡣᆒ➼ࡔࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡓ࠸
ࡋ࡚ࠊࢃࡀᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࡣࠊ㈤㔠ࡸ⫋ᴗカ⦎ࡢࢳࣕࣥࢫ࡛ᕪูࡀ࠶ࡾࠊṇつປാ
⪅ࡀᖺຌᗎิⓗ㈤㔠ୖ᪼ࡍࡿࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠ࡣᶓࡤ࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡗ
ࡶࠊປാ㛫ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊṇつປാ⪅ࡀṧᴗࡀከࡃ㛗㛫ົ࡛࠶ࡿࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ㠀ṇつ ປാ⪅ࡣ㛫⦡ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ሙྜࡀከ࠸ࠋ
ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠊ᪤ࠊࢃࡀᅜࡢὴ㐵ປാ⪅ἲࡀࠊ1990ᖺ௦ḟᨵᐃࡉࢀࠊつไ⦆ࡀ㐍
ࢇࡔࡇࢆᣦࡋࡓࠋὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࢆ⏝࡛ࡁࡿᴗົ㸦࣏ࢪࢸࣈࣜࢫࢺ㸧ࡢᣑࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࠊ ࡘ࠸ࡣ
2ࠊ3
ࡢእࢆ㝖ࡃࡍ࡚ࡢᴗົ㸦ࢿ࢞ࢸࣦࣜࢫࢺ㸧ࡘ࠸࡚ὴ㐵ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᨵᐃࡢ࡞࡛ࡶࡗࡶᙳ㡪ຊࡢࡁࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ2004ᖺࡢὴ㐵ປാ⪅ἲࡢᨵᐃ
࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋཌ⏕ປാ┬࣭㒔㐨ᗓ┴ປാᒁࡢሗࡼࢀࡤࠊྠᖺ
3
᭶1
᪥ࡽ⾜ࡉࢀࡓᨵ ṇປാ⪅ὴ㐵ἲࡢ࣏ࣥࢺࡣࠊ㸦1㸧ὴ㐵ཷࡅධࢀᮇ㛫ࡢᘏ㛗㸦ὴ㐵ཷࡅධࢀᮇ㛫ࡀ1
ᖺไ㝈ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓᴗົࡀ᭱㛗
3
ᖺࡲ࡛ᘏ㛗㸧ປാ⪅ࡢ㐣༙ᩘ௦⾲ࡢពぢ⫈ྲྀ㸦๓グࡢᘏ㛗㝿ࡋ࡚ປാ⤌ྜࡢពぢ⫈ྲྀࢆࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸧ࠊ㸦2㸧ὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ┤᥋㞠⏝ࡢ⏦ࡋ㎸
ࡳ⩏ົ㸦ὴ㐵ཷධࢀᮇ㛫ࡢไ㝈ゐ᪥ࢆ㉸࠼࡚ὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࢆ⏝ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿሙྜࡣ㞠
⏝ዎ⣙ࡢ⏦ࡋ㎸ࡳࢆࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸧ࠊ㸦3㸧ὴ㐵ᑐ㇟ᴗົࡢᣑ㸦〇㐀ᴗົࡘ࠸࡚ὴ 㐵ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓࠊ་⒪㛵㐃ᴗົࡘ࠸࡚⤂ணᐃὴ㐵ࡢሙྜࡣὴ㐵ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓ㸧ࠊ
(4)チྍ࣭ᒆࡅฟᡭ⥆➼ࡢ⡆⣲ࠊ(5)ປാ⪅ὴ㐵ᴗࡢチྍࡢḞ᱁㡯ࡢ㏣ຍ㸦ฟධᅜ⟶⌮
࠾ࡼࡧἲᑵປຓ㛗⨥ࡢ㏣ຍ㸧ࠊ
(6)⤂ணᐃὴ㐵ࡢぢ┤ࡋ㸦ὴ㐵㛤ጞ๓࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᮇ㛫୰ࡢồ
ே᮲௳ࡢ᫂♧ࠊ᥇⏝ෆᐃ➼ࠊὴ㐵ඛࡀὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࢆ㞠⏝ࡋ࡞࠸ሙྜࡢ⌮⏤ࡢ᫂♧࡞㸧ࠊ(7) ὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ㞠⏝ࡢᏳᐃࢆᅗࡿࡓࡵࡢᥐ⨨㸦ὴ㐵ඖࡶὴ㐵ඛࡶ㞠⏝ᮇ㛫ࡘ࠸࡚㞠⏝Ᏻᐃ ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㓄៖ࢆࡍࡿࡼ࠺ດࡵࡿࡇ㸧ࠊ
(8)ὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢᏳ⾨⏕ࡢ☜ಖ㸦〇㐀ᴗົᑓ㛛ࡢ
ὴ㐵ඖ࣭ὴ㐵ඛ㈐௵⪅ࡢ㑅௵➼㸧ࠊ(9)ὴ㐵ඖ㈐௵⪅ಀࡿᡭ⥆ࡁࡢ⡆⣲ࠊ(10)ὴ㐵ඖᴗ࣭ὴ㐵ඛࡀㅮࡌࡿࡁᥐ⨨㸦ὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢປാ࣭♫ಖ㝤ࡢ㐺⏝ࢆಁ㐍ࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅
ࡢ⚟ཌ⏕➼㛵ࡋṇつປാ⪅ࡢᆒ⾮ࢆ㓄៖ࡍࡿࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢᩍ⫱カ⦎࣭⬟ຊ㛤Ⓨ
༠ຊ㸧࡞࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢ
2004
ᖺࡢᨵṇὴ㐵ປാ⪅ἲࡢ⾜ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ〇㐀ᴗົ㛵ࡍࡿὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢὴ㐵ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓࡇࡼࡾࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢᴗࡣࠊ㞠⏝㈐௵ࢆ㈇࠺ࡇ࡞ࡋࠊṇつປാ⪅ࡼࡾ
ࡶᏳ࠸㈤㔠࡛ປാ⪅ࢆ⏝ࡋࠊࡋࡶࠊᴗົࡢ⦾㛩ࡸᬒẼືྥᛂࡌ࡚㞠⏝ࢆㄪᩚ࡛ࡁࡿ
࠸࠺࣓ࣜࢵࢺࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓつไ⦆ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢃࡀᅜ〇㐀ᴗ࠾ࡅࡿ
ὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ㞠⏝ࡀࠊ2004ᖺࡽ
2008
ᖺࡅ࡚ᛴቑࡋࠊ2008ᖺࡣࠊ⮬ື㌴⏘ᴗࡸ㟁 ჾ⏘ᴗ࠾࠸࡚ࠊᚑᴗဨࡢ30%ࡀὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࢆጞࡵࡍࡿ㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࡼࡗ࡚༨ࡵࡽࢀ
ࡿ࠸࠺ែ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡋࡋࠊ2008ᖺ
9
᭶ࡢᅜ㝿㔠⼥༴ᶵࡼࡿࢃࡀᅜࡢ㍺ฟࡢ⃭ῶࡼࡾࠊ୍㌿ࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ㞠Ṇࡵ࠸࠺⌧㇟ࡀ㉳ࡇࡾࠊ♫ಖ㞀ࡢಖㆤࡢ࡞࠸ࢀࡽࡀ❓≧㝗ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࢆษ ࡗࡅࠊࡑࢀ௨ᚋࡣࠊୡㄽࡼࡿゎ㞠つไࡢつไ⦆ᑐࡍࡿᢈุࡀᙉࡲࡾࠊᑠἨ㤳
┦ࡢୗ࡛ࡢつไ⦆㊰⥺ࢆྰᐃࡍࡿ₻ὶࡀᙉࡲࡗࡓࠋ2009ᖺᡂ❧ࡋࡓẸඪࢆ୰ᚰࡍ
ࡿ㐃❧ᨻᶒࡣࠊ㒑ᨻẸႠࡢぢ┤ࡋࢆึࡵࠊᑠἨᨻᶒࡢ㐍ࡵࡓつไ⦆ࢆぢ┤ࡍ࠸ࡓࡗ ࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊẸඪ࣭♫Ẹඪ࣭ᅜẸ᪂ඪࡢ୕ඪࡣ
2010
ᖺࡣࠊ㏻ᖖᅜࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ປാ⪅ὴ㐵ἲࡢᨵṇࢆᥦࡋࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡘࡂࡑࡢෆᐜࢆぢࡼ࠺ࠋ
ᨵṇࡢ࣏ࣥࢺࡣࠊᴗつไࡢᙉ(Ⓩ㘓ᆺὴ㐵ࡢཎ๎⚗Ṇࠊ〇㐀ᴗົὴ㐵ࡢཎ๎⚗Ṇࠊ
᪥㞠ὴ㐵ࡢཎ๎⚗Ṇࠊࢢ࣮ࣝࣉᴗෆὴ㐵ࡢ
8
つไ➼㸧ࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ↓ᮇ㞠⏝ࡸᚅ㐝 ࡢᨵၿ㸦ὴ㐵ඖᴗ᭷ᮇ㞠⏝ࡢὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ↓ᮇ㞠⏝ࡢ㌿ດຊࢆ⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡿࠊὴ 㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠Ỵᐃ㝿ࡋὴ㐵ඛປാ⪅ࡢᆒ⾮ࢆ㓄៖ࡍࡿࠊ࣐࣮ࢪࣥ⋡ࡢሗබ㛤ࠊ㞠࠸ධࢀࡢ㝿ὴ㐵ປാ⪅ὴ㐵ᩱ㔠㢠ࢆ᫂♧㸧ࠊ㐪ἲὴ㐵ᑐࡍࡿ㎿㏿࣭ⓗ☜࡞ᑐฎ㸦ὴ㐵
第3章「グローバル化時代における日・独労働市場」
ඛࡀ㐪ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ▱ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࢆཷࡅධࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡣὴ㐵ඛࡀປാዎ⣙
ࢆ⏦ࡋ㎸ࢇࡔࡳ࡞ࡍ㸧ࠊἲᚊࡢྡ⛠㸦ྡ⛠ࠕὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢಖㆤࠖࢆ᫂グࡋࠊ┠ⓗつᐃ
ࠕὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢಖㆤ࣭㞠⏝ࡢᏳᐃࠖࢆ᫂グ㸧࡞࡛࠶ࡿ
9
ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኚ㑄ࢆࡾ㏉ࡿࠊࢃࡀᅜࡢὴ㐵ປാ⪅ἲࡣࠊ
1985
ᖺไᐃࡉࢀࠊ1990
ᖺ௦ࡽ
2004
ᖺࡲ࡛ࡣࠊつไ⦆ࡀ⥆ࡁࠊᙜึࡢ26
ࡢᑓ㛛ᛶࡢ㧗࠸ᴗົࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࡳὴ㐵ࢆࡳࡵࡿࠊ࣏ࢪࢸࣈࣜࢫࢺࡽࠊ1999ᖺࡣᘓ⠏ᴗࠊ་⒪ࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࡞ࢆ㝖ࡃࡍ࡚ࡢ ᴗົ㸦ࢿ࢞ࢸࣈࣜࢫࢺ㸧ࡀࠊὴ㐵ྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ᭱ᚋࠊ2004 ᖺࡣࠊ ࠕ≀ࡢ〇㐀ࡢᴗົࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡶὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ⏝ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ2008ᖺࡢᅜ㝿
༴ᶵ௨᮶ࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢ㞠Ṇࡵ⏤᮶ࡍࡿ♫ၥ㢟ࡢⓎ⏕ࡼࡾࠊ2009ᖺࡢᨵṇἲࡀฟ ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ㑅ᣲࡢࡓࡵࡇࡢἲࡣᗫ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢἲࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊ ከࡃࡢ㆟ㄽࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ㔜せ࡞ㄽⅬࡣࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࠾ࡅࡿὴ㐵ࡢ㠀࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉
࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢ㠃⚗Ṇࢆồࡵࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢ㞠⏝ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣṇつ㞠⏝㝈ࢁ࠺ࡍࡿ❧ሙࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
♫ಖ㞀ࡢ༑ศ࡞ὴ㐵ປാ⪅࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ♫ಖ㞀ࡢ༑ศ࡞ṇつ㞠⏝⪅ࡢ㞠⏝ࢆồࡵࡿ
ࡁࡔ࠸࠺❧ሙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪉࡛ࡣࠊᴗࡢഃࡽࡣࠊὴ㐵ඖᴗࡣࣅࢪࢿࢫ࣭ࢳࣕࣥࢫࡢ ቑࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡋࠊὴ㐵ඛᴗࡣ㞠⏝㈐௵ࡀ࡞ࡃࠊᏳ࠸ே௳㈝࡛⏝࡛ࡁࠊ㞠⏝ࡢㄪ
ᩚࡢࡓࡵࡶ౽ࡔ࠸࠺⌮⏤ࡽࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࡛ࡢὴ㐵ࡢཷධࢀࡢ⚗Ṇࡣᑐ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ
࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊ〇㐀ᴗὴ㐵㝈ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ἲࡢᨵṇࡣࠊᑐ❧ࡀࡁ࠸
10
ࠋࡇࢁ࡛ࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟ࢆࢻࢶࡢປാᕷሙࡢ≧ἣࠊࡾࢃࡅࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢྲྀࡾᢅ࠸ࡽ
ぢࡿࠊ࠺࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࢻࢶປാᕷሙ࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ௨ୖኻᴗ⋡ࡀ㛗ᮇࢃࡓࡗ࡚㧗
ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊኻᴗ⋡ᘬࡁୗࡆࡢࡓࡵࡢ✚ᴟⓗປാᨻ⟇ࡀᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡓࠋ௨๓ࡢ㐃㑥㞠⏝ᗇࡣࠊ 㐃㑥㞠⏝ᶵᵓ㸦ࢪࣙࣈ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸧ྡ⛠ኚ᭦ࡋࠊὴ㐵♫ᥦᦠࡋࠊኻᴗ⪅ࡢᑵ⫋
ດຊࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࢪࣙࣈ࣭ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡣࠊὴ㐵♫ࢆࡋ࡚ࠊኻᴗ⪅ࢆὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡋ࡚
ᑵ⫋ࡉࡏࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡉࡽṇつປാ⪅ࡢ㌿ࢆᅗࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡣࠊ ṇつປാ⪅ࡢᯫᶫࡋ࡚ࠊ⫯ᐃⓗ⨨ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠸ࢃࡤࠊṇつປാ⪅ࡋ࡚ࡢ 㞠⏝ࡢࡓࡵࡢヨ⏝ᮇ㛫ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⨨࡙ࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢃࡀᅜ࡛ࡣࠊὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡀࠊṇつປാ⪅
ẚ࡚ࠊປാ᮲௳ࡸ♫ಖ㞀ࡢ᮲௳࠾࠸࡚ຎᝏ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊປാ⪅ഃࡣ㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࢆ
㑊ࡅṇつປാ⪅ࡋ࡚ࡢ㞠⏝ࢆ┠ᣦࡋࠊᴗഃࡣ㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࢆ⦾㛩ࡢ≧ἣࡸᬒẼ≧ἣ
ᛂࡌ࡚㞠⏝ࡢㄪᩚᘚࡋ࡚⏝ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢᑐ❧࣭▩┪ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊὴ㐵 ປാ⪅࡞ࡢ㠀ṇつປാ⪅ࡢṇつປാ⪅ࡢ㌿ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᨻ⟇ࢆࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࠾ࡅࡿὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿ࠸࠺㐨࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊṇつປാ⪅ࡢ㌿
ࡢ᮲௳ࢆᩚ࠼ࠊ㌿ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡁࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊࢻࢶ࡛ࡣࠊ▷ᮇປാ㸦Kurzarbeit㸧࠸࠺ไᗘࡀ࠶ࡿࠋṇつປാ⪅ࡀゎ㞠ࡉࢀࡑ
࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡁࠊ㸯㐌㛫ࡢປാ㛫࠺ࡕࠊᩘ᪥ࡔࡅാࡁࠊ⤥ࢆཷࡅྲྀࡿࠋṧࡾࡢ㐌᪥ࡢ
⤥ࡣࠊᆅ᪉⮬యࡀᨭᡶ࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊປാ⪅ࡣṇつປാ⪅ࡋ࡚ࡢ⤥ࢆཷ
ࠕປാ⪅ὴ㐵ἲᨵṇࡢᴫせࠖZZZKLVDPDWVXVUFRPࠊཧ↷ࠋࡲࡓࠊࠕປാ⪅ὴ㐵ᴗࡢ㐺 ṇ࡞㐠Ⴀࡢ☜ಖཬࡧὴ㐵ປാ⪅ࡢᑵᴗ᮲௳ࡢᩚഛ➼㛵ࡍࡿἲᚊࡢ୍㒊ࢆᨵṇࡍࡿἲᚊせ⥘ࠖࢆぢࡼࠋ
㸦ᒸᮧࠊ㸧ࡣࠊࢃࡀᅜࡢὴ㐵ປാ⪅ἲࡢኚ㑄ࢆᴫほࡋࠊ⌧ᅾࡢᨵṇࡢㄽⅬࡘ࠸࡚ࡶㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ